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Kaolin clay is derived from the mineral Kaolinite which comes from the Earth’s crust. It is a hydrous aluminum silicate formed by the decomposition of minerals such as feldspar. The mineral Kaolinite, also referred to as Kaolinite clay, is a layered silicate mineral and is soft, earthy, and usually white in color, produced by the chemical weathering of aluminum silicate minerals. Rocks that are rich in Kaolinite are also known as Kaolin or China Clay. This means the terms Kaolin clay and Kaolinite clay can be used interchangeably.
Kaolinite is a common clay that has a variety of uses. Because of its low shrink-swell potential, kaolinite is used for making ceramics, bricks, and tile. It is also the source of white pigment in paper, light bulbs, and paint and an active ingredient in digestive medicines.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of an Inceptisol (bordrline Oxisol) from the Cerado physiographic region--a vast tropical savanna ecoregion of Brazil, particularly in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Minas Gerais and the Federal District of Brazil. (Horizonation is by Brazil soil classification system.)
Landscape: Typical landscape and vegetation (sugarcane and vegetable crops) occurring on upland side-slopes in Brazil.
This pedon has a lithologic discontinuity at a depth of about 50 centimeters (loamy colluvium over heavier-textured residuum).
Inceptisols are a soil order in USDA soil taxonomy. They form quickly through alteration of parent material. They are more developed than Entisols. They have no accumulation of clays, iron oxide, aluminium oxide or organic matter. They have an ochric or umbric horizon and a cambic subsurface horizon. The central concept of Inceptisols is that of soils that are of cool to very warm, humid and subhumid regions and that have a cambic horizon and an ochric epipedon. The order of Inceptisols includes a wide variety of soils. In some areas Inceptisols are soils with minimal development, while in other areas they are soils with diagnostic horizons that merely fail the criteria of the other soil orders. Inceptisols have many kinds of diagnostic horizons and epipedons.
Oxisols are a soil order in USDA soil taxonomy. Oxisols are weathered soils that are low in fertility. They are most common on the gentle slopes of geologically old surfaces in tropical and subtropical regions. Their profiles are distinctive because of a lack of obvious horizons. Their surface horizons are normally somewhat darker than the subsoil, but the transition of subsoil features is gradual. Some oxisols have been previously classified as laterite soils.
Inceptisol (Latossolos) and landscape BRAZIL--In the Brazil soil classification system, these Latossolos are highly weathered soils composed mostly of clay and weathering resistant sand particles. Clay silicates of low activity (kaolinite clays) or iron and aluminum oxide rich (haematite, goethite, gibbsite) are common. There are little noticeable horizonation differences. These are naturally very infertile soils, but, because of the ideal topography and physical conditions, some are being used for agricultural production. These soils do require fertilizers because of the ease of leaching of nutrients through the highly weathered soils.
For additional information about these soils, visit:
sites.google.com/site/soil350brazilsoilsla/soil-formation...
and...
For additional information about U.S. soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class...
Paralithic (lithic-like) contact is a contact between soil and paralithic materials (defined below) where the paralithic materials have no cracks or the spacing of cracks that roots can enter is 10 cm or more.
Paralithic materials are relatively unaltered materials that have an extremely weakly cemented to moderately cemented rupture resistance class. Cementation, bulk density, and the organization are such that roots cannot enter, except in cracks. Paralithic materials have, at their upper boundary, a paralithic contact if they have no cracks or if the spacing of cracks that roots can enter is 10 cm or more. Commonly, these materials are partially weathered bedrock or weakly consolidated bedrock, such as sandstone, siltstone, or shale. Fragments of paralithic materials 2.0 mm or more in diameter are referred to as pararock fragments.
The photo is from the Polkton soil series. Polkton soils are moderately deep, moderately well drained, and very slowly permeable, occurring on uplands of the Triassic Basins in the Southern Piedmont. They formed in residuum weathered from Triassic siltstone, mudstone, shale, and sandstone. Slope ranges from 2 to 25 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, thermic Oxyaquic Vertic Hapludalfs
Polkton soil series:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/POLKTON.html
Blocky structure. In this type of soil structure, the structural units are blocklike or polyhedral. They are bounded by flat or slightly rounded surfaces that are casts of the faces of surrounding peds. Typically, blocky structural units are nearly equidimensional but may grade to prisms or plates.
The structure is described as angular blocky if the faces intersect at relatively sharp angles; as subangular blocky if the faces are a mixture of rounded and plane faces and the corners are mostly rounded.
Blocky structures are common in subsoil but also occur in surface soils that have a high clay content. The strongest blocky structure is formed as a result of swelling and shrinking of the clay minerals which produce cracks. Sometimes the surface of dried-up sloughs and ponds shows characteristic cracking and peeling due to clays.
