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Profile of LaCerda clay loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes. The LaCerda soils have clayey subsoils that developed over weakly bedded dense shale. (Soil Survey of San Augustine and Sabine Counties, Texas; by Kirby Griffith, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The LaCerda series consists of residual soils that are deep to weathered shale. They are moderately well drained and very slowly permeable. These soils are nearly level to moderately steep. The slope is dominantly less than 5 percent and ranges from 0 to 20 percent.
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TAXONOMIC CLASS: Very-fine, smectitic, thermic Chromic Dystruderts
The solum thickness ranges from 40 to 60 inches. The weighted average clay content of the particle-size control section ranges from 60 to 72 percent. When dry, cracks 1/2 to more than 1 inch wide extend from the surface to a depth of more than 12 inches. Cracks are open from 60 to 90 cumulative days in most years. Slickensides and wedge shaped peds begin at a depth of 10 to 24 inches. Undisturbed areas have gilgai relief with microknolls about 4 to 12 inches above the microdepressions. Distance from the center of the microknoll to the center of the microdepression ranges from 4 to about 15 feet. Mottles are considered to be litho-chromic or relic.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for woodland of loblolly and shortleaf pine, red oak, and sweetgum. A few areas are used for improved bermudagrass or penscola bahiagrass pastures.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: East and Southeast Texas in MLRA 133B. The series is of large extent. These soils were formerly included with the Susquehanna and Vaiden soils. The classification is changed from Aquentic Chromuderts to Chromic Dystruderts in January 1994.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
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A representative soil profile of a Typic Haploxererts in Bulgaria. (Photo from the 4th International Meeting on Red Mediterranean Soils, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. 1997)
The central concept of Vertisols is that of clayey soils that have deep, wide cracks for some time during the year and have slickensides within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface. They shrink when dry and swell when moistened. Vertisols make up a relatively homogeneous order because of the amounts and kinds of clay common to them; however, their microvariability within a pedon is great. Before the advent of modern classification systems, these soils were already well known for their characteristic color, the cracks they produce during the dry season, and the difficulty of their engineering properties.
Xererts are the Vertisols of Mediterranean climates, which are typified by cool, wet winters and warm, dry summers. These soils have cracks that regularly close and open each year. Because the soils dry every summer and remoisten in the winter, damage to structures and roads is very significant. If not irrigated, these soils are used for small grain or grazing. In the United States, most of the soils supported grasses before they were cultivated.
Haploxererts are the Xererts that do not have a calcic or petrocalcic horizon or a duripan. These are the most common of the Xererts. They formed in a variety of parent materials, including volcanic and sedimentary rocks, lacustrine deposits, and alluvium. In many areas these soils are used for grazing by livestock. In some areas they are used for citrus, small grain, truck crops, or rice.
Typic Haploxererts are centered on deep or very deep, clayey soils with dark colored surface layers. These soils do not have significant amounts of sodium or salts, a soil moisture regime that borders on aridic or udic, or aquic conditions within 100 cm of the soil surface for extended periods. They occur in Oregon, Idaho, and California and are used for rangeland, pasture, or dryland or irrigated crops.
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Depth to Bedrock: 25 to 51 cm (10 to 20 inches) to weathered bedrock (paralithic); 51 to 122 cm or more (20 to 48 inches or more) to unweathered bedrock (lithic).
Depth Class: Shallow
Landscape: Low and intermediate mountains and occasionally intermountain hills.
Landform: Mountain slope, hillslopes, and ridges.
Geomorphic Component: Mountain top, mountain flank, and side slope.
Hillslope Profile Position: Summit, shoulder, and backslope.
Parent Material Origin: Low-grade metasedimentary rocks such as tilted siltstone, slate, phyllite, or metasandstone; fragments are channers, flagstones, or stones ranging up to 24 inches across.
Parent Material Kind: Residuum that is affected by soil creep in the upper solum.
Slope: Typically 15 to 70 percent, but range from 5 to 95 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, semiactive, mesic, shallow Typic Dystrudepts
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Woodland, rarely pasture and hayland
Dominant Vegetation: Where wooded--scarlet oak, chestnut oak, red maple, Virginia and pitch pine. Understory species are dominantly mountain laurel, sourwood, and buffalo nut. Where cleared--used for wildlife plantings.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Southern Blue Ridge Mountains (MLRA 130B) of Tennessee, North Carolina, Virginia, and Georgia.
Extent: Large--more than 100,000 acres.
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Soil profile: Andic Dystrocryepts are the Dystrocryepts that have, throughout one or more horizons with a total thickness of 18 cm or more within 75 cm of the mineral soil surface, a fine-earth fraction with both a bulk density of 1.0 g/cm3 or less, measured at 33 kPa water retention, and Al plus 1/2 Fe percentages (by ammonium oxalate) totaling more than 1.0. Dystrocryepts are the Cryepts that do not have free carbonates and have a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 60 percent in all horizons at a depth between 25 and 75 cm from the mineral soil surface.
Landscape: The vegetation is mostly conifers or mixed conifers and hardwoods. Few of the soils are cultivated. Dystrocryepts may have formed in loess, drift, or alluvium or in solifluction deposits, mostly late Pleistocene or Holocene in age. The soils commonly have a thin, dark brownish ochric epipedon and a brownish cambic horizon. Some have an umbric epipedon, and some have bedrock within 100 cm of the surface. In the United States, Dystrocryepts are moderately extensive in the high mountains of the West and in southern Alaska. They also occur in other mountainous areas of the world.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Goldsboro series. Goldsboro soils are moderately well drained with a seasonal high water table within a depth of 45 to 75 centimeters commonly during December through April. (Soil Survey of Webster County, Georgia; by Scott Moore, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Goldsboro soils are moderately suited to corn, soybeans, peanuts, and wheat and well suited to cotton lint and tobacco. Management concerns--the seasonal high water table restricts equipment operation, decreases the viability
of crops, and interferes with the planting and harvesting of crops.
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Moderately well drained
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Moderately deep, transitory
Index Surface Runoff: Negligible to medium
Permeability: Moderate
Landscape: Lower to upper coastal plain
Landform: Marine terraces, uplands
Hillslope Profile Position: Summit, shoulder
Geomorphic Component: Interfluve, talf
Parent Material: Marine deposits, fluviomarine deposits
Slope: 0 to 10 percent
Elevation (type location): Unknown
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Aquic Paleudults
Depth to top of the Argillic horizon: 5 to 19 inches
Depth to the base of the Argillic horizon: 60 to more than 80 inches
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 80 inches
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 18 to 30 inches, December to April
Rock Fragment Content: 0 to 50 percent, by volume throughout, mostly quartz pebbles
Soil Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid, except where limed
Other soil features: Silt content in the particle-size control section is less than 30 percent.
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Cropland
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--corn, peanuts, tobacco, soybeans, small grain, cotton, and pasture. Where wooded--loblolly pine, longleaf pine, slash pine, sweetgum, southern red oak, white oak, water oak, and red maple, yellow poplar. Understory plants include American holly, blueberry, flowering dogwood, greenbrier, persimmon, redbay, southern bayberry (waxmyrtle), inkberry (bitter gallberry), honeysuckle, poison ivy, and summersweet clethra.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia
Extent: Large
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Soils of the Abell series are very deep and moderately well drained with moderate permeability. They formed in colluvium or alluvium over residuum. They are in upland depressions, on footslopes, and along intermittent drainageways. Slopes range from 0 to 7 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, thermic Aquic Hapludults
Solum thickness ranges from 30 to more than 60 inches. Depth to 2B horizons range from 24 to 48 inches. Depth to hard bedrock is more than 60 inches. Rock fragments average 0 to 15 percent by volume of the solum, but individual horizons are allowed to have up to 35 percent. The soil ranges from very strongly acid through moderately acid unless limed.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of this soil are cleared and used for growing corn, wheat, soybeans, truck crops, and pasture. The natural vegetation was forest of oaks, pine, and gum.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: These soils are moderately extensive throughout the Piedmont in Virginia.
