Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Tate series. (Soil Survey of Polk County, North Carolina; by Scott C. Keenen, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

Landscape: Grass-legume hay and Christmas trees on Tate loam, 2 to 7 percent slopes. Tate soils are on colluvial fans, foot slopes, and benches in coves in the Blue Ridge (MLRA 130). Elevation ranges from 1400 to 4000 feet. The soil formed in colluvium weathered from felsic to mafic high-grade metamorphic rocks such as granite, mica gneiss, hornblende gneiss, and schist. (Soil Survey of Smyth County, Virginia; by Robert K. Conner, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

The Tate series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils. They formed in colluvium weathered from felsic to mafic high-grade metamorphic rocks. Mean annual temperature is 52 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation about 52 inches near the type location. Slope ranges from 2 to 50 percent.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Hapludults

Thickness of the solum ranges from 24 to more than 60 inches. Depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches. Content of rock fragments is less than 35 percent by volume in the A and Bt horizons, and less than 60 percent in the BC and C horizons. The soil is very strongly acid to slightly acid unless limed. Content of mica flakes is few or common.

USE AND VEGETATION: About half is cleared and used for growing corn, small grain, tobacco, truck crops, and pasture. Common trees in forested areas are scarlet oak, white oak, yellow-poplar, eastern white pine, shortleaf pine, Virginia pine, and northern red oak. Understory plants include mountain-laurel, rhododendron, blueberry, greenbrier, flowering dogwood, black locust, honeysuckle, sourwood, and flame azalea.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Blue Ridge (MLRA 130) of North Carolina, Virginia, eastern Tennessee, and possibly Georgia and South Carolina. The series has large extent.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...

and...

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/virginia/VA173...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TATE.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#tate

Profile of Acove soil and pastureland in an area of Acove-Menard complex, 0 to 5 percent slopes. These soils are moderately deep and well drained with a loamy surface layer and clayey subsoil. There is a characteristic stone line within the profile at approximately 40 to 60 cm. (Soil Survey of Mason County, Texas by Julia A. McCormick, Natural Resources Conservation Service}

For more information about the Soil Survey of Mason County, Texas ====> [CLICK HERE]

Setting

Major land resource area: MLRA 82A—Texas Central Basin

Landscape: Dissected plateaus

Soil Survey of Mason County, Texas 23

Elevation: 1,000 to 2,945 feet

Mean annual precipitation: 22 to 34 inches

Mean annual air temperature: 64 to 70 degrees F

Frost-free period: 210 to 260 days

Map unit prime farmland class: Not prime farmland

Composition

Acove and similar soils: 56 percent

Menard and similar soils: 30 percent

Minor components and similar soils: 14 percent

The composition of this map unit is based on cumulative field observations and descriptions from three transects with thirty observations of the map unit.

Landforms: Ridges

Geomorphic positions, two-dimensional: Shoulder, summit

Geomorphic positions, three-dimensional: Interfluve

Down-slope shape: Convex

Across-slope shape: Linear

Parent material: Residuum weathered from sandstone

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches; moderately acid sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

6 to 13 inches; moderately acid sandy loam

Subsoil layer:

13 to 19 inches; slightly acid sandy clay loam

19 to 26 inches; slightly acid very flaggy clay

26 to 35 inches; slightly acid clay

35 to 59 inches; moderately cemented sandstone bedrock

Properties and Qualities

Slope: 0 to 5 percent

Percent of area covered by surface fragments: Not assigned

Depth to first restrictive layer: 24 to 40 inches paralithic bedrock

Slowest soil permeability to 60 inches, above first cemented restrictive layer: 0.2 to 0.6 in/hr (moderately slow)

Slowest permeability to 60 inches, within and below first cemented restrictive layer: 0.6 to 2.0 in/hr (moderate)

Salinity, representative within 40 inches: Not saline

Salinity, maximum within 40 inches: Not saline

Sodicity, representative within 40 inches: Not sodic

Sodicity, maximum within 40 inches: Not sodic

Representative total available water capacity to 60 inches: About 4.6 inches (low)

Natural drainage class: Well drained

Runoff: Low

Flooding frequency: Not flooded

Interpretive Groups

Land capability nonirrigated: 3e

Land capability irrigated: None specified

Ecological site name: Sandy Loam 25-32" PZ

Ecological site number: R082AY373TX

Typical vegetation: Little bluestem, other perennial grasses, pinhole bluestem, sideoats grama, Canada wildrye, other annual forbs, other perennial forbs, plains bristlegrass, purpletop tridens, sand lovegrass, yellow Indiangrass, other trees, other shrubs

For a detailed soil description of Acove soil ====> [CLICK HERE]

For acreage and geographic distribution of Acove soil and to access "Soil Data Explorer" ====> [CLICK HERE]

Typical profile and landscape of Banister soil. Banister soils are moderately well drained, clayey soils on low stream terraces, mainly along major streams and rivers in the southern part of Iredell County, NC. They have a water table at a depth of 1.5 to 3 feet, mainly in the winter and early spring. (Soil Survey of Iredell County, North Carolina by Robert H. Ranson, Jr., and Roger J. Leab, Natural Resources Conservation Service).

Setting

Major land resource area: Southern Piedmont (MLRA 136)

Landscape: River and stream valley

Landform position: Low stream terrace

Elevation: 700 to 1,200 feet

Map Unit Composition

Banister and similar soils: Typically 55 percent, ranging from about 40 to 80 percent

Typical Profile of Banister

Surface layer:

0 to 13 inches; dark brown and yellowish brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

13 to 22 inches; yellowish brown clay loam that has red masses of oxidized iron

22 to 37 inches; brownish yellow clay that has strong brown masses of oxidized iron and light gray iron depletions

37 to 44 inches; light gray and pale yellow clay that has red masses of oxidized iron

44 to 50 inches; light gray, white, and light bluish gray sandy clay loam

Substratum:

50 to 80 inches; multicolored, stratified very gravelly coarse sand, sandy clay loam, gravelly sandy loam, and sand

Soil Properties and Qualities

Banister

Available water capacity: Moderate (about 8.2 inches)

Slowest saturated hydraulic conductivity: Moderately high (about 0.20 in/hr)

Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Depth to root-restrictive feature: More than 60 inches

Agricultural drainage class: Moderately well drained

Depth to seasonal water saturation: About 18 to 36 inches

Water table kind: Apparent

Flooding hazard: Rare

Ponding hazard: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Runoff class: Low

Surface fragments: None

Parent material: Old clayey alluvium derived from igneous and metamorphic rock

Use and Management Considerations

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Erodibility, wetness, and trafficability

Management measures and considerations:

• Resource management systems that include terraces and diversions, stripcropping, contour tillage, no-till farming, and crop residue management help to minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and maximize the infiltration of rainfall.

• Delaying spring planting because of wetness from the seasonal high water table helps to prevent the clodding and rutting caused by equipment.

• Avoiding tillage when the soil is wet helps to prevent clodding and crusting.

• Management of surface water helps to reduce the wetness limitation and improve soil productivity.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to recommendations based on soil tests helps to increase the availability of plant nutrients and maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Wetness and trafficability

Management measures and considerations:

• Avoiding overgrazing and avoiding grazing when the soil is too wet help to prevent soil compaction, decreased productivity, and a rough soil surface.

• Fencing livestock away from creeks and streams and using pressure-fed watering tanks help to prevent streambank caving, sedimentation, and water contamination by animal waste.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to recommendations based on soil tests helps to increase the availability of plant nutrients and maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, or renovating hayland and pasture.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

archive.org/details/usda-soil-survey-of-iredell-county-no...

For a detailed description of the soil, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BANISTER.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#banister

Fossil Rock is officially known as Jebel Maleihah and is part of the ridge which runs from Ras Al Khaimah to Al Ain. All along this ridge, in one specific and distinct layer, the same type of fossils can be found. However, they are not always easily accessible or even visible.

The large outcrop, known as "Fossil Rock", is the most popular area for fossil hunters in the UAE: at this site they can be found on the slopes quite easily. Or I`d rather say: they "could" be found easily. Due to the fact that this is one of the most known accessible fossil sites in the region, numerous hunters have been cutting and carving away the relics of our past. Nowadays, the name is still there but most of the visible fossils are gone. The layer is hammered out and destruction is near complete.

If you have a sharp eye and are lucky to spot fossils, you have most probably encountered "gastropods", more commonly known as snails or slugs. In theory, gastropods can be of various sizes and can live in the sea, fresh water or on land.

Those of Fossil Rock are marine gastropods: these creatures crawled on the ocean floor many million years ago when seawater covered most of the land, currently known as Arabia. The fossil history of this class goes all the way back to the late Cambrian (500 million years ago).

Saprolite (the light-colored area) is weathered bedrock which still retains the original lithic fabric and characteristics. The nature of the saprolite is influenced by the type of rock from which it develops, and it determines the chemical and physical properties of the associated soils. A common characteristic of the highly weathered finer textured granitic saprolite is a light, fluffy feel (low bulk density).

In soil science, the "C" horizon is the soil layer consisting of more or less weathered parent rock or deposited material that is little affected by pedogenesis (soil formation). However, if an overlying horizon contains a significant amount of clay, over time, the clay may be transported into and along vertical cracks or along channels within macropores creating thick clay coats or clay flows.

The question for this layer is the appropriate horizonation?

Clay films are a coating of oriented clay on the surface of sand grains (clay bridging), soil aggregates, or peds. Clay films also line pores or root channels. This form of orientated clay is considered a pedogenetic process resulting in diagnostic soil features and is most commonly associated with a structured "B" horizon.

The zones of clay accumulation (smooth brown area) in this substratum appears to be inflows at their thickest and weathered in situ where thinly layered--both areas absent of any ped formation or structure.

The "t" designation is most commonly associated with an argillic horizon. It indicates an accumulation of silicate clay that either has formed within a "horizon" and subsequently has been translocated within the horizon or that has been moved into the horizon by illuviation, or both. At least some part of the horizon shows evidence of clay accumulation, either as coatings on surfaces of peds or in pores, as lamellae, or as bridges between mineral grains.

However, is the "t" designation appropriate with any layer where clay coats (films) are present? It has been recognized with non-pedogenic materials such as paralithic materials where the faces of pararock fragments are coated with clayey material (Crt). Therefore, is a "Ct" designation appropriate where clay coats are present on plains of separation or vertical cracks. (See footnote--Keys to Soil Taxonomy, p. 340; "Indicates weathered bedrock or saprolite in which clay films are present.")

A C/B horizon has discrete, intermingled bodies of two horizons: C material dominates, with lesser but discrete bodies of B material; however, is this horizonation appropriate if the "B" part is entirely structureless translocated clay?

This condition leads to a possible separation of the historical pedogenic clay films from in-filling of clayey material, i.e., "clay flows".

For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...

or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...

For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:

www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM

For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...

or;

www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...

Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Monongahela soil series; the State Soil of West Virginia.

Landscape: Monongahela soils (in the foreground) are well suited to pasture and hay. (Soil Survey of Overton County, Tennessee; by Carlie McCowan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

These moderately well drained soils have a very firm, slowly permeable fragipan at a depth of about 60 centimeters. They have a perched water table during periods of seasonal wetness because of the fragipan. (Soil Survey of Morgan County, West Virginia; by James W. Bell, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

Monongahela soils occur on more than 100,000 acres in 45 counties in West Virginia. These very deep, moderately well drained soils are on alluvial stream terraces that are not flooded. They are used extensively for cultivated crops, hay, pasture, woodland, and homesite development. Monongahela soils are considered prime farmland where slopes are 3 percent or less.