Clayey soils have 35 (more than 30 percent in Vertisols) to less than 60 percent (by weight) clay in the particle-size control section.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
The Carbonton series consists of moderately deep, somewhat poorly drained soils with slow permeability. They formed in residuum from Triassic siltstone, mudstone, conglomerate, and shale. These soils are on uplands of the Triassic Basin in the Southern Piedmont. Slope ranges from 2 to 40 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs
Solum thickness ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Depth to paralithic contact with weathered bedrock (Cr) ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Depth to a lithic contact with unweathered bedrock (R) is 40 to more than 60 inches. Rock fragments are less than 35 percent by volume in the A or Ap horizon, less than 15 percent by volume in the E, BE, Bt, and BCt horizons, and less than 35 percent by volume in the C horizon. Exchangeable aluminum is high (greater than 10 meq/100g). Reaction ranges from extremely acid to strongly acid except where surface layers have been limed.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of this soil is in woodland with some small areas in pasture. Forested areas are loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, southern red oak, white oak, and hickory. Understory species are dominantly red maple, sweet gum, eastern red cedar, flowering dogwood, and sourwood.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Triassic Basins of the thermic Southern Piedmont of North Carolina and possibly South Carolina and Virginia. The series has small extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CARBONTON.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of Chemehuevi soil in an area of Chemehuevi-Carrizo-Riverbend complex, 2 to
30 percent slopes. series. (Interim Report for the Soil Survey of Chemehuevi Wash Off-Highway Vehicle Area, California; by Leon Lato, Carrie-Ann Houdeshell, and Heath McAllister, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Typical area of a Chemehuevi soil. Chemehuevi soils are on fan remnants. Slopes range from 2 to 8 percent. These soils formed in alluvium from granite, gneiss, and schist. Elevations range from approximately 145 to 540 meters (about 475 to 1,800 feet). The climate is arid with hot, dry summers and warm, dry winters.
The Chemehuevi series consists of very deep, well drained soils. The mean annual precipitation is about 100 millimeters (about 4 inches) and the mean annual temperature is about 23 degrees C (about 73 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Typic Haplocalcids
Soil moisture control section: usually dry throughout, rarely moist in some part during summer or winter. The soils have a typic-aridic soil moisture regime.
Soil temperature: 25 to 28 degrees C (about 77 to 83 degrees F).
Depth to calcic horizon: 3 to 25 centimeters.
Organic matter: 0 to 0.5 percent.
Control section -
Rock fragments: averages 35 to 60 percent, mainly fine and medium gravel.
Clay content: averages 8 to 12 percent, ranges from 6 to 12 percent in the upper part and 2 to 8 percent in the lower part.
USE AND VEGETATION: Chemehuevi soils are used for recreation and wildlife habitat. Overland flow for Chemehuevi soils ultimately drains into Lake Havasu. The present vegetation is mainly creosote bush, plantain, spiny turkshead, and burrobush.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Lower Colorado Desert of southeastern California, U.S.A.;MLRA 31. These soils are of small extent. The name is derived from Chemehuevi Wash located in the eastern portion of the Mojave Desert, west of the Chemehuevi Indian Reservation and Colorado River.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/CA6...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CHEMEHUEVI.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A typical profile of a Mountview soil. Mountview soils have few limitations affecting crop production. (Soil Survey of Overton County, Tennessee; by Carlie McCowan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: A field of snap beans on Mountview silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, eroded. This soil is highly productive for most row crops.
Soil profile: A profile of Mountview silt loam. Two different parent materials are evident where loess overlies clayey residuum derived from cherty limestone at a depth of about 95 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Hickman County, Tennessee; By Douglas F. Clendenon, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Mountview series consists of very deep, well drained and moderately well drained, soils that formed in 2 to 3 feet of a silty mantle, presumably loess, and underlying residuum of limestone or old alluvium. Slopes range from 0 to 20 percent. Near the type location, average annual air temperature is about 59 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation is about 54 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Oxyaquic Paleudults
Solum thickness and depth to rock exceeds 60 inches. The upper solum formed in a silty mantle, presumably loess, and commonly is about 30 inches thick but ranges from about 22 to 36 inches. This overlies a lower solum developed in residuum of limestone or old alluvium. Coarse fragments, commonly fragments of chert, range from 0 to about 5 percent in the upper 30 inches and from about 5 to 35 percent below that depth. Transition horizons have characteristics similar to adjacent horizons. Reaction of each horizon is very strongly acid or strongly acid, except the surface layer is less acid where limed.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for growing hay, pasture, small grains, cotton, corn, and tobacco. Some areas are in woodland consisting chiefly of oak, hickory, gum, and maple.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Highland Rim of Tennessee, northern Alabama, Pennyroyal of Kentucky, and possibly southern Missouri. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/tennessee/TN08...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MOUNTVIEW.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile of Evadale silt loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes. The light gray material is loess that was deposited on the red clayey material. (Soil Survey of Tyler County, Texas; by Levi Steptoe, Jr., Natural Resources Conservation Services)
The Evadale series consists of very deep, poorly drained soils. These nearly level soils formed in loamy fluviomarine deposits of the Beaumont Formation of Late Pleistocene age. Slope ranges from 0 to 1 percent but mainly less than 1 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 19.5 degrees C (67 degrees F), and mean annual precipitation is about 1422 mm (56 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, siliceous, active, thermic Typic Glossaqualfs
Soil Moisture: An aquic soil moisture regime.
