Soil profile: A typical profile of a Dewey soil. The Dewey soils, which are very deep and well drained, have few limitations. (Soil Survey of McMinn County, Tennessee; by Richard L. Livingston and Melissa C. Oliver, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

Landscape: The corn and grass strips in the background are in an area of Dewey clay loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded.

The Dewey series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on uplands. These soils formed in residuum of limestone or in 1 to 2 feet of old alluvium and the underlying residuum from limestone. Slopes range from 2 to 40 percent.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Paleudults

Thickness of the solum and depth to limestone bedrock are more than 60 inches. The soil is strongly acid or very strongly acid unless limed. Rock fragments are mostly gravel size chert and range from 0 to 15 percent in each horizon. Some horizons range up to 25 percent below 40 inches.

USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cleared and used for row crops, small grain, hay, pasture. The native vegetation is mixed hardwoods.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Appalachian Ridges (MLRA 128) and Valleys and the Highland Rim and Pennyroyal (MLRA 122) in Tennessee, northwest Georgia, and northern Alabama. The series is of large extent.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/tennessee/mcmi...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DEWEY.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#dewey

Soil profile: The Armour series consists of very deep well drained soils on stream terraces, foot slopes, and valley floors. These soils formed in old alluvium, valley fill, or in alluvium and the underlying residuum of limestone. Slopes range 0 to 20 percent. (Soil Survey of Macon County, Tennessee; by Charlie McCowan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic Ultic Hapludalfs

Solum thickness ranges from 40 to more than 80 inches. Depth to limestone bedrock is greater than 5 feet. Reaction is moderately acid or strongly acid except the surface layer is less acid where limed. Fragments of gravel or chert range from 0 to 10 percent in the upper 40 inches. The fragments range up to about 3 inches in diameter. Below 40 inches the fragment content is dominantly 0 to 35 percent, but ranges to 60 percent.

USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the areas are cleared and used for pasture, hay, small grain, tobacco, and corn. The native vegetation was mixed hardwoods including oaks, hickory, elm, hackberry, maple, beech, black walnut, ash, locust, yellow-poplar, and red cedar.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Nashville Basin and Highland Rim in Tennessee and the inner bluegrass region of Kentucky. The series is of moderate extent.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/tennessee/maco...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/A/ARMOUR.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#armour

A representative soil profile of a Cumulic Hapludoll. (Kentucky Soil Atlas; by Anastasios D. Karathanasis, University of Kentucky)

Cumulic Hapludolls have an overthickened mollic epipedon (60 cm or more thick). The mollic epipedon is a relatively thick, dark colored, humus-rich surface horizon (or horizons) in which bivalent cations are dominant on the exchange complex and the grade of structure is weak to strong. These properties are common in the soils of the steppes in the Americas, Europe, and Asia.

These soils are at the base of slopes or on flood plains, where they receive fresh sediments at a rate slow enough for the material to become incorporated into the mollic epipedon. These soils are permitted, but not required, to have a cambic horizon. They may be calcareous throughout their thickness. Slopes are gentle and are mostly plane or concave. These soils are of large extent and are widely distributed in the United States. Many of the soils supported tall grasses, but some supported trees and shrubs. Most are used as cropland.

For additional information about Kentucky soils, visit:

uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_book/4/

A soil profile of the shallow Rockly soils. (Soil Survey of Spokane County, Washington; by Scott H. Bare, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

Landscape--Mountains, hills, plateaus, canyonlands

Landform--mountain slopes, hillslopes, ridges, structural benches, canyons

Slope--0 to 120 percent

Parent material--residuum and colluvium derived from basalt with an influence of loess and volcanic ash

Mean annual precipitation--about 460 mm

Mean annual air temperature--about 9 degrees C

Depth class--shallow, very shallow

Drainage class--well drained

Soil moisture regime--xeric

Soil temperature regime--mesic

Soil moisture subclass--typic

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, mesic Lithic Haploxerolls

Soil moisture--usually moist, but dry 60 to 80 consecutive days in all parts between depths of 10 and 30 cm or to a lithic contact

Mean annual soil temperature at lithic contact--8 to 12 degrees C

Depth to bedrock--10 to 30 cm

Thickness of mollic epipedon--10 to 30 cm

Reaction--6.1 to 7.3

Hue--10YR to 5YR

Particle-size control section--loam, silt loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam; about 10 to 30 percent clay; 35 to 75 percent rock fragments consisting of gravel, cobbles, or stones

Percentage of surface covered with stones or cobbles--0 to 15 percent

Faint clay films--lining pores in thin layer above bedrock in some pedons

USE AND VEGETATION:

Use--livestock grazing, wildlife habitat, water supply

Native vegetation--mainly stiff sagebrush, lomatium, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Sandberg bluegrass.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: North-central Oregon, eastern and central Washington, and west-central Idaho; MLRAs 8, 9, 10, and 43C; large extent

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/washington/spo...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/R/ROCKLY.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#rockly

Soil profile: Profile of Frederick silt loam. The argillic horizon begins at a depth of about 15 centimeters and extends to below a depth of more than 150 centimeters.

Landscape: Pasture in an area of Frederick silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, eroded, is in the foreground. (Soil Survey of Adair County, Kentucky; by Harry S. Evans, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

The Frederick series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in residuum derived mainly from dolomitic limestone with interbeds of sandstone, siltstone, and shale. They are on are nearly level to very steep uplands. Permeability is moderate. Slopes range from 0 to 60 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 42 inches, and mean annual temperature is about 55 degrees F.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Paleudults

Solum thickness is more than 60 inches. Depth to bedrock is more than 72 inches. Depth to the top of the argillic horizon ranges from 0 to 20 inches. Variegated colors in the solum range from 40 to more than 60 inches below the soil surface. Rock fragments are mostly chert and range from 0 to 60 percent in the A, E, BA, and BE horizons, and 0 to 35 percent in the Bt, BC, and C horizons. In some areas the upper part of the solum is capped with as much as 20 inches of silty material. The soil ranges from very strongly acid through moderately acid, unless limed.

USE AND VEGETATION: Most of these soils are cleared and cultivated. Crops are corn, small grain, hay, tobacco, and apple orchards. Most of the steeper areas are in pasture or forest. Vegetation is largely hardwoods such as oak, hickory, maple, and yellow poplar.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, Maryland, and Tennessee. The series is of large extent.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/kentucky/KY001...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/F/FREDERICK.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#frederick

A soil profile of the Coxville series in an area of Coxville sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes from the Soil Survey of Lee County, South Carolina (Photo provided by John Kelley, USDA-NRCS).

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Paleaquults

REMARKS: There appears to be no significant difference in soil characteristics or properties of the Grady series

Grady series (about 350,000 acres) and Coxville series that warrants separation at the series level. Each soil series was proposed before 1910 by the respective states (Georgia and North Carolina) and they have been maintained since. They were separated on clay and silt content in the 1960s. However, Coxville have not been consistently correlated with less than 45 percent clay (or 30 percent silt) in the particle-size control section.

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:

Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 80 inches

Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 0 to 12 inches, November to April

Rock Fragment content: 0 to 15 percent, by volume, throughout, but less than 5 percent in most pedons

Soil Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid, except where limed

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:

Landscape: Lower to upper coastal plain

Landform: Flats, Carolina bays, and depressions

Geomorphic Component: Talfs, dips

Parent Material: Marine deposits or fluviomarine sediments

Elevation: 25 to 450 feet

DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY:

Drainage Class (Agricultural): Poorly drained

Internal Free Water Occurrence: Very shallow to shallow, common to persistent

Flooding Frequency and Duration: None

Ponding Frequency and Duration: None

Permeability: Moderately slow

USE AND VEGETATION:

Major Uses: Forest, some pasture and cropland

Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--corn, soybeans, and truck crops. Where wooded--loblolly and longleaf pine, sweetgum, blackgum, water oak, willow oak, water tupelo, elm, and hickory.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:

Distribution: Coastal Plain of North Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and possibly Virginia and Louisiana

Extent: Large--more than 500,000 acres.

A representative soil profile of the Seaboldt series. (Soil Survey of Spokane County, Washington; by Scott H. Bare, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

When photographing soils, a soil scientist will commonly use a knife to pick the profile face to show natural soil structure (left side of profile). Or, they may use a knife or shovel to smooth the surface (right side of the profile) which helps show change in color or horizonation.