The soils are well suited to crop production. The Monongahela series was designated the Official State Soil by the West Virginia Legislature in April 1997. The name “Monongahela” is derived from a Native American word meaning “high banks or bluffs, breaking off and falling down in places.” The mean annual precipitation is about 45 inches, and the mean annual temperature is about 51 degrees F.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Fragiudults

Depth to Top of Argillic: 13 to 46 cm (5 to 18 inches)

Depth to Bottom of Argillic: 102 to 183 cm (40 to 72 inches)

Solum thickness ranges from 102 to 183 cm (40 to 72 inches).

Depth to the fragipan ranges from 46 to 76 cm (18 to 30 inches).

Depth to Bedrock: Usually greater than 165 cm (65 inches)

Depth Class: Very Deep

Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 41 to 76 cm (16 to 30 inches)

Rock Fragment Percent: rounded gravel and cobbles dominantly is 0 to 15 percent but ranges from 0 to 30 percent above the fragipan, from 0 to 35 percent in the fragipan, and from 10 to 40 percent in the C horizon. Cobbles are generally limited to the lower Btx, BC, C, and 2C horizons.

Reaction Class: Unless limed, the soil is strongly acid or very strongly acid throughout.

USE AND VEGETATION:

Major Uses: pasture, cultivated crops, and industrial and residential sites. Wooded acreage is generally limited.

Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated, common crops are corn, soy beans, and wheat. There are some localized areas that still grow tobacco. Pasture and hayland commonly has mixtures of grasses and legumes. Where wooded, common trees include red oak, white oak, yellow-poplar, sycamore, white pine, and Virginia pine.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:

Distribution: Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Maryland, Ohio, Kentucky, Virginia, Tennessee and Alabama.

Extent: Large

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MONONGAHELA.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#monongahela

Landscape--channeled scablands

Landform--mounds on basalt plateaus

Slope--0 to 15 percent

Parent material--loess mixed with volcanic ash in upper part over basalt; minor amount of glaciofluvial deposits in lower part of some pedons

Mean annual precipitation--about 430 mm

Mean annual air temperature--about 9 degrees C

Depth class--deep

Drainage--well drained

Soil moisture regime--xeric

Soil temperature regime--mesic

Soil moisture subclass--typic

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Vitrandic Haploxerolls

USE AND VEGETATION:

Use--dominantly homesite development, crop production, and livestock grazing; some wildlife habitat and watershed

Common crops--small grain, hay, pasture

Potential natural vegetation--basin wildrye, common snowberry, Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass, Wyeth eriogonum, common yarrow, lupine, rose, threadleaf sedge

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Eastern Washington; MLRA 9; small extent

The Ritter series appears to be very similar to this series. It should be investigated further to determine vitrandic features.

For a detailed description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DENO.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#deno

A representative soil profile of the Cegin series (Dystric Stagnosols) in England. (Cranfield University 2021. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK.)

Soils classified and described by the World Reference Base for England and Wales:

www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/wrb_list.cfm

The Cegin series comprises seasonally waterlogged loamy and clayey cambic stagnogley soils. They are intractable for much of the year unless artificially drained and their slowly permeable subsoils are coarsely structured and often compact at depth. These soils are widespread over Silurian and Ordovician sedimentary rocks in Wales but also occurs in the Midlands and Northern England, commonly on undulating till-covered lowlands or on footslopes and valley floors. Hallsworth, Nercwys, Barton and East Keswick series are minor components occurring locally.

The nature of Cegin soils varies with topography and parent material (Thompson 1982). On convex hilltops compact slowly permeable material may be near the surface as a result of truncation. On footslopes, profiles have permeable finely structured upper horizons in colluvium overlying the more compact layers characteristic of stagnogley soils. In some Cegin soils there is a thin clayey horizon possibly formed by in situ weathering.

Cegin soil absorbs only a small proportion of winter rain. In wet districts Cegin. Grass, much of it long-term, is the main crop but a little barley and roots are grown. Potential grass yields are large because growth is rarely or only slightly restricted by droughtiness but surface wetness can delay early fertilizer applications and the land may remain too wet for grazing cattle many weeks after growth starts. The autumn flush of growth potentially provides useful late grazing but it cannot always be used as the grazing season is several weeks shorter than the growing season. Grazing, silage harvesting and slurry spreading on wet land all lead to poaching or compaction of surface horizons with consequent deterioration of sward composition, soil drainage and yield. Land work is best done in autumn and, in normal years, opportunities for spring cultivation are very limited although some is carried out on adequately drained land. Cereal cropping is often affected by poor weather causing delays at harvest time. Late harvesting then prevents the land being worked when conditions are otherwise suitable. As with other wet soils, fungal diseases transmitted on stubble infect susceptible cereal crops and limit productivity.

In Wales and the North some of this land is afforested. For new coniferous plantations, the Forestry Commission recommends deep double mouldboard ploughing at 4 m spacing downslope with connecting cross drains before planting either Sitka or Norway spruce. Trees normally respond to phosphorus fertilizers given either at planting or as a subsequent top-dressing. Unless controlled, grass growth smothers young trees.

For additional information about the soil association, visit:

www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/mapunit.cfm?mu=71304

For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:

www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf

Depth Class: Moderately deep

Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained

Internal Free Water Occurrence: Very deep; Absent

Index Surface Runoff: Low to high

Permeability: Moderate

Landscape: Piedmont or Foothill

Landform: Hill

Hillslope Profile Position: Summit, shoulder, and backslope

Geomorphic Component: Interfluve, sideslope, and nose slope

Parent Material: Creep deposits over high-grade metamorphic rock residuum.

Slope: 6 to 60 percent

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, subactive, thermic Typic Hapludults

Depth to the Base of the Argillic: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to Bedrock: 20 to 40 to soft bedrock and greater than 40 to hard bedrock

Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: Greater than 72 inches

Content and size of rock fragments: 15 to 70 percent, by volume, in the A and 35 to 70 percent in the B and C horizons; mostly gravel, channers, cobbles, and stones from sillimanite schist, mica schist, or quartz mica gneiss

Soil Reaction: Very strongly to strongly acid, except where limed

Other Features: Most pedons have few to common flakes of mica

USE AND VEGETATION:

Major Uses: Woodland and pasture

Dominant Vegetation: Hickory, dogwood, red oak, white oak and pine.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:

Distribution: Piedmont of Georgia and possibly Alabama

Extent: Small

For a detailed description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TUSSAHAW.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#tussahaw

Soil profile: A representative profile of Dothan loamy sand. The Dothan series consists of very deep, well drained, loamy soils.

Landscape: Peanuts that are ready to harvest in an area of Dothan soil in Dothan-Norfolk complex, 2 to 5 percent slopes. This soil is considered prime farmland and is well suited for cultivated crops. (Soil Survey of Screven County, Georgia; by Gary C. Hankins, Jr., Natural Resources Conservation Service)

Dothan soils formed in thick beds of unconsolidated, medium to fine-textured marine sediments. They are commonly on interfluves with slopes of 0 to 15 percent. Most areas of Dothan soils have been cleared and are used for the production of corn, cotton, peanuts, vegetable crops, hay, and pasture. Forested areas are in longleaf pine, loblolly pine, sweetgum, southern red oak, and hickory.

Mean annual temperature is about 18 degrees C (65 degrees F), and the mean annual precipitation is about 1360 millimeters (53 inches).

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Plinthic Kandiudults

Plinthite: Depth to horizons that contain 5 percent or more plinthite ranges from 60 to 152 centimeters (24 to 60 inches).

Silt content is less than 20 percent.

Clay content is between 18 to 35 percent in the upper 51 centimeters (20 inches) of the Bt horizon.

Depth to Redox features: Predominantly greater than 102 centimeters (40 inches), but some pedons have iron depletions below a depth of 76 centimeters (30 inches).

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:

Major Land Resource Areas (MLRA): The series occurs primarily in the Southern Coastal Plain (MLRA 133A), but it also occurs to a lesser extent in the Atlantic Coast Flatwoods (MLRA 153A).

Extent: large extent

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/georgia/screve...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DOTHAN.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#dothan

A representative soil profile of the Woodbridge series. Note the vertical desiccation crack on the right--a dead root channel is in the crack which is gray (redox depletion, surrounded by a redox concentration). The estimated seasonal high water table for this soil is approximately 50 cm below the surface. (Photo and comment by Jim Turenne. Portsmouth, RI, New England Soil Profiles)

The Woodbridge series consists of moderately well drained loamy soils formed in lodgment till. They are very deep to bedrock and moderately deep to a densic contact. They are nearly level to moderately steep soils on hills, drumlins, till plains, and ground moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 25 percent. Saturated hydraulic conductivity ranges from moderately high to high in the surface layer and subsoil and low or moderately low in the dense substratum. Mean annual temperature is about 9 degrees C., and mean annual precipitation is about 1168 mm.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aquic Dystrudepts

The thickness of the solum and depth to densic materials is 50 to 100 cm. Depth to bedrock is commonly more than 2 meters. Rock fragments commonly range from 0 to 35 percent. Except where the surface is stony, the fragments are mostly subrounded gravel and typically make up 60 percent or more of the total rock fragments. Unless limed, reaction ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid.

USE AND VEGETATION: Many areas are cleared and used for cultivated crops, hay, or pasture. Scattered areas are used for community development. Some areas are wooded. Common trees are red, white, and black oak, hickory, white ash, sugar maple, red maple, eastern hemlock, and eastern white pine.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Glaciated uplands of Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, eastern New York, and Rhode Island. MLRAs 144A, 145, and 149B. The series is of large extent, over 600,000 acres.

For additional information about New England soils, visit:

nesoil.com/images/woodbridge.htm

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/W/WOODBRIDGE.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#woodbridge

The Umm Al Quwain series formed in loamy and sandy marine deposits. It is shallow or moderately deep to a water table. (UAE (NE025).

Taxonomic classification: Gypsic Aquisalids, coarse-loamy, carbonatic, hyperthermic

Diagnostic subsurface horizons described in this profile are: Gypsic horizon, 0 to 35 cm, and Salic horizon 5 to 70 cm. This soil would be classified with a fine-gypseous over loamy strongly contrasting particle-size class, but it is not currently provided for in Soil Taxonomy. It is therefore placed in the coarse-loamy particle-size class. Also note that because gypsum crystals and shell fragments greater than 2 mm in size are easily broken down during the crushing and sieving process in the laboratory, the amount of coarse gypsum crystals and shell fragments that were observed in the field is not reflected in the coarse fraction sieve analysis on the data sheet. Also, the highly calcareous 2Bkzg1 and 2Bkzg2 layers do not meet the concept of a calcic horizon. The carbonates present are indicative of the marine deposited parent material. Secondary carbonates were not observed in this soil and they would not be expected to readily accumulate in this continually wet or saturated material.

The pH (1:1) ranges from 7.0 to 8.4 throughout the profile. The EC (1:1) ranges from 15.0 to 62.0 dS/m throughout. Depth to the water table ranges from 15 to 90 cm. Fragments of seashells range from 0 to 30% throughout. ESP and SAR are greater than 15 and 13 respectively throughout the subsoil.

