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Soil profile: Larkin soils typically form in loess, but in some areas loess over residuum derived from basalt or loess mixed with a small amount of volcanic ash in upper part.
Landscape: Typical area of Larkin silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, under small grain stubble. In uncultivated areas, the Larkin soil supports a ponderosa pine/common snowberry habitat type.
Landscape--Columbia hills
Landform--loess hills, structural benches, plateaus
Slope--0 to 60 percent
Parent material--typically loess, but in some areas loess over residuum derived from basalt or loess mixed with a small amount of volcanic ash in upper part
Mean annual air temperature--about 8 degrees C
Mean annual precipitation--about 585 mm
Depth class--very deep
Drainage class--well drained
Soil moisture regime--xeric
Soil temperature regime--mesic
Soil moisture subclass--typic
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Ultic Argixerolls
Thickness of mollic epipedon--25 to 50 cm
Base saturation--50 to 75 percent in some part between depths of 25 and 75 cm
Soil moisture control section--dry 45 to 75 days
Mean annual soil temperature--8 to 12 degrees C
Content of clay in particle-size control section (weighted average)--20 to 35 percent
USE AND VEGETATION:
Use--dominantly crop production; some timber production
Potential natural vegetation--dominantly ponderosa pine, mallow ninebark, common snowberry, elk sedge, and bluebunch wheatgrass
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Idaho and eastern Washington; MLRA 9; moderate extent
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/washington/spo...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LARKIN.html
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Soil profile: An example of a Hayesville soil. The subsoil is red clay. Depth to bedrock is more than 150 centimeters. (Soil Survey of
Grayson County, Virginia; by Robert K. Conner, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Hayesville series consists of very deep, well drained soils on gently sloping to very steep ridges and side slopes of the Southern Appalachian Mountains. They most commonly formed in residuum weathered from igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks such as granite, granodiorite, mica gneiss and schist; but in some places formed from thickly-bedded metagraywacke and metasandstone. On steeper slopes the upper part of some pedons may have some colluvial influence. Mean annual air temperature is 55 degrees F., and average annual precipitation is about 56 inches near the type location. Slopes range from 2 to 60 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, mesic Typic Kanhapludults
Solum thickness is 30 to 60 inches. Depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches and ranges to more than 10 feet. Content of rock fragments ranges from 0 to 40 percent by volume in the A and E horizons and 0 to 15 percent in the B and C horizons. Rock fragments are commonly pebbles, cobbles, or stones, but may include channers or flagstones. Reaction is extremely acid to moderately acid unless limed. Limed soils are typically slightly acid to neutral in the upper part. Flakes of mica range from none to common in the A and B horizons above a depth of 40 inches, and from none to many in the B and C horizons below 40 inches.
USE AND VEGETATION: About one-half of the acres of this soil is in cultivation. Common trees in wooded areas are yellow- poplar, eastern white pine, northern red oak, pitch pine, shortleaf pine and Virginia pine. The understory includes flowering dogwood, rhododendron, mountain laurel and sourwood. Cleared areas are used for cultivated crops such as corn, small grain, pasture, hayland, burley tobacco, vegetable crops and Christmas trees.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Mountain areas of North Carolina, Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, and Tennessee. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/virginia/VA077...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/H/HAYESVILLE.html
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Soil profile: Cottonbend soils formed in several feet of alluvium or colluvium on gently sloping to moderately steep high stream terraces or benches along valley sides. They are characterized by increasing clay content with depth and a striking change in color at the point of contact with significantly older underlying material. (Soil Survey of Gauley River National Recreation Area, West Virginia; by Aron Sattler and James Bell, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
archive.org/details/usda-soil-survey-of-gauley-river-nati...
Landscape: An example of Cottonbend loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes used for the production of hay on a high-level river terrace. Cottonbend soils are mostly cleared and used for growing corn or tobacco and are used for producing hay and as pasture. (Soil Survey of Rockbridge County, Virginia; by Mary Ellen Cook, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Cottonbend series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in alluvium or colluvium weathered mainly from sandstone, siltstone and shale; and some limestone. These gently sloping to moderately steep soils are on high stream terraces or benches on valley sides. Slopes range from 2 to 25 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, mesic Typic Paleudults
Solum thickness is more than 60 inches and depth to bedrock is greater than 72 inches. Rock fragments, mostly well rounded sandstone, siltstone, and shale gravel and cobbles, range from 0 to 35 percent in the upper part of the solum and from 0 to 60 percent below a depth of about 24 inches. Reaction ranges from very strongly to slightly acid in the upper part, and very strongly to moderately acid in the lower part.
USE AND VEGETATION: Mostly cleared and used for growing corn or tobacco, also used for producing hay and as pasture. Original forests were mixed hardwoods interspersed with a few pines, primarily upland oaks, hickories, yellow-poplar, and shortleaf and Virginia pines.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Cottonbend soils are in the Cumberland-Allegheny Plateau area of southeastern Kentucky, the Valley and Ridge area of Virginia, and possibly other similar areas in West Virginia and eastern Tennessee. Extent is small.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/COTTONBEND.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Alabama State Soil:
[www.soils4teachers.org/files/s4t/k12outreach/al-state-soi...]
[www.youtube.com/watch?v=o9QK7grSM-E]
Profile of a Bama soil. Bama soils formed in thick deposits of loamy sediments. They are very deep, well drained soils on summits of broad ridges and high stream terraces (Soil Survey of Bibb County, Alabama by Lawrence E. McGhee, Natural Resources Conservation Service).
The Bama series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils in the Southern Coastal Plain (MLRA 133A). They formed thick beds of loamy marine and fluvial sediments on high stream or marine terraces. Near the type location, the average annual air temperature is about 67 degrees F. and the average annual precipitation is about 63 inches. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Typic Paleudults
Solum thickness is more than 60 inches. Percent by volume of ironstone concretions and/or quartz gravel, 2 to 20 mm in diameter, ranges from 0 to 15 percent throughout the solum. Silt content of the particle-size control section ranges from 20 to 46 percent. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid in the A, Ap, E, BE, EB, BA and AB horizons except where the surface has been limed. Reaction in the Bt, BC and C horizons is very strongly acid or strongly acid.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Bama soils are used for cultivated crops, pasture, hayland, orchards or urban development. Crops commonly grown include corn, cotton, soybeans, wheat, and pecans. Some areas are in woodland that consist of longleaf pine, loblolly pine and slash pine with scattered oak, sweetgum, hickory and dogwood.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Coastal Plain of Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, and Virginia. The series is of large extent.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BAMA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A typical profile of Tusquitee gravelly loam. Tusquitee soils are very deep, have thick, dark surface layers, and formed from local colluvium. They occur in coves and drainageways on low or intermediate mountains predominantly in the eastern and western parts of Buncombe County, NC. (Soil Survey of Buncombe County, North Carolina; By Mark S. Hudson, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Woodland and pasture in an area of Toecane-Tusquitee complex, 30 to 50 percent slopes, very bouldery.
The Tusquitee series are on gently sloping to very steep benches, foot slopes, toe slopes, and fans in coves in the Southern Blue Ridge mountains, MLRA 130B. Near the type location, mean annual air temperature is about 52 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation is about 52 inches. Slope ranges from 2 to 95 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, isotic, mesic Humic Dystrudepts
Solum thickness ranges from 40 to more than 60 inches. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Reaction is very strongly acid to slightly acid, in the A horizon, unless limed. The Bw and lower horizons are very strongly acid to moderately acid. In the upper 40 inches, content of rock fragments, dominantly of gravel to stone size, ranges up to 35 percent. Below 40 inches, rock fragment content may range up to 60 percent. Content of mica flakes ranges from few to common.
USE AND VEGETATION: About one-half of the acreage has been cleared and is used for corn, small grain, tobacco, truck crops, clover, lespedeza, and pasture. Wooded areas consist mostly of yellow poplar, white oak, northern red oak, black locust, white ash, black birch, yellow birch, eastern white pine, eastern hemlock, black cherry, cucumber tree, yellow buckeye, American beech, and sugar and red maples.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Blue Ridge mountains of North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia and possibly Georgia and South Carolina. The series is of large extent.
The 12/97 revision places the Tusquitee series in a fine-loamy, isotic, mesic Umbric Dystrochrepts family. This series was formerly placed in a coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Umbric Dystrochrepts family. Laboratory PSA (pipette) method and corresponding field texture estimates (feel method) indicate control section clay contents of generally 12 to 24 percent, with most pedons marginally coarse-loamy. However, chemical lab data for similar competing series indicate that sufficient amorphous, clay-sized materials occur in the particle-size control section to place this soil in a fine-loamy family. Average clay contents are generally less than 25 percent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TUSQUITEE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Sebree series.
Landscape: Sebree soils are generally on terraces and basalt plains. Slopes range from 0 to 12 percent. Elevations range from 2,000 to 4,500 feet. The soil formed in loess overlying unconsolidated fan or fluviatile sediments. The climate is semiarid and summers are dry. They are mainly used for rangeland and irrigated cropland. Crops are small grains, corn, alfalfa and pasture.
The Sebree series consists of moderately deep over a duripan, well drained soils on terraces or alluvial plains. They formed in loess over unconsolidated alluvial sediments. Permeability is slow. Slopes are 0 to 12 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 10 inches and the average annual air temperature is about 49 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Xeric Natridurids
Average annual soil temperature - 47 to 54 degrees F.
Depth to duripan - 20 to 40 inches
Depth to calcium carbonate - 7 to 20 inches
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for rangeland and irrigated cropland. Crops are small grains, corn, alfalfa and pasture. Under natural conditions the soil is barren or nearly so; some cheatgrass, pepperweed, and stunted big sagebrush are around the edges of individual areas.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southwestern Idaho and southeastern Oregon. The series is moderately extensive.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SEBREE.html
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A representative soil profile of the Kelmscot series (Endoskeletic Calcaric Mollic Gleysols) in England. (Cranfield University 2021. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK.)
Soils classified and described by the World Reference Base for England and Wales:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/wrb_list.cfm
The Kelmscot series consists of calcareous fine-loamy soils over limestone gravel. It is found on low-lying river terrace drift affected at shallow depth by groundwater chiefly in the Thames valley but also in small areas in Nottinghamshire, Lincolnshire and Bedfordshire.
Kelmscot soils which cover half the land are associated with calcareous clayey soils of the Thames, Earith and Carswell series. These soils cover some 30 km² on both sides of the Thames above Lechlade. In the lower reaches of the Leach, Coln and the Churn they cover the entire valley floor, but along the Thames they are on terraces slightly above floodplain soils of the Thames association. Ickford soils are confined to slightly higher ground, whereas the wetter Gade series is found in old river meander channels and other depressions mainly in north bank tributaries. There are also some gravel workings and restored land.