Landscape--channeled scablands

Landform--outwash plains on plateaus

Slope--0 to 15 percent

Parent material--loess mixed with a minor amount of volcanic ash over glaciofluvial deposits over residuum derived from basalt

Mean annual precipitation--about 510 mm

Mean annual air temperature--about 9 degrees C

Depth class--moderately deep

Drainage class--well drained

Soil moisture regime--xeric

Soil temperature regime--mesic

Soil moisture subclass--typic

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, isotic, mesic Vitrandic Haploxerolls

Mean annual soil temperature--9 to 11 degrees C

Moisture control section--dry 60 to 90 consecutive days after summer solstice (July through September); moist in October through June

Depth to basalt--50 to 100 cm

Thickness of mollic epipedon--25 to 50 cm

Base saturation--less than 75 percent, by sum of cations, in one or more horizons between depths of 25 and 75 cm (estimated)

Particle-size control section--averages 4 to 18 percent clay and 0 to 25 percent rock fragments

Thickness of layers influenced by volcanic ash--18 to 35 cm

Estimated properties of layers influenced by volcanic ash

*Content of volcanic glass in 0.02- to 2-mm fraction--5 to 20 percent

*Ammonium oxalate Al plus 1/2 Fe--0.4 to 1.0 percent

An Oi horizon is in uncultivated areas.

USE AND VEGETATION:

Use--dominantly homesite development and crop production; wildlife habitat in some areas

Common crops--small grain, hay, pasture

Potential natural vegetation--ponderosa pine, Saskatoon serviceberry, common snowberry, Idaho fescue, arrowleaf balsamroot, bluebunch wheatgrass, common yarrow, lupine

A dry phase of the Seaboldt series is mapped in Spokane County and is correlated to ecological site R009XY102WA.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Eastern Washington; MLRAs 9 and 44A; small extent. The official series description was updated as part of the final correlation of the Spokane County, Washington, soil survey. The series describes the soils formerly mapped as Gibbs taxadjunct. The primary taxadjunct feature is the coarse-loamy particle-size control section that is dominantly coarser glaciofluvial parent material.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/washington/spo...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SEABOLDT.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#seaboldt

Toecane-Tusquitee complex, 30 to 50 percent slopes, very bouldery. (Soil Survey of Buncombe County, North Carolina; By Mark S. Hudson, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

Setting

Landscape: Low and intermediate mountains, dominantly in the western and eastern parts of the county

Elevation range: 2,400 to 4,800 feet

Landform: Coves, colluvial fans, drainageways, and benches

Landform position: Head slopes and footslopes

Shape of areas: Irregular or oblong

Size of areas: Up to 389 acres

Composition

Toecane soil and similar inclusions: 50 percent

Tusquitee soil and similar inclusions: 35 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Toecane

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown cobbly loam

Subsoil:

8 to 24 inches—yellowish brown very cobbly sandy clay loam

24 to 37 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly sandy loam

Underlying material:

37 to 80 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely cobbly loamy sand

Dominant Uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat

Other Uses: Recreation, building site development, and pasture

Woodland Management and Productivity

Potential for commercial species: Moderately high for cove hardwoods and northern hardwoods

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Equipment use and erodibility

Management measures and considerations:

• Using cable logging methods helps to overcome limited road and trail construction caused by the large number of stones and boulders on the soil surface.

• Designing roads on the contour and installing water-control structures, such as broad-base dips, water bars, and culverts, help to maintain road stability.

• Avoiding the diversion of water directly onto fill slopes helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and landings.

• Reseeding all disturbed areas with adapted grasses and legumes helps to prevent soil erosion.

• When the soil is wet, skid trails and unsurfaced roads are highly erodible and very slick due to the slope and the high content of organic matter in the surface layer.

• Avoiding logging operations during periods when the soil is saturated helps to prevent rutting of the soil surface and damage to tree roots due to soil compaction.

• Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent to streams helps to reduce siltation and provides shade for the aquatic habitat.

• Livestock should not graze in areas managed for woodland.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...

For a detailed description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TOECANE.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TOECANE.html

Soils of the Colfax series are very deep and somewhat poorly drained. They are on uplands and formed in materials weathered from granitic rocks. Permeability is moderate in the upper part of the solum and slow in the fragipan. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, subactive, thermic Aquic Fragiudults

DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Somewhat poorly drained; medium to slow runoff; permeability is moderate in the upper part of the solum and slow in the fragipan. A fragipan is a diagnostic horizon in USDA soil taxonomy. They are altered subsurface soil layers that restrict water flow and root penetration. Fragipans are similar to a duripan in how they affect land-use limitations. In soil descriptions, they are commonly denoted by a Bx or Btx symbol.

USE AND VEGETATION: Used chiefly for pasture and forest. A small acreage is used for crops. Native vegetation includes maple, oak, hickory, dogwood, sweet gum, yellow poplar, shortleaf, loblolly, and Virginia pine, and an understory of greenbriars, huckleberry, grasses, and reeds.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Piedmont Province of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. The series is of moderate extent.

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/COLFAX.html

Soil profile: A profile of Mountview silt loam. Two different parent materials are evident where loess overlies clayey residuum derived from cherty limestone at a depth of about 95 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Hickman County, Tennessee; By Douglas F. Clendenon, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

The Mountview series consists of very deep, well drained and moderately well drained, soils that formed in 2 to 3 feet of a silty mantle, presumably loess, and underlying residuum of limestone or old alluvium. Slopes range from 0 to 20 percent. Near the type location, average annual air temperature is about 59 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation is about 54 inches.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Oxyaquic Paleudults

Solum thickness and depth to rock exceeds 60 inches. The upper solum formed in a silty mantle, presumably loess, and commonly is about 30 inches thick but ranges from about 22 to 36 inches. This overlies a lower solum developed in residuum of limestone or old alluvium. Coarse fragments, commonly fragments of chert, range from 0 to about 5 percent in the upper 30 inches and from about 5 to 35 percent below that depth. Transition horizons have characteristics similar to adjacent horizons. Reaction of each horizon is very strongly acid or strongly acid, except the surface layer is less acid where limed.

USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for growing hay, pasture, small grains, cotton, corn, and tobacco. Some areas are in woodland consisting chiefly of oak, hickory, gum, and maple.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Highland Rim of Tennessee, northern Alabama, Pennyroyal of Kentucky, and possibly southern Missouri. The series is of large extent.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/tennessee/TN08...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MOUNTVIEW.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#mountview

Soil profile: The Cowarts series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in loamy sediments.

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/sde/?series=cowarts#osd

Solum thickness ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout except where lime has been added. Percent by volume of iron concretions and/or quartz gravel, 2 mm to 7 cm in diameter, ranges from 0 to 30 percent in the A and E horizons; from 0 to 10 percent in the B horizon; and from 0 to 15 percent in the C horizon. Percent by volume of nodular plinthite ranges from 0 to 4 percent, by volume. Silt content is less than 20 percent.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults

Landscape: Cowarts soils are on side slopes and ridge tops on uplands of the Carolina and Georgia Sand Hills and Southern Coastal Plain. Slopes range from 1 to 25 percent. They formed in thick beds of stratified, loamy marine sediments. Most areas of Cowarts soils are used for woodland. Many areas have been cleared and are used for the production of cotton, corn, peanuts, vegetable crops and pasture. Common trees include longleaf pine, loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, slash pine, southern red oak, sweetgum, hickory and flowering dogwood.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Coastal Plain and Sand Hills of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina.

archive.org/details/LeeSC2007

Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the deep, well drained Songjeong soils in Korea.

Landscape: Songjeong soils are on footslopes and sideslopes, formed in residuum weathered from granitic materials. The area under the blue tarps are ginseng groves.

The Songjeong series are members of the fine loamy, mixed, mesic family of Typic Hapludults [Cutanic Alisols (Chromic) classified by WRB]. They are developed in rolling to hilly areas underlaid by very deeply weathered granitic rocks.

Songjeong soils have ochric epipedons and argillic horizons. Solum (A and B horizons). thickness typically ranges from 50 to 100 cm or more.

Depth to hard rock is more than 3 meters and ranges to more than 10 meters. Base saturation is less than 60 percent. Common fine and medium white and yellow micas are throughout the profiles. Reaction is very strongly acid. A horizons are brown to dark brown loam, silt loam, or fine sandy loam. Bt horizons are yellowish red, reddish brown, reddish yellow, or red clay loam or silty clay loam. C horizons are red, yellowish red, or strong brown loam, silt loam, or very fine sandy loam very deep and extremely weathered granitic saprolites (grus).