The A horizon ranges from 5 to 20 cm thick. It has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 or 7, and chroma of 1 to 3. It is coarse gypsum material, fine gypsum material; or gypsiferous fine sand, loamy fine sand, or loamy sand. Gypsum content is generally in the form of fine to coarse crystals and ranges from 15 to 80%.

The B horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y, value of 5 to 8, and chroma of 1 to 3. Redoximorphic features in the form of masses of oxidized iron are present. Texture is very fine sandy loam or loam; including channery texture modifiers. Individual layers of loamy fine sand or sand are also included, but they make up less than half of the particle-size control section. Some pedons have silty clay loam or clay loam below 100 cm. Gypsum content is generally less than 5% below depths of about 50 cm.

egusssd.wordpress.com/2012/09/24/soil-survey-of-the-north...

This soil is on flood plains and on terraces along wadis in mountain valleys. This soil is excessively drained. Estimated saturated hydraulic conductivity class for the surface layer is very high.

This soil is mostly used for rangeland grazing for goats and camels. Small mountain villages are also located on this soil. Due to the presence of water aquifers, some areas are used for growing date palms or other crops, although the soil in these areas has been replaced with less stony material. Commonly described vegetation species include Acacia tortilis,Tephrosia apollinea, Euphorbia larica, and Rhazya stricta. Vegetation cover is about 1 to 8%. This soil is in mountain valleys.

The main distinguishing feature of this soil is the extremely coarse particle-size class. Because the soil is dominated by gravel, cobbles and stones; and the fine-earth fraction makes up less than 10% of the soil volume; it has very low water and nutrient holding capacity. It is nearly impossible to dig by hand, so even small excavations require power equipment. Soil strength is high due to the coarse nature of the soil and it can provide a good surface for building sites and roads, although the large size of the rock fragments can present difficulties for construction projects

Center-pivot irrigation (sometimes called central pivot irrigation), also called waterwheel and circle irrigation, is a method of crop irrigation in which equipment rotates around a pivot and crops are watered with sprinklers. A circular area centered on the pivot is irrigated, often creating a circular pattern in crops when viewed from above (sometimes referred to as crop circles).

A representative soil profile of Branyon clay. Slickensides begin at a depth of about 35 centimeters. They are a result of soil movement. (Soil Survey of Fayette County, Texas; by Dennis D. Ressel and Samuel E. Brown, Jr., Natural Resources Conservation

Service)

The Branyon series consists of very deep, moderately well drained, very slowly permeable soils that formed in calcareous clayey alluvium derived from mudstone of Pleistocene age. These nearly level to very gently sloping soils occur on treads of stream terraces on river valleys. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 903 mm (35.6 in) and the mean annual air temperature is about 19.9 degrees C (67.9 degrees F).

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, thermic Udic Haplusterts

Solum depth: greater than 203 cm (80 in)

Soil moisture: An ustic soil moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is dry in some or all parts for more than 90 days but less than 150 cumulative days in normal years.

Depth to slickensides: 13 to 81 cm (5 to 32 in)

Depth to cambic horizon: 10 to 61 cm (4 to 24 in)

Depth to secondary calcium carbonates: 0 to 147 cm (0 to 58 in)

Depth to calcic horizon: 160 to 163 cm (63 to 64 in)

Depth to redox concentrations: 0 to 188 cm (0 to 74 in)

Iron-manganese concentrations: amount-0 to 1 percent, size-fine, kind-concretions

Vertic features: When dry, cracks 2.5 to 8 cm (1 to 3 in) wide extend from the surface to depths of 51 cm (20 in) or more. Cracks remain open for 90 to 150 days in most years.

USE AND VEGETATION: Nearly all is cropped to cotton, sorghums, corn, oats, and wheat. Native vegetation consists of little and big bluestems, indiangrass, switchgrass, sideoats grama, with scattered elm, bois'd'arc, and hackberry trees. Mesquite is an invader in most areas.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Land Resource Region J - Southwestern Prairies Cotton and Forage Region. Central Texas. Texas Blackland Prairies (MLRAs 86 A and 86B). The series is of large extent.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX149/0/...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BRANYON.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#branyon

Redoximorphic features (RMFs) consist of color patterns in a soil that are caused by loss (depletion) or gain (concentration) of pigment compared to the matrix color, formed by oxidation/reduction of iron and/or manganese coupled with their removal, translocation, or accrual; or a soil matrix color controlled by the presence of iron. The composition and responsible formation processes for a soil color or color pattern must be known or inferred before it can be described as an RMF.

Note the gleyed colors along the root channel. Reduction occurs first along root channels, where organic carbon is concentrated.

For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...

or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...

For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:

www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM

For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...

or;

www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...

For more information about Hydric Soils and their Field Indicators, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...

The Watauga series consists of very deep, well drained soils on gently sloping to very steep ridges and side slopes of the Southern Blue Ridge (MLRA 130B). Slope ranges from 2 to 50 percent. They formed in residuum that is affected by soil creep in the upper part, and is weathered from high-grade metamorphic rocks that are high in mica content such as mica gneiss and mica schist. Mean annual air temperature is about 52 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation is about 52 inches near the type location.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, micaceous, mesic Typic Hapludults

For more information on Soil Taxonomy, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/

For a detailed description of the soil, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/W/WATAUGA.html

For more photos related to soils and landscapes visit:

www.flickr.com/photos/soilscience/sets/72157622983226139/

A Plinthaquic Kanhapludult soil on stream terrace in Mines Gerais, Brazil.

Plinthaquic Kanhapludults.—These soils have, in one or more horizons within 75 cm of the mineral soil surface, redox depletions with chroma of 2 or less and also aquic conditions for some time in normal years (or artificial drainage). They have 5 to 50 percent (by volume) plinthite in one or more horizons within 150 cm of the mineral soil surface. They are intergrades between Plinthaquults and Kanhapludults. They are not known to occur in the United States. The subgroup is defined for use in other parts of the world.

Soil profile: A representative soil profile of a Lithic Hapludoll from the Cerrado physiographic region--a vast tropical savanna ecoregion of Brazil, particularly in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Minas Gerais and the Federal District of Brazil.

Landscape: In this region, shallow soils dominate the steeper upper sideslopes and narrow ridges.

Lithic Hapludolls have a shallow (within 50 cm of the mineral soil surface) lithic contact. The mollic epipedon commonly extends to the rock. Some of the soils have impeded drainage because of shallow, impermeable rock. Lithic Hapludolls are of moderate extent and are widely distributed in the United States. Slopes are gentle to very steep. Many of the soils supported grasses, but some supported trees and shrubs. Most are used as rangeland or wildlife habitat.

Mollisols are a soil order in USDA soil taxonomy. Mollisols form in semi-arid to semi-humid areas, typically under a grassland cover. They are most commonly found in the mid-latitudes, namely in North America, mostly east of the Rocky Mountains, in South America in Argentina (Pampas) and Brazil, and in Asia in Mongolia and the Russian Steppes. Their parent material is typically base-rich and calcareous and include limestone, loess, or wind-blown sand. The main processes that lead to the formation of grassland Mollisols are melanisation, decomposition, humification and pedoturbation.

Mollisols have deep, high organic matter, nutrient-enriched surface layersl (A horizon), typically more than 25 cm thick. This fertile surface horizon, known as a mollic epipedon, is the defining diagnostic feature of Mollisols. Mollic epipedons result from the long-term addition of organic materials derived from plant roots, and typically have soft, granular soil structure.

In the Brazil soil classification system, Chernossolos are soils with high clay activity that are very dark, well structured, rich in organic matter, high content of exchangeable cations. They are commonly not deep (<100cm) and are mostly found in the south and east parts of Brazil.

For additional information about these soils, visit:

sites.google.com/site/soil350brazilsoilsla/soil-formation...

and...

For additional information about U.S. soil classification, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class...

A representative soil profile of Choke silty clay loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes. The soil becomes much lighter in color beginning at about 55 centimeters. Carbonates begin to increase at this depth as well. (Soil Survey of Live Oak County, Texas; by Paul D. Holland, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

The Choke series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils. These soils formed in calcareous loamy residuum over tuffaceous sediments. These gently sloping soils are on erosional remnants. Slopes range from 1 to 5 percent.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Aridic Calciustolls

Soil Moisture: An aridic ustic moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is moist in some or all parts for less than 90 consecutive days in normal years. June to August and December to February are the driest months, while September to November and March to May are the wettest months.

Solum thickness: 150 to 200 cm (60 to 80 in)

Depth to densic contact: 150 to 200 cm (60 to 80 in)

Particle-size control section (weighted average)

Clay content: (non-carbonate) 20 to 35 percent

Sand content: (coarser than very fine sand) 4 to 15 percent

Electrical conductivity ranges from 0.4 to 2 dS/m in the A, Bw, and upper part of the Bk horizons and 4 to 12 dS/m in the lower part of the Bk and 2Cr horizon.

USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for rangeland and wildlife habitat. Native grasses are plains bristlegrass, hooded windmillgrass, pink pappusgrass, Arizona cottontop, and twoflower and fourflower trichloris. Woody plants include guajillo, mountain laurel, paloverde, desert yaupon, mesquite, and agarita. (Gray Sandy Loam range site, PZ 18-25, R083BY421TX).

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern, Western and Central Rio Grande Plain, Texas; LRR I; MLRA 83A, 83C; minor extent.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX297/0/...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CHOKE.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#choke

Soil profile: A representative soil profile of Arol fine sandy loam. The subsoil is very dense, and it is underlain by weakly cemented

tuffaceous material at a depth of about 90 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Fayette County, Texas; by Dennis D. Ressel and Samuel E. Brown, Jr., Natural Resources Conservation Service)

The Arol series consists of moderately deep, moderately well drained soils that formed in clayey residuum weathered from tuffaceous sandstone and siltstone of the Catahoula formation of Miocene age. These nearly level to gently sloping soils are on broad, upland ridges. Slope ranges from 0 to 5 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 889 to 1232 mm (35 to 49 in) and the mean annual air temperature is about 18.4 to 21.1 degrees C (65 to 70 degrees F).

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, thermic Udic Paleustalfs

Note: These soils do not have an aquic moisture regime. Classification change from Typic Albaqualfs is due to interpretation that the low chroma matrix is due to organic matter accumulations in conjunction with gray colored parent material. Field observations, water table studies from Texas A&M University, landscape position and climate indicate the soil is typically not saturated long enough to be reduced in most years. Arol soils were formerly included in the Wilson series.

Depth of solum: 61 to 94 cm (24 to 37 in), moderately deep

Depth to argillic horizon: 13 to 20 cm (5 to 8 in)

Depth to abrupt textural change: 13 to 20 cm (5 to 8 in)

Depth to redoximorphic features: 13 to 46 cm (5 to 18 in)

Depth to paralithic material: 61 to 94 cm (24 to 37 in)

Depth to paralithic contact: 61 to 94 cm (20 to 40 in)

Rock fragments: Less than 5 percent (by volume) sandstone gravels

Coefficient of Linear Extensibility (COLE):May exceed 0.07 in the Bt subhorizons of some pedons, but the potential linear extensibility is less than 6 cm (2.4 in)

Particle size control section (weighted average)

Clay content: 35 to 45 percent in particle size control section

Rock fragments: Less than 5 percent (by volume) sandstone gravels

USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly as pastureland. Large acreages were once planted to cotton and corn, but are now idle or in low quality pastures of threeawn grasses and annuals. Improved pastures are mainly coastal bermudagrass. Native grasses are little bluestem, indiangrass, switchgrass, big bluestem, and sideoats grama with scattered post oak trees.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Land Resource Region J - Southwestern Prairies Cotton and Forage Region. Southeastern Claypan area of Texas (MLRA 87A). The series is moderately extensive.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX149/0/...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/A/AROL.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#arol

For detailed description of Vaucluse soil, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/V/VAUCLUSE.html

The land area of the Coastal Plain is rather flat in most areas, but the topography, or land surface, has more rolling hills in the western portion. Elevations in the Coastal Plain range from sea level to 660 feet (200 meters). The soils in the Coastal Plain are relatively uniform compared to soils found in the Piedmont region.