Mollisols are a soil order in USDA soil taxonomy. Mollisols form in semi-arid to semi-humid areas, typically under a grassland cover. They are most commonly found in the mid-latitudes, namely in North America, mostly east of the Rocky Mountains, in South America in Argentina (Pampas) and Brazil, and in Asia in Mongolia and the Russian Steppes. Their parent material is typically base-rich and calcareous and include limestone, loess, or wind-blown sand. The main processes that lead to the formation of grassland Mollisols are melanisation, decomposition, humification and pedoturbation.
Mollisols have deep, high organic matter, nutrient-enriched surface soil (A horizon), typically between 60–80 cm in depth. This fertile surface horizon, known as a mollic epipedon, is the defining diagnostic feature of Mollisols. Mollic epipedons result from the long-term addition of organic materials derived from plant roots, and typically have soft, granular, soil structure.
Mollisols occur in savannahs and mountain valleys (such as Central Asia, or the North American Great Plains). These environments have historically been strongly influenced by fire and abundant pedoturbation from organisms such as ants and earth worms. It was estimated that in 2003, only 14 to 26 percent of grassland ecosystems still remained in a relatively natural state (that is, they were not used for agriculture due to the fertility of the A horizon). Globally, they represent about 7% of ice-free land area. As the world's most agriculturally productive soil order, the Mollisols represent one of the more economically important soil orders.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
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or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
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For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
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For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
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or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
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A representative soil profile of a Melanudand in Japan. The soil formed in successive layers of volcanic ash and debris. It has a thick, dark, humus-rich melanic epipedon about 55 cm thick. A cambic horizon extends from depths of 55 to 90 cm. An older surface layer, now covered by more recent deposits, can be seen between depths of 90 and 120 cm. The right side of the profile has been smoothed; the left side retains the natural soil structure. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Melanudands have a melanic (dark and humus-rich with andic properties) epipedon and a cambic (minimal soil development) subsoil horizon. The Melanudands in the United States generally developed in late Pleistocene deposits. Most formed under forest or savanna vegetation.
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A representative soil profile of the Iphill soil series.
The Iphil series consists of deep and very deep, well drained soils formed in loess and silty alluvium derived from loess. Iphil soils formed on hills on terraces and fan remnants and have slopes of 1 to 30 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 360 mm and the mean annual air temperature is 6.6 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, frigid Typic Calcixerolls
Mollic epipedon thickness: 18 to 40 cm Particle size control section total clay: 10 to 24 percent (weighted average of non-carbonate clay is less than 18 percent)
Control section carbonate clay: 2 to 14 percent
Control section non-carbonate clay: 10 to 18 percent
Control section sands coarser than very fine: 2 to 10 percent
Control section rock fragments: 0 to 3 percent Depth to calcic horizon: 18 to 40 cm
Depth to bedrock: 100 cm to greater than 152 cm
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 35 percent average in the calcic horizon
Mean annual soil temperature: 5.0 to 8.0 degrees C.
Mean summer soil temperature: 15.0 to 18.9 degrees C. (frigid soil temperature regime)
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major uses: irrigated areas are used primarily for small grains, potatoes, hay and pasture; non-irrigated areas are used for pasture and range.
Dominant native vegetation: mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, antelope bitterbrush, western wheatgrass, and eriogonum
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Southeastern Idaho and Western Wyoming, MLRA 13
Extent: the series is not extensive
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Portland, Oregon
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Oneida County, Idaho, 1994; Oneida County Area Soil Survey.
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Soil profile: A typical profile of Reddies sandy loam. Reddies soils are very deep and formed from material deposited by streams and consisting mainly of sand. They occur in mountain valleys of low and intermediate mountains, predominantly at the upper end of large flood plains throughout Buncombe County. (Soil Survey of Buncombe County, North Carolina; by Mark S. Hudson, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Burley tobacco and corn in an area of Dellwood-Reddies complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes, occasionally flooded, Reddies soil produces high crop yields when properly managed. (Soil Survey of Yancey County, North Carolina; by Bruce P. Smith, Jr., Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Reddies series consists of moderately well drained, moderately rapidly permeable soils on flood plains in the Southern Blue Ridge mountains, MLRA 130B. They formed in recent alluvium that is loamy in the upper part and is moderately deep to sandy strata containing more than 35 percent by volume gravel and/or cobbles. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Near the type location, mean annual temperature is 56 degrees F. and mean annual precipitation is 49 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, mesic Oxyaquic Humudepts
Solum thickness ranges from 20 to 39 inches. The soil is underlain within depths of 20 to 40 inches, by horizons that contain more than 35 percent gravel and/or cobbles. The coarse-loamy material above the C horizon averages less than 50 percent fine and coarser sand. Rock fragments, dominantly gravel size are in the A and B horizons of some pedons, but comprise less than 35 percent by volume. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to neutral. Content of mica flakes is few to many.
USE AND VEGETATION: Nearly all of the acreage is cleared and is used for hay, corn, pasture, truck crops, ornamentals, and urban uses. The rest is mainly in hardwood forest. Yellow-poplar, sycamore, red maple, and river birch are the dominant trees. Common understory plants are rhododendron, ironwood, flowering dogwood, red maple, tag alder, greenbrier, and switchcane. A few areas have been planted to eastern white pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Blue Ridge mountains, MLRA 130B North Carolina and Tennessee and possibly Virginia, South Carolina, and Georgia. This series is of moderate extent.
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A representative soil profile of Norwood loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, rarely flooded. This fertile soil is located along the flood plains of the Colorado River. (Soil Survey of Colorado County, Texas; by Samuel E. Brown, Jr., Natural Resources Conservation Service}
The Norwood series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on flood plains. They have developed from reddish calcareous, loamy alluvial sediments. Slopes are mainly 0 to 1 percent, but range up to 8 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Fluventic Eutrudepts
Solum thickness is variable, but typically ranges from 152 to more than 203 cm (60 to more than 80 in). Bedding planes and/or buried profiles occur in the majority of pedons. Bedding planes, where present, occur between 38 to 102 cm (15 and 40 in). Buried horizons, where present, are between a depth of 76 to 152 cm (30 and 60 in).
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for cropland. Crops are cotton, soybeans, alfalfa, sorghum, and oats. Some areas are in improved bermudagrass pasture. Native vegetation includes pecan, cottonwood, elm, oak, and hackberry trees and mid and tall grasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Mainly along the lower Brazos and Colorado River systems and their tributaries. The series is extensive.
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Wooded landform showing Kintner loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes, occasionally flooded, very brief duration, and indurated limestone bedrock (Soil Survey of Harrison County, Indiana by Steven W. Neyhouse, Sr., Byron G. Nagel, Gary R. Struben, and Steven Blanford, Natural Resources Conservation Service).