For more information about soils in Korea, visit:

soil.rda.go.kr/eng/series/viewSeries.jsp?list=S&file=...

Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Toags series. (Soil Survey of Pinnacles National Monument, California; by Ken Oster, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

Landscape: View of Chalone Creek, south of Frog Canyon, showing an area of Riverwash in the barren stream channel, Oxyaquic Haploxerolls gravelly loamy coarse sand is under willows on the flood plain and low stream terrace, and Toags coarse sand is under oak savannah on the high stream terrace.

The Toags series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in alluvium derived from igneous rocks. The Toags soils are on stream terraces. Slopes range from 0 to 5 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 17 inches (432 millimeters) and the mean annual air temperature is about 61 degrees F (16 degrees C).

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, thermic Typic Xeropsamments

Depth to bedrock: over 61 inches (155 centimeters).

Mean annual soil temperature: 60 to 63 degrees F (16 to 17 degrees C).

Soil moisture control section: dry in all parts from about May 15 to November 15 (180 days), and moist in all parts from about January 15 to April 15 (90 days).

Soil reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline throughout the profile.

Particle size control section: Clay: ranges 4 to 10 percent; Coarse fragments: ranges 5 to 35 percent mostly gravel.

Base saturation by ammonium acetate: 91 to 97%

USE AND VEGETATION: This soil is used for watershed, wildlife habitat and recreation. Vegetation is buckwheat and annual grasses and forbs.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: San Benito County, California in MLRA 14 Central California Coastal Valleys. These soils are of small extent.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/CA7...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TOAGS.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#toags

A representative soil profile of a Podzol from the Hungarian Soil Classification System (HSCS) by Prof. Blaskó Lajos (2008).

For more information about these soils, visit:

regi.tankonyvtar.hu/hu/tartalom/tamop425/0032_talajtan/ch...

PODZOLS: Acid soil with a bleached horizon underlain by an accumulation of organic matter, aluminium and iron (from the Russian, pod, meaning under, and zola, meaning ash).Under acidic conditions aluminium, iron and organic compounds migrate from the surface soil down to the B-horizon with percolating rainwater. The humus complexes deposit in an accumulation (spodic) horizon while the overlying soil is left behind as a strongly bleached albic horizon. Most Podzols develop in humid, well drained areas, particularly, in the Boreal and Temperate Zones. They cover 14 percent of Europe, the dominant soil of the northern latitudes.

The current Hungarian Soil Classification System (HSCS) was developed in the 1960s, based on the genetic principles of Dokuchaev. The central unit is the soil type grouping soils that were believed to have developed under similar soil forming factors and processes. The major soil types are the highest category which groups soils based on climatic, geographical and genetic bases. Subtypes and varieties are distinguished according to the assumed dominance of soil forming processes and observable/measurable morphogenetic properties.

The Bethlehem series consists of well drained, moderately deep soils on ridgetops and side slopes in the upper part of the Piedmont. They formed in residuum weathered from the high-grade metamorphic rocks such as sillimanite schist, phyllite schist, and mica schist. Slopes range from 2 to 45 percent.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults

The solum ranges from 20 to 40 inches thick over a Cr horizon of weathered bedrock. Hard bedrock is deeper than 40 inches. Reaction is very strongly acid to moderately acid unless limed. Content of flakes of mica ranges from few to common in the A and upper B horizons, and from few to many in the lower B and C horizons. Rock fragment content ranges from 0 to 60 percent by volume in the A horizon, from 0 to 35 percent in the E, BA, BE, and Bt horizons, and from 15 to 60 percent in the BC and C horizons. Fragments are dominantly gravel or cobbles.

USE AND VEGETATION: Approximately half of the acreage is cleared. Chief crops are hay, corn, and pasture. The remainder is in mixed hardwoods and pines including shortleaf pine, Virginia pine, scarlet oak, chestnut oak, white oak, and black oak. Common understory plants are sourwood, flowering dogwood, greenbrier, sassafras, grape, poison ivy, American holly, and blueberry.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: North Carolina, Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama. This series is of moderate extent.

For a detailed description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BETHLEHEM.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#bethlehem

Note: The left side of the photo exhibits natural soil structure. The right side has been smoothed.

Original photo and comment by : Matthew C. Ricker, NC State University

The Gibraltar soil series (Mollic Udifluvents) is mapped in eastern Pennsylvania, USA. The above photograph is from the Schuylkill River floodplain 100 km downstream from the coal mines of the region. These soils form from coal fines that were washed directly into streams prior to the U.S. Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977.

________________________________

The Gibraltar series consists of very deep, well-drained soils formed in recent alluvium derived from coal washings deposited over alluvium from reddish sandstone, siltstone and shale. They are nearly level soils on floodplains. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Mean annual precipitation is 43 inches. Mean annual temperature is 53 degrees F.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, nonacid, mesic Mollic Udifluvents

Thickness of the solum ranges from 3 to 10 inches. Depth to the buried A horizon ranges from 20 to 70 inches. Depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches. Rock fragments range from 0 to 15 percent in the control section and 0 to 10 percent in the substratum. They are usually coal fragments or rounded gravels. Soil reaction: unlimed reaction is moderately acid to slightly acid throughout.

USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are in woodland and are used for timber production. Some areas are in cropland or hayland. Woodland vegetation is mixed hardwoods.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central and southeastern Pennsylvania. The series is of small extent.

For a detailed description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/G/GIBRALTAR.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#gibraltar

ACES | Kim Mullenix

Check out the ACES official YouTube video on How to Collect a Soil Sample.

youtu.be/q418qg21wHI

A representative soil profile of the Penistaja series; the State Soil of New Mexico. (Photos provided by Aaron Miller, Soil Scientist, USDA-NRCS)

The profile location is close to La Bajada Mesa where the El Camino Real brought many of the early Spanish settlers into Santa Fe. Penistaja soils are on mesas, plateaus, hills, cuestas and bajadas with slopes of 0 to 10 percent at elevations from 4,800 to 7,100 feet.

The Penistaja series was established in Sante Fe County, NM in 1970. The soil was named after a small farming and stock raising community in northwest New Mexico. “Penistaja” is a Navajo word that means “forced to sit”. This soil is found in the Southwest landscape of sandstone mesas, snow-capped mountains and desert grass-lands.

The Penistaja series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soil that formed in mixed alluvium, fan alluvium, slope alluvium and eolian material derived from sandstone and shale. Penistaja soils are on mesas, plateaus, hills, cuestas and bajadas. Slopes are 0 to 10 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 12 inches and the mean annual air temperature is about 55 degrees F.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Ustic Haplargids

Soil Moisture: Intermittently moist in some part of the soil moisture control section during December to March and July to September. The soil is driest during May and June. Ustic aridic soil moisture regime.

Soil Temperature: 51 to 59 degrees F.

Organic matter: averages more than 1 percent organic matter in the upper 16 inches

Depth to base of argillic horizon: 13 to 35 inches

Reaction: Neutral to moderately alkaline

USE AND VEGETATION: Penistaja soils are used for livestock grazing. Vegetation is blue grama, western wheatgrass, Indian ricegrass, galleta, winterfat and fourwing saltbush.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwestern New Mexico and northeastern Arizona. MLRA 35 and 36, LRR-D. This series is of moderate extent.

For additional information about this state soil, visit:

www.soils4teachers.org/files/s4t/k12outreach/nm-state-soi....

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PENISTAJA.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

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Soil profile: Babelthuap soils are characterized by very low fertility and a high level of soluble aluminum, which is toxic to most plants. The surface layer generally is gravelly. This profile is in an area of map unit 614, Babelthuap-Ngardmau-Typic Udorthents undifferentiated group, 12 to 30 percent slopes, in Aimeliik State, Babeldaob Island. (Soil Survey of the Islands of Palau, Republic of Palau; by Jason L. Nemecek and Robert T. Gavenda, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

Landscape: Ngardmau-Babelthuap-Typic Udorthents undifferentiated group, 20 to 50 percent slopes, is characterized by steep slopes that are sparsely vegetated or barren. This site is in Melekeok State, Babeldaob Island.

The Babelthuap series consists of; very deep, well drained, that is shallow to an abrupt textural change. These soils are on erosional crests of hills on volcanic islands. Babelthuap soils formed in saprolite derived from basalt, andesite, dacite volcanic breccias, tuff, and bedded tuff. Slope is 2 to 75 percent. The mean annual rainfall is about 3685 millimeters (145 inches), and the mean annual temperature is about 27 C (81 F.)