The Coastal Plain geology consists mostly of marine sedimentary rocks overlain by fluvial (waterborne) deposits. Sand and clay are the primary sediment types. Coastal Plain soils developed from sandy to clayey unconsolidated marine and fluvial deposits. These deposits are primarily sand and clay from the ocean and rivers that have been laid down over many thousands of years. They are called unconsolidated because they have not hardened into large beds of rock.

An aquitard, or confining water perching layer, exists approximately 3 to 30 feet below most North Carolina Coastal Plain soils throughout the area (the bulging area starting at about 120 cm in the soil profile). This aquitard restricts the movement of ground water downward and lateral flow of shallow, unconfined ground water contributes approximately 70% of the stream flow in this region. As a consequence, nitrate that enters the ground water in the Coastal Plain can become part of the surface water pollution problem.

The Coastal Plain can be divided into distinct regions: the Lower Coastal Plain; the Tidewater and Barrier Island regions, which are subdivisions of the Lower Coastal Plain; the Middle Coastal Plain; and the Upper Coastal Plain. The Upper Coastal Plain grades into the Piedmont just east of Raleigh, NC.

Figure 3-18. Peds with angular blocky structure. (Soil Survey Manual, USDA Handbook No. 18; issued March 2017).

For more information about the major principles and practices needed for making and using soil surveys and for assembling and using related soils data, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...

Peds are aggregates of soil particles formed as a result of pedogenic processes; this natural organization of particles forms discrete units separated by pores or voids. The term is generally used for macroscopic (visible; i.e. greater than 1 mm in size) structural units when observing soils in the field. Soil peds should be described when the soil is dry or slightly moist, as they can be difficult to distinguish when wet.

In blocky structure, the structural units are blocklike or polyhedral. They are bounded by flat or slightly rounded surfaces that are casts of the faces of surrounding peds. Typically, blocky structural units are nearly equidimensional but grade to prisms and to plates. The structure is described as angular blocky if the faces intersect at relatively sharp angles; as subangular blocky if the faces are a mixture of rounded and plane faces and the corners are mostly rounded. Blocky structures are common in subsoil but also occur in surface soils that have a high clay content. The strongest blocky structure is formed as a result of swelling and shrinking of the clay minerals which produce cracks. Sometimes the surface of dried-up sloughs and ponds shows characteristic cracking and peeling due to clays.

There are five major classes of macrostructure seen in soils: platy, prismatic, columnar, granular, and blocky. There are also structureless conditions. Some soils have simple structure, each unit being an entity without component smaller units. Others have compound structure, in which large units are composed of smaller units separated by persistent planes of weakness.

For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...

or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...

For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:

www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM

A representative soil profile of the Aimeliik soil series. (Original image by: Jason Nemecek)

The Aimeliik series consists of; very deep, well drained, soils that is shallow to an abrupt textural change. These soils formed in saprolite derived from basalt, andesite, dacite, volcanic breccias, tuff, or bedded tuff. Aimeliik soils are on all hillslope positions of hills on volcanic islands. Slope is 2 to 75 percent.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Very-fine, halloysitic, isohyperthermic Typic Kandiperox

USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are in mixed-upland forests plant communities and are used for native vegetation, watershed, and slash and burn or agroforestry cultivation of subsistence crops. A few areas are used for urban development. Agroforestry ground crops include; beans, cassava, kang kong, melon, peppers, noni, okra, pineapple, piper betle, pumpkin, taro squash, sugar cane, taro, and yams. Agroforestry tree crops include; avocados, bananas, betel nut, breadfruit, football fruit, guava, Inocarpus fagifer, keam, lemons, mango, medicinal plants, mountain apple, ngel, star fruit, titimel, and tropical almond. Most areas are in native tropical rainforest or, to a lesser extent, patches of forest in perennial grassland that is burned by humans almost annually. Native vegetation includes; (canopy) Pinanga insignis, Cyathea sp, Alphitonia carolinensis, Pouteria obovata, Fagraea ksid, Callophyllum inophyllum var. wakamatsui, Rhus taitensis, (understory) Atuna corymbosa, Garcinia matudai, Pleome multiflora, Finschia chloraxantha, Manilkara udoid, Symplocos racemosa, Campnosperma brevipetiolata, Cerbera floribunda.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA 193 Volcanic Islands of Western Micronesia, Republic of Palau. These soils of these series are of large extent; about 50,000 acres in size. They are mapped on the islands of island of Babeldaob and to a lesser extent on Koror and Arakabesan.

The A horizon does not become dry for longer than 4 consecutive days and 24 cumulative days per year during the dry season (February, March, and April). Drying only occurs under bare soil conditions. The soil does not meet the definition of an oxic horizon because the clay content increases by more than 8 percent within 15 centimeters (6 inches.) The Ngardok forested series was correlated with Aimeliik, bedded tuff. The Aimeliik, bedded tuff substratum has a platy structure and seems to be more erosive when vegetation is removed. In addition, when Aimeliik occurs near Ollei and Nekken series the rock fragments are likely to be hard basalt and indurated tuff.

Particle-size distribution measurements are usually not reliable for tropical soils; therefore, apparent field textures and the corresponding mid-point values of texture classes were used rather than laboratory analysis for particle sizes. Particle size distribution is difficult to determine in tropical soils because of the tendency to form water-stable aggregates. The poor soil dispersion in laboratory analyses reflects the water-stable aggregates of clay in silt and sand-sized "particles." Therefore, the soils may have large clay content but physically they behave as coarser textures.

For a detailed description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/A/AIMELIIK.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#aimeliik

This soil is on gravelly alluvial fans and plains and in some wadis. This soil is excessively drained. Median measured saturated hydraulic conductivity class for the surface layer is high.

This soil is mostly used for rangeland grazing for camels. A few areas are developed for agriculture. Commonly described vegetation species include Acacia tortilis Haloxylon salicornicum and Rhazya stricta. Vegetation cover is about 1 to 8%.

This soil is on gravelly alluvial fans and plains, mostly in relatively close proximity to the mountains. The main distinguishing feature of this soil is the high gravel content and sandy textures throughout the profile. The desert pavement of surface gravel provides some protection against wind erosion, but if disturbed, wind erosion can become a problem. Although the soil has limited water and nutrient holding capacity, where quality water is available it can be farmed successfully, although the high gravel content presents significant limitations, especially as proximity to the mountains decreases. Soil strength is high due to the gravelly nature of the soil and it can provide a good surface for building sites and roads.

Gypsum is an evaporite, which means its crystals form during the evaporation of water.

Gypsum has many interesting properties, including its very unique crystal habits. Many Gypsum crystals are found perfectly intact without distortions or parts broken off. Such crystals are found in a clay beds as floater crystals, where they fully form without being attached to a matrix. Gypsum crystals are known for their flexibility, and slim crystals can be slightly bent.

Gypsum has the same chemical composition as the mineral Anhydrite, but contains water in its structure, which Anhydrite lacks.

Many Anhydrite specimens absorb water, transforming into the more common Gypsum. Some Gypsum specimens show evidence of this, containing growths of crumpling layers that testify to their expansion from the addition of water.

For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...

or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...

For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:

www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM

For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...

or;

www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...

A soil profile of a Haplustalf in Stephenville, Texas. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska; photo courtesy of Dr. David Weindorf))

Ustalfs are the Alfisols of cold to warm, subhumid to semiarid regions. They have an ustic moisture regime (moisture is limited, but available, during portions of the growing season). Moisture moves through most of these soils to deeper layers only in some years. If there are carbonates in the parent materials or in the dust that settles on the surface, the soils tend to have a zone of calcium carbonate accumulation below or in the subsoil. The dry season or seasons are pronounced enough that trees are either deciduous or xerophytic. Many of these soils have or have had savanna vegetation, and some were grasslands. Most of the soils are used as cropland or for grazing. Some are used as irrigated cropland. Sorghum, wheat, and cotton are the most common crops. Droughts are common.

Ustalfs tend to form a belt between the Aridisols of arid regions and the Udalfs, Ultisols, Oxisols, and Inceptisols of humid regions. Ustalfs are extensive in the world, occurring in North America, South America, Africa, Australia, and Asia. In the United States, they generally are moderate in extent but are extensive in the southern part of the Great Plains.

Ustalfs may be in areas of erosional surfaces or deposits of late-Wisconsinan age, but a great many, and characteristically those of warm regions, are on old surfaces. In the Ustalfs on old surfaces, the minerals have been strongly weathered, possibly in an environment more humid than the present one. The clays in many of these older soils are kaolinitic. Their base saturation at present probably reflects additions of bases from dust and rain.

Haplustalfs have a relatively thin argillic (clay accumulation) subsoil horizon. Many of these soils are relatively thin, are reddish to yellowish brown, or have a significant decrease in clay content within a depth of 150 cm. Haplustalfs are commonly in areas of relatively recent erosional surfaces or deposits, most of them late Pleistocene in age. Some of the soils have a monsoon climate. Others have two more or less marked dry seasons during the year.

For additional information about soil classification, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...

Typical profile of Appomattox soil. Appomattox soils are well drained, have a clayey subsoil, and have a perched water table for brief periods, mainly in the winter and early spring. The soil profile is in an area of Braddock-Appomattox complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes (Soil Survey of Iredell County, North Carolina by Robert H. Ranson, Jr., and Roger J. Leab, Natural Resources Conservation Service).

Setting

Major land resource area: Southern Blue Ridge and Southern Piedmont

Landscape: Fan on interfluves and upland and mountain valley

Landform position: Summit

Elevation: 1,100 to 1,700 feet

Map Unit Composition

Braddock and similar soils: Typically 50 percent, ranging from about 40 to 60 percent

Appomattox and similar soils: Typically 45 percent, ranging from about 40 to 50

percent

Typical Profile

Appomattox

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches; dark brown sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 62 inches; red clay

62 to 80 inches; red and dark red loam that has reddish yellow mottles

Minor Components

Similar components:

• Clifford soils in similar areas

Soil Properties and Qualities

Appomattox

Available water capacity: Low (about 5.8 inches)

Slowest saturated hydraulic conductivity: Moderately high (about 0.20 in/hr)

Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Depth to root-restrictive feature: More than 60 inches

Agricultural drainage class: Well drained

Depth to seasonal water saturation: About 36 to 40 inches

Water table kind: Perched

Flooding hazard: None

Ponding hazard: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Runoff class: Low

Surface fragments: None

Parent material: Colluvium over residuum weathered from igneous and metamorphic

rock

Use and Management Considerations

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Resource management systems that include conservation tillage, crop residue management, stripcropping, and sod-based rotations help to prevent erosion by stabilizing the soil, controlling surface runoff, and maximizing the infiltration of water.