Mean annual soil temperature: 20.6 to 21.7 degrees C (69 to 71 degrees F)
Depth to argillic horizon: 20 to 58 cm (8 to 23 in)
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: 30 to 35 percent
CEC/clay ratio: 0.40 to 0.60
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used mainly for timber and native pasture. Most forested areas are a mix of pine and hardwoods, mainly loblolly pine, water oak, and sweetgum. The understory vegetation is mainly pinehill bluestem, longleaf uniola, spreading panicum, brownseed paspalum, splitbeard bluestem, greenbrier, Carolina jessamine, and southern bayberry. A few areas have been cleared and used for improved pastures of bahiagrass and bermudagrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeast Texas mainly east of the Trinity River and possibly southwestern Louisiana; LRR T; Western Gulf Coast Flatwoods (MLRA 152B); large extent.
The Evadale series was formerly included with the Wrightsville series. A former ponded phase of the Evadale series is now included with the Camptown series. The classification was changed from a fine family to fine-silty family during the correlation of the MLRA 152B update. Data from the Texas A&M University Soil Characterization laboratory at the type location and data from other pedons show the particle-size control section to be dominantly fine-silty.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX457/0/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/E/EVADALE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Whipple series in an area of Stormjade-Whipple complex, 8 to 50 percent slopes. (Interim Report for the Soil Survey of Chemehuevi Wash Off-Highway Vehicle Area, California; by Leon Lato, Carrie-Ann Houdeshell, and Heath McAllister, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Typical area of a Whipple soil. Whipple soils are on backslopes of hills. Slopes range from 8 to 50 percent. These soils formed in residuum and colluvium from granite. Elevations are 390 to 490 meters (1280 to 1600 feet). The climate is arid with hot, dry summers and warm, dry winters.
The Whipple series consists of very shallow and shallow, somewhat excessively drained soils. The mean annual precipitation is about 100 millimeters (4 inches) and the mean annual air temperature is about 24 degrees C (75 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Lithic Haplargids
Soil moisture control section: usually dry throughout, rarely moist in some part during summer or winter. The soils have a typic-aridic soil moisture regime.
Soil temperature: 22 to 26.7 degrees C (72 to 80 degrees ).
Depth to argillic horizon: 2 to 4 centimeters.
Depth to bedrock: 13 to 36 centimeters.
Control section - Clay content: averages 12 to 18 percent.
USE AND VEGETATION: Whipple soils are used for recreation and wildlife habitat. The present vegetation is mainly burrobush, brittlebush and creosote bush.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Colorado Desert of southeastern California, U.S.A.; MLRA 31. These soils are of small extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/CA6...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/W/WHIPPLE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Related site:
Soil Profile: A representative soil profile of the Watauga series. Watauga soils are very deep, but most have minimal profile development as indicated by a relatively thin argillic horizon.
Landscape: Watauga soils are on gently sloping to very steep ridges and side slopes in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. Slopes range from 2 to 50 percent. Elevation ranges from 1,400 to 4,000 feet. They formed in residuum that is affected by soil creep in the upper part and are weathered from high-grade metamorphic rocks that are high in mica content such as mica gneiss and mica schist. (Photo from the Upper Mountain Research Station, NCSU)
Mica Research Project
In the summer of 2003, a team of soil scientists was assembled to study and evaluate how mica has historically been described in soil profile descriptions (official soil descriptions and field descriptions) and to determine if a need exists to refine quantification and description techniques as related to soil classification and making and interpreting soil maps. In addition to soil scientists, resource specialists (geologists, engineers, research specialists, and university staff) were asked to provide input, guidance, and historical perspective.
For more information about the Mica Research Project, visit:
[www.researchgate.net/publication/363254375_Report_of_the_...]
Upper Mountain Research Station
The station is located in Ashe County at an elevation of 3,200 feet, making it the highest research station in the state. The 454-acre station is host to a variety of research programs centered around Christmas trees, livestock and agriculture. Crops including tobacco, corn, pumpkins, turfgrass and small fruits — blackberries, raspberries and blueberries — are tested for their suitability for high elevations. The station also has a variety of greenhouses.
For more information about the research farm, visit:
cals.ncsu.edu/research/research-stations/upper-mountain-r...
Watauga Soil
The Watauga series consists of very deep, well drained soils on gently sloping to very steep ridges and side slopes of the Southern Blue Ridge (MLRA 130B). Slope ranges from 2 to 50 percent. They formed in residuum that is affected by soil creep in the upper part, and is weathered from high-grade metamorphic rocks that are high in mica content such as mica gneiss and mica schist.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, micaceous, mesic Typic Hapludults
The solum ranges from 20 to 60 inches thick. Depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches. Content of coarse fragments ranges from 0 to 35 percent in the A, Ap, AB, or E horizon, and 0 to 15 percent in the B horizon. Reaction is very strongly acid to moderately acid unless limed. Flakes of mica are common or many in the surface layer and upper B horizon and many in the lower B and C horizons.
USE AND VEGETATION: About half of the areas of this series is cleared and used for corn, small grain, tobacco, truck crops, hay, or pasture. Some areas are being used for Christmas tree production. Common trees include scarlet oak, chestnut oak, black oak, white oak, hickory, eastern white pine, Virginia pine, and pitch pine. Yellow poplar and northern red oak are common in the northern portions of MLRA 130B. The dominant understory is flowering dogwood, mountain laurel, rhododendron, and sourwood.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Southern Blue Ridge (MLRA 130B) of North Carolina, Georgia, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. The series is extensive.