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Very-fine, ferruginous, isohyperthermic Typic Kandiperox

Depth to diagnostic feature: kandic horizon: 2 to 15 centimeters (1 to 6 inches)

Control section: 25 to 100 centimeters (10 to 39 inches)

Thickness of solum: 50 to 100 centimeters (20 to 39 inches.)

Depth to diagnostic features::

abrupt textural change: 3 to 20 centimeters (1 to 8 inches

kandic horizon: 3 to 20 centimeters (1 to 8 inches)

Thickness of diagnostic features:

ochric epipedon: 2 to 15 centimeters (1 to 6 inches)

kandic horizon: 11 to 90 centimeters (4 to 35 inches)

Linear extensibility: 3 to 7 percent, weighted average RV is 4.8 percent

Surface Fragments: Rock fragments are vesicular petroferric fragments, ironstone and gibbsite concretions; 20 to 95 percent total rock fragments; 20 to 80 percent gravel; 0 to 15 percent cobbles

Mean annual soil temperature: 28 C (83 F)

USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are in fern-land plant communities and are used only for watershed. A few areas are used as a source for mining bauxite. The vegetation is degraded anthropic savannah consisting of poor stands of Gleichenia linearis, Nepenthea mirabilis, Ectrosia lepornia and Paspalum orbiculare, scattered shrubs and pandanus.

This plant community is commonly dominant with Gleicheinia sp. Other associates that may be found scattered if the ferns are still short and young include Lycopodium cernuum. If the area has not been subjugated to fire for a considerable amount of time then there is often nothing but Gleichienia or at least a considerable lower diversity then areas exposed to occasional fire. It is common to come across small pockets of these areas deep in the hills of the upland forest.

The surface layer becomes dry for short periods particularly during the months of February, March, and April, due to the high coarse fragment content. The soil does not meet the definition of an oxic horizon for the clay content increases by more than 8 percent within 15 centimeters (6 inches.) Gibbsite is aluminum hydroxide and it is the principal component of bauxite. It is the product of intense soil weathering and is very stable in the soil environment. Gibbsite does not contribute to the soluble aluminum in the soil because it is stable.

Some agricultural crops suffer from aluminum toxicity when the Al saturation is only 10%. Aluminum interferes with the photosynthetic cycle by complexing with phosphate, so with high soluble aluminum the plant is starved for phosphate. Al-toxicity also stunts root growth thereby limiting the amount of soil the plant can exploit for nutrients. Stunted roots can also limit water uptake and can cause plants to wilt with only a few days without water. Some plants (e.g. cassava) have high tolerance to high levels of soluble aluminum. On the Babelthuap series, ferns that are highly tolerant to aluminum can make up nearly 100% of the plant community in places. High soluble Al and acidity may adversely affect soil health by inhibiting beneficial organisms. When liming soils with high soluble aluminum the rule of thumb is to add 1.5 tons of CaCO3 per acre for every milliequivalents of soluble aluminum. The pH only needs to be raised to about 5.5 to eliminate the harmful effects of high soluble aluminum.

Apparent field textures vary for tropical soils; therefore, field textures and their mid-point values of texture classes were used rather than laboratory analysis for particle size. Particle size distribution is difficult to determine in tropical soils because of the strong cohesion of aggregates and their tendency to suspend particles. The poor dispersion reflects the water-stable aggregates of clay in silt and sand-sized "particles." Therefore, the soils may have a lot of clay but physically they behave as coarser textures.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA 193 Volcanic Islands of Western Micronesia, Republic of Palau. These soils of these series are of small extent; about 9000 acres in size. They are mapped on the islands of island of Babeldaob and to a lesser extent on Koror and Arakabesan.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/pacific_basin/...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BABELTHUAP.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

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Soil profile: A profile of Paisano very gravelly fine sandy loam in an area of Chilicotal-Paisano association, 5 to 30 percent slopes. Paisano soils are very shallow or shallow to a petrocalcic horizon. The petrocalcic horizon is at a depth of about 30 centimeters. Paisano soils formed from gravelly alluvium derived from mixed sources. (Soil Survey of Big Bend National Park, Part of Brewster County, Texas; by James Gordon, Soil Scientist, James A. Douglass, Soil Scientist, and Dr. Lynn E. Loomis, Soil Scientist, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

Landscape: A roadcut exposure of Paisano very gravelly fine sandy loam in an area of Chilicotal-Paisano association, 5 to 30 percent slopes. The Paisano soils are in the Gravelly ecological site, Desert Grassland vegetative zone of MLRA 42—Southern Desertic Basins, Plains, and Mountains. Paisano soils are shallow (less than 50 centimeters to cemented material. Subrounded igneous gravel is cemented by calcium carbonate.

The Paisano series consists of soils that are very shallow or shallow to a petrocalcic horizon. They are well drained soils that are, moderately rapidly permeable above a very slowly permeable petrocalcic horizon. They formed in gravelly alluvium derived from mixed sources. These soils are on fan piedmonts and fan remnants. Slopes range from 1 to 12 percent.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, carbonatic, thermic, shallow Calcic Petrocalcids

Depth to the petrocalcic horizon: 6 to 20 inches

Coarse fragments: 35 to 85 percent. Fragments are mainly less than 3 inches in diameter, and are siliceous, sandstone, limestone and strongly cemented calcium carbonate pan fragments. Cobbles range from 0 to 15 percent

Calcium carbonate equivalent: 40 to 75 percent

Reaction: slight to moderately alkaline throughout

Mean annual soil temperature: 62 to 69 degrees F.

Soil moisture: Ustic aridic moisture regime

USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used mainly for livestock grazing and wildlife habitat. Vegetation is blue grama, black grama, sideoats grama, bush muhly, threeawn, fluff grass, creosote bush, javelina bush, catclaw, and white thorn acacia.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeastern Arizona and West Texas. MLRAs 41 and 42. The soil is of minor extent.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/bigbendT...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PAISANO.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#paisano

Vertisol profile, Laewest clay, Victoria County, Texas. Photograph by Wesley L. Miller

The A and B horizons in these soils are commonly cyclic, ranging from 60 to more than 80 inches thick. The amplitude of waviness between the mollic colored materials in the upper part of the solum and the higher value colors in the lower part ranges from 12 to 65 inches in more than 50 percent of the pedon. The chimneys of high value materials that extend to the surface or within 11 inches of the surface make up 10 to 30 percent of the pedon. Unless cultivated, gilgai microrelief with microknolls 6 to 16 inches higher than the microdepressions is common. The distance between center of high and center of low ranges from 5 to 18 feet. When dry, cracks 1 to 3 inches wide extend from the surface to depths of 60 inches or more.

Depth to slickensides ranges from about 15 to 24 inches. In pedology (the study of soils in their natural environments) a slickenside is a surface of grooved cracks produced in soils containing a high proportion of swelling clays. Slickensides are a type of cutan and are an indicator of a Vertisol.

VERTISOLS are one of the 12 soil orders in the U.S. Soil Taxonomy. They are clay-rich soils that undergo significant vertical cracking during dry seasons. Typically forming under grassland vegetation in basin or rolling hill landscapes, they are best suited for use as pastureland and for the cultivation of plants, such as rice, that thrive in standing surface water. Their very low water permeability when wet and unstable structure make them unsuitable for most other commercial uses. Although broadly distributed on every nonpolar continent, they occupy just over 2 percent of the land area on Earth, primarily in subtropical or tropical zones of Australia, India, and Africa and in parts of the western United States (California and Texas) and Europe (Austria and the Balkans). The shrinking and swelling of the clay forms bowls or gilgai resulting in an uneven surface morphometry.