• Incorporating crop residue into the soil or leaving residue on the soil surface helps to maximize the infiltration of water.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to recommendations based on soil tests helps to increase the availability of plant nutrients and maximize crop productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting adapted species helps to ensure the production of high-quality forage and reduce the hazard of erosion.

• Using a rotational grazing system and implementing a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule help to maintain pastures and increase productivity.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to recommendations based on soil tests helps to increase the availability of plant nutrients and maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, or renovating hayland and pasture.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/A/APPOMATTOX.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#appomattox

Depth Class: Very deep

Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained

Depth to top of Seasonal High Water Table: 36 to 40 inches, December to March

Depth to base of Seasonal High Water Table: 42 to 60 inches or more, December to March

Internal Free Water Occurrence: Moderately deep, common, thin or thick

Flooding Frequency and Duration: None

Ponding Frequency and Duration: None

Index Surface Runoff: Medium to very high

Permeability: Moderately slow

Shrink-Swell Potential: Moderate

Landscape: Piedmont upland

Landform: Low hill, fan

Geomorphic Component: Interfluve, head slope, side slope, and nose slope

Hillslope Profile Position: Summit, shoulder, backslope, footslope

Parent Material: Capping from mixed crystalline rock colluvium and old alluvium over residuum

Slope: 0 to 45 percent

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, semiactive, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludults

USE AND VEGETATION: Where cultivated--corn, small grain, hay, apple and peach orchards, berries, and vegetables. Where wooded--upland oaks, dogwood, hickory, yellow poplar, and Virginia pine.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Virginia, North Carolina, and other southern states adjacent to the Blue Ridge Mountains with small extent.

For a detailed description from the OSD, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/A/APPOMATTOX.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#appomattox

To view the pedon description, visit;

nasis.sc.egov.usda.gov/NasisReportsWebSite/limsreport.asp...

Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Myton series. (Soil Survey of Glen Canyon Recreation Area, Arizona and Utah; by Michael W. Burney, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

Landscape: An area of Myton very gravelly sandy loam, 5 to 18 percent slopes, very bouldery. Myton soils are on plateaus and hillsides. Slopes are 5 to 70 percent. Elevation is 3,150 to 6,400 feet. Rock outcrop-Torriorthents complex, 20 to 65 percent slopes, extremely bouldery is in the background.

The Myton series consists of deep and very deep, well drained, moderately rapidly permeable soils that formed in colluvium derived from sandstone and shale. Slopes range from 30 to 70 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 8 inches. Mean annual air temperature is about 54 degrees

F.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, calcareous, mesic Typic Torriorthents

Soil moisture: the soils are dry in all parts of the moisture control section more than 75 percent of the time (cumulative) that the soil temperature at a depth of 20 inches is greater than 41 degrees F. Intermittently moist in some part of the soil moisture control section during July through September and December through February. Typic aridic moisture regime.

Mean annual soil temperature: 54 to 59 degrees F.

Depth to sandstone bedrock: 40 to more than 60 inches

Rock fragments: averages 35 to 60 percent

Clay content: 10 to 18 percent

USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for livestock grazing Vegetation is blackbrush, shadscale, saline wildrye, and galleta.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeastern Utah. The series is of moderate

extent. MLRA 35.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/arizona/glenca...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MYTON.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#myton

This soil has strongly expressed prismatic stricture. Note the dramatic color change and carbonates below a depth about one meter. The "kk" feature is defined as pedogenic carbonate accumulation that is characterized by laterally continuous carbonates that have engulfed rock, sand, silt, and clay particles; plugged the macroporosity of the soil horizon with 50 percent or more calcium carbonate; and obliterated the original soil structure. (Photo by Earl Blakely, USDA-NRCS)

The Amarillo series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils. These soils formed in loamy eolian deposits from the Blackwater Draw Formation of Pleistocene age. Amarillo soils are on nearly level to gently sloping plains and playa slopes. Slope ranges from 0 to 5 percent. Mean annual precipitation is 483 mm (19 in) and the mean annual air temperature is 16 degrees C (61 degrees F)

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, thermic Aridic Paleustalfs

Soil moisture: An ustic moisture regime bordering on aridic. The soil moisture control section is dry in some or all parts for more than 180 but less than 220 days, cumulative, in normal years. July through August and December through February are the driest months. These soils are intermittently moist in September through November and March through June.

Mean annual soil temperature: 15 to 18 degrees C (59 to 64 degrees F)

Depth to secondary carbonates: 46 to 100 cm (18 to 40 in)

Depth to calcic horizon: 76 to 150 cm (30 to 60 in)

Solum thickness: more than 203 cm (80 in)

Particle-size control section: 18 to 35 percent silicate clay.

USE AND VEGETATION: Mainly used for cropland but also used as native rangeland and wildlife habitat. Principal crops grown are cotton, grain sorghum, and wheat. Climax vegetation in rangeland is mainly short and mid grasses, with mid grasses tending to dominate, with a smaller tall grass component. This site is dominated by blue grama with lesser amounts of sideoats grama, buffalograss, little bluestem, gaura, plains zinnia, prairieclover, bundleflower, wild alfalfa, and ephedra. Woody plants include catclaw sensitivebrier, yucca, and sand sagebrush. Dominant vegetation on the loamy fine sands includes sideoats grama, bluestems, and switchgrass, and on the fine sandy loams includes sideoats grama, blue grama, buffalograss, and Arizona cottontop. This soil has been correlated to the Sandy Loam (R077CY036TX) and Sandy (R077CY035TX) ecological sites in MLRA-77C.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern High Plains, Southern Part (MLRA 77C in LRR H) of western Texas and eastern New Mexico. The series is extensive and is a Benchmark Series.

Keys to Soil Taxonomy, tenth edition, classify this series as an Aridic Haplustalfs. The series has a silicate clay decrease exceeding 20 percent due to dilution by secondary calcium carbonate. A proposal to maintain "pale" status for such soils on old stable landscapes has been submitted to the National Leader for Soil Taxonomy and Standards.

Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Aptos series. Small amounts of gravel occur throughout. The paralithic contact of mudstone is visible at a depth of about 70 centimeters. The subsoil from a depth of 36 to 70 centimeters is clay loam.

Landscape: An area of Aptos and Felton soils. Photo was taken from Monte Bello Open Space near Page Mill Road looking southeast along Skyline Boulevard. Felton soils typically have dense tree cover; most of the Aptos soils have been cleared and have grasses with some brush and encroaching trees. Mt. Umunhum is visible in the background.

The Aptos series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils that formed in material weathered from sandstone, mudstone or shale. Aptos soils are on uplands and have slopes of 15 to 75 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 48 inches and the mean annual air temperature is about 55 degrees F.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Pachic Ultic Argixerolls

Note: Photo taken when the soil was dry.

Depth to a paralithic contact of fine grained sandstone, mudstone or shale is 20 to 40 inches. The soil between depths of 7 and 21 inches is usually dry between mid-July and mid-October and usually moist between the end of December and the end of April. The mean annual soil temperature is about 56 to 59 degrees F. Organic matter content is more than 1 percent at a depth of 20 to 30 inches. Base saturation is more than 50 percent in all parts and less than 75 percent in some or all parts of the profile to a depth of 30 inches. Fragments range from 0 to 15 percent by volume.

USE AND VEGETATION: Used for timber production, recreation, wildlife, watershed, and in some areas, homesites and orchards. Vegetation is redwoods, Douglas fir, madrone, tanoak, ferns and poison oak.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central part of the Coast Range of California. The soils are not extensive. MLRA 4.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/san...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/A/APTOS.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#aptos

Gypsiferous soils are soils that contain sufficient quantities of gypsum (calcium sulphate) to interfere with plant growth. Soils with gypsum of pedogenic origin are found in regions with ustic, xeric and aridic moisture regimes. They are well represented in dry areas where sources for the calcium sulphate exist. They do not usually occur under wet climates. In most cases the gypsum is associated with other salts of calcium and salts of sodium and magnesium.

For more information about soil classification in the UAE, visit:

vdocument.in/united-arab-emirates-keys-to-soil-taxonomy.h...

For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...

or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...

For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:

www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM

Depth Class: Very deep

Drainage Class (Agricultural): Somewhat poorly drained

Internal Free Water Occurrence: Very shallow to moderately deep, common

Flooding Frequency and Duration: Frequent to rare for very brief to long periods

Ponding Frequency and Duration: None

Index Surface Runoff: Negligible to low

Permeability: Moderate

Landscape: Piedmont and Coastal Plain river valleys

Landform: Flood plains

Parent Material: Alluvium

Slope: 0 to 2 percent

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, thermic Fluvaquentic Dystrudepts

Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 80 inches

Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 6 to 24 inches, November to April

Rock Fragment content: Less than 5 percent, by volume, in the A and upper B horizons. In some pedons, gravel content ranges to 15 percent by volume in the lower B horizons.

Soil Reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid to a depth of 40 inches, very strongly acid to mildly alkaline below 40 inches, except where limed

Other Features: Few to many mica flakes throughout and none to common

concretions

USE AND VEGETATION:

Major Uses: Pasture, cropland, some forest

Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--corn, small grain. Where wooded--yellow poplar, sweetgum, water oak, eastern cottonwood, green ash, blackgum, red maple, willow oak, and American sycamore. Loblolly pines are in some areas that are not subject to frequent flooding. Common understory plants include river birch, winged elm, hackberry, greenbrier, American holly, black willow, sourwood, eastern and hophornbeam.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:

Distribution: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. Extent: Large

For a detailed description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CHEWACLA.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#chewacla

Soil profile: An Aquic soil profile (Typic Paleaqult) in Boluo County, Guangdong Province, China (PRC-01).

Landscape: Rice field post harvesting. We asked how long rice had been cultivated in this area. After several minutes someone returned and informed us rice had “always” been grown here... thousands of years!

Note the horizonation of the A horizon. The second layer is a mechanically compacted zone (densic layer) that acts as an aquitard. Densic materials (d) are normally little affected by soil development, the exception being mechanically compacted layers such as a plow pan if they are root limiting and not cemented. This pedon had been in continuous rice production for over a thousand years

An aqult is a suborder of the soil order Ultisol; seasonally wet, it is saturated with water a significant part of the year unless drained; surface horizon of the soil profile is dark and varies in thickness, grading to gray in the deeper portions; it occurs in depressions or on wide upland flats from which water drains very slowly.

This profile contained 3 to 5 percent plinthite below a depth of 125 centimeters.

An aquic soil is saturated with water and virtually free of gaseous oxygen for sufficient periods of time, such that there is evidence of poor aeration (gleying and mottling), common in wetlands.

For more information on Soil Taxonomy, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/

For more photos related to soils and landscapes visit:

www.flickr.com/photos/soilscience/sets/72157622983226139/

This soil is in coastal sabkha on level to gently undulating plains. This soil is moderately well drained. Median measured saturated hydraulic conductivity class for the surface layer is high.

This soil is mostly used for natural areas; some areas are used for building sites. Commonly described vegetation species include Cornulaca monacantha, Halopeplis perfoliata, Halopyrum

mucronatum, Halocnemum strobilaceum, Salsola imbricate, Zygophyllum qatarense, and Zygophyllum simplex. Vegetation cover is 3 to 30%.

The main distinguishing feature of this soil is the thick sandy profile containing pieces of seashells of marine origin; the water table within 150 cm; and the elevated salinity and sodium levels, particularly in the lower part of the profile. It is not suited to agriculture. This soil provides valuable habitat for shorebirds and other coastal plant and animal species.