These soils occur on the low-lying Thames floodplain between Oxford and Lechlade, some parts of which have been mapped in detail. The soils are developed in low terrace deposits which rise slightly above the floodplain alluvium thus separating the Thames association from the higher terrace soils of the Badsey association.
Most of the soils are permeable but are affected by shallow groundwater and flooding. Depending on outfalls and field drainage measures, waterlogging may be short-term and confined to winter, or prolonged into the growing season (Wetness Class II to IV). Given good outfalls and protection from flooding the gravel substratum allows the soils to drain easily. In the less permeable, clayey Thames and Carswell soils, good arterial and in-field drainage are necessary to effect much improvement in the soil water regime.
Most of the land is effectively drained and free from flooding and is arable with winter cereals, sugar beet and potatoes. Patches of Thames and Gade soils, where present, delay cultivations. Because the soils are calcareous, sensitive crops are at risk from manganese deficiency. Depth to gravel varies and, in particularly dry years, differential crop growth indicates that there is patterned ground locally. Wetter land with poor outfalls or risk of flooding is commonly in grassland. In most years there are ample opportunities for cultivation in autumn but there are fewer suitable days in spring.
For additional information about the soil association, visit:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/mapunit.cfm?mu=8320...
For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:
A representative profile of the Fedscreek soil series. (Kentucky Soil Atlas; by Anastasios D. Karathanasis; Photo by D. McIntosh, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: hills and mountains in Cumberland Plateau and Mountains
Landform: hillslope, mountain side,
Geomorphic Component: benches, side slope, base slopes
Hillslope Profile Position: back slope, footslope and toeslopes
Parent Material Origin: sandstone and siltstone
Parent Material Kind: Colluvium
Slope: 8 to 90 percent
Elevation: 183 to 1219 meters, 600 to 4000 feet
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Dystrudepts
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Forestry
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--Less sloping areas are used for pasture and as sites for houses or gardens. Where wooded--are in secondary growth hardwood forest with mixed stands of white oak, American beech, mockernut hickory, pignut hickory, black oak, sugar maple, sassafras, red maple, chestnut oak, Virginia pine, and flowering dogwood.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Allegheny-Cumberland Plateau of eastern Kentucky with possible similar areas in West Virginia, Virginia, and eastern Tennessee
Extent: Large, approximately 200,000 acres.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_book/4/?utm_source=uknowledge.uky....
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/F/FEDSCREEK.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Toccoa series. Toccoa soils formed in coarse alluvial sediments. These very deep, well drained and moderately well drained soils generally have stratified loamy and sandy material. (Soil Survey of Coosa County, Alabama; by John L. Burns, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: A flood plain along Hatchet Creek in an area of Toccoa fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally flooded. Hatchet Creek is a popular waterway for canoeists and kayakers because of its rapid flow in the spring. These rapid currents allow for coarser soil materials to be laid down during floods, which assists in the formation of the Toccoa soil.
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): well drained and moderately well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Moderately deep to deep, common
Flooding Frequency and Duration: Occasional to frequent for brief to very brief periods, October to May
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Very low
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: High
Shrink-swell Potential: Low
Landscape: Piedmont and Upper Coastal Plain valleys
Landform: Flood plains and natural levees
Parent Material: Loamy and sandy alluvium from igneous and metamorphic rocks
Slope: 0 to 4 percent
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, nonacid, thermic Typic Udifluvents
Depth to seasonal high water table: 76 to 152 centimeters (about 30 to 60 inches), November to April
Depth to strongly gleyed horizons: Greater than 100 centimeters (about 40 inches) to horizons with matrix color (moist) that have chroma of 2 or less
Depth to lithologic discontinuity (contrasting sand sizes): 100 to 200 centimeters or more (about 40 to 80 inches)
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent, by volume; up to 60 percent in individual subhorizons in the lower part
Soil Reaction: strongly acid to moderately acid, unless limed; some part in the control section is moderately acid or slightly acid
Mica content: 1 to 30 percent, by volume mica flakes in the A and C horizons
Other Soil Features: Bedding planes and thin strata of sandy or loamy texture occur throughout the C horizon
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Cropland, hayland, pasture
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--corn, grain sorghums, small grain, and vegetables. Where wooded--yellow-poplar, loblolly pine, southern red oak and sweet gum
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia
Extent: Moderate
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/alabama/AL037/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TOCCOA.html
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A soil profile of Belhaven muck from the Great Dismal Swamp in Virginia. The Great Dismal Swamp is a large swamp in the Coastal Plain Region of southeastern Virginia and northeastern North Carolina, between Norfolk, Virginia, and Elizabeth City, North Carolina. It is located in parts of the southern Virginia independent cities of Chesapeake and Suffolk and northern North Carolina counties of Gates, Pasquotank, and Camden. Some estimates place the size of the original swamp at over one million acres.
MLRA(s): 153A, 153B
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class: Very poorly drained
Permeability: Moderately slow to moderately rapid
Surface Runoff: Very slow
Parent Material: Highly decomposed organic matter underlain by loamy marine sediments
Slope: 0 to 2 percent
Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 60 degrees F.
Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 51 inches
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, mixed, dysic, thermic Terric Haplosaprists
Thickness of Organic Layers: 16 to 51 inches
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 60 inches
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 0 to 12 inches, November to May
Soil Reaction: Organic layers are ultra acid to extremely acid (in 0.01 M CaCl2) except where the surface has been limed. The underlying mineral horizons are extremely acid through moderately alkaline
Fiber content of Oa horizons: 15 percent to 45 percent unrubbed and less than 10 percent rubbed. The amount of fiber is highest in the lower tier. The organic material of this layer has a slick feel and is paste-like (colloidal). It is massive under natural wet conditions. Upon aeration after drainage, structure of the organic material evolves. Excessive drying causes shrinkage and hard subangular blocky peds to form. These peds dry irreversibly.
Other Features: Logs, stumps, and fragments of wood occupy 0 to 5 percent of the upper organic horizons in cleared areas that are cultivated and 5 to 35 percent in undrained areas. Pieces of charcoal range from common (2 to 8 percent) in the upper tier to few (less than 2 percent) in the lower tiers
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Mostly woodland
Dominant Vegetation: Where wooded--plant communities that reflect past history of treatment. Areas with a history of severe burning have scattered pond pine and a dense undergrowth of both large holly and small gallberry and huckleberry, fetterbush lyonia, swamp cyrilla, loblollybay gordonia, greenbrier and southern bayberry, as well as scattered red maple, red bay, sweetbay magnolia, and reeds. Similar areas may have a smaller population of these species and contain large amounts of broomsedge. Areas without severe burning have red maple, Southern bald cypress, pond pine, Atlantic white-cedar, red bay, sweet bay, and other hydrophytic species. Where cultivated--corn, soybeans, small grain, and pasture.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Lower Coastal Plain of North Carolina and Virginia
Extent: Moderate
For more detailed information, please visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BELHAVEN.html
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FUQUAY SERIES
MLRA(s): 133A-Southern Coastal Plain, 153A-Atlantic Coast Flatwoods (upper part)
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Deep or very deep, common
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Slowest Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: Moderately low
Landscape: Upper and middle coastal plains
Landform: Marine terraces, uplands, flats
Geomorphic Component: Interfluves, side slopes
Hillslope Profile Position: Summits, shoulders, backslopes
Parent Material: Sandy over loamy marine deposits or fluviomarine deposits
Slope: 0 to 10 percent
Elevation (type location): Unknown
Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 16.7 degrees C. (about 62 degrees F.)
Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 1240 millimeters (about 49 inches)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Arenic Plinthic Kandiudults
Note: This pedon has more than 50 percent by volume plinthite below a depth of 150 centimeters
For more information on Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/
TYPICAL PEDON: Fuquay sand--cultivated (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 20 centimeters; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sand; single grain; loose; common fine roots; few (1 percent) nodules of ironstone; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.
E1--20 to 35 centimeters; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) sand; many coarse light gray (2.5Y 7/2) bodies of clean sand grains in lower part; single grain; loose; few fine roots; 1 percent ironstone nodules; strongly acid; diffuse wavy boundary.
E2--35 to 60 centimeters; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) sand; many coarse light gray (2.5Y 7/2) bodies of clean sand grains in lower part; single grain; loose; few fine roots; 3 percent ironstone nodules; strongly acid; diffuse wavy boundary.
Btv1--60 to 125 centimeters; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; 1 percent ironstone nodules; 5 percent plinthite nodules, red and brown zones of plinthite are very firm and brittle; f common medium faint strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Btv2--125 to 175 centimeters; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) sandy clay loam; weak medium angular blocky structure, friable; few fine roots and pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds; 4 percent medium and coarse strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) ironstone nodules; 15 percent plinthite nodules, red and brown zones of plinthite are very firm and brittle; fstrongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.
BCtv1--175 to 275 centimeters; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) sandy clay loam; coatings and streaks of light gray (10YR 7/2) sandy clay; few linear streaks of yellowish red (5YR 4/6) sandy loam; weak medium angular blocky structure; friable; common fine pores; 55 percent plinthite nodules, red and brown zones of plinthite are very firm and brittle; few faint clay films on faces of peds; light gray areas are iron depletions and yellowish red areas are masses of oxidized iron; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.
BCtv2--275 to 325 centimeters: reticulate pattern of brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) and yellowish red (5YR 5/8) sandy clay loam and light gray (10YR 7/1) sandy clay; gray parts are surrounded by brownish yellow colors that grade into yellowish red colors; weak medium angular blocky structure; firm; few fine pores; 25 percent plinthite nodules; few faint brownish yellow clay films on faces of peds; the areas with yellowish red color are masses of oxidized iron and areas with light gray are iron depletions; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.
CB--325 to 375 centimeters; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) loamy sand; massive; very friable; common fine and coarse faint red (2.5YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron and few fine brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) iron depletions; strongly acid.
C--375 to 425 centimeters; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) loamy sand; massive; very friable; common fine and coarse faint red (2.5YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron and few fine brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) iron depletions; strongly acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Johnston County, North Carolina; 0.03 mile south of junction of North Carolina Highways 50 and 210, 126 feet north of County Road No.1320 and 250 feet west of North Carolina Highway 50.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to top of Argillic horizon: 50 to 100 centimeters (about 20 to 40 inches)
Depth to base of Argillic horizon: 150 to more than 200 centimeters (about 60 to more than 78 inches)
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 200 centimeters (about 78 inches)
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 100 to 150 centimeters or more (about 40 to 60 inches or more), January to March
Thickness of the sandy surface and subsurface layers: 50 to 100 centimeters (about 20 to 40 inches)
Content and Size of Rock Fragments: 0 to 35 percent, by volume, in the A, E, and BE horizons and 0 to 15 percent throughout the lower profile; mostly rounded nodules of ironstone
Organic matter content: 0.5 to 2.0 percent in the A horizon and less than 0.5 in E, B, and C horizons
(Effective) Cation Exchange Capacity: 2 to 10 milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil in the A horizon; 1 to 4 in E and B horizons; and 2 to 5 in the C horizon
Soil Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid, except where limed
Plinthite Content: Greater than 5 percent within a depth of 150 centimeters (about 60 inches) starting at a depth greater than 50 centimeters (about 20 inches)
Range of Individual Horizons:
Ap horizon or A horizon (where present):
Color--hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 to 5, chroma of 1 to 3
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--coarse sand, sand, loamy coarse sand, loamy sand, fine sand, or loamy fine sand
Clay content: 1 to 10 percent
E horizon:
Color--hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, chroma of 3 to 6. Some pedons have mottles in shades of these colors.