For more information about the "Soil Survey Report of Ashe County, NC", visit:
archive.org/details/asheNC1985
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/W/WATAUGA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A profile of a Roche soil. These soils formed in coarse-loamy glacial drift. They are moderately deep to a water- and root-restricting layer, are moderately well drained, and support forests that consist dominantly of Douglas-fir and Pacific madrone. (Soil Survey of San Juan County, Washington; by Michael Regan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Roche series consists of moderately deep, moderately well drained soils formed in glacial drift over dense glaciomarine deposits on hills and outwash plains. Slopes are 0 to 30 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 545 millimeters. The average annual air temperature is about 9 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, isotic, mesic Aquic Dystroxerepts
Average annual soil temperature - 10 to 11 degrees C.
Moisture control section - dry 75 to 90 days following the summer solstice
Depth to densic contact - 50 to 100 cm
Depth to redoximorphic features - 46 to 91 cm
Reaction - moderately acid to neutral
Particle size control section:
clay content - 2 to 18 percent
rock fragments - 0 to 35 percent gravel
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used for livestock grazing, forage crop production, forestry and homesites. Potential natural vegetation consists of Douglas-fir, Pacific madrone, lodgepole pine, oceanspray, baldhip rose, salal, Cascade Oregongrape, rattlesnake plantain, and bracken fern.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwestern Washington; MLRA 2. Series is of small extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/washington/WA0...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/R/ROCHE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of Wyick fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes. These soils occur on flats on the prairie and sometimes are in complex with the Vidauri soils. (Soil Survey of Goliad County, Texas; by Jonathan K. Wiedenfeld, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Prairie vegetation on an area of Wyick fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes. Wyick soils are in the Claypan Prairie ecological site on the Gulf Coast Prairies.
The Wyick series consists of very deep, moderately well drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in fluviomarine deposits of Early Pleistocene age. These nearly level soils are on flats on the coastal plain. Slope ranges from 0 to 1 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 864 mm (34 in) and the mean annual temperature is about 21.7 degrees C (71 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Typic Haplustalfs
Soil Moisture: An ustic soil moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is 10 to 30 cm (4 to 12 in). These soils remain dry in the soil moisture control section for more than 90 cumulative days. The dry period occurs during the late winter and early spring months. These soils are moist during the late summer and fall months.
Mean annual soil temperature: 22.2 to 23.4 degrees C (72 to 74 degrees F)
Depth to abrupt textural change: 10 to 30 cm (4 to 12 in)
Depth to argillic horizon: 10 to 30 cm (4 to 12 in)
Depth to secondary calcium carbonate: 48 to 84 cm (19 to 33 in)
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Total clay content: 27 to 34 percent
CEC/clay ratio: 0.60 to 0.70
USE AND VEGETATION:
Used almost exclusively for livestock grazing. A few areas are used for pasture. Native vegetation for these prairie soils include grasses such as rattail smutgrass, bahiagrass, seacoast bluestem, silver bluestem, bristlegrasses, balsamscale, mouring lovegrass, hairy grama, threeawn, and annuals. Forbs include snoutbean, croton, partridge pea and annuals. A few widely scattered, scrubby live oak and mesquite trees have encroached in some areas.
Ecological site name: Claypan Prairie 28-44" Pz; (R150AY528TX)
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
General location: coastal plain of Texas from the tributaries of the San Antonio River to the Mission River
Land Resource Region: T(Atlantic and Gulf Coast Lowland Forest and Crop Region)
Major Land Resource Area: 150A Gulf Coast Prairies
Extent: moderate
These soils were formerly included in the Edna, Vidauri, and Orelia series. The series was reclassified in 2006 based on lab data and soil moisture monitoring.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/goliadTX...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/W/WYICK.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Bluegrass series. The upper 50 to 100 centimeters of the solum formed in silty material and the lower part formed in residuum weathered from phosphatic limestone. The phosphatic limestone members include the Lexington and Cynthiana Limestone Formations of the Inner Bluegrass Physiographic Region. (Kentucky Soil Atlas; by Anastasios D. Karathanasis, University of Kentucky)
Landscape: Bluegrass soils are on nearly level to moderately steep uplands. Slopes are commonly 0 to 12 percent, but range up to 20 percent. The underlying limestone is cavernous and some areas have karst topography.
The Bluegrass series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in silty material over residuum weathered from phosphatic limestone. These soils are on uplands.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Typic Paleudalfs
Thickness of the solum ranges from 60 to 120 inches or more. Thickness of the argillic horizon ranges from 50 to 100 inches. Depth to bedrock ranges from 60 to 200 inches or more. Chert fragments, less than 3 inches in diameter, range from 0 to 5 percent in the 2Bt, 2BC and 2C horizons. The reaction of the Ap, A and Bt horizons range from neutral to strongly acid; the 2Bt, 2BC and 2C horizons range from slightly acid to strongly acid. The phosphate content in the solum is variable but is typically medium or high.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for crops; such as burley tobacco, corn, small grains, alfalfa, and for pasture. Bluegrass and white clover are the most common pasture plants. Native vegetation was dominated by oaks, elm, ash, black walnut, black and honey locust, hackberry, black cherry, and Kentucky coffee tree. Glades of native grasses and canes were reported by early settlers.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Inner Bluegrass Region of Kentucky. The Bluegrass series was previously included with the Maury series or the Sandview series, phosphatic substratum phase.