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#lake%20charles

For more information on Soil Taxonomy, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/

For more photos related to soils and landscapes visit:

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Typical profile of a Kauder soil. The volcanic ash mantle extends to a depth of about 40 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Clearwater Area, Idaho; by Glenn Hoffman, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

The Kauder series consists of moderately deep to a fragipan, moderately well-drained soils that formed in loess and reworked loess with a thin mantle of volcanic ash. Kauder soils are on hills on plateaus, benches and broad ridges with slopes of 3 to 40 percent. They have moderately low or low saturated hydraulic conductivity. The average annual precipitation is about 35 inches and the average annual air temperature is about 42 degrees F.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, frigid Andic Fragiudalfs

Soil moisture - usually moist year round, and not dry for 45 consecutive days between June and October (Udic moisture regime)

Average annual soil temperature - 39 to 45 degrees F. (Frigid temperature regime)

Depth to fragipan - 22 to 40 inches

Thickness of volcanic ash - 7 to 14 inches

USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used primarily for timber production, livestock grazing, wildlife habitat, and watershed. Some areas have been cleared for cultivation. The natural vegetation is mainly western red-cedar, grand fir, Douglas-fir, Myrtle pachystima, common snowberry, queencup beadlily, and longtube twinflower.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: North-Central, Idaho; Kauder soils are moderately extensive. MLRA 43A.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/idaho/clearwat...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/K/KAUDER.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#kauder

Soil profile: Profile of a Hoypus soil. These soils formed in sandy glacial outwash. They are very deep, are somewhat

excessively drained, and support forests that consist dominantly of Douglas-fir and Pacific madrone. (Soil Survey of San Juan County, Washington; by By Michael Regan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

Landscape: Typical area of Whidbey-Hoypus complex, 2 to 15 percent slopes, under pasture in foreground, on Lopez Island. Timber production and homesites are the principal uses. Small areas are used for pasture. Potential natural vegetation consists of Douglas-fir and Pacific madrone. Understory species include Oregon grape, oceanspray, bald hip rose, brackenfern, honeysuckle, blackcap, and strawberry.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwestern Washington. Series is moderately extensive.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/washington/WA0...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/H/HOYPUS.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#hoypus

A representative soil profile of the Toags series. (Soil Survey of Pinnacles National Monument, California; by Ken Oster, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

The Toags series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in alluvium derived from igneous rocks. The Toags soils are on stream terraces. Slopes range from 0 to 5 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 17 inches (432 millimeters) and the mean annual air temperature is about 61 degrees F (16 degrees C).

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, thermic Typic Xeropsamments

Depth to bedrock: over 61 inches (155 centimeters).

Mean annual soil temperature: 60 to 63 degrees F (16 to 17 degrees C).

Soil moisture control section: dry in all parts from about May 15 to November 15 (180 days), and moist in all parts from about January 15 to April 15 (90 days).

Soil reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline throughout the profile.

Particle size control section: Clay: ranges 4 to 10 percent; Coarse fragments: ranges 5 to 35 percent mostly gravel.

Base saturation by ammonium acetate: 91 to 97%

USE AND VEGETATION: This soil is used for watershed, wildlife habitat and recreation. Vegetation is buckwheat and annual grasses and forbs.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: San Benito County, California in MLRA 14 Central California Coastal Valleys. These soils are of small extent.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/CA7...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TOAGS.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

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Depth Class: Moderately deep

Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained

Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Class: Moderately high

Landscape: Mountains and hills

Parent Material: Residuum weathered mainly from red inter-bedded siltstone and shale

Slope: 3 to 80 percent

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs

USE AND VEGETATION:

Major Uses: Mostly forested; some areas have been cleared and are used for pasture.

Dominant Vegetation: Northern hardwoods consisting of American beech, black birch, yellow birch, sugar maple, black cherry, white ash, northern red oak, and black locust.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:

Distribution: West Virginia and possibly Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia.

Extent: Large extent with estimated acreage exceeding 350,000 acres. Cateache soils were previously mapped as members of the Teas series (inactive) or as a high base substratum phase of the Calvin series.

For a detailed description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CATEACHE.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

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Plate 10: Typical soil profile and associated landscape for the Al Niddah series (soil AD210).

Taxonomic classification: Typic Calcigypsids, sandy, mixed, hyperthermic

The Al Niddah series is a moderately deep to deep sandy soil overlying bedrock (typically calcareous sandstone). The soils are typically moderately well to excessively drained. They occur on flats and gentle slopes within level to gently undulating deflation plains. They are formed from eolian sands and occur in older landscapes.

These soils are used for rangeland grazing of camels though vegetation cover is frequently less than 5%. The most common vegetation species recorded is Haloxylon salicornicum together with occasional Zygophyllum spp.

This soil predominantly occurs in the Ghayathi sub-area. A few sites have been described from the Al Ain sub-area.

The main feature of this soil is the moderately deep to deep, sandy profile that contains both accumulations of gypsum and carbonates. The soil material may show evidence of slightly elevated salt levels. The limited soil depth over a hardpan is the main limitation to the irrigated use of this soil. The sandy nature of the soil, giving rise to low nutrient storage and moisture holding capacities is also an issue. The presence of gypsum and the slightly elevated EC readings, where they occur, also suggest that salinity might be a problem. Under irrigation the leaching of gypsum may give rise to subsidence. This soil is unsuitable for irrigated agriculture.

For more information about describing soils, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052523...

For additional information about soil classification using Soil Taxonomy, visit:

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ACES | Kim Mullenix

Check out the ACES official YouTube video on How to Collect a Soil Sample.

youtu.be/q418qg21wHI

Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Longsfolly soil series. (Soil Survey of Pinnacles National Monument, California; by Ken Oster, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

Landscape: Typical area of a Longsfolly soil. Vegetation is mixed chaparral.

The Longsfolly series consists of deep to soft fanglomerate, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in colluvium over residuum weathered from fanglomerate on hills. Slopes range from 15 to 50 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 17 inches (432 millimeters) and the mean annual air temperature is about 61 degrees F (16 degrees C).

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, mixed, thermic Entic Haploxerolls

Depth to paralithic contact: 40 to 60 inches (100 to 150 centimeters).

Mean annual soil temperature: 60 to 63 degrees F (16 to 17 degrees C).

Soil moisture control section: dry in all parts from about June 15 to November 15 (150 days), and moist in all parts from about January 15 to May 1 (105 days).

Particle size control section: clay content: 2 to 5 percent clay, Coarse fragments: 15 to 35 percent gravel .

Soil Reaction: moderately acid to slightly alkaline

Base Saturation by ammonium acetate: 83 to 90%

USE AND VEGETATION: This soil is used for watershed, wildlife habitat and recreation. Vegetation is mixed chaparral.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: San Benito and Monterey Counties, California in MLRA 15 -- Central California Coast Range. These soils are of small extent. Source of name: rock formation in Pinnacles National Monument. This series was established based on limited acreage observed within the National Park Service Pinnacles National Monument boundary.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/CA7...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LONGSFOLLY.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#longsfolly

A representative soil profile of the Appomattox series. When photographing soils, a soil scientist will commonly use a knife to pick the profile face to show natural soil structure (left side of profile). Or, they may use a knife or shovel to smooth the surface (right side of the profile) which helps show change in color or horizonation.

Depth Class: Very deep

Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained

Depth to top of Seasonal High Water Table: 36 to 40 inches, December to March

Depth to base of Seasonal High Water Table: 42 to 60 inches or more, December to March

Internal Free Water Occurrence: Moderately deep, common, thin or thick

Flooding Frequency and Duration: None

Ponding Frequency and Duration: None

Index Surface Runoff: Medium to very high

Permeability: Moderately slow

Shrink-Swell Potential: Moderate

Landscape: Piedmont upland

Landform: Low hill, fan

Geomorphic Component: Interfluve, head slope, side slope, and nose slope

Hillslope Profile Position: Summit, shoulder, backslope, footslope

Parent Material: Capping from mixed crystalline rock colluvium and old alluvium over residuum

Slope: 0 to 45 percent

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, semiactive, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludults

USE AND VEGETATION: Where cultivated--corn, small grain, hay, apple and peach orchards, berries, and vegetables. Where wooded--upland oaks, dogwood, hickory, yellow poplar, and Virginia pine.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Virginia, North Carolina, and other southern states adjacent to the Blue Ridge Mountains with small extent, about 12,000 acres.

For a detailed description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/A/APPOMATTOX.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

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Profile of LaCerda clay loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes. The LaCerda soils have clayey subsoils that developed over weakly bedded dense shale. (Soil Survey of San Augustine and Sabine Counties, Texas; by Kirby Griffith, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

The LaCerda series consists of residual soils that are deep to weathered shale. They are moderately well drained and very slowly permeable. These soils are nearly level to moderately steep. The slope is dominantly less than 5 percent and ranges from 0 to 20 percent.

.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Very-fine, smectitic, thermic Chromic Dystruderts

The solum thickness ranges from 40 to 60 inches. The weighted average clay content of the particle-size control section ranges from 60 to 72 percent. When dry, cracks 1/2 to more than 1 inch wide extend from the surface to a depth of more than 12 inches. Cracks are open from 60 to 90 cumulative days in most years. Slickensides and wedge shaped peds begin at a depth of 10 to 24 inches. Undisturbed areas have gilgai relief with microknolls about 4 to 12 inches above the microdepressions. Distance from the center of the microknoll to the center of the microdepression ranges from 4 to about 15 feet. Mottles are considered to be litho-chromic or relic.

USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for woodland of loblolly and shortleaf pine, red oak, and sweetgum. A few areas are used for improved bermudagrass or penscola bahiagrass pastures.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: East and Southeast Texas in MLRA 133B. The series is of large extent. These soils were formerly included with the Susquehanna and Vaiden soils. The classification is changed from Aquentic Chromuderts to Chromic Dystruderts in January 1994.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/sanaugus...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LACERDA.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

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A representative soil profile of a Typic Haploxererts in Bulgaria. (Photo from the 4th International Meeting on Red Mediterranean Soils, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. 1997)

The central concept of Vertisols is that of clayey soils that have deep, wide cracks for some time during the year and have slickensides within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface. They shrink when dry and swell when moistened. Vertisols make up a relatively homogeneous order because of the amounts and kinds of clay common to them; however, their microvariability within a pedon is great. Before the advent of modern classification systems, these soils were already well known for their characteristic color, the cracks they produce during the dry season, and the difficulty of their engineering properties.

Xererts are the Vertisols of Mediterranean climates, which are typified by cool, wet winters and warm, dry summers. These soils have cracks that regularly close and open each year. Because the soils dry every summer and remoisten in the winter, damage to structures and roads is very significant. If not irrigated, these soils are used for small grain or grazing. In the United States, most of the soils supported grasses before they were cultivated.

Haploxererts are the Xererts that do not have a calcic or petrocalcic horizon or a duripan. These are the most common of the Xererts. They formed in a variety of parent materials, including volcanic and sedimentary rocks, lacustrine deposits, and alluvium. In many areas these soils are used for grazing by livestock. In some areas they are used for citrus, small grain, truck crops, or rice.

Typic Haploxererts are centered on deep or very deep, clayey soils with dark colored surface layers. These soils do not have significant amounts of sodium or salts, a soil moisture regime that borders on aridic or udic, or aquic conditions within 100 cm of the soil surface for extended periods. They occur in Oregon, Idaho, and California and are used for rangeland, pasture, or dryland or irrigated crops.

For additional information about soil classification, visit:

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Depth to Bedrock: 25 to 51 cm (10 to 20 inches) to weathered bedrock (paralithic); 51 to 122 cm or more (20 to 48 inches or more) to unweathered bedrock (lithic).

Depth Class: Shallow

Landscape: Low and intermediate mountains and occasionally intermountain hills.

Landform: Mountain slope, hillslopes, and ridges.

Geomorphic Component: Mountain top, mountain flank, and side slope.

Hillslope Profile Position: Summit, shoulder, and backslope.

Parent Material Origin: Low-grade metasedimentary rocks such as tilted siltstone, slate, phyllite, or metasandstone; fragments are channers, flagstones, or stones ranging up to 24 inches across.

Parent Material Kind: Residuum that is affected by soil creep in the upper solum.

Slope: Typically 15 to 70 percent, but range from 5 to 95 percent.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, semiactive, mesic, shallow Typic Dystrudepts

USE AND VEGETATION:

Major Uses: Woodland, rarely pasture and hayland

Dominant Vegetation: Where wooded--scarlet oak, chestnut oak, red maple, Virginia and pitch pine. Understory species are dominantly mountain laurel, sourwood, and buffalo nut. Where cleared--used for wildlife plantings.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:

Distribution: Southern Blue Ridge Mountains (MLRA 130B) of Tennessee, North Carolina, Virginia, and Georgia.

Extent: Large--more than 100,000 acres.

For a detailed description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CATASKA.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

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Soil profile: Andic Dystrocryepts are the Dystrocryepts that have, throughout one or more horizons with a total thickness of 18 cm or more within 75 cm of the mineral soil surface, a fine-earth fraction with both a bulk density of 1.0 g/cm3 or less, measured at 33 kPa water retention, and Al plus 1/2 Fe percentages (by ammonium oxalate) totaling more than 1.0. Dystrocryepts are the Cryepts that do not have free carbonates and have a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 60 percent in all horizons at a depth between 25 and 75 cm from the mineral soil surface.

Landscape: The vegetation is mostly conifers or mixed conifers and hardwoods. Few of the soils are cultivated. Dystrocryepts may have formed in loess, drift, or alluvium or in solifluction deposits, mostly late Pleistocene or Holocene in age. The soils commonly have a thin, dark brownish ochric epipedon and a brownish cambic horizon. Some have an umbric epipedon, and some have bedrock within 100 cm of the surface. In the United States, Dystrocryepts are moderately extensive in the high mountains of the West and in southern Alaska. They also occur in other mountainous areas of the world.

For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:

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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Goldsboro series. Goldsboro soils are moderately well drained with a seasonal high water table within a depth of 45 to 75 centimeters commonly during December through April. (Soil Survey of Webster County, Georgia; by Scott Moore, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

Landscape: Goldsboro soils are moderately suited to corn, soybeans, peanuts, and wheat and well suited to cotton lint and tobacco. Management concerns--the seasonal high water table restricts equipment operation, decreases the viability

of crops, and interferes with the planting and harvesting of crops.

Depth Class: Very deep

Drainage Class (Agricultural): Moderately well drained

Flooding Frequency and Duration: None

Ponding Frequency and Duration: None

Internal Free Water Occurrence: Moderately deep, transitory

Index Surface Runoff: Negligible to medium

Permeability: Moderate

Landscape: Lower to upper coastal plain

Landform: Marine terraces, uplands

Hillslope Profile Position: Summit, shoulder

Geomorphic Component: Interfluve, talf

Parent Material: Marine deposits, fluviomarine deposits

Slope: 0 to 10 percent

Elevation (type location): Unknown

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Aquic Paleudults

Depth to top of the Argillic horizon: 5 to 19 inches

Depth to the base of the Argillic horizon: 60 to more than 80 inches

Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 80 inches

Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 18 to 30 inches, December to April

Rock Fragment Content: 0 to 50 percent, by volume throughout, mostly quartz pebbles

Soil Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid, except where limed

Other soil features: Silt content in the particle-size control section is less than 30 percent.

USE AND VEGETATION:

Major Uses: Cropland

Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--corn, peanuts, tobacco, soybeans, small grain, cotton, and pasture. Where wooded--loblolly pine, longleaf pine, slash pine, sweetgum, southern red oak, white oak, water oak, and red maple, yellow poplar. Understory plants include American holly, blueberry, flowering dogwood, greenbrier, persimmon, redbay, southern bayberry (waxmyrtle), inkberry (bitter gallberry), honeysuckle, poison ivy, and summersweet clethra.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:

Distribution: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia

Extent: Large

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/georgia/webste...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/G/GOLDSBORO.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#goldsboro

Soils of the Abell series are very deep and moderately well drained with moderate permeability. They formed in colluvium or alluvium over residuum. They are in upland depressions, on footslopes, and along intermittent drainageways. Slopes range from 0 to 7 percent.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, thermic Aquic Hapludults

Solum thickness ranges from 30 to more than 60 inches. Depth to 2B horizons range from 24 to 48 inches. Depth to hard bedrock is more than 60 inches. Rock fragments average 0 to 15 percent by volume of the solum, but individual horizons are allowed to have up to 35 percent. The soil ranges from very strongly acid through moderately acid unless limed.

USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of this soil are cleared and used for growing corn, wheat, soybeans, truck crops, and pasture. The natural vegetation was forest of oaks, pine, and gum.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: These soils are moderately extensive throughout the Piedmont in Virginia.

Mollisols are a soil order in USDA soil taxonomy. Mollisols form in semi-arid to semi-humid areas, typically under a grassland cover. They are most commonly found in the mid-latitudes, namely in North America, mostly east of the Rocky Mountains, in South America in Argentina (Pampas) and Brazil, and in Asia in Mongolia and the Russian Steppes. Their parent material is typically base-rich and calcareous and include limestone, loess, or wind-blown sand. The main processes that lead to the formation of grassland Mollisols are melanisation, decomposition, humification and pedoturbation.

Mollisols have deep, high organic matter, nutrient-enriched surface soil (A horizon), typically between 60–80 cm in depth. This fertile surface horizon, known as a mollic epipedon, is the defining diagnostic feature of Mollisols. Mollic epipedons result from the long-term addition of organic materials derived from plant roots, and typically have soft, granular, soil structure.