Setting
Landform: Flood plains
Map Unit Composition
95 percent Kintner and similar soils
5 percent frequently flooded Kintner and similar soils on flood plains
Interpretive Groups
Land capability classification: 2w
Prime farmland: All areas are prime farmland
Properties and Qualities of the Kintner Soil
Parent material: Loamy-skeletal alluvium over Mississippian limestone bedrock
Drainage class: Moderately well drained
Permeability range to a depth of 40 inches: Moderate to rapid
Permeability range below a depth of 40 inches: Slow to rapid
Depth to restrictive feature: 40 to 60 inches to lithic bedrock
Available water capacity: About 6.5 inches to a depth of 60 inches
Organic matter content of surface layer: 1.0 to 3.0 percent
Shrink-swell potential: Low
Highest apparent seasonal high water table (depth, months): 2.5 feet; January,
February, and March
Ponding: None
Most likely flooding (frequency, months): Occasional; January, February, March, April,
May, and June
Hydric soil: No
Potential frost action: Moderate
Corrosivity: Low for steel and low for concrete
Potential for surface runoff: Low
Water erosion susceptibility: Slight
Wind erosion susceptibility: Slight
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Waynesboro soil series. Waynesboro soils are very deep and well drained and have a clay subsoil. (Soil Survey of Overton County, Tennessee; by Carlie McCowan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: An area of Waynesboro soils on karst topography. Areas of karst topography are underlain by limestone and commonly have sinkholes. Waynesville soil is commonly used for production of small grains, hay, pasture, tobacco, cotton, and truck crops.
The Waynesboro series consists of moderately permeable soils that formed in old alluvium or unconsolidated material of sandstone, shale, and limestone origin. Slopes range from 2 to 30 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Paleudults
Thickness of solum and depth to bedrock are more than 60 inches. The soil is strongly acid or very strongly acid except the surface layer where limed. Each horizon contains 0 to 15 percent chert or quartzite pebbles and sandstone cobbles, except the surface layer ranges to 25 percent.
USE AND VEGETATION: About three-fourths of the soil is cleared. Principal crops are small grains, hay, pasture, tobacco, cotton, and truck crops. Forests are of oaks, hickory, beech, elm, maple, yellow- poplar, and in places, loblolly, shortleaf, and Virginia pines.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Great Valley and Highland Rim in Tennessee, northern Alabama, northwest Georgia, Maryland and Kentucky. The series is of large extent.
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An Arenic Plinthic Kandiudults and landscape in South Carolina.
Arenic Plinthic Kandiudults have a layer, starting at the mineral soil surface, that has a sandy or sandy-skeletal particle-size class and is between 50 and 100 cm thick. They also have 5 to 50 percent (by volume) plinthite in one or more horizons within 150 cm of the mineral soil surface. These soils are of large extent in the southeastern United States.
In this pedon, the soil has a very abrupt irregular boundary between the E and Bt horizons.
Landscape: These soil typically formed in sandy over loamy marine deposits or fluviomarine deposits in the upper and middle coastal plains. They are on summits, shoulders, and backslopes of Interfluves or side slopes on marine terraces, uplands, or flats. They are well suited to commonly grown crops, especially if irrigated.
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Cropland, commonly tobacco, cotton, corn, soybeans, and small grains. Where wooded--loblolly pine, longleaf pine, and slash pine, with some hardwoods, understory plants including American holly, flowering dogwood, persimmon, and greenbrier.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Upper Coastal Plain of North Carolina, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina
Extent: Large
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The Maben series consists of well drained soils that formed in thinly stratified sandy to clayey sediments and soft shale or laminar clays. Permeability is moderately slow. These gently sloping to very steep soils are on uplands of the Southern and Western Coastal Plain Major Land Resource Areas. Slopes range from 2 to 60 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, thermic Ultic Hapludalfs
Solum thickness ranges from 20 to 48 inches. The content of ironstone or sandstone fragments ranges from none to common throughout the profile. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid in the A and Ap horizons and from very strongly acid to moderately acid in the E, B, and C horizons.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Maben soils are used for woodland. Vegetation of wooded areas is mixed hardwood and pine. Cleared areas are used for growing corn, cotton, hay, and pasture.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Mississippi and Texas. The series is of moderate extent.
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Typical profile of Zundell silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes. (Soil Survey of Teton Area, Idaho and Wyoming; by Carla B. Rebernak, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Zundell series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in silty alluvium. These soils form on terraces on valley floors and the lower parts of fan remnants. Slopes are 0 to 2 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 406 millimeters and the mean annual air temperature is about 5 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, carbonatic Xeric Calcicryolls
Mollic epipedon thickness: 20 to 43 cm
Depth to calcic horizon: 25 to 69 cm
Depth to redoximorphic features (iron concentrations/depletions): 50 to 100 cm
Depth to sandy or sandy-skeletal material: greater than 100 cm
Control section total clay: 10 to 40 percent
Control section carbonate clay: 0 to 25 percent
Control section noncarbonate clay: 10 to 18 percent
Calcium carbonate equivalent in particle size control section: 30 to 60 percent (weighted
average is greater than 40 percent)
Rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent gravel in the particle size control section and 0 to 60 percent below the particle size control section, including calcium carbonate nodules.
Soil reaction: moderately alkaline to strongly alkaline
Mean annual soil temperature: 3.9 to 7.2 degrees C.
Mean summer soil temperature: 6.1 to 12.8 degrees C. (cryic soil temperature regime)
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major uses: pasture
Range/ecological site: R013XY039ID
Dominant native vegetation: Shrubby cinquefoil, slender wheat grass, baltic rush (and
other rushes), sedges, and redtop
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Southeastern Idaho, MLRA 13
Extent: The soils are not extensive
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
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For additional information about the survey area, visit:
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A representative soil profile of the Lindaas soil series. (Soil Survey of Polk County, Minnesota; by Charles T. Saari and Rodney B. Heschke, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Lindaas series consists of very deep, poorly drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in glacial lake sediments or local alluvium from till. These soils are in shallow depressions and on broad flats on glacial lake plains, till plains and moraines. They have slopes of 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual air temperature is 40 degrees F, and mean annual precipitation is 19 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, frigid Typic Argiaquolls
The depth to carbonates ranges from 18 to 35 inches. The mollic epipedon is more than 16 inches thick and may include part or all of the Bt horizon. LE is less than 6 cm in the upper meter.
USE AND VEGETATION: Cropped to small grains, row crops and legumes. The original vegetation was tall prairie grasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Eastern North Dakota and western Minnesota. The series is extensive.
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A representative soil profile of the Grigsby series. The Grigsby series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in mixed alluvium on flood plains. Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid. Slopes range from 0 to 20 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Dystric Fluventic Eutrudepts
Thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to 65 inches. Coarse fragments, mostly subrounded gravels or channers, range from 0 to 15 percent in the solum and from 0 to 60 percent in the substratum. Reaction ranges from moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the solum and from strongly acid to neutral in the substratum.
USE AND VEGETATION: Largely used for cultivated crops, hay or pasture. The native vegetation was a mixed mesophytic forest interspaced with canebrakes.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Kentucky and possibly Ohio, Tennessee, Virginia and West Virginia. The series is moderately extensive, over 100,000 acres.
For additional information about Kentucky soils, visit:
uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_book/4/
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soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/G/GRIGSBY.html
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A representative soil profile of the Iosco loamy sand, which formed in sandy lacustrine deposits underlain by loamy glacial till. (Soil Survey of Alpena County, Michigan; by Thomas E. Williams, Michigan Department of Agriculture)
The Iosco series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in sandy lacustrine deposits or outwash and the underlying loamy lacustrine deposits or till on ground moraines, outwash plains, and lake plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 762 mm (30 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 6.7 degrees C (44 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy over loamy, mixed, active, frigid Argic Endoaquods
Depth to the lithologic discontinuity (2Bt horizon): dominantly 53 to 91 cm (21 to 36 inches), and ranges from 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 89 cm (35 inches) to greater than 152 cm (60 inches)
USE AND VEGETATION: Less than one-half is cropped to corn, hay, oats, potatoes, and vegetables. The greater part is in permanent pasture or forest. Native vegetation is northern hardwoods and pines. Second growth forests are largely quaking aspen.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 90A, 93A, 93B, 94A, 94B, 94C, 95A, 96, and 98 in central and northern Michigan, northern Wisconsin, and northern Minnesota. This series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/michigan/MI007...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/I/IOSCO.html
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of an Inceptisol from the Cerado physiographic region--a vast tropical savanna ecoregion of Brazil, particularly in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Minas Gerais and the Federal District of Brazil. (Horizonation is by Brazil soil classification system.)