For additional information about Kentucky soils, visit:
uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_book/4/
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BLUEGRASS.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Jory series; the State Soil of Oregon.
Landscape: The Jory soils are on foothills adjacent to the Willamette and Umpqua Valleys. Slopes are 2 to 90 percent but are typically less than 60 percent. The soils occur at elevations of 250 to 2,500 feet. These soils are used mainly for orchards, Christmas trees, vineyards, cane berries, grass seed, timber production, wildlife habitat, and watershed health. Vegetation is dominated by Douglas-fir with scattered Oregon white oak and understory of poison-oak and rosebush.
A state soil is a soil that has special significance to a particular state. Each state in the United States has selected a state soil, twenty of which have been legislatively established. These “Official State Soils” share the same level of distinction as official state flowers and birds. Also, representative soils have been selected for the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.
The Jory series, the state soil of Oregon, consists of very deep, well-drained soils that formed in colluvium derived from basic igneous rock. These soils are in the foothills surrounding the Willamette Valley. They have been mapped on more than 300,000 acres in western Oregon. They are named after Jory Hill, Marion County, Oregon.
Jory soils generally support forest vegetation, dominantly Douglas fir and Oregon white oak. They are very productive forest soils. Many areas have been cleared and are used for agricultural crops. The Jory soils and the climate of the Willamette Valley provide an ideal setting for the production of many crops, including Christmas trees, various berries, filberts (hazelnuts), sweet corn, wheat, and many varieties of grass seed. The soils are suitable for the grapes used in the expanding wine industry. Growing urbanization of the Willamette Valley is resulting in a great deal of pressure for development in areas of the Jory soils.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/J/JORY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Macropores are too large to have any significant capillary force. Unless impeded, water will drain from these pores, and they are generally air-filled at field capacity. Macropores can be caused by cracking, division of peds and aggregates, as well as plant roots, and zoological exploration.
Note the accumulation of iron (redox feature) along vertical area surrounding the pore. Redoximorphic features (RMFs) consist of color patterns in a soil that are caused by loss (depletion) or gain (concentration) of pigment compared to the matrix color, formed by oxidation/reduction of iron and/or manganese coupled with their removal, translocation, or accrual.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For more information about Hydric Soils and their Field Indicators, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
A representative soil profile of Chemehuevi soil in an area of Chemehuevi-Carrizo-Riverbend complex, 2 to
30 percent slopes. series. (Interim Report for the Soil Survey of Chemehuevi Wash Off-Highway Vehicle Area, California; by Leon Lato, Carrie-Ann Houdeshell, and Heath McAllister, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Chemehuevi series consists of very deep, well drained soils. Chemehuevi soils are on fan remnants. Slopes range from 2 to 8 percent. These soils formed in alluvium from granite, gneiss, and schist. Elevations range from approximately 145 to 540 meters (about 475 to 1,800 feet). The climate is arid with hot, dry summers and warm, dry winters. The mean annual precipitation is about 100 millimeters (about 4 inches) and the mean annual temperature is about 23 degrees C (about 73 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Typic Haplocalcids
Soil moisture control section: usually dry throughout, rarely moist in some part during summer or winter. The soils have a typic-aridic soil moisture regime.
Soil temperature: 25 to 28 degrees C (about 77 to 83 degrees F).
Depth to calcic horizon: 3 to 25 centimeters.
Organic matter: 0 to 0.5 percent.
Control section -
Rock fragments: averages 35 to 60 percent, mainly fine and medium gravel.
Clay content: averages 8 to 12 percent, ranges from 6 to 12 percent in the upper part and 2 to 8 percent in the lower part.
USE AND VEGETATION: Chemehuevi soils are used for recreation and wildlife habitat. Overland flow for Chemehuevi soils ultimately drains into Lake Havasu. The present vegetation is mainly creosote bush, plantain, spiny turkshead, and burrobush.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Lower Colorado Desert of southeastern California, U.S.A.;MLRA 31. These soils are of small extent. The name is derived from Chemehuevi Wash located in the eastern portion of the Mojave Desert, west of the Chemehuevi Indian Reservation and Colorado River.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
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The Cerrado was thought challenging for agriculture until researchers at Brazil’s agricultural and livestock research agency, Embrapa, discovered that it could be made fit for industrial crops by appropriate additions of phosphorus and lime. In the late 1990s, between 14 million and 16 million tons of lime were being poured on Brazilian fields each year. The quantity rose to 25 million tons in 2003 and 2004, equalling around five tons of lime per hectare. This manipulation of the soil allowed for industrial agriculture to grow exponentially in the area. Researchers also developed tropical varieties of soybeans, until then a temperate crop, and currently, Brazil is the world's main soyabeans exporter due to the boom in animal feed production caused by the global rise in meat demand. Today the Cerrado region provides more than 70% of the beef cattle production in the country, being also a major production center of grains, mainly soya, beans, maize and rice. Large extensions of the Cerrado are also used for the production of cellulose pulp for the paper industry, with the cultivation of several species of Eucalyptus and Pinus, but as a secondary activity. Coffee produced in the Cerrado is now a major export.