Mollisols occur in savannahs and mountain valleys (such as Central Asia, or the North American Great Plains). These environments have historically been strongly influenced by fire and abundant pedoturbation from organisms such as ants and earth worms. It was estimated that in 2003, only 14 to 26 percent of grassland ecosystems still remained in a relatively natural state (that is, they were not used for agriculture due to the fertility of the A horizon). Globally, they represent about 7% of ice-free land area. As the world's most agriculturally productive soil order, the Mollisols represent one of the more economically important soil orders.

For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...

or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...

For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:

www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM

For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...

or;

www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...

For more photos related to soils and landscapes visit:

www.flickr.com/photos/soilscience/sets/72157622983226139/

A representative soil profile of a Melanudand in Japan. The soil formed in successive layers of volcanic ash and debris. It has a thick, dark, humus-rich melanic epipedon about 55 cm thick. A cambic horizon extends from depths of 55 to 90 cm. An older surface layer, now covered by more recent deposits, can be seen between depths of 90 and 120 cm. The right side of the profile has been smoothed; the left side retains the natural soil structure. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)

Melanudands have a melanic (dark and humus-rich with andic properties) epipedon and a cambic (minimal soil development) subsoil horizon. The Melanudands in the United States generally developed in late Pleistocene deposits. Most formed under forest or savanna vegetation.

For additional information about soil classification, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...

A representative soil profile of the Iphill soil series.

The Iphil series consists of deep and very deep, well drained soils formed in loess and silty alluvium derived from loess. Iphil soils formed on hills on terraces and fan remnants and have slopes of 1 to 30 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 360 mm and the mean annual air temperature is 6.6 degrees C.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, frigid Typic Calcixerolls

Mollic epipedon thickness: 18 to 40 cm Particle size control section total clay: 10 to 24 percent (weighted average of non-carbonate clay is less than 18 percent)

Control section carbonate clay: 2 to 14 percent

Control section non-carbonate clay: 10 to 18 percent

Control section sands coarser than very fine: 2 to 10 percent

Control section rock fragments: 0 to 3 percent Depth to calcic horizon: 18 to 40 cm

Depth to bedrock: 100 cm to greater than 152 cm

Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 35 percent average in the calcic horizon

Mean annual soil temperature: 5.0 to 8.0 degrees C.

Mean summer soil temperature: 15.0 to 18.9 degrees C. (frigid soil temperature regime)

USE AND VEGETATION:

Major uses: irrigated areas are used primarily for small grains, potatoes, hay and pasture; non-irrigated areas are used for pasture and range.

Dominant native vegetation: mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, antelope bitterbrush, western wheatgrass, and eriogonum

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:

Distribution: Southeastern Idaho and Western Wyoming, MLRA 13

Extent: the series is not extensive

MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Portland, Oregon

SERIES ESTABLISHED: Oneida County, Idaho, 1994; Oneida County Area Soil Survey.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/wyoming/TetonI...

For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:

storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...

For a detailed description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/I/IPHIL.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#iphil

Soil profile: A typical profile of Reddies sandy loam. Reddies soils are very deep and formed from material deposited by streams and consisting mainly of sand. They occur in mountain valleys of low and intermediate mountains, predominantly at the upper end of large flood plains throughout Buncombe County. (Soil Survey of Buncombe County, North Carolina; by Mark S. Hudson, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

Landscape: Burley tobacco and corn in an area of Dellwood-Reddies complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes, occasionally flooded, Reddies soil produces high crop yields when properly managed. (Soil Survey of Yancey County, North Carolina; by Bruce P. Smith, Jr., Natural Resources Conservation Service)

The Reddies series consists of moderately well drained, moderately rapidly permeable soils on flood plains in the Southern Blue Ridge mountains, MLRA 130B. They formed in recent alluvium that is loamy in the upper part and is moderately deep to sandy strata containing more than 35 percent by volume gravel and/or cobbles. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Near the type location, mean annual temperature is 56 degrees F. and mean annual precipitation is 49 inches.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, mesic Oxyaquic Humudepts

Solum thickness ranges from 20 to 39 inches. The soil is underlain within depths of 20 to 40 inches, by horizons that contain more than 35 percent gravel and/or cobbles. The coarse-loamy material above the C horizon averages less than 50 percent fine and coarser sand. Rock fragments, dominantly gravel size are in the A and B horizons of some pedons, but comprise less than 35 percent by volume. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to neutral. Content of mica flakes is few to many.

USE AND VEGETATION: Nearly all of the acreage is cleared and is used for hay, corn, pasture, truck crops, ornamentals, and urban uses. The rest is mainly in hardwood forest. Yellow-poplar, sycamore, red maple, and river birch are the dominant trees. Common understory plants are rhododendron, ironwood, flowering dogwood, red maple, tag alder, greenbrier, and switchcane. A few areas have been planted to eastern white pine.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Blue Ridge mountains, MLRA 130B North Carolina and Tennessee and possibly Virginia, South Carolina, and Georgia. This series is of moderate extent.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/R/REDDIES.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#reddies

A representative soil profile of Norwood loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, rarely flooded. This fertile soil is located along the flood plains of the Colorado River. (Soil Survey of Colorado County, Texas; by Samuel E. Brown, Jr., Natural Resources Conservation Service}

The Norwood series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on flood plains. They have developed from reddish calcareous, loamy alluvial sediments. Slopes are mainly 0 to 1 percent, but range up to 8 percent.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Fluventic Eutrudepts

Solum thickness is variable, but typically ranges from 152 to more than 203 cm (60 to more than 80 in). Bedding planes and/or buried profiles occur in the majority of pedons. Bedding planes, where present, occur between 38 to 102 cm (15 and 40 in). Buried horizons, where present, are between a depth of 76 to 152 cm (30 and 60 in).

USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for cropland. Crops are cotton, soybeans, alfalfa, sorghum, and oats. Some areas are in improved bermudagrass pasture. Native vegetation includes pecan, cottonwood, elm, oak, and hackberry trees and mid and tall grasses.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Mainly along the lower Brazos and Colorado River systems and their tributaries. The series is extensive.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX089/0/...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/N/NORWOOD.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#norwood

Wooded landform showing Kintner loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes, occasionally flooded, very brief duration, and indurated limestone bedrock (Soil Survey of Harrison County, Indiana by Steven W. Neyhouse, Sr., Byron G. Nagel, Gary R. Struben, and Steven Blanford, Natural Resources Conservation Service).

Setting

Landform: Flood plains

Map Unit Composition

95 percent Kintner and similar soils

5 percent frequently flooded Kintner and similar soils on flood plains

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: 2w

Prime farmland: All areas are prime farmland

Properties and Qualities of the Kintner Soil

Parent material: Loamy-skeletal alluvium over Mississippian limestone bedrock

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability range to a depth of 40 inches: Moderate to rapid

Permeability range below a depth of 40 inches: Slow to rapid

Depth to restrictive feature: 40 to 60 inches to lithic bedrock

Available water capacity: About 6.5 inches to a depth of 60 inches

Organic matter content of surface layer: 1.0 to 3.0 percent

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Highest apparent seasonal high water table (depth, months): 2.5 feet; January,

February, and March

Ponding: None

Most likely flooding (frequency, months): Occasional; January, February, March, April,

May, and June

Hydric soil: No

Potential frost action: Moderate

Corrosivity: Low for steel and low for concrete

Potential for surface runoff: Low

Water erosion susceptibility: Slight

Wind erosion susceptibility: Slight

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/indiana/IN061/...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/K/KINTNER.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#kintner

Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Waynesboro soil series. Waynesboro soils are very deep and well drained and have a clay subsoil. (Soil Survey of Overton County, Tennessee; by Carlie McCowan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

Landscape: An area of Waynesboro soils on karst topography. Areas of karst topography are underlain by limestone and commonly have sinkholes. Waynesville soil is commonly used for production of small grains, hay, pasture, tobacco, cotton, and truck crops.

The Waynesboro series consists of moderately permeable soils that formed in old alluvium or unconsolidated material of sandstone, shale, and limestone origin. Slopes range from 2 to 30 percent.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Paleudults

Thickness of solum and depth to bedrock are more than 60 inches. The soil is strongly acid or very strongly acid except the surface layer where limed. Each horizon contains 0 to 15 percent chert or quartzite pebbles and sandstone cobbles, except the surface layer ranges to 25 percent.

USE AND VEGETATION: About three-fourths of the soil is cleared. Principal crops are small grains, hay, pasture, tobacco, cotton, and truck crops. Forests are of oaks, hickory, beech, elm, maple, yellow- poplar, and in places, loblolly, shortleaf, and Virginia pines.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Great Valley and Highland Rim in Tennessee, northern Alabama, northwest Georgia, Maryland and Kentucky. The series is of large extent.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/tennessee/TN13...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/W/WAYNESBORO.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#waynesboro

An Arenic Plinthic Kandiudults and landscape in South Carolina.