Landscape: Typical landscape and vegetation (eucalyptus plantation) associated with Inceptisols occurring on an interfluve in Brazil.
Inceptisols are a soil order in USDA soil taxonomy. They form quickly through alteration of parent material. They are more developed than Entisols. They have no accumulation of clays, iron oxide, aluminium oxide or organic matter. They have an ochric or umbric horizon and a cambic subsurface horizon. The central concept of Inceptisols is that of soils that are of cool to very warm, humid and subhumid regions and that have a cambic horizon and an ochric epipedon. The order of Inceptisols includes a wide variety of soils. In some areas Inceptisols are soils with minimal development, while in other areas they are soils with diagnostic horizons that merely fail the criteria of the other soil orders. Inceptisols have many kinds of diagnostic horizons and epipedons.
In the Brazil soil classification system, these Latossolos are highly weathered soils composed mostly of clay and weathering resistant sand particles. Clay silicates of low activity (kaolinite clays) or iron and aluminum oxide rich (haematite, goethite, gibbsite) are common. There are little noticeable horizonation differences. These are naturally very infertile soils, but, because of the ideal topography and physical conditions, some are being used for agricultural production. These soils do require fertilizers because of the ease of leaching of nutrients through the highly weathered soils.
For additional information about these soils, visit:
sites.google.com/site/soil350brazilsoilsla/soil-formation...
and...
For additional information about U.S. soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class...
A representative soil profile of a Mollisol from the Cerrado physiographic region--a vast tropical savanna ecoregion of Brazil, particularly in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Minas Gerais and the Federal District of Brazil.
In the Cerrado region, shallow soils dominate the steeper upper sideslopes and narrow ridges.
Mollisols are a soil order in USDA soil taxonomy. Mollisols form in semi-arid to semi-humid areas, typically under a grassland cover. They are most commonly found in the mid-latitudes, namely in North America, mostly east of the Rocky Mountains, in South America in Argentina (Pampas) and Brazil, and in Asia in Mongolia and the Russian Steppes. Their parent material is typically base-rich and calcareous and include limestone, loess, or wind-blown sand. The main processes that lead to the formation of grassland Mollisols are melanisation, decomposition, humification and pedoturbation.
Mollisols have deep, high organic matter, nutrient-enriched surface layersl (A horizon), typically more than 25 cm thick. This fertile surface horizon, known as a mollic epipedon, is the defining diagnostic feature of Mollisols. Mollic epipedons result from the long-term addition of organic materials derived from plant roots, and typically have soft, granular soil structure.
In the Brazil soil classification system, Chernossolos are soils with high clay activity that are very dark, well structured, rich in organic matter, high content of exchangeable cations. They are commonly not deep (<100cm) and are mostly found in the south and east parts of Brazil.
For additional information about these soils, visit:
sites.google.com/site/soil350brazilsoilsla/soil-formation...
and...
For additional information about U.S. soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class...
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of an Histosol from the Cerado physiographic region--a vast tropical savanna ecoregion of Brazil, particularly in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Minas Gerais and the Federal District of Brazil. (Horizonation is by Brazil soil classification system.)
Landscape: Typical landscape and vegetation associated with Histosols occurring in low-lying areas in Brazil.
In both the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) and the USDA soil taxonomy, a Histosol is a soil consisting primarily of organic materials. They are defined as having 40 centimetres (16 in) or more of organic soil material in the upper 80 centimetres (31 in). Organic soil material has an organic carbon content (by weight) of 12 to 18 percent, or more, depending on the clay content of the soil. These materials include muck (sapric soil material), mucky peat (hemic soil material), or peat (fibric soil material). Aquic conditions or artificial drainage are required. Typically, Histosols have very low bulk density and are poorly drained because the organic matter holds water very well. Most are acidic and many are very deficient in major plant nutrients which are washed away in the consistently moist soil.
Histosol (Organossolos) and landscape BRAZIL--In the Brazil soil classification system, these soils are classified as Organossolos. Organossolos are soils that are very rich in organic matter and are characterized by an organic carbon level that is greater than 80 g/kg. These soils are usually completely saturated for at least a month out of the year and/or have a large amount of organic matter accumulation.
For additional information about these soils, visit:
sites.google.com/site/soil350brazilsoilsla/soil-formation...
and...
For additional information about U.S. soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class...
Soil profile: A representative profile of Dothan loamy sand. The Dothan series consists of very deep, well drained, loamy soils.
Landscape: Dothan soils formed in thick beds of unconsolidated, medium to fine-textured marine sediments. They are commonly on interfluves with slopes of 0 to 15 percent. Most areas of Dothan soils have been cleared and are used for the production of corn, cotton, peanuts, vegetable crops, hay, and pasture. Forested areas are in longleaf pine, loblolly pine, sweetgum, southern red oak, and hickory.
Mean annual temperature is about 18 degrees C (65 degrees F), and the mean annual precipitation is about 1360 millimeters (53 inches).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Plinthic Kandiudults
Plinthite: Depth to horizons that contain 5 percent or more plinthite ranges from 60 to 152 centimeters (24 to 60 inches).
Silt content is less than 20 percent.
Clay content is between 18 to 35 percent in the upper 51 centimeters (20 inches) of the Bt horizon.
Depth to Redox features: Predominantly greater than 102 centimeters (40 inches), but some pedons have iron depletions below a depth of 76 centimeters (30 inches).
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Major Land Resource Areas (MLRA): The series occurs primarily in the Southern Coastal Plain (MLRA 133A), but it also occurs to a lesser extent in the Atlantic Coast Flatwoods (MLRA 153A).
Extent: large extent
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DOTHAN.html
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The A, B, and C horizons are known as the dominant master horizons. They are part of a system for naming soil horizons in which each layer is identified by the capital letters O, A, E, B, C, L, M, W, and R.