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--coarse sand, sand, loamy coarse sand, loamy sand, fine sand, or loamy fine sand
Clay content: 1 to 10 percent
BE horizon (where present):
Color--hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5 or 6, chroma of 3 to 8
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--loamy coarse sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam
Clay content: 4 to 12 percent
Bt or Btc horizon (where present):
Color--hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy clay loam
Clay content: 10 to 35 percent in the upper part and 18 to 35 in the lower part
Redoximorphic features (where present)--masses of oxidized iron in shades of red, yellow, or brown and iron depletions in shades of brown, yellow, olive, or gray
Btg horizon (where present):
Color--hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 8, chroma of 1 to 2
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy clay loam
Clay content: 18 to 35 percent
Redoximorphic features--masses of oxidized iron in shades of red, yellow, or brown and iron depletions in shades of brown, yellow, or gray
Btv horizon or Btcv horizon (where present):
Color--hue of 10R to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 8, chroma of 1 to 8
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy clay loam
Clay content: 18 to 35 percent
Redoximorphic features--masses of oxidized iron in shades of red, yellow, or brown and iron depletions in shades of brown, yellow, olive, or gray commonly in a reticulate pattern
Other features--bodies of reddish plinthite surrounded by strong brown and yellowish brown material. The reddish and brownish parts are typically sandy clay loam or sandy loam. The gray parts are sandy clay loam or sandy clay. Generally, the redder parts of the plinthite are oriented horizontally.
BCt, BC, or C horizons (where present):
Color--hue of 2.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 8, chroma of 1 to 8 and may be variegated in shades of these colors
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--loamy coarse sand, loamy sand , loamy fine sand, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam
Clay content: 4 to 20 percent
Redoximorphic features--masses of oxidized iron in shades of red, yellow, or brown and iron depletions in shades of brown, yellow, olive, or gray
C horizon:
Color--hue of 2.5YR, 5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 8, chroma of 1 to 8
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--loamy coarse sand, loamy sand, or sandy loam
Clay content: commonly 5 to 20 percent
Redoximorphic features--masses of oxidized iron in shades of red, yellow, or brown and iron depletions in shades of brown, yellow, olive, or gray commonly in a reticulate pattern
COMPETING SERIES:
There are no other known series in the same family.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Elevation Range: 30 to 150 meters (about 100 to 500 feet)
Frost Free Period: 190 to 290 days
Mean Annual Air Temperature: 14 to 21 degrees C. (about 57 to 70 degrees F.)
Mean Annual Precipitation: 890 to 1400 millimeters (about 35 to 55 inches)
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS:
Cowarts soils--have sandy A and E horizons less than 20 inches thick
Dothan soils--have sandy A and E horizons less than 20 inches thick
Lakeland soils--do not have plinthite or argillic horizon
Leefield soils--are somewhat poorly drained
Norfolk soils--have sandy A and E horizons less than 20 inches thick
Stilson soils--are moderately well drained
Tifton soils--have sandy A and E horizons less than 20 inches thick
Troup soils--do not have plinthite and have sandy A and E horizons more than 40 inches thick
Varina soils--have sandy A and E horizons less than 20 inches thick
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY:
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Deep or very deep, common; perched above the plinthic layer briefly during wet periods or at lower elevations it has an apparent water table
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Negligible to high
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: Moderately high (4.23 to 14.11 micrometers per second) in the upper part (0.42 to 1.41 micrometers per second) in the lower part
Permeability: Moderate in upper part, slow in lower part
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Cropland
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--tobacco, cotton, corn, soybeans, and small grains. Where wooded--loblolly pine, longleaf pine, and slash pine, with some hardwoods, understory plants including American holly, flowering dogwood, persimmon, and greenbrier.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Upper Coastal Plain of North Carolina, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina
Extent: Large
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Raleigh, North Carolina
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Johnston County, North Carolina; 1965. BENCHMARK SOIL.
REMARKS:
06/88. Revised the classification to Arenic Plinthic Kandiudults according to criteria in the Low Activity Clay Amendment to Soil Taxonomy, August 1986.
11/2007. The base elevation range was extended to 30 meters (100 feet). The intent is to restrict Fuquay soils to areas above the toe of the Surry scarp.
Diagnostic horizons and soil characteristics recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon--the zone from the surface of the soil to 86 centimeters (Ap and E horizons)
Kandic horizon--the zone between 86 to 244 centimeters has low activity clay in more than 50 percent of the upper 100 centimeters of the horizon (Bt, Bt, and Btv horizons)
Argillic horizon--the zone from 86 to 244 centimeters (Bt, Bt, and Btv horizons)
Plinthite--more than 5 percent plinthite nodules in the zone from 127 to 244 centimeters (Btv horizons)
ADDITIONAL DATA:
Laboratory Data: Characterization/Reference data are available from NRCS-Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, NE.; User Pedon ID (S06GA251001) or Lab Pedon Number (06NO934) is representative of the Fuquay Series.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
For a detailed description, visit:
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Myakka series: the State Soil of Florida. (Soil Survey of Okeechobee County, Florida; by Douglas Lewis, Ken Liudahl, Chris Noble, and Lewis Carter, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Myakka series consists of very deep, very poorly or poorly drained, moderately rapid or moderately permeable soils that occur primarily in mesic flatwoods of peninsular Florida. They formed in sandy marine deposits. Near the type location, the average annual temperature is about 72 degrees F., and the average annual precipitation is about 55 inches. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Aeric Alaquods
Solum thickness is more than 30 inches. Some pedons have a layer of muck less than 3 inches thick on the surface. Thickness of the A and E horizons ranges from 20 to 30 inches. Reaction ranges from extremely acid to slightly acid throughout. In tidal, limestone substratum, and shelly substratum phases, the reaction ranges up to moderately alkaline.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Myakka soils are used for commercial forest production or native range. Large areas with adequate water control measures are used for citrus, improved pasture, and truck crops. Native vegetation includes longleaf and slash pine with an undergrowth of saw palmetto, running oak, inkberry, wax myrtle, huckleberry, chalky bluestem, pineland threeawn, and scattered fetterbush.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Peninsular Florida, primarily in MLRA155 (Southern Florida Flatwoods), and to a less extent in MLRA 154 (South-Central Florida Ridge), MLRA156A (Florida Everglades and Associated Areas), and MLRA156B (Southern Florida Lowlands). The series is of large extent (about 1,400,072 acres).
Myakka soils were formerly classified in the Leon series. Historical mapping of the Myakka series includes the following landforms and geomorphic positions: high tidal areas, flood plains, depressions, and gently sloping to sloping barrier islands. Myakka map units on these landforms should be evaluated and validated during MLRA update activities.
For more information about this state soil, visit:
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For a detailed soil description, visit:
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A representative soil profile of the Wilkes series. (Soil Survey of Jasper County, Georgia; by James R. Latham and Grover J. Thomas, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Depth class: Shallow
Agricultural Drainage Class: Well drained
Permeability: Moderately slow to slow
Index Surface Runoff: High to very high
Parent Material: Residuum weathered from intermediate and mafic crystalline rocks
Shrink-swell potential: High
Slope: 4 to 60 percent
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, mixed, active, thermic, shallow Typic Hapludalfs
Solum thickness: 10 to 25 inches (25 to 64 centimeters)
Depth to soft bedrock: 10 to 20 inches (25 to 50 centimeters)
Depth to hard bedrock: 40 to more than 60 inches (100 to 150+ centimeters)
Content and size of rock fragments: 0 to 50 percent in the A horizon consisting of gravel, cobble and stone size fragments and 0 to 35 percent in the Bt horizons.
Dark concretions: none to common.
Soil reaction: strongly acid through slightly acid in the A and E horizons if present, and moderately acid through mildly alkaline in the lower horizons
Clay content: averages 18 to 35 percent
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Woodland, pasture and cropland (mainly small grain, lespedeza, corn and tobacco).
Dominant trees are shortleaf, loblolly, and Virginia pines, eastern red cedar, blackjack oak, and post oak.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Thermic Piedmont area of Alabama, North Carolina, Georgia, South Carolina, and Virginia.
Extent: Moderate The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
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A profile of Rubais soil and pastureland in an area of Rubias-Chiquito complex, 40 to 60 percent slopes and Rubias-Chiquito complex, 60 to 90 percent slopes. (Soil Survey of San Germán Area, Puerto Rico by Jorge L. Lugo-Camacho, Natural Resources Conservation Service).
Setting
Landscape: Mountain ranges
Landform: Ridges and mountain slopes
Major uses: Cropland and forestland
Elevation: 2,460 to 3,609 feet
Composition
Rubias and similar soils: 50 percent
Chiquito and similar soils: 40 percent
Dissimilar soils: 10 percent
Typical Profiles
Rubias
Surface layer:
0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown clay loam
Subsoil:
8 to 18 inches—very dark grayish brown clay loam
Substratum:
18 to 25 inches—brown loam
Bedrock:
25 to 50 inches—moderately weathered, unconsolidated mudstone
50 to 80 inches—hard, fractured, consolidated mudstone
Chiquito
Surface layer:
0 to 5 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly clay loam
Subsoil:
5 to 11 inches—brown very gravelly clay loam
11 to 18 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely gravelly clay loam
Bedrock:
18 inches—hard, fractured, consolidated mudstone
Minor Components
Dissimilar:
• Small areas of volcanic rock outcrop
Soil Properties and Qualities
Depth class: Rubias—moderately deep; Chiquito—shallow
Depth to bedrock: Rubias—18 to 50 inches; Chiquito—14 to 19 inches
Parent material: Residuum that weathered from mudstone
Surface runoff: High
Drainage class: Well drained
Permeability: Moderate
Available water capacity: Low or moderate
Flooding: None
Hazard of water erosion: Severe
Rock fragments in the surface layer: Less than 35 percent, by volume, pebbles
Extent of rock outcrop: 10 percent
Shrink-swell potential: Moderate
Natural fertility: Moderate
Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Moderate
Reaction: Slightly acid or neutral
Land Use
Dominant uses: Cropland
Other uses: Forestland
Agricultural Development
Cropland
Suitability: Unsuited
Commonly grown crops: Coffee; oranges; bananas; plantains
Management concerns: Erosion; slope; depth to bedrock
Pasture and hayland
Suitability: Unsuited
Management concerns: Erosion
Management measures and considerations:
• Erosion is a concern in unprotected areas.