For more information about soil classification in the UAE, visit:

library.wur.nl/isric/fulltext/isricu_i34214_001.pdf

Soil Profile: A profile of a Holly soil. Holly soils are very deep and very poorly drained. They are on flood plains. The depth to the water table fluctuates with seasonal flooding in the river.

Landscape: An area of Holly soil in a backswamp along the Delaware River. Holly soils are hydric. (United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, and United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service)

(From the Soil Survey of Bluestone National Scenic River, West Virginia; by Eileen Klein, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

Map Unit Setting

Landscape: Mountains

Major land resource area: 127—Eastern Allegheny Plateau and Mountains

Elevation: 435 to 480 meters

Mean annual precipitation: 865 to 1,044 millimeters

Mean annual air temperature: 6 to 18 degrees C

Frost-free period: 158 to 205 days

Map Unit Composition

Holly and similar soils: 55 percent

Dissimilar minor components: 20 percent

Classification

Fine-loamy, mixed, active, nonacid, mesic Fluvaquentic Endoaquepts

Setting

Landform: Flood plains in river valleys

Landform position (two-dimensional): Toeslope

Landform position (three-dimensional): Mountain base

Down-slope shape: Linear

Across-slope shape: Linear

Aspect (representative): South

Aspect range: All aspects

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Parent material: Fine-loamy alluvium derived from limestone, sandstone, and shale

Properties and Qualities

Depth to restrictive feature: None within a depth of 150 centimeters

Shrink-swell potential: Low (about 1.5 LEP)

Salinity maximum based on representative value: Nonsaline

Sodicity maximum: Not sodic

Calcium carbonate equivalent percent: No carbonates

Hydrologic Properties

Slowest capacity to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high

Natural drainage class: Poorly drained

Flooding frequency: Occasional (see table 23)

Ponding frequency: Occasional (see table 23)

Depth to seasonal water table: At the soil surface to 15 centimeters (see table 23)

Available water capacity (entire profile): Very high (about 33.4 centimeters)

Interpretive Groups

Land capability subclass (nonirrigated): 5w

West Virginia grassland suitability group (WVGSG): Wetlands (W2)

Dominant vegetation map class(es): Modified Successional Floodplain Forest and Woodland

Hydric soil status: Yes

Hydrologic soil group: D

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/west_virginia/...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/H/HOLLY.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#holly

Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Westola series. (Soil Survey of Harper County, Oklahoma; by Troy Collier and Steve Alspach, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

When photographing soils, a soil scientist will commonly use a knife to pick the profile face to show natural soil structure (left side of profile). Or, they may use a knife or shovel to smooth the surface (right side of the profile) which helps show change in color or horizonation.

Landscape: Little bluestem pasture in an area of Westola fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, rarely flooded.

The Westola series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately rapidly permeable soils that formed in calcareous, recent alluvium. These soils occur on nearly level flood plains in the Central Rolling Red Plains (MLRA 78B, 78C). Slope ranges from 0 to 1 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 660 mm (26 in), and mean annual air temperature is about 16.1 degrees C (61 degrees F).

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, calcareous, thermic Typic Ustifluvents

Soil Moisture: Typic-ustic soil moisture regime

Particle-size control section (weighted average):

Clay content: 5 to 18 percent

Sand content: more than 15 percent that is fine sand or coarser

USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are mainly cropped to alfalfa, cotton, small grains, forage sorghum, and tame pasture. The native vegetation is tall and mid grasses with Eastern Cottonwood, Tamarisk, and American Elm.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central Rolling Red Plains (MLRA-78B, 78C) of Oklahoma, Kansas, and Texas. The series is extensive. Westola soils were formerly mapped as Yahola.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/oklahoma/OK059...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/W/WESTOLA.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#westola

Soil profile: Larkin soils typically form in loess, but in some areas loess over residuum derived from basalt or loess mixed with a small amount of volcanic ash in upper part.

Landscape: Typical area of Larkin silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, under small grain stubble. In uncultivated areas, the Larkin soil supports a ponderosa pine/common snowberry habitat type.

Landscape--Columbia hills

Landform--loess hills, structural benches, plateaus

Slope--0 to 60 percent

Parent material--typically loess, but in some areas loess over residuum derived from basalt or loess mixed with a small amount of volcanic ash in upper part

Mean annual air temperature--about 8 degrees C

Mean annual precipitation--about 585 mm

Depth class--very deep

Drainage class--well drained

Soil moisture regime--xeric

Soil temperature regime--mesic

Soil moisture subclass--typic

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Ultic Argixerolls

Thickness of mollic epipedon--25 to 50 cm

Base saturation--50 to 75 percent in some part between depths of 25 and 75 cm

Soil moisture control section--dry 45 to 75 days

Mean annual soil temperature--8 to 12 degrees C

Content of clay in particle-size control section (weighted average)--20 to 35 percent

USE AND VEGETATION:

Use--dominantly crop production; some timber production

Potential natural vegetation--dominantly ponderosa pine, mallow ninebark, common snowberry, elk sedge, and bluebunch wheatgrass

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Idaho and eastern Washington; MLRA 9; moderate extent

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/washington/spo...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LARKIN.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#larkin

Soil profile: An example of a Hayesville soil. The subsoil is red clay. Depth to bedrock is more than 150 centimeters. (Soil Survey of

Grayson County, Virginia; by Robert K. Conner, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

The Hayesville series consists of very deep, well drained soils on gently sloping to very steep ridges and side slopes of the Southern Appalachian Mountains. They most commonly formed in residuum weathered from igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks such as granite, granodiorite, mica gneiss and schist; but in some places formed from thickly-bedded metagraywacke and metasandstone. On steeper slopes the upper part of some pedons may have some colluvial influence. Mean annual air temperature is 55 degrees F., and average annual precipitation is about 56 inches near the type location. Slopes range from 2 to 60 percent.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, mesic Typic Kanhapludults

Solum thickness is 30 to 60 inches. Depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches and ranges to more than 10 feet. Content of rock fragments ranges from 0 to 40 percent by volume in the A and E horizons and 0 to 15 percent in the B and C horizons. Rock fragments are commonly pebbles, cobbles, or stones, but may include channers or flagstones. Reaction is extremely acid to moderately acid unless limed. Limed soils are typically slightly acid to neutral in the upper part. Flakes of mica range from none to common in the A and B horizons above a depth of 40 inches, and from none to many in the B and C horizons below 40 inches.

USE AND VEGETATION: About one-half of the acres of this soil is in cultivation. Common trees in wooded areas are yellow- poplar, eastern white pine, northern red oak, pitch pine, shortleaf pine and Virginia pine. The understory includes flowering dogwood, rhododendron, mountain laurel and sourwood. Cleared areas are used for cultivated crops such as corn, small grain, pasture, hayland, burley tobacco, vegetable crops and Christmas trees.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Mountain areas of North Carolina, Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, and Tennessee. The series is of large extent.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/virginia/VA077...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/H/HAYESVILLE.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#hayesville

Soil profile: Cottonbend soils formed in several feet of alluvium or colluvium on gently sloping to moderately steep high stream terraces or benches along valley sides. They are characterized by increasing clay content with depth and a striking change in color at the point of contact with significantly older underlying material. (Soil Survey of Gauley River National Recreation Area, West Virginia; by Aron Sattler and James Bell, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

archive.org/details/usda-soil-survey-of-gauley-river-nati...

Landscape: An example of Cottonbend loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes used for the production of hay on a high-level river terrace. Cottonbend soils are mostly cleared and used for growing corn or tobacco and are used for producing hay and as pasture. (Soil Survey of Rockbridge County, Virginia; by Mary Ellen Cook, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

The Cottonbend series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in alluvium or colluvium weathered mainly from sandstone, siltstone and shale; and some limestone. These gently sloping to moderately steep soils are on high stream terraces or benches on valley sides. Slopes range from 2 to 25 percent.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, mesic Typic Paleudults

Solum thickness is more than 60 inches and depth to bedrock is greater than 72 inches. Rock fragments, mostly well rounded sandstone, siltstone, and shale gravel and cobbles, range from 0 to 35 percent in the upper part of the solum and from 0 to 60 percent below a depth of about 24 inches. Reaction ranges from very strongly to slightly acid in the upper part, and very strongly to moderately acid in the lower part.

USE AND VEGETATION: Mostly cleared and used for growing corn or tobacco, also used for producing hay and as pasture. Original forests were mixed hardwoods interspersed with a few pines, primarily upland oaks, hickories, yellow-poplar, and shortleaf and Virginia pines.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Cottonbend soils are in the Cumberland-Allegheny Plateau area of southeastern Kentucky, the Valley and Ridge area of Virginia, and possibly other similar areas in West Virginia and eastern Tennessee. Extent is small.

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/COTTONBEND.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#cottonbend

Alabama State Soil:

[www.soils4teachers.org/files/s4t/k12outreach/al-state-soi...]

[www.youtube.com/watch?v=o9QK7grSM-E]

Profile of a Bama soil. Bama soils formed in thick deposits of loamy sediments. They are very deep, well drained soils on summits of broad ridges and high stream terraces (Soil Survey of Bibb County, Alabama by Lawrence E. McGhee, Natural Resources Conservation Service).

The Bama series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils in the Southern Coastal Plain (MLRA 133A). They formed thick beds of loamy marine and fluvial sediments on high stream or marine terraces. Near the type location, the average annual air temperature is about 67 degrees F. and the average annual precipitation is about 63 inches. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Typic Paleudults

Solum thickness is more than 60 inches. Percent by volume of ironstone concretions and/or quartz gravel, 2 to 20 mm in diameter, ranges from 0 to 15 percent throughout the solum. Silt content of the particle-size control section ranges from 20 to 46 percent. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid in the A, Ap, E, BE, EB, BA and AB horizons except where the surface has been limed. Reaction in the Bt, BC and C horizons is very strongly acid or strongly acid.

USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Bama soils are used for cultivated crops, pasture, hayland, orchards or urban development. Crops commonly grown include corn, cotton, soybeans, wheat, and pecans. Some areas are in woodland that consist of longleaf pine, loblolly pine and slash pine with scattered oak, sweetgum, hickory and dogwood.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Coastal Plain of Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, and Virginia. The series is of large extent.

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BAMA.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#bama

Soil profile: A typical profile of Tusquitee gravelly loam. Tusquitee soils are very deep, have thick, dark surface layers, and formed from local colluvium. They occur in coves and drainageways on low or intermediate mountains predominantly in the eastern and western parts of Buncombe County, NC. (Soil Survey of Buncombe County, North Carolina; By Mark S. Hudson, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

Landscape: Woodland and pasture in an area of Toecane-Tusquitee complex, 30 to 50 percent slopes, very bouldery.

The Tusquitee series are on gently sloping to very steep benches, foot slopes, toe slopes, and fans in coves in the Southern Blue Ridge mountains, MLRA 130B. Near the type location, mean annual air temperature is about 52 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation is about 52 inches. Slope ranges from 2 to 95 percent.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, isotic, mesic Humic Dystrudepts

Solum thickness ranges from 40 to more than 60 inches. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Reaction is very strongly acid to slightly acid, in the A horizon, unless limed. The Bw and lower horizons are very strongly acid to moderately acid. In the upper 40 inches, content of rock fragments, dominantly of gravel to stone size, ranges up to 35 percent. Below 40 inches, rock fragment content may range up to 60 percent. Content of mica flakes ranges from few to common.