The Dekalb series consists of moderately deep, excessively drained soils formed in material weathered from gray and brown acid sandstone in places interbedded with shale and graywacke. Slope ranges from 0 to 80 percent. Permeability is rapid. Mean annual precipitation is about 48 inches and mean annual air temperature is about 53 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, active, mesic Typic Dystrudepts
Solum thickness and depth to bedrock range from 20 to 40 inches. Flat, subangular or angular, sandstone fragments, 1 to 10 inches across increase with depth and range from 10 to 60 percent in individual horizons of the solum and from 50 to 90 percent or more in the C horizon. The amount of rock fragments typically increases with depth. Weighted average rock fragment content ranges from 35 to 75 percent in the particle-size control section. Cobbly, channery, and very stony phases are common. Reaction ranges from extremely through strongly acid where unlimed. Illite, kaolinite, and vermiculite are common clay minerals.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most Dekalb soils are in forests of mixed oaks, maple, and some white pine and hemlock. Smaller areas have been cleared for cultivation and pasture.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, West Virginia, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Georgia. The series is of large extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DEKALB.html
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The Cowarts series consists of very deep, moderately well and well drained soils on ridge tops and side slopes on uplands of the Coastal Plain (MLRA 133A) Major Land Resource Area. They formed in loamy marine sediments. They are Slopes range from 1 to 60 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults
Solum thickness ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout except where lime has been added. Percent by volume of iron concretions and/or quartz gravel, 2 mm to 7 cm in diameter, ranges from 0 to 30 percent in the A and E horizons; from 0 to 10 percent in the B horizon; and from 0 to 15 percent in the C horizon. Percent by volume of nodular plinthite ranges from 0 to 4 percent, by volume. Silt content is less than 20 percent.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Cowarts soils are used for woodland. Many areas have been cleared and are used for the production of cotton, corn, peanuts, vegetable crops and pasture. Common trees include longleaf pine, loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, slash pine, southern red oak, sweetgum, hickory and flowering dogwood.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Coastal Plain of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/COWARTS.html
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Mollisols are a soil order in USDA soil taxonomy. Mollisols form in semi-arid to semi-humid areas, typically under a grassland cover. They are most commonly found in the mid-latitudes, namely in North America, mostly east of the Rocky Mountains, in South America in Argentina (Pampas) and Brazil, and in Asia in Mongolia and the Russian Steppes. Their parent material is typically base-rich and calcareous and include limestone, loess, or wind-blown sand. The main processes that lead to the formation of grassland Mollisols are melanisation, decomposition, humification and pedoturbation.
Mollisols have deep, high organic matter, nutrient-enriched surface soil (A horizon), typically between 60–80 cm in depth. This fertile surface horizon, known as a mollic epipedon, is the defining diagnostic feature of Mollisols. Mollic epipedons result from the long-term addition of organic materials derived from plant roots, and typically have soft, granular, soil structure.
Mollisols occur in savannahs and mountain valleys (such as Central Asia, or the North American Great Plains). These environments have historically been strongly influenced by fire and abundant pedoturbation from organisms such as ants and earth worms. It was estimated that in 2003, only 14 to 26 percent of grassland ecosystems still remained in a relatively natural state (that is, they were not used for agriculture due to the fertility of the A horizon). Globally, they represent about 7% of ice-free land area. As the world's most agriculturally productive soil order, the Mollisols represent one of the more economically important soil orders.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
Profile of Lazbuddie soil in an area of Lazbuddie clay, 0 to 1 percent slopes, showing accumulations of secondary carbonates throughout the profile and a strong calcic horizon at about 140 cm.(Soil Survey of Deaf Smith County, Texas) by Thomas C. Byrd, Natural Resources Conservation Service.
The Lazbuddie series consists of very deep, moderately well drained, very slowly permeable soils that formed in calcareous, clayey lacustrine deposits of Quaternary age. These nearly level soils are on playa steps in large playa basins. Slope ranges from 0 to 1 percent. Mean annual precipitation is 483 mm (19 in) and mean annual temperature is 16 degrees C (61 F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, thermic Calcic Haplusterts
Soil moisture: An ustic moisture regime bordering on typic. The soil moisture control section is dry in some or all parts for more than 180 but less than 205 cumulative days in normal years. July through August and November through March are the driest months. These soils are intermittently moist in September through October and April through June; however, lower landscape positions result in higher "effective" precipitation.
Mean annual soil temperature: 15 to 18 degrees C (59 to 64 F).
Depth to secondary calcium carbonate: 13 to 100 cm (5 to 40 in).
Depth to calcic horizon: 100 to 150 cm (40 to 60 in).
Depth to slickensides: 6 to 25 cm (2 to 10 in).
Linear extensibility of top 1 meter (40 in): 7 to 10 cm (2.75 to 4 in).
Solum thickness: more than 203 cm (80 in).
Particle-size control section (weighted average): 40 to 60 percent silicate clay.
This is a cyclic soil and undisturbed areas have gilgai microrelief with microhighs 13 to 46 cm (5 to 18 in) higher than microlows. Distance between the center of the microhigh and the center of the microlow is about 1.5 to 6 m (5 to 20 ft). The microhigh makes up about 25 percent, the intermediate area between the high and low about 50 percent, and the microlow about 25 percent. Cracks open and close each year, except during higher than normal rainfall years, and remain open for 150 to 210 cumulative days during most years. When dry, 1.3 to 7.5 cm (0.5 to 3 in) wide cracks extends from the surface to a depth of 100 cm (40 in) or more. Cracks are more prominent in the microlow. The range in characteristics represents 50 percent or more of each pedon unless otherwise stated.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for livestock grazing. Some areas are cultivated to wheat, cotton, or grain sorghum. Vegetation varies according to amount of water available. Native vegetation includes buffalograss, blue grama, vine mesquite, and western wheatgrass. This soil has been correlated to the Deep Hardland (R077CY022TX) ecological site in MLRA-77C.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern High Plains, Southern Part (MLRA 77C of LRR H) of west Texas and eastern New Mexico. The series is of moderate extent. These soils were formerly included in the Lipan and Roscoe series.
Soil profile: Typical profile of a Lewhand soil. The ochric epipedon extends from the surface to a depth of 20 centimeters (A horizon). (Soil Survey of Clearwater Area, Idaho; by Glenn Hoffman, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Area of Lewhand-Teneb complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes, on Weippe Prairie, where camas grows in abundance. Lewhand soils are in drainageways and small basins.
The Lewhand series consists of shallow to a fragipan, poorly drained soils formed in mixed alluvium with an admixture of volcanic ash. Permeability is very slow and slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 35 inches and the average annual temperature is about 42 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, frigid Vitrandic Fragiudalfs
Depth to fragipan - 13 to 19 inches
Average annual soil temperature - 39 to 45 degrees F. (Frigid temperature regime)
Soil moisture control section - not dry for 45 consecutive days following the summer solstice. Aquic conditions from November to June. Udic moisture regime.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for livestock grazing, watershed and some crop production. The main crops are hay and oats. Potential native vegetation is black hawthorn, scattered lodgepole pine, snowberry, sedges and rushes.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: North central Idaho; Lewhand soils are not extensive.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/idaho/clearwat...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LEWHAND.html
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Flash flooding is common in northern parts of the Emirates and police always advise residents avoid driving near wadis during treacherous weather.
Iowa State Soil
A representative soil profile of the Tama soil series in Iowa. The Tama series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in loess. These soils are on interfluves and side slopes on uplands and on treads and risers on stream terraces in river valleys. Slope ranges from 0 to 20 percent. Mean annual air temperature is about 9 degrees C (48 degrees F). Mean annual precipitation is about 909 millimeters (36 inches).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Argiudolls
Thickness of the mollic epipedon--25 to 49 centimeters
Depth to carbonates--110 to more than 200 centimeters
Clay content of the particle-size control section (weighted average)--26 to 35 percent
Sand content of the particle-size control section (weighted average)--less than 5 percent
Rock fragment content--0 percent
USE AND VEGETATION:
Nearly level to gently sloping areas are cultivated. The principal crops are corn, soybeans, small grains, and legume hays. Steeper slopes are pastured. The native vegetation is big bluestem, little bluestem, switchgrass, and other grasses of the tall grass prairie.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Physiographic Division--Interior Plains
Physiographic Province--Central Lowland
Physiographic sections--Eastern lake section, Wisconsin driftless section, Dissected till plains, Till plains
MLRAs--Southern Wisconsin and Northern Illinois Drift Plain (95B),
Eastern Iowa and Minnesota Till Prairies (104),
Northern Mississippi Valley Loess Hills (105), and
Illinois and Iowa Deep Loess and Drift (108)
LRR M; Iowa, Illinois, Minnesota and Wisconsin
Extent--large
The thickness of the A horizon, depth to sub-horizon highest in clay, maximum percent clay, thickness of Bt horizon, depth to carbonates, and depth to redoximorphic features usually decrease as gradient increases on convex slopes.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/iowa/IA171/0/t...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TAMA.html
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Soil profile: The Little Wood series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in loess, alluvium, and residuum from mixed sources. Permeability is moderate in the upper part and very rapid below. The average annual precipitation is about 14 inches and the average annual air temperature is about 43 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, frigid Ultic Argixerolls
Landscape: Little Wood soils are on fan terraces, stream terraces, and dissected alluvial terraces. Slopes are 0 to 30 percent. They are used for dry cropland, irrigated cropland, rangeland, and housing sites. Alfalfa hay, pasture, and small grains are the principle crops. Vegetation is bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, Sandberg bluegrass, needlegrasses, mountain big sagebrush, and basin big sagebrush.