Naturalized pastureland
Suitability: Unsuited
Management concerns: Erosion
Management measures and considerations:
• Erosion is a concern in unprotected areas.
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A representative soil profile of the Newport series. (Photo provided by Pete Fletcher, Little Compton, Rl; New England Soil Profiles)
The Newport series consists of well drained loamy soils formed in lodgement till derived mainly from dark sandstone, conglomerate, argillite, and phyllite. The soils are very deep to bedrock and moderately deep to a densic contact. They are nearly level through moderately steep soils on till plains, low ridges, hills and drumlins. Slope ranges from 0 through 35 percent. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or high in the surface layer and subsoil and low or moderately high in the dense substratum. Mean annual temperature is 49 degrees F. (9 degrees C.) and mean annual precipitation is 48 inches (1219 mm).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Oxyaquic Dystrudepts
Thickness of the solum ranges from 20 through 40 inches (50 through 100 centimeters) and typically corresponds to the depth to the dense substratum. Depth to bedrock is commonly more than 6 feet feet (2 meters). Rock fragments range from 5 through 30 percent by volume in the solum and from 10 through 35 percent in the substratum. Except where the surface is stony, the fragments are mostly flat and less than 6 inches in diameter. Channers and gravel typically make up 75 percent or more of the total rock fragments. Unless limed, reaction ranges from very strongly acid through slightly acid. Low chroma colors in the B and C horizons are lithochromic.
USE AND VEGETATION: Many areas are cleared and used for cultivated crops, hay, pasture, and nursery stock. Scattered areas are used for community development. Some areas are wooded. Common trees are northern red and white oak, gray birch, red maple, sugar maple, and eastern white pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Eastern Rhode Island and southeastern Massachusetts. MLRAs 144A and 149B. The series is of moderate extent, over 30,000 acres.
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Vaucluse soils have a Bt horizon more than 6 inches thick that is compact, dense, and brittle in 30 to 60 percent of the mass. The brittleness is thought to be due to masses of oxidized iron. This horizon commonly has weak or moderate, medium or coarse subangular blocky structure but in some pedons it appears to be massive. It contains fine roots but medium and coarse roots are not usually present in the brittle part. Since establishment, the series has been classified as: Typic Hapludults, Fragic Paleudults, Typic Fragiudults, Typic Kanhapludults, and (2005) Fragic Kanhapludults. Further study of the soil is needed to accurately determine the dominant diagnostic characteristics.
MLRA(s): 133A-Southern Coastal Plain, 137-Carolina and Georgia Sand Hills
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Very deep
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: High, very high
Permeability: Moderately slow, slow (Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: Moderately high, moderately low
Shrink-swell Potential: Low
Landscape: Middle or upper coastal plain
Landform: Marine terraces, uplands
Geomorphic Component: Interfluves, side slopes
Hillslope Profile Position: Summits, shoulders, back slopes
Parent Material: Fluviomarine deposits, marine deposits
Slope: 2 to 25 percent, mostly 6 to 15 percent
Elevation (type location): Unknown
Frost Free Period (type location): 240 days
Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 62 degrees F.
Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 45 inches
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Fragic Kanhapludults
Thickness of the sandy surface and subsurface layers: 4 to 19 inches
Depth to top of the Argillic horizon: 4 to 19 inches
Depth to the base of the Argillic horizon: 40 to 75 inches
Depth to top of the Kandic horizon: 4 to 19 inches
Depth to fragic soil properties: 15 to 35 inches
Fragic soil properties content: 30 to 60 percent, by volume in the Btx horizon
Depth to densic materials: More than 40 inches
Depth to lithologic discontinuity (contrasting sand sizes or abrupt textural change): 40 inches or more
Soil reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout, unless limed
Depth to bedrock: Greater than 80 inches
Depth to seasonal high water table: Greater than 72 inches
Rock fragment content: 0 to 60 percent in the A and E horizons and 0 to 15 percent in the B and C horizons; mostly quartz or ironstone pebbles
Other features--0 to 10 percent, by volume, fine to coarse pockets or irregularly shaped masses of white or light gray kaolin clay
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Forest, cropland
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--corn, cotton, small grain, soybeans, or pasture. Where wooded--loblolly and longleaf pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, and South Carolina
Extent: Large
For a detailed description, visit:
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The Bethlehem series consists of well drained, moderately deep soils on ridgetops and side slopes in the upper part of the Piedmont. They formed in residuum weathered from the high-grade metamorphic rocks such as sillimanite schist, phyllite schist, and mica schist. Slopes range from 2 to 45 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults
The solum ranges from 20 to 40 inches thick over a Cr horizon of weathered bedrock. Hard bedrock is deeper than 40 inches. Reaction is very strongly acid to moderately acid unless limed. Content of flakes of mica ranges from few to common in the A and upper B horizons, and from few to many in the lower B and C horizons. Rock fragment content ranges from 0 to 60 percent by volume in the A horizon, from 0 to 35 percent in the E, BA, BE, and Bt horizons, and from 15 to 60 percent in the BC and C horizons. Fragments are dominantly gravel or cobbles.
USE AND VEGETATION: Approximately half of the acreage is cleared. Chief crops are hay, corn, tobacco, and pasture. The remainder is in mixed hardwoods and pines including shortleaf pine, Virginia pine, scarlet oak, chestnut oak, white oak, and black oak. Common understory plants are sourwood, flowering dogwood, greenbrier, sassafras, grape, poison ivy, American holly, and blueberry.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: North Carolina, Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama. This series is of moderate extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
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Lithic Aquisalids and landscape in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
(Classification by UAE Keys to Soil Taxonomy)
Lithic Aquisalids are the Aquisalids that have lithic contact within 50 cm of the soil surface. Lithic contact is a boundary between soil and continuous, coherent, underlying material. The underlying material must be sufficiently coherent to make hand-digging with a spade impractical. The material below a lithic contact must be in a strongly cemented or more cemented rupture-resistance class. Commonly, the material is indurated.
Aquisalids are the Salids that are saturated with water in one or more layers within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface for 1 month or more in normal years. These salty soils are in wet areas in the deserts where capillary rise and evaporation of water concentrate the salts near the surface. Some of these soils have redoximorphic depletions and concentrations. In other soils redoximorphic features may not be evident because of a high pH and the associated low redox potential, which inhibit iron and manganese reduction. These soils occur dominantly in depressional areas where ground water saturates the soils at least part of the year. The vegetation on these soils generally is sparse, consisting of salt-tolerant shrubs, grasses, and forbs. Although these soils may hold water at a tension less than 1500 kPa, the dissolved salt content makes the soils physiologically dry.
Salids are most common in depressions (playas) in the deserts or in closed basins in the wetter areas bordering the deserts. In North Africa and in the Near East, such depressions are referred to as Sabkhas depending on the presence or absence of surface water for prolonged periods. Under the arid environment and hot temperatures, accumulation of salts commonly occurs when there is a supply of salts and a net upward movement of water in the soils. In some areas a salic horizon has formed in salty parent materials without the presence of ground water. The most common form of salt is sodium chloride (halite), but sulfates (thenardite, mirabilite, and hexahydrite) and other salts may also occur.
Salids are Aridisols that are unsuitable for agricultural use, unless the salts are leached out. Leaching the salts is an expensive undertaking, particularly if there is no natural outlet for the drainage water.
Aridisols, as their name implies, are soils in which water is not available to mesophytic plants for long periods. During most of the time when the soils are warm enough for plants to grow, soil water is held at potentials less than the permanent wilting point or has a content of soluble salts great enough to limit the growth of plants other than halophytes, or both. The concept of Aridisols is based on limited soil moisture available for the growth of most plants. In areas bordering deserts, the absolute precipitation may be sufficient for the growth of some plants. Because of runoff or a very low storage capacity of the soils, or both, however, the actual soil moisture regime is aridic.
[www.nrcs.usda.gov/conservation-basics/natural-resource-co...]
For more information about soil classification in the UAE, visit:
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The Ethridge series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in alluvium and glaciofluvial deposits from mixed rock sources, and/or in till and lacustrine deposits. These soils are on alluvial fans, fan remnants, stream terraces, drainageways, hills, sedimentary plains, lake plains, and till plains. Slopes are 0 to 35 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 305 cm. Mean annual air temperature is about 6.7 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, frigid Torrertic Argiustolls
Soil temperature - 5.6 to 8.3 degrees C.
Moisture control section - between 10 and 30 cm; dry in some part for six tenths or more of the cumulative days per year when the soil temperature at a depth of 50 cm is 5 degrees C. or higher.
Mollic epipedon thickness - 18 to 36 cm and may include all or only part of the Bt horizon.
Depth to Bk horizon - 25 to 61 cm.
A Btk horizon is allowed.
USE AND VEGETATION: Ethridge soils are used for nonirrigated crops and for range. The potential plant community is green needlegrass, bluebunch wheatgrass, western wheatgrass, forbs, and shrubs.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Ethridge series is extensive in the plains area of Montana and western North Dakota. MLRAs 44B, 46, 52, 58A, 58C, and 60B.
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The Rub' al Khali is the largest contiguous sand desert in the world, encompassing most of the southern third of the Arabian Peninsula. The desert covers some 650,000 square kilometres including parts of Saudi Arabia, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. It is part of the larger Arabian Desert. One very large pile of sand!!!
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Soil profile: The Arkaqua series consists of somewhat poorly drained, moderately permeable soils on nearly level flood plains along creeks and rivers in the Appalachian, Blue Ridge, and Great Smokey Mountains. They formed in loamy alluvial sediments washed largely from soils formed in residuum from granite, gneiss, schist, phyllite, and other metamorphic and crystalline rocks.
Landscape: View of the landscape near Peachtree Community. Braddock soils are in the foreground. Arkaqua, Rosman, and Dillard soils are in the middle ground, past the livestock. Junaluska and Tsali soils are in the background. (Soil Survey of Cherokee County, North Carolina; by Brian Wood and Southern Blue Ridge Soil Survey Office, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Arkaqua soils have slopes of less than 2 percent. Near the type location the mean annual temperature is 56 degrees F., and the mean annual precipitation is 54 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Fluvaquentic Dystrudepts
Thickness of the solum ranges from 35 to 60 inches. Depth to stratified sand and gravel is 44 to more than 72 inches. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid. Flakes of mica range from few to many in all horizons.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of acreage is used for pasture, corn, and truck crops. The native trees are mixed hardwoods.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Mountains of Georgia, North Carolina, and possibly Tennessee and Virginia. The series is not extensive.