USE AND VEGETATION: About one-half of the acreage has been cleared and is used for corn, small grain, tobacco, truck crops, clover, lespedeza, and pasture. Wooded areas consist mostly of yellow poplar, white oak, northern red oak, black locust, white ash, black birch, yellow birch, eastern white pine, eastern hemlock, black cherry, cucumber tree, yellow buckeye, American beech, and sugar and red maples.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Blue Ridge mountains of North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia and possibly Georgia and South Carolina. The series is of large extent.

The 12/97 revision places the Tusquitee series in a fine-loamy, isotic, mesic Umbric Dystrochrepts family. This series was formerly placed in a coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Umbric Dystrochrepts family. Laboratory PSA (pipette) method and corresponding field texture estimates (feel method) indicate control section clay contents of generally 12 to 24 percent, with most pedons marginally coarse-loamy. However, chemical lab data for similar competing series indicate that sufficient amorphous, clay-sized materials occur in the particle-size control section to place this soil in a fine-loamy family. Average clay contents are generally less than 25 percent.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TUSQUITEE.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#tusquitee

Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Sebree series.

Landscape: Sebree soils are generally on terraces and basalt plains. Slopes range from 0 to 12 percent. Elevations range from 2,000 to 4,500 feet. The soil formed in loess overlying unconsolidated fan or fluviatile sediments. The climate is semiarid and summers are dry. They are mainly used for rangeland and irrigated cropland. Crops are small grains, corn, alfalfa and pasture.

The Sebree series consists of moderately deep over a duripan, well drained soils on terraces or alluvial plains. They formed in loess over unconsolidated alluvial sediments. Permeability is slow. Slopes are 0 to 12 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 10 inches and the average annual air temperature is about 49 degrees F.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Xeric Natridurids

Average annual soil temperature - 47 to 54 degrees F.

Depth to duripan - 20 to 40 inches

Depth to calcium carbonate - 7 to 20 inches

USE AND VEGETATION: Used for rangeland and irrigated cropland. Crops are small grains, corn, alfalfa and pasture. Under natural conditions the soil is barren or nearly so; some cheatgrass, pepperweed, and stunted big sagebrush are around the edges of individual areas.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southwestern Idaho and southeastern Oregon. The series is moderately extensive.

For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:

storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SEBREE.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#sebree

A representative soil profile of the Kelmscot series (Endoskeletic Calcaric Mollic Gleysols) in England. (Cranfield University 2021. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK.)

Soils classified and described by the World Reference Base for England and Wales:

www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/wrb_list.cfm

The Kelmscot series consists of calcareous fine-loamy soils over limestone gravel. It is found on low-lying river terrace drift affected at shallow depth by groundwater chiefly in the Thames valley but also in small areas in Nottinghamshire, Lincolnshire and Bedfordshire.

Kelmscot soils which cover half the land are associated with calcareous clayey soils of the Thames, Earith and Carswell series. These soils cover some 30 km² on both sides of the Thames above Lechlade. In the lower reaches of the Leach, Coln and the Churn they cover the entire valley floor, but along the Thames they are on terraces slightly above floodplain soils of the Thames association. Ickford soils are confined to slightly higher ground, whereas the wetter Gade series is found in old river meander channels and other depressions mainly in north bank tributaries. There are also some gravel workings and restored land.

These soils occur on the low-lying Thames floodplain between Oxford and Lechlade, some parts of which have been mapped in detail. The soils are developed in low terrace deposits which rise slightly above the floodplain alluvium thus separating the Thames association from the higher terrace soils of the Badsey association.

Most of the soils are permeable but are affected by shallow groundwater and flooding. Depending on outfalls and field drainage measures, waterlogging may be short-term and confined to winter, or prolonged into the growing season (Wetness Class II to IV). Given good outfalls and protection from flooding the gravel substratum allows the soils to drain easily. In the less permeable, clayey Thames and Carswell soils, good arterial and in-field drainage are necessary to effect much improvement in the soil water regime.

Most of the land is effectively drained and free from flooding and is arable with winter cereals, sugar beet and potatoes. Patches of Thames and Gade soils, where present, delay cultivations. Because the soils are calcareous, sensitive crops are at risk from manganese deficiency. Depth to gravel varies and, in particularly dry years, differential crop growth indicates that there is patterned ground locally. Wetter land with poor outfalls or risk of flooding is commonly in grassland. In most years there are ample opportunities for cultivation in autumn but there are fewer suitable days in spring.

For additional information about the soil association, visit:

www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/mapunit.cfm?mu=8320...

For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:

www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf

A representative profile of the Fedscreek soil series. (Kentucky Soil Atlas; by Anastasios D. Karathanasis; Photo by D. McIntosh, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

Landscape: hills and mountains in Cumberland Plateau and Mountains

Landform: hillslope, mountain side,

Geomorphic Component: benches, side slope, base slopes

Hillslope Profile Position: back slope, footslope and toeslopes

Parent Material Origin: sandstone and siltstone

Parent Material Kind: Colluvium

Slope: 8 to 90 percent

Elevation: 183 to 1219 meters, 600 to 4000 feet

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Dystrudepts

USE AND VEGETATION:

Major Uses: Forestry

Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--Less sloping areas are used for pasture and as sites for houses or gardens. Where wooded--are in secondary growth hardwood forest with mixed stands of white oak, American beech, mockernut hickory, pignut hickory, black oak, sugar maple, sassafras, red maple, chestnut oak, Virginia pine, and flowering dogwood.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:

Distribution: Allegheny-Cumberland Plateau of eastern Kentucky with possible similar areas in West Virginia, Virginia, and eastern Tennessee

Extent: Large, approximately 200,000 acres.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_book/4/?utm_source=uknowledge.uky....

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/F/FEDSCREEK.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#fedscreek

Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Toccoa series. Toccoa soils formed in coarse alluvial sediments. These very deep, well drained and moderately well drained soils generally have stratified loamy and sandy material. (Soil Survey of Coosa County, Alabama; by John L. Burns, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

Landscape: A flood plain along Hatchet Creek in an area of Toccoa fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally flooded. Hatchet Creek is a popular waterway for canoeists and kayakers because of its rapid flow in the spring. These rapid currents allow for coarser soil materials to be laid down during floods, which assists in the formation of the Toccoa soil.

Depth Class: Very deep

Drainage Class (Agricultural): well drained and moderately well drained

Internal Free Water Occurrence: Moderately deep to deep, common

Flooding Frequency and Duration: Occasional to frequent for brief to very brief periods, October to May

Ponding Frequency and Duration: None

Index Surface Runoff: Very low

Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: High

Shrink-swell Potential: Low

Landscape: Piedmont and Upper Coastal Plain valleys

Landform: Flood plains and natural levees

Parent Material: Loamy and sandy alluvium from igneous and metamorphic rocks

Slope: 0 to 4 percent

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, nonacid, thermic Typic Udifluvents

Depth to seasonal high water table: 76 to 152 centimeters (about 30 to 60 inches), November to April

Depth to strongly gleyed horizons: Greater than 100 centimeters (about 40 inches) to horizons with matrix color (moist) that have chroma of 2 or less

Depth to lithologic discontinuity (contrasting sand sizes): 100 to 200 centimeters or more (about 40 to 80 inches)

Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent, by volume; up to 60 percent in individual subhorizons in the lower part

Soil Reaction: strongly acid to moderately acid, unless limed; some part in the control section is moderately acid or slightly acid

Mica content: 1 to 30 percent, by volume mica flakes in the A and C horizons

Other Soil Features: Bedding planes and thin strata of sandy or loamy texture occur throughout the C horizon

USE AND VEGETATION:

Major Uses: Cropland, hayland, pasture

Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--corn, grain sorghums, small grain, and vegetables. Where wooded--yellow-poplar, loblolly pine, southern red oak and sweet gum

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:

Distribution: Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia

Extent: Moderate

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/alabama/AL037/...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TOCCOA.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#toccoa

A soil profile of Belhaven muck from the Great Dismal Swamp in Virginia. The Great Dismal Swamp is a large swamp in the Coastal Plain Region of southeastern Virginia and northeastern North Carolina, between Norfolk, Virginia, and Elizabeth City, North Carolina. It is located in parts of the southern Virginia independent cities of Chesapeake and Suffolk and northern North Carolina counties of Gates, Pasquotank, and Camden. Some estimates place the size of the original swamp at over one million acres.

MLRA(s): 153A, 153B

Depth Class: Very deep

Drainage Class: Very poorly drained

Permeability: Moderately slow to moderately rapid

Surface Runoff: Very slow

Parent Material: Highly decomposed organic matter underlain by loamy marine sediments

Slope: 0 to 2 percent

Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 60 degrees F.

Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 51 inches

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, mixed, dysic, thermic Terric Haplosaprists

Thickness of Organic Layers: 16 to 51 inches

Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 0 to 12 inches, November to May

Soil Reaction: Organic layers are ultra acid to extremely acid (in 0.01 M CaCl2) except where the surface has been limed. The underlying mineral horizons are extremely acid through moderately alkaline

Fiber content of Oa horizons: 15 percent to 45 percent unrubbed and less than 10 percent rubbed. The amount of fiber is highest in the lower tier. The organic material of this layer has a slick feel and is paste-like (colloidal). It is massive under natural wet conditions. Upon aeration after drainage, structure of the organic material evolves. Excessive drying causes shrinkage and hard subangular blocky peds to form. These peds dry irreversibly.

Other Features: Logs, stumps, and fragments of wood occupy 0 to 5 percent of the upper organic horizons in cleared areas that are cultivated and 5 to 35 percent in undrained areas. Pieces of charcoal range from common (2 to 8 percent) in the upper tier to few (less than 2 percent) in the lower tiers

USE AND VEGETATION:

Major Uses: Mostly woodland

Dominant Vegetation: Where wooded--plant communities that reflect past history of treatment. Areas with a history of severe burning have scattered pond pine and a dense undergrowth of both large holly and small gallberry and huckleberry, fetterbush lyonia, swamp cyrilla, loblollybay gordonia, greenbrier and southern bayberry, as well as scattered red maple, red bay, sweetbay magnolia, and reeds. Similar areas may have a smaller population of these species and contain large amounts of broomsedge. Areas without severe burning have red maple, Southern bald cypress, pond pine, Atlantic white-cedar, red bay, sweet bay, and other hydrophytic species. Where cultivated--corn, soybeans, small grain, and pasture.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:

Distribution: Lower Coastal Plain of North Carolina and Virginia

Extent: Moderate

For more detailed information, please visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BELHAVEN.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#belhaven

FUQUAY SERIES

MLRA(s): 133A-Southern Coastal Plain, 153A-Atlantic Coast Flatwoods (upper part)

Depth Class: Very deep

Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained

Internal Free Water Occurrence: Deep or very deep, common

Flooding Frequency and Duration: None

Ponding Frequency and Duration: None

Slowest Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: Moderately low

Landscape: Upper and middle coastal plains

Landform: Marine terraces, uplands, flats

Geomorphic Component: Interfluves, side slopes

Hillslope Profile Position: Summits, shoulders, backslopes

Parent Material: Sandy over loamy marine deposits or fluviomarine deposits

Slope: 0 to 10 percent

Elevation (type location): Unknown

Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 16.7 degrees C. (about 62 degrees F.)

Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 1240 millimeters (about 49 inches)

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Arenic Plinthic Kandiudults

Note: This pedon has more than 50 percent by volume plinthite below a depth of 150 centimeters

For more information on Soil Taxonomy, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/

TYPICAL PEDON: Fuquay sand--cultivated (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)

Ap--0 to 20 centimeters; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sand; single grain; loose; common fine roots; few (1 percent) nodules of ironstone; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

E1--20 to 35 centimeters; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) sand; many coarse light gray (2.5Y 7/2) bodies of clean sand grains in lower part; single grain; loose; few fine roots; 1 percent ironstone nodules; strongly acid; diffuse wavy boundary.

E2--35 to 60 centimeters; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) sand; many coarse light gray (2.5Y 7/2) bodies of clean sand grains in lower part; single grain; loose; few fine roots; 3 percent ironstone nodules; strongly acid; diffuse wavy boundary.

Btv1--60 to 125 centimeters; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; 1 percent ironstone nodules; 5 percent plinthite nodules, red and brown zones of plinthite are very firm and brittle; f common medium faint strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Btv2--125 to 175 centimeters; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) sandy clay loam; weak medium angular blocky structure, friable; few fine roots and pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds; 4 percent medium and coarse strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) ironstone nodules; 15 percent plinthite nodules, red and brown zones of plinthite are very firm and brittle; fstrongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

BCtv1--175 to 275 centimeters; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) sandy clay loam; coatings and streaks of light gray (10YR 7/2) sandy clay; few linear streaks of yellowish red (5YR 4/6) sandy loam; weak medium angular blocky structure; friable; common fine pores; 55 percent plinthite nodules, red and brown zones of plinthite are very firm and brittle; few faint clay films on faces of peds; light gray areas are iron depletions and yellowish red areas are masses of oxidized iron; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

BCtv2--275 to 325 centimeters: reticulate pattern of brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) and yellowish red (5YR 5/8) sandy clay loam and light gray (10YR 7/1) sandy clay; gray parts are surrounded by brownish yellow colors that grade into yellowish red colors; weak medium angular blocky structure; firm; few fine pores; 25 percent plinthite nodules; few faint brownish yellow clay films on faces of peds; the areas with yellowish red color are masses of oxidized iron and areas with light gray are iron depletions; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

CB--325 to 375 centimeters; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) loamy sand; massive; very friable; common fine and coarse faint red (2.5YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron and few fine brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) iron depletions; strongly acid.

C--375 to 425 centimeters; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) loamy sand; massive; very friable; common fine and coarse faint red (2.5YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron and few fine brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) iron depletions; strongly acid.

TYPE LOCATION: Johnston County, North Carolina; 0.03 mile south of junction of North Carolina Highways 50 and 210, 126 feet north of County Road No.1320 and 250 feet west of North Carolina Highway 50.

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:

Depth to top of Argillic horizon: 50 to 100 centimeters (about 20 to 40 inches)

Depth to base of Argillic horizon: 150 to more than 200 centimeters (about 60 to more than 78 inches)

Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 200 centimeters (about 78 inches)

Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 100 to 150 centimeters or more (about 40 to 60 inches or more), January to March

Thickness of the sandy surface and subsurface layers: 50 to 100 centimeters (about 20 to 40 inches)

Content and Size of Rock Fragments: 0 to 35 percent, by volume, in the A, E, and BE horizons and 0 to 15 percent throughout the lower profile; mostly rounded nodules of ironstone

Organic matter content: 0.5 to 2.0 percent in the A horizon and less than 0.5 in E, B, and C horizons

(Effective) Cation Exchange Capacity: 2 to 10 milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil in the A horizon; 1 to 4 in E and B horizons; and 2 to 5 in the C horizon

Soil Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid, except where limed

Plinthite Content: Greater than 5 percent within a depth of 150 centimeters (about 60 inches) starting at a depth greater than 50 centimeters (about 20 inches)

Range of Individual Horizons:

Ap horizon or A horizon (where present):

Color--hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 to 5, chroma of 1 to 3

Texture (fine-earth fraction)--coarse sand, sand, loamy coarse sand, loamy sand, fine sand, or loamy fine sand

Clay content: 1 to 10 percent

E horizon:

Color--hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, chroma of 3 to 6. Some pedons have mottles in shades of these colors.

Texture (fine-earth fraction)--coarse sand, sand, loamy coarse sand, loamy sand, fine sand, or loamy fine sand

Clay content: 1 to 10 percent

BE horizon (where present):

Color--hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5 or 6, chroma of 3 to 8

Texture (fine-earth fraction)--loamy coarse sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam

Clay content: 4 to 12 percent

Bt or Btc horizon (where present):

Color--hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8

Texture (fine-earth fraction)--sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy clay loam

Clay content: 10 to 35 percent in the upper part and 18 to 35 in the lower part

Redoximorphic features (where present)--masses of oxidized iron in shades of red, yellow, or brown and iron depletions in shades of brown, yellow, olive, or gray

Btg horizon (where present):

Color--hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 8, chroma of 1 to 2

Texture (fine-earth fraction)--sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy clay loam

Clay content: 18 to 35 percent

Redoximorphic features--masses of oxidized iron in shades of red, yellow, or brown and iron depletions in shades of brown, yellow, or gray

Btv horizon or Btcv horizon (where present):

Color--hue of 10R to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 8, chroma of 1 to 8

Texture (fine-earth fraction)--sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy clay loam

Clay content: 18 to 35 percent

Redoximorphic features--masses of oxidized iron in shades of red, yellow, or brown and iron depletions in shades of brown, yellow, olive, or gray commonly in a reticulate pattern

Other features--bodies of reddish plinthite surrounded by strong brown and yellowish brown material. The reddish and brownish parts are typically sandy clay loam or sandy loam. The gray parts are sandy clay loam or sandy clay. Generally, the redder parts of the plinthite are oriented horizontally.

BCt, BC, or C horizons (where present):

Color--hue of 2.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 8, chroma of 1 to 8 and may be variegated in shades of these colors

Texture (fine-earth fraction)--loamy coarse sand, loamy sand , loamy fine sand, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam

Clay content: 4 to 20 percent

Redoximorphic features--masses of oxidized iron in shades of red, yellow, or brown and iron depletions in shades of brown, yellow, olive, or gray

C horizon:

Color--hue of 2.5YR, 5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 8, chroma of 1 to 8

Texture (fine-earth fraction)--loamy coarse sand, loamy sand, or sandy loam

Clay content: commonly 5 to 20 percent

Redoximorphic features--masses of oxidized iron in shades of red, yellow, or brown and iron depletions in shades of brown, yellow, olive, or gray commonly in a reticulate pattern

COMPETING SERIES:

There are no other known series in the same family.

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:

Elevation Range: 30 to 150 meters (about 100 to 500 feet)

Frost Free Period: 190 to 290 days

Mean Annual Air Temperature: 14 to 21 degrees C. (about 57 to 70 degrees F.)

Mean Annual Precipitation: 890 to 1400 millimeters (about 35 to 55 inches)

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS:

Cowarts soils--have sandy A and E horizons less than 20 inches thick

Dothan soils--have sandy A and E horizons less than 20 inches thick

Lakeland soils--do not have plinthite or argillic horizon

Leefield soils--are somewhat poorly drained

Norfolk soils--have sandy A and E horizons less than 20 inches thick

Stilson soils--are moderately well drained

Tifton soils--have sandy A and E horizons less than 20 inches thick

Troup soils--do not have plinthite and have sandy A and E horizons more than 40 inches thick

Varina soils--have sandy A and E horizons less than 20 inches thick

DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY:

Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained

Internal Free Water Occurrence: Deep or very deep, common; perched above the plinthic layer briefly during wet periods or at lower elevations it has an apparent water table

Flooding Frequency and Duration: None

Ponding Frequency and Duration: None

Index Surface Runoff: Negligible to high

Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: Moderately high (4.23 to 14.11 micrometers per second) in the upper part (0.42 to 1.41 micrometers per second) in the lower part

Permeability: Moderate in upper part, slow in lower part

USE AND VEGETATION:

Major Uses: Cropland

Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--tobacco, cotton, corn, soybeans, and small grains. Where wooded--loblolly pine, longleaf pine, and slash pine, with some hardwoods, understory plants including American holly, flowering dogwood, persimmon, and greenbrier.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:

Distribution: Upper Coastal Plain of North Carolina, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina

Extent: Large

MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Raleigh, North Carolina

SERIES ESTABLISHED: Johnston County, North Carolina; 1965. BENCHMARK SOIL.

REMARKS:

06/88. Revised the classification to Arenic Plinthic Kandiudults according to criteria in the Low Activity Clay Amendment to Soil Taxonomy, August 1986.

11/2007. The base elevation range was extended to 30 meters (100 feet). The intent is to restrict Fuquay soils to areas above the toe of the Surry scarp.

Diagnostic horizons and soil characteristics recognized in this pedon are:

Ochric epipedon--the zone from the surface of the soil to 86 centimeters (Ap and E horizons)

Kandic horizon--the zone between 86 to 244 centimeters has low activity clay in more than 50 percent of the upper 100 centimeters of the horizon (Bt, Bt, and Btv horizons)

Argillic horizon--the zone from 86 to 244 centimeters (Bt, Bt, and Btv horizons)

Plinthite--more than 5 percent plinthite nodules in the zone from 127 to 244 centimeters (Btv horizons)

ADDITIONAL DATA:

Laboratory Data: Characterization/Reference data are available from NRCS-Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, NE.; User Pedon ID (S06GA251001) or Lab Pedon Number (06NO934) is representative of the Fuquay Series.

National Cooperative Soil Survey

U.S.A.

For a detailed description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/F/FUQUAY.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#fuquay

Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Myakka series: the State Soil of Florida. (Soil Survey of Okeechobee County, Florida; by Douglas Lewis, Ken Liudahl, Chris Noble, and Lewis Carter, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

The Myakka series consists of very deep, very poorly or poorly drained, moderately rapid or moderately permeable soils that occur primarily in mesic flatwoods of peninsular Florida. They formed in sandy marine deposits. Near the type location, the average annual temperature is about 72 degrees F., and the average annual precipitation is about 55 inches. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Aeric Alaquods

Solum thickness is more than 30 inches. Some pedons have a layer of muck less than 3 inches thick on the surface. Thickness of the A and E horizons ranges from 20 to 30 inches. Reaction ranges from extremely acid to slightly acid throughout. In tidal, limestone substratum, and shelly substratum phases, the reaction ranges up to moderately alkaline.

USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Myakka soils are used for commercial forest production or native range. Large areas with adequate water control measures are used for citrus, improved pasture, and truck crops. Native vegetation includes longleaf and slash pine with an undergrowth of saw palmetto, running oak, inkberry, wax myrtle, huckleberry, chalky bluestem, pineland threeawn, and scattered fetterbush.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Peninsular Florida, primarily in MLRA155 (Southern Florida Flatwoods), and to a less extent in MLRA 154 (South-Central Florida Ridge), MLRA156A (Florida Everglades and Associated Areas), and MLRA156B (Southern Florida Lowlands). The series is of large extent (about 1,400,072 acres).

Myakka soils were formerly classified in the Leon series. Historical mapping of the Myakka series includes the following landforms and geomorphic positions: high tidal areas, flood plains, depressions, and gently sloping to sloping barrier islands. Myakka map units on these landforms should be evaluated and validated during MLRA update activities.

For more information about this state soil, visit:

www.soils4teachers.org/files/s4t/k12outreach/fl-state-soi...

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/florida/FL093/...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MYAKKA.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#myakka