Soils of the cerrado are in the order of Oxisols. Oxisols are an order in USDA soil taxonomy, best known for their occurrence in tropical rain forest, 15-25 degrees north and south of the Equator. They are classified as ferralsols in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources; some oxisols have been previously classified as laterite soils.The main processes of soil formation of oxisols are weathering, humification and pedoturbation due to animals. These processes produce the characteristic soil profile. They are defined as soils containing at all depths no more than 10 percent weatherable minerals, and low cation exchange capacity. Oxisols are always a red or yellowish color, due to the high concentration of iron(III) and aluminium oxides and hydroxides. In addition they also contain quartz and kaolin, plus small amounts of other clay minerals and organic matter.
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Lynchburg soil series; the State Soil of South Carolina.
Landscape: Lynchburg soils are on level to gently sloping areas on marine terraces and flats in the Atlantic Coastal Plain and Flatwoods. (Soil Survey of Sumter County, South Carolina; by Charles M. Ogg, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
These soils comprise more than 865,000 acres in 76 counties from Virginia to Alabama with half of the acreage occurring in South Carolina. Lynchburg soils are well suited to cultivated crops, pasture, hayland, and woodland with most areas used for woodland. Lynchburg soils occupy an important niche in wetland ecosystems. These soils are in the riparian buffers between uplands and wetlands and function as primary filters for sediment and contaminants.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Aeric Paleaquults
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Soils of the Cullen series are very deep and well drained with moderate permeability. They formed in residuum from mixed mafic and felsic crystalline rocks. These soils are on upland ridgetops and side slopes of the Piedmont Plateau. Slopes range from 0 to 35 percent. The mean annual temperature is above 59 degrees F, and mean annual precipitation is about 44 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Very-fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Hapludults
Solum thickness ranges from 40 to 60 inches or more. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Content of rock fragments is 0 to 35 percent, by volume, in the A, Ap, and BA horizons, and 0 to 15 percent, by volume, in the Bt and BC, and 0 to 50 percent, by volume, in the C horizons. They commonly are from crystalline rocks. The soil is strongly acid to slightly acid except where limed.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of these soils are under cultivation and in pasture with the remainder in forest. Crops are small grain, corn, soybeans, cotton, hay, pasture plants and some fruit crops. Native vegetation is mixed hardwoods and pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Piedmont areas of Virginia and North Carolina, and possibly South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
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Soil profile of Loneoak loamy sand in an area of Loneoak-Campair complex, 0 to 5 percent slopes. This deep, moderately well drained soil is located on undulating plains of the Hickory Sandstone Formation. The sandy surface ranges from 50 to 90 centimeters thick. The clayey subsoil contains 30 to 50 percent clay. (Soil Survey of Mason County, Texas; by Julia A. McCormick, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Loneoak series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in materials derived from Cambrian-age sandstone. These soils are on nearly level to very gently sloping undulating plains and footslopes of ridges. Slope are 0 to 5 percent. Mean annual air temperature is about 18 degrees C (66 degrees F), and mean annual precipitation is about 686 mm (27 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Clayey, mixed, active, thermic Arenic Paleustalfs
Solum thickness and depth to sandstone bedrock: 150 to 180 cm (60 to 71 in)
Arenic feature: 50 to 90 cm (20 to 35 in)
Paralithic bedrock: 150 to 180 cm (60 to 71 in)
Lithic bedrock: 160 to 195 cm (63 to 77 in)
Particle-size control section (weighted average):
Clay content: 35 to 45 percent
Redox features: Mainly relict; however, in one to three years out of ten the soil is saturated for periods long enough to have reducing conditions. These soils are marginal to Aquic Arenic Paleustalfs.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Moderately well drained and slow permeability. Runoff is low. These soils may have a shallow perched water table above the Bt horizon and/or above the sandstone bedrock during unusually wet years for 4 to 10 weeks in duration. Typically, there are one to three wet years in a ten year period.
USE AND VEGETATION: Mainly used as improved pasture and cropland. Native vegetation consists of blackjack and post oak with an understory of little bluestem, big bluestem, Indiangrass, purpletop, sand lovegrass, silver bluestem, tall dropseed, Scribner's panicum and greenbriar.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central Texas. Southwest Plateaus and Plains Range and Cotton Region, LRR-I; MLRA 82A-Central Basin of Texas. The series is of moderate extent. This soil was previously included with the Demona series.
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Hilo series; the State Soil of Hawaii. (Photos provided by Amy Koch, USDA-NRCS)
Landscape: Aerial view of an area dominated by Hilo soils showing a diversity of land uses, including orchards and cultivated crops.
The Hilo series was established in 1949 and was first mapped in Soil Survey of the Territory of Hawaii published in 1955. The Hilo series occurs on the Island of Hawaii, to the north of the town of Hilo. The Hilo soils are derived from volcanic ash and occur on the wet, rainy side of Mauna Kea volcano.
The Hilo series consists of deep, well drained soils that formed in material weathered from volcanic ash. Hilo soils are on ashfields and have slopes of 0 to 35 percent. The mean annual rainfall is about 3683 millimeters (145 inches) and the mean annual temperature is 22 degrees C (72 degrees F) or higher.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Medial over hydrous, ferrihydritic, isohyperthermic Acrudoxic Hydrudands
Depth to bedrock: 112 to over 152 centimeters (44 inches to over 60 inches).
Soil moisture: The soil is typically moist but there may be occasional brief periods of dryness in the surface from 0 to 30 centimeters (0 to 12 inches) during the driest months of the year, usually June thru August.