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Soil profile: Mariscal very channery loam, in an area of Mariscal-Rock outcrop complex, 5 to 30 percent slopes. Note the varying thickness of the fractured limestone bedrock and interbedded marl. (Soil Survey of Big Bend National Park, Texas; by: James Gordon, Soil Scientist, James A. Douglass, Soil Scientist, and Dr. Lynn E. Loomis, Soil Scientist, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: An area of Mariscal-Terlingua complex, 10 to 30 percent slopes. Chino grama, creosotebush, skeletonleaf goldeneye, pricklypear, and yucca are on this site. The Mariscal part of this map unit is in the Flagstone Hill 8-14" PZ ecological site of MLRA 81D—Southern Edwards Plateau. The Terlingua part is in the Basalt Hills ecological site, Hot Desert Shrub vegetative zone of MLRA 42—Southern Desertic Basins, Plains, and Mountains.
The Mariscal series consists of very shallow or shallow, well drained soils that are moderately permeable above a very slowly permeable limestone bedrock. These soils formed in residuum and colluvium derived from beds of platy limestone. These soils are on gently sloping to very steep uplands. Slope ranges from 1 to 60 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 280 mm (11 inches) and the mean annual air temperature is about 21.1 degrees C (70.0 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, carbonatic, hyperthermic Lithic Ustic Torriorthents
Soil moisture: The moisture control section is dry in all parts more than three fourths of the time the soil temperature exceeds 5.0 degrees C (41 degrees F). Intermittently moist in some part of the soil moisture control section during June to September. More than 60 percent of the annual rainfall occurs during that period. The soil does not receive significant amounts of moisture during winter months. Ustic aridic soil moisture regime.
Mean annual soil temperature: 22.0 to 25.6 degrees C (72 to 78 degrees F)
Depth to bedrock: mainly 10 to 30 cm, but ranging up to 50 cm (4 to 12 inches, but ranging up to 20 inches).
Particle size control section (weighted average):
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 40 to 70 percent in the fine earth fraction and ranges to 80 percent when less than 20 millimeter fragments are included.
Rock fragments: 35 to 85 percent channers or flagstones.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used as rangeland. Vegetation physiognomy is desert shrubland. Dominant woody plants are creosotebush, lechuguilla, feather dalea, yucca, catclaw acacia, and whitethorn acacia. Grasses include chino grama, black grama, fluffgrass, and threeawns.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Southern Edwards Plateau (MLRA 81D) and Trans Pecos (MLRA 42) of Texas. The series is extensive.
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Soil profile: The Appling series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils in the Piedmont Region of the southeastern U.S.
Landscape: A fresh roadcut through an area of Appling soils showing the uniform horizon thickness and depth.
Appling soils are on ridges and side slopes of the Piedmont uplands. They are deep to saprolite and very deep to bedrock. They formed in residuum weathered from felsic igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent.
Appling soils are very similar to Cecil soils, except Cecil soils have a subsoil with dominant hue of 5YR or redder. Where hue is 5YR in Cecil soils, evident patterns of mottling are absent in the Bt and BC horizon, whereas patterns of lithochromic mottling are common in Appling soils.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults
The Bt horizon is at least 24 to 50 inches thick and extends to 40 inches or more. Depth to bedrock ranges from 6 to 10 feet or more. The soil is very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout, unless limed. Limed soils typically are moderately acid or slightly acid in the upper part. Content of coarse fragments ranges from 0 to 35 percent by volume in the A and E horizons and 0 to 10 percent by volume in the Bt horizon. Fragments are dominantly gravel in size. Most pedons have few to common flakes of mica in the A and Bt horizons and few to many flakes of mica in the BC and C horizons.
Most of the acreage is in cultivation or pasture and the remainder is in forests of mixed hardwoods and pine. Common crops are corn, tobacco, soybeans, cotton, and small grains.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Piedmont of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. The series is of large extent.
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Typical profile of a Berthahill soil. The volcanic ash mantle extends from the surface of the mineral soil material to a depth of about 50 to 60 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Clearwater Area, Idaho; by Glenn Hoffman, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Berthahill series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in material weathered from quartzite with a thick mantle of volcanic ash. These soils are on mountain slopes, summits, and ridges. Permeability is moderate. Slopes range from 15 to 75 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 47 inches and the average annual air temperature is about 40 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Medial over loamy-skeletal, amorphic over isotic Typic Haplocryands
Average annual soil temperature - 38 to 41 degrees F. Cryic temperature regime.
Soil moisture control section - usually moist year round and not dry for 30 consecutive days from June to October. Udic moisture regime.
Thickness of volcanic ash mantle - 14 to 19 inches
Volcanic glass content in the 0.02 to 2.0 mm fraction - 15 to 50 percent
Acid-oxlate extractable A1+1/2 Fe - 1.5 to 3.6 percent
Phosphorous retention - 55 to 90 percent
15-bar water retention - 12.0 to 18.0 percent on air-dried samples
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used for timber production, recreation, and wildlife habitat. Potential natural vegetation is subalpine fir, Engelmann spruce, Douglas fir, lodgepole pine, and grand fir with an understory of queencup beadlily, mountain arnica, prince's pine, wild ginger, common pink wintergreen, coolwort foamflower, western goldenthread, rattlesnake plantain, common beargrass, rustyleaf menziesia, myrtle pachystima, and blue huckleberry.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: North Central Idaho. These soils are not extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
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A representative soil profile of the Massasoit series. (Photo provided by New England Soil Profiles)
The Massasoit series consists of poorly drained soils formed in sandy and gravelly glaciofluvial deposits. They are shallow to cemented subsoil and very deep to bedrock. They are on outwash plains or terraces and deltas, in depressions and along drainageways and adjacent to swamps and bogs. Slope ranges from 0 through 5 percent. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or high in the surface horizon, very low or low in the cemented subsoil (ortstein), and high or very high in the substratum. Mean annual temperature is about 48 degrees F. (9 degrees C.) and mean annual precipitation is about 43 inches (1092 millimeters).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, isotic, mesic, shallow, ortstein Typic Duraquods
Depth to bedrock is greater than 65 inches (165 centimeters). Depth to continuous ortstein ranges from 7 through 20 inches (18 through 50 centimeters). Continuous ortstein is 4 through 12 inches (10 through 30 centimeters) thick and greater than 90 percent cemented. Rock fragments range from 0 through 20 percent throughout and typically consist of sub-rounded granite, gneiss, and schist gravel. Reaction ranges from extremely acid to moderately acid.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are forested. Some areas are used for hay or pasture-land, and some areas are used for cranberry or blueberry production. Common trees include red maple, pitch pine, eastern white pine, gray birch, tupelo, American holly, and white oak. The sapling and shrub layer commonly consists of sweet pepperbush, high bush blueberry, green briar, and swamp azalea. The herbaceous layer typically consists of cinnamon fern, sphagnum moss, teaberry, and starflower.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: New England, New York and New Jersey. MLRA 144A and 149B. The series is of small extent.
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A representative soil profile of the Bardsey series (Eutric Planosols) in England. (Cranfield University 2021. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK.)
Soils classified and described by the World Reference Base for England and Wales:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/wrb_list.cfm
The Bardsey soils are composed mainly of slowly permeable soils over Carboniferous mudstones and shales. The Bardsey and associated soils areextensive in Northern England, particularly South Yorkshire, and also in the Midlands. It is normally on gently undulating to rolling terrain between 10 and 140 m O.D., often bounded by sandstone outcrops, but rises in places to 400 m O.D.; some steeper slopes are included.
Bardsey soils are seasonally waterlogged because of their slowly permeable subsoil at shallow depth. The degree of waterlogging varies with drainage treatment, climate and cropping. Undrained land with a wet climate may be severely waterlogged (Wetness Class V). In low rainfall areas, appropriately drained land is in Wetness Class III but is in Wetness Class IV in much of the wetter northern districts. The Rivington series, overlying permeable shattered sandstone, is well drained (Wetness Class I). The soils do not readily absorb winter rainwater, hence rapid run-off is likely. Bardsey soils are non-droughty for cereals, but slightly droughty under grass while Rivington soils are moderately droughty under grass in normal years.
In the Midlands the land is mainly under permanent grass, arable use predominating only in south Staffordshire and Warwickshire. Some cereals and potatoes are grown in east Derbyshire, Shropshire and Worcestershire, and there is market gardening around Melbourne, Derbyshire. The slow subsoil permeability of the Bardsey series results in surface wetness which reduces the period suitable for landwork. Cultivations must be carefully timed to avoid damage to soil structure. Autumn landwork and crop establishment are desirable, except on Rivington soils, as there are few machinery work days available in spring.
In Yorkshire the association is mainly in cultivation. Potatoes are common on the lighter soils but cereals are the main crop. An unusual feature is the production of forced rhubarb between Leeds and Wakefield. Grass yields are acceptable under intensive use and there is some permanent grass, especially on the steeper or higher ground.
For additional information about the soil association, visit:
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Soil profile: Bethlehem soils have soft weathered sillimanite schist bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches. The rock can be dug by hand tools. Its hardness generally increases as depth increases. (Soil Survey of Rutherford County, North Carolina; by Scott C. Keenan, North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, and J. Craig Harris, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
archive.org/details/rutherfordNC
Landscape: Bethlehem soils occur on ridgetops and side slopes in the upper part of the thermic Piedmont. They form in residuum weathered from high-grade metamorphic rocks such as sillimanite schist, phyllite schist, and mica schist. Slopes range from 2 to 45 percent. Mean annual air temperature ranges from 58 to 63 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation ranges from 40 to 60 inches. Approximately half of the acreage is cleared. Chief crops are hay, corn, tobacco small grain, and pasture.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults
The solum ranges from 20 to 40 inches thick over a Cr horizon of weathered bedrock. Hard bedrock is deeper than 40 inches. Reaction is very strongly acid to moderately acid unless limed. Content of flakes of mica ranges from few to common in the A and upper B horizons, and from few to many in the lower B and C horizons. Rock fragment content ranges from 0 to 60 percent by volume in the A horizon, from 0 to 35 percent in the E, BA, BE, and Bt horizons, and from 15 to 60 percent in the BC and C horizons. Fragments are dominantly gravel or cobbles.
USE AND VEGETATION: Approximately half of the acreage is cleared. Chief crops are hay, corn, tobacco small grain, and pasture. The remainder is in mixed hardwoods and pines including shortleaf pine, Virginia pine, scarlet oak, chestnut oak, white oak, and black oak. Common understory plants are sourwood, flowering dogwood, greenbrier, sassafras, grape, poison ivy, American holly, and blueberry.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: North Carolina, Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama. This series is of moderate extent.