Average annual soil temperature - 42 to 47 degrees F.
Average summer soil temperature - 60 to 65 degrees F.
Mollic epipedon thickness - 10 to 19 inches
Depth to sandy-skeletal layer and base of the argillic - 21 to 34 inches
Reaction - moderately acid to neutral
Base saturation - 50 to 75 percent
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Little Wood soils are moderately extensive in south-central Idaho.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LITTLE_WOOD.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#little%20wood
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, mesic Typic Kanhapludults
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Very deep
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Low to high
Permeability: Moderate
Shrink-Swell Potential: Low
Landscape: Piedmont uplands
Landform: Hill, interfluve
Geomorphic Component: Interfluve, side slope, nose slope
Hillslope Profile Position: Summit, shoulder, backslope
Parent Material: Residuum weathered from felsic crystalline rock such as mica schist, gneiss, granite gneiss, mica gneiss, granodiorite, and granite
Slope: 2 to 60 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Where cultivated--small grains, corn, soybeans, hay, tobacco, and orchards. Where forested--Eastern white pine, Virginia pine, red oak, white oak, post oak, hickory, blackgum, red maple, yellow poplar, and dogwood.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Virginia and North Carolina with moderate extent
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CLIFFORD.html
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A soil profile of a soil in the Deepwood series. (Soil Survey of Harper County, Oklahoma; by Troy Collier and Steve Alspach, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Deepwood series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in unconsolidated material and local alluvial-colluvial valley fill that weathered from sandstone of Permian age. These soils occur on very gently sloping to steep side slopes and base slopes of the Central Rolling Red Plains (MLRA 78). Slope ranges from 1 to 30 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 16.1 degrees C (61 degrees F), and the mean annual precipitation is 635 mm (25 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, thermic Typic Haplustepts
Soil Moisture: Typic ustic soil moisture regime.
Solum thickness: 76 to 152 cm (30 to 60 in)
Depth to densic bedrock: Typically greater than 203 cm, but some pedons have noncemented sandstone below 165 cm (65 in)
Thickness of the ochric epipedon: 10 to 46 cm (4 to 18 in)
Depth to identifiable secondary carbonate: 0 to 91 cm (0 to 36 in)
Effervescence: Typically the soil is calcareous throughout.
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major uses: mostly livestock grazing but a considerable acreage on lesser slopes is used for crop production
Native vegetation: mainly little bluestem and grama grasses
Ecological sites assigned to phases and components of this series are listed below. Current ecological site assignments are in Web Soil Survey. Components of this series include the following ecological sites: Loamy Upland
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
General area: Western Oklahoma, a few counties in southern Kansas, and northwestern Texas
Land Resource Region: H - Central Great Plains Winter Wheat and Range Region
MLRA 78B & 78C - Central Rolling Red Plains, Western and Eastern Parts
Extent: Large
These soils were formerly included with the Woodward series.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/oklahoma/OK059...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DEEPWOOD.html
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Plinthudults are the Udults that have one or more horizons within 150 cm of the mineral soil surface in which plinthite either forms a continuous phase or constitutes one-half or more of the volume. They are mainly in intertropical regions and in some areas are extensive. They are not known to occur in the United States. The great group is provided for use in other parts of the world.
Udults are the more or less freely drained, humus-poor Ultisols that have a udic moisture regime. They are in humid climates, and most receive well distributed rainfall. Udults developed in sediments and on surfaces that range from late Pleistocene to Pliocene or possibly older. Many are cultivated, either with the use of soil amendments or in a system in which they are cropped for a very few years and then are returned to forest to allow the trees to regather in their tissues the small supply of nutrients.
"Laterite" is an antiquated term referring to hardened soil that contains large amounts of plinthite.
Laterite is considered both a soil and a rock type rich in iron and aluminum and most commonly formed in hot and wet tropical areas. Nearly all laterites are of rusty-red coloration, because of high iron oxide content. They develop by intensive and prolonged weathering of the underlying parent rock, usually when there are conditions of high temperatures and heavy rainfall with alternate wet and dry periods. Tropical weathering (laterization) is a prolonged process of chemical weathering which produces a wide variety in the thickness, grade, chemistry and ore mineralogy of the resulting soils. The majority of the land area containing laterites is between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn.
With laterite being referred to as a soil type as well as being a rock type with variation in the modes of conception--there has been calls for the term to be abandoned altogether. Material that looks highly similar to the Indian laterite occurs abundantly worldwide.
Historically, laterite was cut into brick-like shapes and used in monument-building. After 1000 CE, construction at Angkor Wat and other southeast Asian sites changed to rectangular temple enclosures made of laterite, brick, and stone. Similar materials in the US have not sufficiently hardened to be mined as building blocks. This material has been referred to as "soft" plinthite.
Laterites are a source of aluminum ore; the ore exists largely in clay minerals and the hydroxides, gibbsite, boehmite, and diaspore, which resembles the composition of bauxite. In Northern Ireland they once provided a major source of iron and aluminum ores.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class...
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Delphine series which are shallow to bedrock. (Soil Survey of Channel Islands National Park, California; by Alan Wasner, United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: An area of Delphine soils on the highly eroded side slopes of hills. Delphine soils are on summits and side slopes of hills on islands. Slopes range from 30 to 75 percent. The soils formed in residuum from schist. Elevations are 600 to 1500 feet (183 to 457 meters). The climate is characterized by warm, dry summers and cool, moist winters with fog common all year.
The Delphine series consists of shallow, well drained soils that formed in residuum from schist.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, thermic, shallow Typic Haploxeralfs
The mean annual soil temperature is 59 to 71 degrees F. (15 to 19 degrees C.) The soil moisture control section is dry in all parts from about mid-June to mid-November and is usually moist the rest of the time.
Depth to paralithic bedrock is 11 to 19 inches (28 to 48 centimeters).
Depth to lithic bedrock is 17 to 22 inches (42 to 56 centimeters). Series is best represented by a depth to lithic bedrock greater than 20 inches (50 centimeters).
The particle-size control section averages 18 to 35 percent clay and 35 to 85 percent rock fragments.
USE AND VEGETATION: Wildlife habitat, recreation and building site development. Vegetation is low shrubs and annual grasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Santa Barbara County, California on Santa Cruz Island. The soil is not extensive. MLRA 20.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/CA6...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DELPHINE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Inez series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that formed in loamy alluvium of late Pleistocene age. These nearly level soils are on stream terraces on flat coastal plains. Slopes are typically less than 1 percent but range from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 991 mm (39 in) and the mean annual air temperature is about 22 degrees C (72 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, hyperthermic Oxyaquic Vertic Hapludalfs
Soil Moisture: Udic soil moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is dry in some or all parts for less than 90 days in normal years.