Rock fragments: 0 to 20 percent cobbles in the first 102 centimeters (40 inches)
Soil temperature: 22 degrees C (72 degrees F) or higher
Surface fragments: 0 to 10 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used for forest, wildlife habitat, building site development, recreation, orchard crops, agroforestry, and livestock grazing. Common vegetation is hilograss (Paspalum conjugatum), guinea grass (Urochloa maxima), California grass (Urochloa mutica) and strawberry guava (Psidium cattleianum).
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: This series is along the Hamakua coast on the island of Hawaii. This series is moderately extensive with a total of about 30,000 acres.
For additional information about this state soil, visit:
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A representative soil profile of the Plank series in an area of Plank silt loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes. (Soil Survey of Hardin County, Texas; by Jonathan K. Wiedenfeld, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Plank series consists of very deep, poorly drained soils. These nearly level to very gently sloping soils formed in loamy fluviomarine deposits of the Lissie Formation of early to mid-Pleistocene age. Slope ranges from 0 to 1 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 19.4 degrees C (67 degrees F), and mean annual precipitation is about 1295 mm (51 in)..
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, siliceous, active, thermic Natric Vermaqualfs
Soil Moisture: An aquic soil moisture regime.
Mean annual soil temperature: 20.6 to 21.7 degrees C (69 to 71 degrees F).
Depth to albic materials: 6 to 28 cm (2 to 71 in)
Depth to argillic horizon: 43 to 140 cm (17 to 55 in)
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: 6 to 15 percent
Sand larger than very fine sand content: 5 to 15 percent
CEC/clay ratio: 0.45 to .60
Aluminum saturation percent: 60 to 90
Exchangeable sodium percentage: 7 to 11
Crawfish bioturbation: 30 to 75 percent in the B horizon
USE AND VEGETATION: Used primarily for timber production and wildlife habitat. Some areas are used for pasture. Native vegetation is loblolly pine, slash pine, black gum, red maple, yaupon, wax leaf myrtle, Saint John's Cross, sumpweed, bluestems, threeawns, sedges, rushes, and club moss. Pastures are bahiagrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Western Gulf Coast Flatwoods of southeast Texas and possibly Louisiana; LRR T; MLRA 152B; moderate extent
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
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A representative soil profile of a Typic Kanhapludult in China.
The central concept of the Typic subgroup of Kanhapludults is fixed on freely drained soils that are more than 50 cm deep to a lithic contact.
Typic Kanhapludults are of large extent in the Southeastern United States. The natural vegetation consisted of forest plants. Slopes range from nearly level to steep. Where slopes are suitable, many of the soils are used as cropland. The steeper soils are used as forest. Some of the soils are used as pasture or homesites.
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Profile of a La Tea soil in an area of La Tea-Limestone outcrop complex, 20 to 60 percent slopes. La Tea soils are characterized by a surface layer of very cobbly clay and a subsurface layer of gravelly clay over hard, unweathered limestone bedrock from the Cretaceous period. They are in the udic soil moisture regime. (Soil Survey of San Germán Area, Puerto Rico by Jorge L. Lugo-Camacho, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The La Tea series consists of shallow, well drained, slowly permeable soils on summits and side slopes of limestone hills and mountains of the Humid Mountains and Valleys MLRA of southern Puerto Rico. They formed in material that weathered from limestone bedrock. Near the type location, the mean annual temperature is about 77 degrees F., and the mean annual precipitation is about 75 inches. Slopes range from 20 to 60 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Clayey, vermiculitic, isohyperthermic, shallow Typic Argiudolls
Depth to a lithic contact with limestone bedrock ranges from 14 to 20 inches. The upper few inches of the limestone bedrock is highly fractured in most pedons. Reaction ranges from slightly alkaline to moderately alkaline throughout the profile. Rock fragments include pebbles, cobbles, and stones composed of limestone. The combined total of rock fragments in the control section is less than 35 percent, by volume. Soil Survey of San Germán Area, Puerto Rico By Jorge L. Lugo-Camacho, Natural Resources Conservation Service
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of La Tea soils are used for forestland or for wildlife. The vegetation consists of Flamboyant, Turpentine, White cedar and White manjack trees.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Summits and side slopes of the humid limestone hills and mountains of southern Puerto Rico. This series is of small extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
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Soil description from the Roongo site in Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania. This broad footslope position on a secondary ridge had preserved loess deposits from both the Wisconsin and Illinoian glaciation. Original image and comments courtesy of Matthew C. Ricker, NC State University)
[cals.ncsu.edu/crop-and-soil-sciences/people/mcricker/]
The original photo may be viewed at:
www.flickr.com/photos/soilscience/49698004781/in/photostr...
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LEFT: The Watson series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in pre-Wisconsin glacial till derived from sandstone, siltstone, and shale. Slopes range from 0 to 20 percent. Permeability is slow. Mean annual precipitation is 34 inches. Mean annual temperature is 52 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Fragiudults
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Moderately well drained. Surface runoff is medium to slow and permeability is slow.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the soils are cleared and cultivated for hay, grain and other crops. Wooded areas are in mixed hardwoods.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Glaciated portion of Ridge and Valley area in east central Pennsylvania. It is of moderate extent, with an estimated 25,000 acres.