For a detailed description of the soil, visit:
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A soil profile and landscape of the Coxville series in an area of Coxville sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes from the Soil Survey of Lee County, South Carolina (Photo provided by John Kelley, USDA-NRCS).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Paleaquults
REMARKS: There appears to be no significant difference in soil characteristics or properties of the Grady series
Grady series (about 350,000 acres) and Coxville series that warrants separation at the series level. Each soil series was proposed before 1910 by the respective states (Georgia and North Carolina) and they have been maintained since. They were separated on clay and silt content in the 1960s. However, Coxville have not been consistently correlated with less than 45 percent clay (or 30 percent silt) in the particle-size control section.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 80 inches
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 0 to 12 inches, November to April
Rock Fragment content: 0 to 15 percent, by volume, throughout, but less than 5 percent in most pedons
Soil Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid, except where limed
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Landscape: Lower to upper coastal plain
Landform: Flats, Carolina bays, and depressions
Geomorphic Component: Talfs, dips
Parent Material: Marine deposits or fluviomarine sediments
Elevation: 25 to 450 feet
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY:
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Poorly drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Very shallow to shallow, common to persistent
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Permeability: Moderately slow
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Forest, some pasture and cropland
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--corn, soybeans, and truck crops. Where wooded--loblolly and longleaf pine, sweetgum, blackgum, water oak, willow oak, water tupelo, elm, and hickory.
Distribution: Coastal Plain of North Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and possibly Virginia and Louisiana
Extent: Large--more than 500,000 acres.
Soil profile: Typical profile of Ard silt loam in an area of Clementsville-Ard complex, 4 to 12 percent slopes. (Soil Survey of Teton Area, Idaho and Wyoming; by Carla B. Rebernak, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Harvested grainfield in an area of Clementsville-Ard complex, 4 to 12 percent slopes. Clementsville and similar soils make up about 70 percent and Ard and similar soils make up about 20 percent of this map unit. Ard soils are on mountain slopes and loess hills and have slopes of 4 to 12 percent.
The Ard series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils that formed in rhyolite residuum with loess influence. The mean annual precipitation is about 530 mm and the mean annual air temperature is about 3.3 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive Calcic Haplocryolls
Mollic epipedon thickness: 25 to 40 cm
Depth to bedrock: 50 to 100 cm
Depth to the calcic horizon (2Bk horizon): 25 to 40 cm
Particle size control section rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent
Particle size control section total clay: 7 to 18 percent
Reaction: neutral to strongly alkaline
Soil moisture regime: xeric, dry for 45to 60 consecutive days
Mean annual soil temperature: 3.9 to 7.2 degrees C. (cryic soil temperature regime)
Mean summer soil temperature: 10.0 to 15.0 degrees C.
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major uses: Non-irrigated winter and spring wheat, barley, and rangeland
Dominant native vegetation: mountain big sagebrush, Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, tapertip hawksbeard
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Southeastern Idaho, MLRA 13
Extent: the series is not extensive
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
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A representative soil profile of Spieden soil in an area of Sholander-Spieden complex, 0 to 5 percent slopes. (Soil Survey of San Juan County, Washington; by Michael Regan, Natural Resources Conservation Service).
The Spieden series consists of very deep, poorly drained soils formed in glacial outwash. Spieden soils are in drainageways and depressions of outwash plains. Slopes are 0 to 2 percent. Average annual precipitation is about 24 inches. The average annual temperature is about 50 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, isotic, mesic Typic Endoaquolls (Photo taken during dry period reflecting dry soil color))
Average annual soil temperature - 50 to 52 degrees F.
Mollic epipedon thickness - 10 to 14 inches
Depth to redoximorphic features - 0 to 8 inches
Reaction - moderately acid to neutral
Particle size control section:
Clay content - 0 to 5 percent
Rock fragments - 0 to 30 percent gravel, 0 to 5 percent cobbles, 0 to 35 percent total
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used mainly for pasture, forestry, and watershed. Potential natural vegetation consists of Sitka spruce, red alder, lodgepole pine, clustered rose, salmonberry, trailing blackberry, red elderberry, common snowberry, stinging nettle, swordfern, slough sedge, field horsetail, and scouring-rush horsetail.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Puget Sound valleys in Northwest Washington; MLRA 2, Northern Part. Series is of small extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/washington/WA0...
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A representative soil profile of Wapato silty clay loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. (Soil Survey of Benton County, Oregon; by Matthew H. Fillmore, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Wapato series consists of very deep, poorly drained soils that formed in loamy mixed alluvium. Wapato soils are on flood plains. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 45 inches and the mean annual temperature is about 52 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Fluvaquentic Endoaquolls
The soils are saturated with water during the winter season unless artificially drained. The mean annual soil temperature ranges from 52 to 56 degrees F. Depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches. The 10 to 40 inch control section average 27 to 35 percent clay and less than 15 percent sand coarser than very fine sand. Depth to aquic conditions with distinct or prominent redox concentrations and chroma of 2 or less is from 0 to 12 inches. The mollic epipedon is 10 to 24 inches thick.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of these soils are cultivated. Hay and pasture are major crops. When drained, beans and small grains are also raised. Native vegetation is red alder, Oregon ash, black cottonwood, willow, wild rose and sedges.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Wapato soils occur on flood plains in southwestern Washington, in the Willamette Valley, and other interior river valleys of southern and southwestern Oregon. MLRA 2, 5. The series is of moderate extent. Wapato soils are found on the Ingram geomorphic surface in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Differentiation from the Sauvie series needs further evaluation.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
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Bahiagrass hay in an area of Dothan sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes. This well drained, loamy soil is well suited to hay, pasture, and cultivated crops. (Soil Survey of Crenshaw County, Alabama; By James M. Mason, Natural Resources Conservation Service )
archive.org/details/usda-soil-survey-of-crenshaw-county-a...
Setting
Landform: Ridges and high stream terraces
Landform position: Summits
Shape of areas: Irregular
Size of areas: 15 to 150 acres
Composition
Dothan and similar soils: 90 percent
Dissimilar soils: 10 percent
Typical Profile
Surface layer:
0 to 9 inches—brown sandy loam
Subsoil:
9 to 20 inches—brownish yellow sandy clay loam
20 to 35 inches—brownish yellow sandy clay loam that has reddish mottles
35 to 48 inches—brownish yellow sandy clay loam that has brownish and reddish mottles and has masses of nodular plinthite
48 to 80 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam that has reddish and grayish mottles and has masses of nodular plinthite
Soil Properties and Qualities
Depth class: Very deep
Drainage class: Well drained
Permeability: Moderately slow
Available water capacity: Moderate
Depth to seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 3 to 5 feet from December
through March
Shrink-swell potential: Low
Flooding: None
Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low
Natural fertility: Low
Depth to bedrock: More than 80 inches
Minor Components
Dissimilar soils
• Scattered areas of Compass soils, which have a lower content of clay in the upper
part of the subsoil than the Dothan soil
• Dothan soils that have slopes of more than 2 percent
• Fuquay soils, which have thick, sandy surface and subsurface layers, on knolls
• Orangeburg soils, which have a reddish subsoil and do not have a significant accumulation of plinthite, on knolls
Similar soils
• Scattered areas of Dothan soils that have a surface layer of loamy sand
• Scattered areas of moderately well drained Dothan soils
Land Use
Dominant uses: Cropland, pasture, and hayland
Other uses: Forestland and homesites
Cropland
Suitability: Well suited
Commonly grown crops: Corn, cotton, peanuts, and soybeans
Management concerns: No significant limitations affect management of cropland.
Management measures and considerations:
• Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes productivity.
Pasture and hayland
Suitability: Well suited
Commonly grown crops: Bahiagrass and coastal bermudagrass
Management concerns: No significant limitations affect management of pasture and hayland.
Management measures and considerations:
• Proper stocking rates and restricted grazing during wet periods help to prevent compaction and keep the pasture in good condition.
• Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes productivity.
For more information on Soil Taxonomy, visit:
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For a detailed description of the soil, visit:
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Airship series. A large volume of fragments is visible in all horizons. The rounded edges on the fragments indicate transport in water of some distance. Airship soils, although in areas where many of the ridges are sharp and narrow in shape with very steep side slopes, formed in alluvium on a very eroded older terrace. These soils are very deep but have a limited available water capacity and support mostly brush.
Landscape: An area of Airship soils at the type location, on a steep south slope near Coyote Ridge Trail in the Fremont Older Open Space. Black Mountain and the Permanente Mine are in the background. (Supplement to the Soil Survey of Santa Clara Area, California, Western Part; by William Reed, and Christopher “Kit” Paris, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Airstrip series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils formed in colluvium and residuum derived from sandstone and siltstone. Airstrip soils are on mountains and have slopes of 9 to 50 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 2290 millimeters (90 inches) and the mean annual temperature is about 11 degrees C (52 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, mesic Pachic Humixerepts
Note: Photo taken when the soil was dry.
Soil moisture: The soil is dry in all parts in the moisture control section from about July 10 to September 20, and is moist in all parts from about October 1 to June 1. The soils have xeric moisture regime.
Soil temperature: The mean annual soil temperature is 10 to 15 degrees C (50 to 59 degrees F). The difference between mean summer and mean winter temperature is 6 to 10 degrees C. The soils have a mesic soil temperature regime.
Depth to a lithic contact: 50 to 100 centimeters.
The umbric epipedon is 50 to 75 centimeters thick.
Base saturation, by ammonium acetate, is less than 35 percent throughout.
Surface fragments: 15 to 35 percent gravel, 0 to 5 percent cobbles
Particle-Size Control Section (weighted average):
Rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent gravel and 0 to 25 percent cobbles.
Clay content: 12 to 26 percent clay.
USE AND VEGETATION: This soil has been used for livestock grazing, wildlife habitat, and watershed. Natural vegetation consists of California oatgrass, dogtail grass, foxtail fescue, tall oatgrass, plantain, sheep sorrel, hairy cat's ear, and annual legumes. Invasion by Douglas-fir and other forest species occurs primarily in disturbed areas and along forest borders.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: California Coastal Redwood Belt; MLRA 4B. The series is not extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
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Soil profile: The Berks series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils formed in residuum weathered from shale, siltstone and fine grained sandstone on rounded and dissected uplands.
Landscape: The mountains in the upper third of the photograph are dominantly mapped as Berks-Weikert complex, 35 to 70 percent slopes, a map unit which is underlain primarily by shale bedrock. (Soil Survey of Craig County, Virginia; by Robert K. Conner, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, active, mesic Typic Dystrudepts
Solum thickness ranges from 12 to 40 inches. Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. Depth to the top of the cambic horizon range from 3 to 12 inches. Rock fragments range from 10 to 50 percent in the Ap and A horizons, from 15 to 75 percent in individual horizons of the B, and from 35 to 90 percent in the C horizon. The average volume of rock fragments in the particle-size control section is more than 35 percent. In unlimed soils reaction ranges from extremely acid to slightly acid throughout. The dominant clay minerals are illite, vermiculite and interstratified vermiculite chlorite. Small amounts of kaolinite are present.