Arenic Plinthic Kandiudults have a layer, starting at the mineral soil surface, that has a sandy or sandy-skeletal particle-size class and is between 50 and 100 cm thick. They also have 5 to 50 percent (by volume) plinthite in one or more horizons within 150 cm of the mineral soil surface. These soils are of large extent in the southeastern United States.

In this pedon, the soil has a very abrupt irregular boundary between the E and Bt horizons.

Landscape: These soil typically formed in sandy over loamy marine deposits or fluviomarine deposits in the upper and middle coastal plains. They are on summits, shoulders, and backslopes of Interfluves or side slopes on marine terraces, uplands, or flats. They are well suited to commonly grown crops, especially if irrigated.

USE AND VEGETATION:

Major Uses: Cropland, commonly tobacco, cotton, corn, soybeans, and small grains. Where wooded--loblolly pine, longleaf pine, and slash pine, with some hardwoods, understory plants including American holly, flowering dogwood, persimmon, and greenbrier.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:

Distribution: Upper Coastal Plain of North Carolina, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina

Extent: Large

For additional information about soil classification, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class...

For additional information about describing and sampling soils, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/home/?cid=...

The Maben series consists of well drained soils that formed in thinly stratified sandy to clayey sediments and soft shale or laminar clays. Permeability is moderately slow. These gently sloping to very steep soils are on uplands of the Southern and Western Coastal Plain Major Land Resource Areas. Slopes range from 2 to 60 percent.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, thermic Ultic Hapludalfs

Solum thickness ranges from 20 to 48 inches. The content of ironstone or sandstone fragments ranges from none to common throughout the profile. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid in the A and Ap horizons and from very strongly acid to moderately acid in the E, B, and C horizons.

USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Maben soils are used for woodland. Vegetation of wooded areas is mixed hardwood and pine. Cleared areas are used for growing corn, cotton, hay, and pasture.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Mississippi and Texas. The series is of moderate extent.

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MABEN.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#maben

Typical profile of Zundell silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes. (Soil Survey of Teton Area, Idaho and Wyoming; by Carla B. Rebernak, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

The Zundell series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in silty alluvium. These soils form on terraces on valley floors and the lower parts of fan remnants. Slopes are 0 to 2 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 406 millimeters and the mean annual air temperature is about 5 degrees C.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, carbonatic Xeric Calcicryolls

Mollic epipedon thickness: 20 to 43 cm

Depth to calcic horizon: 25 to 69 cm

Depth to redoximorphic features (iron concentrations/depletions): 50 to 100 cm

Depth to sandy or sandy-skeletal material: greater than 100 cm

Control section total clay: 10 to 40 percent

Control section carbonate clay: 0 to 25 percent

Control section noncarbonate clay: 10 to 18 percent

Calcium carbonate equivalent in particle size control section: 30 to 60 percent (weighted

average is greater than 40 percent)

Rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent gravel in the particle size control section and 0 to 60 percent below the particle size control section, including calcium carbonate nodules.

Soil reaction: moderately alkaline to strongly alkaline

Mean annual soil temperature: 3.9 to 7.2 degrees C.

Mean summer soil temperature: 6.1 to 12.8 degrees C. (cryic soil temperature regime)

USE AND VEGETATION:

Major uses: pasture

Range/ecological site: R013XY039ID

Dominant native vegetation: Shrubby cinquefoil, slender wheat grass, baltic rush (and

other rushes), sedges, and redtop

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:

Distribution: Southeastern Idaho, MLRA 13

Extent: The soils are not extensive

For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:

storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/wyoming/TetonI...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/Z/ZUNDELL.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#zundell

A representative soil profile of the Lindaas soil series. (Soil Survey of Polk County, Minnesota; by Charles T. Saari and Rodney B. Heschke, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

The Lindaas series consists of very deep, poorly drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in glacial lake sediments or local alluvium from till. These soils are in shallow depressions and on broad flats on glacial lake plains, till plains and moraines. They have slopes of 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual air temperature is 40 degrees F, and mean annual precipitation is 19 inches.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, frigid Typic Argiaquolls

The depth to carbonates ranges from 18 to 35 inches. The mollic epipedon is more than 16 inches thick and may include part or all of the Bt horizon. LE is less than 6 cm in the upper meter.

USE AND VEGETATION: Cropped to small grains, row crops and legumes. The original vegetation was tall prairie grasses.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Eastern North Dakota and western Minnesota. The series is extensive.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/minnesota/MN11...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LINDAAS.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#lindaas

ACES | Kim Mullenix

Check out the ACES official YouTube video on How to Collect a Soil Sample.

youtu.be/q418qg21wHI

A representative soil profile of the Grigsby series. The Grigsby series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in mixed alluvium on flood plains. Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid. Slopes range from 0 to 20 percent.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Dystric Fluventic Eutrudepts

Thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to 65 inches. Coarse fragments, mostly subrounded gravels or channers, range from 0 to 15 percent in the solum and from 0 to 60 percent in the substratum. Reaction ranges from moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the solum and from strongly acid to neutral in the substratum.

USE AND VEGETATION: Largely used for cultivated crops, hay or pasture. The native vegetation was a mixed mesophytic forest interspaced with canebrakes.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Kentucky and possibly Ohio, Tennessee, Virginia and West Virginia. The series is moderately extensive, over 100,000 acres.

For additional information about Kentucky soils, visit:

uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_book/4/

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/G/GRIGSBY.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#grigsby

A representative soil profile of the Iosco loamy sand, which formed in sandy lacustrine deposits underlain by loamy glacial till. (Soil Survey of Alpena County, Michigan; by Thomas E. Williams, Michigan Department of Agriculture)

The Iosco series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in sandy lacustrine deposits or outwash and the underlying loamy lacustrine deposits or till on ground moraines, outwash plains, and lake plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 762 mm (30 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 6.7 degrees C (44 degrees F).

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy over loamy, mixed, active, frigid Argic Endoaquods

Depth to the lithologic discontinuity (2Bt horizon): dominantly 53 to 91 cm (21 to 36 inches), and ranges from 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)

Depth to carbonates: 89 cm (35 inches) to greater than 152 cm (60 inches)

USE AND VEGETATION: Less than one-half is cropped to corn, hay, oats, potatoes, and vegetables. The greater part is in permanent pasture or forest. Native vegetation is northern hardwoods and pines. Second growth forests are largely quaking aspen.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 90A, 93A, 93B, 94A, 94B, 94C, 95A, 96, and 98 in central and northern Michigan, northern Wisconsin, and northern Minnesota. This series is of large extent.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/michigan/MI007...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/I/IOSCO.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#iosco

Soil profile: A representative soil profile of an Inceptisol from the Cerado physiographic region--a vast tropical savanna ecoregion of Brazil, particularly in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Minas Gerais and the Federal District of Brazil. (Horizonation is by Brazil soil classification system.)

Landscape: Typical landscape and vegetation (eucalyptus plantation) associated with Inceptisols occurring on an interfluve in Brazil.

Inceptisols are a soil order in USDA soil taxonomy. They form quickly through alteration of parent material. They are more developed than Entisols. They have no accumulation of clays, iron oxide, aluminium oxide or organic matter. They have an ochric or umbric horizon and a cambic subsurface horizon. The central concept of Inceptisols is that of soils that are of cool to very warm, humid and subhumid regions and that have a cambic horizon and an ochric epipedon. The order of Inceptisols includes a wide variety of soils. In some areas Inceptisols are soils with minimal development, while in other areas they are soils with diagnostic horizons that merely fail the criteria of the other soil orders. Inceptisols have many kinds of diagnostic horizons and epipedons.

In the Brazil soil classification system, these Latossolos are highly weathered soils composed mostly of clay and weathering resistant sand particles. Clay silicates of low activity (kaolinite clays) or iron and aluminum oxide rich (haematite, goethite, gibbsite) are common. There are little noticeable horizonation differences. These are naturally very infertile soils, but, because of the ideal topography and physical conditions, some are being used for agricultural production. These soils do require fertilizers because of the ease of leaching of nutrients through the highly weathered soils.

For additional information about these soils, visit:

sites.google.com/site/soil350brazilsoilsla/soil-formation...

and...

For additional information about U.S. soil classification, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class...