Mean annual soil temperature: 22.2 to 22.8 degrees C (72 to 73 degrees F)
Depth to argillic horizon: 28 to 69 cm (11 to 1827 in)
Depth to secondary carbonates: 46 to 135 cm (18 to 53 in)
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: 35 to 55 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for rangeland and a few areas are used for growing rice. Native vegetation for these savannah soils includes grasses such as little bluestem, indiangrass, Florida paspalum, brownseed paspalum, and woody vegetation such as post oak, live oak, blackjack oak, yaupon, American beautyberry, and greenbriar.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
General area: Upper to coastal prairie of Texas
Land Resource Region: T (Atlantic and Gulf Coast Lowland Forest and Crop Region)
Major Land Resource Area: 150A (Gulf Coast Prairies)
Extent: moderate
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/I/INEZ.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A soil profile of Darden loamy fine sand. (Soil Survey of Union County, Arkansas; by Leodis Williams, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Darden series consists of very deep, excessively drained, rapidly permeable soils formed in sandy sediments. These nearly level to moderately steep soils are on convex terraces and uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Thermic, coated Typic Quartzipsamments
Thickness of sandy horizons exceeds 80 inches. The 10 to 40 inch control section contains 10 to 25 percent silt plus clay. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid in the A horizon and upper C horizon and very strongly acid to neutral in the lower C horizon. The soil is dry in some part of the moisture control section for 75 to 90 cumulative days in most years. Small rounded pebbles range from none to few.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for woodland and improved pasture. A few areas are cultivated to watermelons and vegetables. Native vegetation includes shortleaf and loblolly pine, blackjack, bluejack, and post oaks. Understory vegetation consists of sassafras, persimmon, hawthorn, bull nettle, little bluestem, indiangrass, and dewberries.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Eastern Texas, southern Arkansas and northwestern Louisiana. The series is moderately extensive. This soil was formerly included with the Lakeland and Alaga series.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/arkansas/AR139...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DARDEN.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Bengal series. (Soil Survey of Pike County, Arkansas; by Jeffrey W. Olson, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Bengal series consists of moderately deep, well drained, slowly permeable soils. The upper part of the soil formed in colluvium and the underlying part formed in residuum weathered from shale of Pennsylvanian age. These nearly level to very steep soils are on uplands of the Ouachita Mountains (MLRA 119). Slopes range from 1 to 60 percent. Mean annual temperature is 63 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation is 46 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults
Solum thickness ranges from 20 to 40 inches and depth to weathered shale bedrock (Cr) ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Combined thickness of the A horizon is 5 to 12 inches.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for woodland. Some of the less sloping and less stony areas are used for tame pasture. The vegetation is principally post oak and blackjack oak with minor amounts of shortleaf pine. Bermudagrass and bahiagrass are the principal pasture grasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Ouachita Mountains of Oklahoma and Arkansas. The series is of moderate extent. These soils were formerly included in the Carnasaw series.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/arkansas/pikeA...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BENGAL.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil erosion by piping is a common problem in soils high in mica. Soil piping is a naturally occurring, hydraulic process that leads to the development of macropores (large, air-filled voids) in the subsurface that are associated with landslides and collapse subsidence.
For more information about these soils, visit;
www.researchgate.net/publication/363254375_Report_of_the_...
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
The Ramsdell series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils on level or nearly level low stream terraces and depressions on floodplains and valley floors. They formed in silty alluvium. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 28 inches and the average annual air temperature is about 45 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, nonacid, frigid Aquandic Endoaquepts
Oi--0 to 1 centimeters; slightly decomposed plant material; abrupt smooth boundary. Lab sample # 08N03939
Oe--1 to 3 centimeters; moderately decomposed plant material; abrupt smooth boundary. Lab sample # 08N03939
Apu1--3 to 10 centimeters; very dark brown (7.5YR 2.5/3) interior loamy fine sand, brown (7.5YR 4/3) interior, dry; weak fine subangular blocky parts to single grain, and weak fine granular parts to single grain; nonsticky, nonplastic; many fine roots throughout and common medium roots throughout and many very fine roots throughout; abrupt smooth boundary. Lab sample # 08N03940
Apu2--10 to 18 centimeters; very dark brown (7.5YR 2.5/2) interior fine sand, brown (7.5YR 4/2) interior, dry; weak fine granular parts to single grain; nonsticky, nonplastic; many fine roots throughout and many very fine roots throughout; abrupt smooth boundary. Lab sample # 08N03941
Au--18 to 31 centimeters; brown (7.5YR 5/4) interior loamy very fine sand, dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) interior, dry; moderate thin platy parts to weak fine subangular blocky structure; nonsticky, nonplastic; common fine roots throughout and common medium roots throughout and common very fine roots throughout; abrupt wavy boundary. Lab sample # 08N03942
2Cg1--31 to 48 centimeters; dark gray (10YR 4/1) interior silt loam, gray (7.5YR 6/1) interior, dry; weak medium subangular blocky structure; nonsticky, nonplastic; few fine roots throughout and few very fine roots throughout; 10 percent fine faint masses of oxidized iron in matrix and 20 percent reduced matrix in matrix; clear wavy boundary. Lab sample # 08N03943
2Cg2--48 to 71 centimeters; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) interior silt loam, light gray (7.5YR 7/1) interior, dry; massive; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few fine roots throughout and few medium roots throughout and few very fine roots throughout; 15 percent fine distinct masses of oxidized iron in matrix and 25 percent reduced matrix in matrix; gradual wavy boundary. Lab sample # 08N03944
2Cg3--71 to 90 centimeters; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) interior silt loam, light gray (7.5YR 7/1) interior, dry; massive; nonsticky, nonplastic; few fine roots throughout and few very fine roots throughout; 3 percent patchy distinct organic stains on surfaces along root channels; 20 percent fine distinct masses of oxidized iron in matrix and 25 percent reduced matrix in matrix. Lab sample # 08N03945
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Ramsdell soils are on level or nearly level low stream terraces and depressions on flood plains and valley floors. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. Elevations range from 2,100 to 2,800 feet. The soils formed in stratified silty alluvium. Average annual precipitation ranges from 26 to 32 inches and average annual air temperature is 43 to 46 degrees F. The frost-free period is 90 to 130 days.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the DeVoignes, Miesen, and Pywell soils. DeVoignes and Pywell soils are on low basins and have a histic epipedon. Miesen soils have an umbric epipedon and are on natural levees and higher stream terraces.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Very poorly drained; very slow runoff; saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. These soils are frequently flooded for brief to long periods from February to June. Some areas are artificially drained and protected by levees.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mostly for non-irrigated oats, pasture, hay, and grass seed production. Natural vegetation is Pacific willow, black cottonwood, western river alder, and western redcedar, with an understory of grass, and sedge, and forbs.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Idaho. This soil is not extensive. MLRAs 9, 43A and 44A.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/R/RAMSDELL.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A Gypsic Haplosalid in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
(Classification by UAE Keys to Soil Taxonomy)
For more information about soil classification in the UAE, visit:
library.wur.nl/isric/fulltext/isricu_i34214_001.pdf
Gypsic Haplosalids are the Haplosalids that have a gypsic horizon that has its upper boundary within 100 cm of the soil surface.
Haplosalids are the arid soils that have a high concentration of salts but do not have the saturation that is associated with the wetter Aquisalids. Haplosalids may be saturated for shorter periods than Aquisalids or may have had a water table associated with a past climate.