USE AND VEGETATION: Approximately 60 percent of Berks soils are in cropland and pasture, the remainder are in woodland or other uses. Principal crops are corn, wheat, oats, barley, Christmas trees and hay. Native vegetation is mixed, deciduous hardwood forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Kentucky, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, Indiana, and Southern Illinois. The series is of large extent. The Ashby, Kistler and Trexler soils, which were moderately shallow in some Pennsylvania published surveys are now included in the Berks Series.
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A profile of Biltmore soils. The Biltmore series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in recent alluvium on flood plains in the Southern Appalachian Mountains and mesic areas of the Southern Piedmont. Slopes range from 0 to 5 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, mesic Typic Udipsamments
The sandy sediments range from 40 to 80 inches or more in thickness. In some pedons below a depth of 40 inches, there are strata of loamy material, or deposits of cobbles and gravel that are stratified with sandy or loamy material. Thin loamy layers are within the upper 40 inches in some pedons, but have a combined thickness of less than 6 inches. Coarse fragments range from 0 to 10 percent by volume in the upper 40 inches. Underlying beds of gravel and cobbles are in many pedons within a 40 to 80 inch depth. Flakes of mica range from few to many throughout. The soil ranges from strongly acid through slightly alkaline.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the acreage of this soil is cleared of forest and used for pasture and crops. Important crops grown are corn for grain and silage, small grains, truck crops, burley tobacco, and pasture. Native forest species include white pine, yellow-poplar, northern red oak, black oak, white oak, black walnut, American Sycamore, red maple, river birch, American beech, white ash, black locust, hickory, basswood, and blackgum. Rhododendron and blueberry are common understory plants.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina, Georgia, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia; mesic areas of the Southern Piedmont in North Carolina and Virginia. The series is of moderate extent.
Biltmore soils were formerly mapped in Comus and Suncook series. Establishing the Biltmore series limits the Suncook series to MLRA's 143, 144, and 145. The 2/89 revision reclassified the Biltmore series to mixed, mesic Typic Udipsamments. The typical pedon and a dominance of soils mapped Biltmore do not have at least 6 inches of loamy strata between the A horizon and a depth of 40 inches. The distribution and extent of the Biltmore series has been broadened due to the recognition of a mesic soil temperature regime in some areas of the Southern Piedmont.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
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A representative soil profile of the Garywash series in an area of Garywash gravelly fine sandy loam, 4 to 15 percent slopes. (Interim Report for the Soil Survey of Chemehuevi Wash Off-Highway Vehicle Area, California; by Leon Lato, Carrie-Ann Houdeshell, and Heath McAllister, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Garywash series consists of very deep, well drained soils. Garywash soils are on fan remnants. Slopes range from 2 to 15 percent. These soils formed in alluvium from granite. Elevations are 300 to 450 meters (about 980 to 1475 feet). The climate is arid with hot, dry summers and warm, dry winters. The mean annual precipitation is about 100 millimeters (about 4 inches) and the mean annual air temperature is about 24 degrees C (about 75 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Typic Haplocalcids
Soil moisture control section: usually dry throughout, rarely moist in some part during summer or winter. The soils have a typic-aridic soil moisture regime.
Soil temperature: 22 to 26.7 degrees C (about 72 to 80 degrees F).
Depth to calcic horizon: 10 to 25 centimeters
Organic matter: 0 to 0.5 percent
Control section -
Rock fragments: averages 15 to 35 percent, mainly gravel
Clay content: 6 to 15 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Garywash soils are used for recreational and wildlife habitat. The present vegetation is mainly creosote bush.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Lower Colorado Desert of southeastern California, U.S.A.; MLRA 31. These soils are of small extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
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The gently sloping, sandy and loamy soils of this unit are well suited to cultivated crops, hay, pasture, and forestland. (Fuquay loamy fine sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes; Soil Survey of Crenshaw County, Alabama; by James M. Mason, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Setting
Landform: Ridges and high stream terraces
Landform position: Summits, shoulder slopes, and backslopes
Shape of areas: Irregular
Size of areas: 10 to 150 acres
Composition
Fuquay and similar soils: 90 percent
Dissimilar soils: 10 percent
Typical Profile
Surface layer:
0 to 4 inches—grayish brown loamy fine sand
Subsurface layer:
4 to 30 inches—yellowish brown and brownish yellow loamy fine sand
Subsoil:
30 to 40 inches—brownish yellow sandy loam
40 to 53 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam
53 to 68 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam that has reddish mottles and has
masses of nodular plinthite
68 to 80 inches—mottled yellowish brown, strong brown, light brownish gray, and red
sandy clay loam that has masses of nodular plinthite
Soil Properties and Qualities
Depth class: Very deep
Drainage class: Well drained
Permeability: Rapid in the surface and subsurface layers and slow in the subsoil
Available water capacity: Low
Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 4 to 6 feet from December through
March
Shrink-swell potential: Low
Flooding: None
Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low
Natural fertility: Low
Depth to bedrock: More than 80 inches
Land Use
Dominant uses: Cropland, pasture, and hayland
Other uses: Forestland and wildlife habitat
Cropland
Suitability: Suited
Commonly grown crops: Corn, peanuts, cotton, and soybeans
Management concerns: Droughtiness and nutrient leaching
Management measures and considerations:
• Conservation tillage, winter cover crops, crop residue management, and a crop rotation that includes grasses and legumes increase available water capacity and improve fertility.
• Using supplemental irrigation and planting crop varieties that are adapted to droughty conditions increase productivity.
• Using split applications increases the effectiveness of fertilizer and herbicides.
• Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes productivity.
Pasture and hayland
Suitability: Well suited
Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass and bahiagrass
Management concerns: Droughtiness and nutrient leaching
Management measures and considerations:
• Using supplemental irrigation and planting varieties that are adapted to droughty conditions increase production.
• Using split applications increases the effectiveness of fertilizer and herbicides.
• Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes productivity.
For more information, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/alabama/AL041/...
For a detailed description, visit:
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Different soils showing their different colors and nutrients they hold.
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A representative soil profile of the Birchwood series. (Photo provided by Jim Turenne, USDA-NRCS; New England Soil Profiles)
The Birchwood series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in a mantle of sandy material overlying dense till on uplands. They are nearly level to strongly sloping soils on plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 15 percent. Permeability is moderately rapid or rapid in the surface layer, rapid or very rapid in the subsoil and slow to very slow in the dense substratum. Mean annual temperature is about 50 degrees F. and the mean annual precipitation is about 45 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, mesic Aquic Udipsamments
Thickness of the solum and depth to the dense substratum ranges from 20 to 38 inches. Depth to bedrock is commonly more than six feet. Rock fragments range from 0 to 25 percent in the surface layer, 0 to 20 percent in the subsoil and from 5 to 35 percent in the substratum. Except where the surface layer is stony, the fragments are mostly subrounded pebbles and typically make up 65 percent or more of the total rock fragments. Unless limed, the soil is very strongly acid to slightly acid, but some horizon between 10 and 40 inches is moderately acid or slightly acid.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for hay and pasture but some acreage is used for tobacco, vegetables, potatoes, and silage corn. Some areas are used for community development. A few areas are idle or used as woodland. Common trees are red, white and black oak, red maple, white ash, gray birch, and white pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Sandy mantled glaciated uplands of Massachusetts and eastern Rhode Island; MLRA 144A. The series is of small extent.
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For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BIRCHWOOD.html
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Michigan State Soil
The Kalkaska series is one of the earliest soil series to be recognized in Michigan. It was first described in 1927, in Kalkaska County, which is the source of the series name. Kalkaska soils occur in both the Upper and Lower Peninsulas of Michigan and in 29 of the state’s 83 ounties. There are over 750,000 acres of these soils in Michigan. Public Act 302, the State Soil Bill, enacted on December 4, 1990, established the Kalkaska series as the Official State Soil.
Kalkaska soils formed in sandy deposits left by the glaciers that once covered Michigan. These soils are used primarily for hardwood timber, namely sugar maple and yellow birch. Some areas are used for the production of Christmas trees or for specialty crops, such as potatoes and strawberries. The soils also are used for wildlife habitat and building site development
The Kalkaska series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in sandy drift on outwash plains, valley trains, moraines, and stream terraces. Slope ranges from 0 to 70 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 760 mm, and the mean annual temperature is about 6 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, isotic, frigid Typic Haplorthods
Soil Moisture: Dry in some part of the soil moisture control section in July in normal years; dry throughout the soil moisture control section in August in normal years.
Thickness of the solum: 61 to 140 cm.
Rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent gravel and 0 to 3 percent cobbles throughout.
Surface fragments: 0 to 0.1 percent stones covering the surface.
USE AND VEGETATION: The majority of this soil is forested. Some areas are idle cropland or in pasture. A small portion of this soil is cultivated with small grains, hay, and potatoes being the principle crops. Native vegetation is intermixed hardwoods and conifers, predominantly sugar maple, American beech, red pine, quaking aspen, bigtooth aspen, and eastern white pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 93B, 94A, 94B, 94C, and 96 in the northern Lower Peninsula and Upper Peninsula of Michigan, and northern Wisconsin. The type location is in MLRA 94A. These soils are extensive, with about 982,000 acres of the series mapped.
This series was named the State Soil of Michigan in 1991.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/K/KALKASKA.html
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Petrogypsic soils have a surface or subsurface soil horizon cemented by gypsum so strongly that dry fragments will not slake in water. The cementation restricts penetration by plant roots. This is a diagnostic horizon and occur in large areas of arid and semiarid regions of the world. The occurrence of gypsum in soils is considered a key feature by most soil classification and mapping systems that have designated specific names for these soils and horizons.
For more information about soil classification in the UAE, visit:
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For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
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or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
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Inceptisols are one of the 12 soil orders in the U.S. Soil Taxonomy. Inceptisols are soils of relatively new origin and are characterized by having only the weakest appearance of horizons, or layers, produced by soil-forming factors. They are the most abundant on Earth, occupying almost 22 percent of all non-polar continental land area. Their geographic settings vary widely, from river deltas to upland forests to tundra environments. For example, they occur in the Mississippi valley, central Europe, the Amazon region, northeastern India, Indonesia, and Alaska. They are usually arable with appropriate control of erosion or drainage.
For more information on Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Tanana soil series; the State Soil of Alaska.
Landscape: Tanana soils are on alluvial terraces. They support a native plant community of aspen, paper birch, white spruce, and black spruce. When cleared and developed for agriculture, Tanana soils are used for hay and pasture, small grains, and vegetables.
The Tanana series consists of a mantle of mixed silty micaceous loess and alluvium overlying coarser textured alluvium. Under climax native vegetation, Tanana soils are poorly drained and contain permafrost within 50 inches of the surface. If the surface vegetation and organic mat is disturbed, either through wildfire or cultural activities such as farming, the soil will warm and become well drained. (Soil Survey of the Greater Fairbanks Area, Alaska; by Dennis Mulligan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Tanana series was established in the Yukon Tanana Area of Alaska in 1914. It was named after the Tanana River, whose name in-turn was derived from the Athabaskan word for “mountain river”. Tanana soils are extensive throughout the lowland areas of Interior Alaska. Tanana soils are important agricultural soils in Alaska. The mean annual precipitation is about 12 inches, and the mean annual temperature is about 26 degrees F.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/alaska/AK610/0...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TANANA.html
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Onsite at the Chetco Bar Fire to perform soil sampling on SOD (Sudden Oak Death) sites. From left to right: Blakey Lockman, R6 FHP; Sarah Navarro, ODF; Jared LeBoldus, OSU; Alan Kanaskie, ODF (retired). Oregon.
Photo by: Blakey Lockman
Date: March 20, 2018
Credit: USDA Forest Service, Region 6, State and Private Forestry, Forest Health Protection.
Source: Blakey Lockman collection.
Image provided by USDA Forest Service, Region 6, State and Private Forestry, Forest Health Protection: www.fs.usda.gov/main/r6/forest-grasslandhealth
A representative soil profile of the Alumrock series. The Alumrock series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils that formed in residuum from sandstone. Alumrock soils are on hills. Slopes range from 9 to 50 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 20 inches, and the mean annual temperature is about 60 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, thermic Pachic Argixerolls
Note: The soil had been moistened to a depth of 40cm at the time the photo was taken. The natural dark colored mollic epipedon, when moist, extended to a depth of 66cm.
Depth to slightly weathered sandstone is 50 to 100 cm. The mean annual soil temperature is 60 to 62 degrees F. The particle size control section averages 18 to 24 percent clay, and 1 to 35 percent rock fragments, mostly gravel. The soil is not calcareous. Organic matter ranges from 1 to 3 percent to a depth of 25 cm. Rock fragments on the surface range from 0 to 10 percent gravel.
USE AND VEGETATION: This soil is used for recreation and urban uses. Vegetation is oaks and annual grasses in recreation areas and urban areas have lawn grasses and ornamental plants.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The soils are inextensive and are mapped in Santa Clara County Major Land Resource Area: 15 -- Central California Coast Range
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/san...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/A/ALUMROCK.html
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This pedon is a variant of the Bonneau series in North Carolina. A soil variant is a soil sufficiently different in properties from any other known soil series, but due to low acreage (geographic extent) does not warrant the establishment of a new soil series. This pedon is similar to the Bonneau soil series; however, the arenic surface layers contain too many coarse fragments.
Note: The term "variant" is no longer used in soil survey. Soils with insufficient acreage (very low geographic extent) are identified and described as inclusions in mapping.
Arenic Paleudults.—These soils have a layer, starting at the mineral soil surface, that is between 50 and 100 cm thick and has a sandy or sandy-skeletal particle-size class, that is, the texture is sand or loamy sand. The soils are otherwise like Typic Paleudults in defined properties, but the argillic horizon tends to have more sand and less clay than the one in the Typic subgroup. In the United States.
Arenic Paleudults occur on the coastal plain from Maryland to Texas. The natural vegetation consisted of forest plants. The soils are of moderate extent. Slopes generally are nearly level to strongly sloping. Most of the soils are used as cropland or forest, but some are used as pasture.
BONNEAU SOIL SERIES
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Deep, common
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Negligible to medium
Permeability: Moderate
Shrink-swell potential: Low
Landscape: Lower, middle, and upper coastal plain
Landform: Marine terraces, uplands
Hillslope Profile Position: Summits, shoulders, backslopes
Geomorphic Component: Interfluves, side slopes
Parent Material: Marine deposits, fluviomarine deposits
Slope: 0 to 12 percent
Elevation (type location): Unknown
Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 64 degrees F.
Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 45 inches
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Arenic Paleudults
Thickness of the sandy surface and subsurface layers: 20 to 40 inches
Depth to the top of the Argillic: 20 to 40 inches
Depth to the base of the Argillic horizon: 60 to 80 inches or more
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 80 inches
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 40 to 60 inches, December to March
Rock Fragment Content: 0 to 15 percent, by volume, throughout
Soil Reaction: Extremely acid to slightly acid in the A and E horizons, except where limed and extremely acid to moderately acid in the B horizon
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Crops
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--growing corn, soybeans, small grain, pasture grasses, and tobacco. Where wooded--mixed hardwood and pine, including longleaf and loblolly pine, white, red, turkey, and post oak, dogwood, and hickory.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Coastal Plain of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia
Extent: Large
For a detailed description, visit:
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A typical profile of Tusquitee gravelly loam. Tusquitee soils are very deep, have thick, dark surface layers, and formed from local colluvium. They occur in coves and drainageways on low or intermediate mountains predominantly in the eastern and western parts of Buncombe County, NC. (Soil Survey of Buncombe County, North Carolina; By Mark S. Hudson, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Tusquitee series arev on gently sloping to very steep benches, foot slopes, toe slopes, and fans in coves in the Southern Blue Ridge mountains, MLRA 130B. Near the type location, mean annual air temperature is about 52 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation is about 52 inches. Slope ranges from 2 to 95 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, isotic, mesic Humic Dystrudepts
Solum thickness ranges from 40 to more than 60 inches. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Reaction is very strongly acid to slightly acid, in the A horizon, unless limed. The Bw and lower horizons are very strongly acid to moderately acid. In the upper 40 inches, content of rock fragments, dominantly of gravel to stone size, ranges up to 35 percent. Below 40 inches, rock fragment content may range up to 60 percent. Content of mica flakes ranges from few to common.
USE AND VEGETATION: About one-half of the acreage has been cleared and is used for corn, small grain, tobacco, truck crops, clover, lespedeza, and pasture. Wooded areas consist mostly of yellow poplar, white oak, northern red oak, black locust, white ash, black birch, yellow birch, eastern white pine, eastern hemlock, black cherry, cucumber tree, yellow buckeye, American beech, and sugar and red maples.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Blue Ridge mountains of North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia and possibly Georgia and South Carolina. The series is of large extent.
The 12/97 revision places the Tusquitee series in a fine-loamy, isotic, mesic Umbric Dystrochrepts family. This series was formerly placed in a coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Umbric Dystrochrepts family. Laboratory PSA (pipette) method and corresponding field texture estimates (feel method) indicate control section clay contents of generally 12 to 24 percent, with most pedons marginally coarse-loamy. However, chemical lab data for similar competing series indicate that sufficient amorphous, clay-sized materials occur in the particle-size control section to place this soil in a fine-loamy family. Average clay contents are generally less than 25 percent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TUSQUITEE.html
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A soil profile of the Coxville series in an area of Coxville sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes from the Soil Survey of Lee County, South Carolina (Photo provided by John Kelley, USDA-NRCS).
Landscape: Coxville soils are commonly in Carolina Bays. Carolina bays are elliptical depressions concentrated along the Atlantic seaboard within coastal Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Georgia, and north-central Florida. (Soil Survey of Lee County, South Carolina; by Charles M. Ogg, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Poorly drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Very shallow to shallow, common to persistent
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Negligible
Permeability: Moderately slow
Landscape: Lower to upper coastal plain
Landform: Flats, Carolina bays, and depressions
Geomorphic Component: Talfs, dips
Parent Material: Marine deposits or fluviomarine sediments
Slope: 0 to 2 percent
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Paleaquults
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 80 inches
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 0 to 12 inches, November to April
Rock Fragment content: 0 to 15 percent, by volume, throughout, but less than 5 percent in most pedons
Soil Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid, except where limed
USE AND VEGETATION: Where cultivated--corn, soybeans, and truck crops. Where wooded--loblolly and longleaf pine, sweetgum, blackgum, water oak, willow oak, water tupelo, elm, and hickory.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Coastal Plain of North Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and possibly Virginia and Louisiana with large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/south_carolina...
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/COXVILLE.html
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Faceville soil series.
Landscape: Young pecan trees in an area of Faceville sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes. Pecans are the most abundant orchard crop in Webster County. (Soil Survey of Webster County, Georgia; by Scott Moore, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Faceville series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on uplands of the Southern Coastal Plain (MLRA 133A). (Soil Survey of Decatur County, Georgia; by Scott Moore, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
They formed in red clayey marine sediments. Near the type location, the mean annual temperature is about 65 degrees F., and the mean annual precipitation is about 48 inches. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kandiudults
Thickness of the solum is 65 inches or more. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout except where the surface has been limed. In some pedons, the reaction is moderately acid in the BA horizon and upper Bt horizon. The clay content of the control section ranges from 36 to 55 percent with less than 30 percent silt. Plinthite content ranges from 0 to 4 percent, by volume, below a depth of 40 inches. Ironstone nodules 3 to 20 mm in size in the A, E and BA horizons range from none to up to 11 percent, by volume.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Faceville soils have been cleared and are used for growing cotton, corn, peanuts, soybeans, wheat, hay, vegetables, small grains, and tobacco. In recent years, some areas have been converted to pasture or reforested. Dominant trees include loblolly, shortleaf, and slash pine and a mixture of upland oaks, hickory, and dogwood.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia. The series is of large known extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
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A representative soil profile of Buchel clay, 0 to 1 percent slopes, occasionally flooded. Evidence of slickensides can be seen beginning at a depth of 20 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Live Oak County, Texas; by Paul D. Holland, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Buchel series consists of very deep, very slowly permeable, moderately well drained soils that formed in calcareous clayey alluvium of recent age. These soils occur on nearly level flood plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 1 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 864 mm (34 in) and the mean annual air temperature is about 21.7 degrees C (71 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, hyperthermic Typic Haplusterts
Soil Moisture: A typic-ustic moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is dry in some or all parts for more than 90 days but less than 180 cumulative days in normal years.
Solum thickness: more than 200 cm (80 in)
Mean annual soil temperature: 22.0 to 23.3 degrees C (72 to 74 degrees F).
Depth to vertic features: 18 to 61 cm (7 to 24 in)
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: 40 to 60 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: The major uses are for crop production of grain sorghum, wheat, corn or cotton. Native vegetation consists of bluestems, paspalums and panicums. Trees include pecan, elm, and hackberry. Ecological site name is Clayey Bottomland 20-35" PZ (R083AY380TX).
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Rio Grande Plain; LRR I; MLRA 83A; moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX297/0/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BUCHEL.html
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