Salids are most common in depressions (playas) in the deserts or in closed basins in the wetter areas bordering the deserts. In North Africa and in the Near East, such depressions are referred to as Sabkhas depending on the presence or absence of surface water for prolonged periods. Under the arid environment and hot temperatures, accumulation of salts commonly occurs when there is a supply of salts and a net upward movement of water in the soils. In some areas a salic horizon has formed in salty parent materials without the presence of ground water. The most common form of salt is sodium chloride (halite), but sulfates (thenardite, mirabilite, and hexahydrite) and other salts may also occur.
Salids are Aridisols that are unsuitable for agricultural use, unless the salts are leached out. Leaching the salts is an expensive undertaking, particularly if there is no natural outlet for the drainage water.
Aridisols, as their name implies, are soils in which water is not available to mesophytic plants for long periods. During most of the time when the soils are warm enough for plants to grow, soil water is held at potentials less than the permanent wilting point or has a content of soluble salts great enough to limit the growth of plants other than halophytes, or both. The concept of Aridisols is based on limited soil moisture available for the growth of most plants. In areas bordering deserts, the absolute precipitation may be sufficient for the growth of some plants. Because of runoff or a very low storage capacity of the soils, or both, however, the actual soil moisture regime is aridic.
For more information about soil classification in the UAE, visit:
vdocument.in/united-arab-emirates-keys-to-soil-taxonomy.h...
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
The purpose of strongly contrasting particle-size classes is to identify changes in pore-size distribution or composition that are not identified in higher soil categories and that seriously affect the movement and retention of water and/or nutrients. The particle-size or substitute classes are considered strongly contrasting if both parts are 12.5 cm or more thick (including the thickness of these parts not entirely within the particle-size control section.
The particle-size class for this pedon is sandy over loamy (if the loamy material contains less than 50 percent, by weight, fine sand or coarser sand). The term particle-size class is used to characterize the grain-size composition of the whole soil, including both the fine earth and the rock and pararock fragments up to the size of a pedon, but it excludes organic matter and salts more soluble than gypsum. Substitutes for particle-size classes are used for soils that have andic soil properties or a high content of volcanic glass, pumice, cinders, rock fragments, or gypsum.
The formation of alluvium is the process whereby moving water transports and deposits clay, sand, silt, and rock fragments on the banks of valleys, deltas, or floodplains. Alluvial materials are loose and may be reshaped (rounded) during the transportation process. These materials are often stratified by a sequence of flood events.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
A profile of Cochina clay, 0 to 1 percent slopes, occasionally flooded, McMullen County, Texas.
Cochina soils formed in calcareous clayey alluvium and are clayey throughout. The Cochina series consists of very deep, moderately well drained, very slowly permeable soils on flood plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 1 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 56 cm (22 in) and the mean annual air temperature is about 22 degrees C (72 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Very-fine, smectitic, hyperthermic Sodic Haplusterts
Soil Moisture: An aridic ustic moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is moist in some or all parts for less than 90 consecutive days in normal years.
Mean annual soil temperature: 22.2 to 24.4 degrees C (72 to 76 degrees F)
Solum thickness: 152 to 203 cm (60 to 80 in
Depth to sodic features: 41 to 102 cm (16 to 40 in)
Vertic Features: Cracks that are 1 cm (0.4 in) to 8 cm (3 in) wide and extend to a depth of 0 to 50 cm (20 in) or more.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used as rangeland. Native vegetation is dominated by large mesquite; oak and elm may make up a large percent of the overstory along stream banks. Bristlegrass, Virginia wildrye, and fourflower trichloris dominate the potential herbaceous community. Mesquite, sedges, and spiny aster are persistent increasers. Retama and sneezeweed are persistent invaders.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Western Rio Grande Plain, Texas; LRR I, MLRA 83B; large extent. These soils were formerly included as a phase of the Mercedes series.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/COCHINA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Figure 3-20. Shiny clay films coat the surface of this ped. (Soil Survey Manual, USDA Handbook No. 18; issued March 2017).
Translocated clay along ped faces is called clay films or argillans. They appear as a waxy coating. If stained with iron, they are identified as ferriargillians. Soil horizons with sufficient clay illuviation are argillic horizons.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
For more information about Soil Taxonomy, visit;
MLRA(s): 136 (mesic part)
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Raleigh, North Carolina
Depth Class: Deep to bedrock
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Very deep
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Low to high
Permeability: Moderate
Shrink-Swell Potential: Low
Landscape: Piedmont upland
Landform: Hill, ridge
Geomorphic Component: Crest, side slope, nose slope, head slope
Hillslope Profile Position: Summit, shoulder, backslope
Parent Material: Residuum from felsic or intermediate metamorphic or igneous rock
Slope: 2 to 60 percent
Elevation (type location): 1280 feet
Frost Free Period (type location): 174 days
Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 57 degrees F.
Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 46 inches
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, mesic Typic Kanhapludults
REMARKS: Westfield soils were previously mapped with the Pacolet and Bethlehem series. Pacolet soils are thermic and are very deep to bedrock. Bethlehem soils are thermic and are moderately deep to paralithic contact. The April 1997 relocation of the mesic/thermic line necessitated the establishment of the Fairview series (mesic counterpart to the Pacolet series), and the Woolwine series (mesic counterpart to the Bethlehem series).
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/W/WESTFIELD.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
South Carolina State Soil
Soil profile: These very deep, somewhat poorly drained, moderately permeable soils formed in thick deposits of fluvial or marine sediments.
(Soil Survey of Sumter County, South Carolina; by Charles M. Ogg, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Somewhat poorly drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Shallow, common
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Negligible
Permeability: Moderate
Landscape: Lower to upper coastal plain
Landform: Marine terraces, flats
Geomorphic Component: Talfs, dips
Parent Material: Marine deposits, fluviomarine deposits
Slope: 0 to 5 percent
Elevation (type location): Unknown
Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 62 degrees F.
Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 48 inches
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Aeric Paleaquults
Thickness of the surface and subsurface layers: 3 to 19 inches
Depth to top of the Argillic horizon: 3 to 19 inches
Depth to the base of the Argillic horizon: 60 to more than 80 inches
Soil reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout, except where limed
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 80 inches
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 6 to 18 inches, November to April
Rock Fragment content: 0 to 10 percent, by volume
Other features: The particle-size control section contains less than 30 percent silt.
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: About one-half of the soil is in cropland or pasture and the remainder is in forest
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--corn, soybeans, cotton, tobacco, truck crops, small grains, or improved pasture. Where wooded--oak, sweetgum, blackgum, longleaf pine, slash pine, loblolly pine, and an understory of gallberry and pineland threeawn.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Georgia, Alabama, Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia
Extent: Large
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/south_carolina...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LYNCHBURG.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil plasticity is one of several categories or types of soil consistence. Soil consistence is the degree and kind of cohesion and adhesion that soil exhibits and/or the resistance of soil to deformation or rupture under an applied stress. Soil-water state strongly influences consistence.
Soil plasticity is the degree to which “puddled” or reworked soil can be permanently deformed without rupturing. The evaluation is made by forming a roll (wire) of soil 4 cm long at a water content where the maximum plasticity is expressed.
Nonplastic soils will not form a roll 6 mm in diameter, or if a roll is formed, it can’t support itself if held on end.
Slightly Plastic soils form a 6 mm diameter roll that supports itself; 4 mm diameter roll does not.
Moderately Plastic soils form a 4 mm diameter roll supports itself; 2 mm diameter roll does not.
Very Plastic soils form a 2 mm diameter roll that supports its weight.
(Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils; pp. 2-66.)
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...