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RIGHT: Collegiate Soils Judging Contests. Soil contestants arrive at various soil pits and are expected to correctly identify, evaluate, classify, and describe soil profiles.
A representative soil profile of the Cowboy series. (Soil Survey of Glen Canyon Recreation Area, Arizona and Utah; by Michael W. Burney, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Cowboy series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in alluvium and slope alluvium derived from Mancos Shale. Cowboy soils are on flood plains drainageways and fan piedmonts. Slopes range from 1 to 12 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 9 inches and the mean annual air temperature is about 54 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, mesic Leptic Haplogypsids
Note: Cowboy soil as used in this survey, is a taxadjunct because the gypsic horizon is deeper than typical for the series. This does not affect use and management of the soils.
Soil moisture regime: Typic aridic
Mean annual soil temperature: 54 to 58 degrees F
Depth to paralithic contact: 60 inches or more
Depth to gypsum accumulations: 2 to 10 inches
Depth to gypsic horizon: 3 to 7 inches
Expansive features: cracks to 20 inches, .75 inch wide, 3 or 4 inches apart
Particle-size control section (weighted average):
Clay content: 40 to 60 percent
Rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent sedimentary gravel
USE AND VEGETATION: Cowboy soils are used for grazing. Native vegetation is bottlebrush squirreltail, Gardner saltbush, and little barley.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southwest Colorado; MLRA 35. This series is of small extent.
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Pacolet series. The surface layer of brown sandy clay loam is about 15 centimeters thick. The subsoil of red clay is at a depth of about 15 to 70 centimeters, and the loamy saprolite extends below a depth of about 150 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Polk County, North Carolina; by Scott C. Keenan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: An area of upland Piedmont soils, such as Pacolet soils are commonly used as pasture and hayland. Cleared areas are also used for small grain, corn, and tobacco.
The Pacolet series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in residuum weathered mostly from felsic igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont uplands. Slopes commonly are 15 to 25 percent but range from 2 to 60 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults
The Bt horizon is at least 10 to 24 inches thick and extends to a depth of 18 to 30 inches. Depth to a lithic contact is more than 60 inches. The soil is very strongly acid to slightly acid in the A horizon, and very strongly acid to moderately acid throughout the rest of the profile. Content of rock fragments, dominantly gravel, ranges from 0 to 35 percent in the A and E horizons, and 0 to 15 percent in the Bt horizon. Most pedons have few to common flakes of mica in the solum, and few to many in the C horizon.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are in forests of pine and mixed hardwoods. Cleared areas are used for small grain, hay, and pasture.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Piedmont of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. The series is of large extent. Pacolet soils were formerly mapped as a thin solum phase of the Cecil series.
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of a Typic Acrudox in Brazil.
Landscape: Highway construction in an extremely deep Acrudox in Central Brazil.
Typic Acrudox are fixed on soils that do not have a petroferric contact, a lithic contact, or redox depletions with a color value, moist, of 4 or more and chroma of 2 or less within 125 cm of the mineral soil surface and also do not have aquic conditions for some time in normal years. These soils have less than 16 kg/m2 organic carbon to a depth of 100 cm and have less than 5 percent plinthite in all horizons within a depth of 125 cm. Their colors are reddish, but the soils do not have very dark reddish colors throughout the layers between depths of 25 and 125 cm.
Acrudox are the Udox with very low CEC values in the subsoil and that do not have a sombric horizon within 150 cm of the mineral soil surface. Frequent but small applications of fertilizer and lime are required. Because the CEC is low, the amount of exchangeable aluminum in the subsoil is low. This deficiency can be corrected by leaching basic cations from lime and fertilizer.
Udox are well drained Oxisols with a udic soil moisture regime. They are moist because of natural rainfall in normal years and are dry in some parts for less than 90 days, a period that is short enough for rain-fed crops to be grown continuously in normal years. There are fewer than 90 days during which crops are not planted. In local terms there are 1 to 3 months that considered “dry” in normal years. Udox are an extensive suborder, occurring mostly in South America and in parts of Africa and Asia.
To download the latest version of Soil Taxonomy, 2nd Edition, 1999, visit:
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For additional information about soil classification using Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 13th Edition, 2022, visit:
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To download the latest version of Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 13th Edition, 2022, visit:
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Troup series. Troup soils are somewhat excessively drained and are on summits and side slopes in the uplands. They have a kandic horizon of reddish sandy clay loam underlying an epipedon of loamy sand. The epipedon ranges from 100 to 200 centimeters in thickness. (Soil Survey of Crenshaw County, Alabama; by James M. Mason, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Snap beans in an area of Troup loamy sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes. The extent of vegetable crop production is increasing in Webster County. (Soil Survey of Webster County, Georgia; by Scott Moore, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Troup series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in unconsolidated sandy and loamy marine sediments. Troup soils are on ridges and hillslopes. Slopes predominantly range from 0 to 15 percent but range to 45 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 17 degrees C (64 degrees F), and the mean annual precipitation is about 1320 millimeters (52 inches).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Grossarenic Kandiudults
USE AND VEGETATION:
Most areas of Troup soils are in forests of pine and mixed hardwoods. Cleared areas are used for pastureland and for growing peanuts, watermelons, and vegetables.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA's): The series occurs primarily in the Southern Coastal Plain (MLRA 133A). It also occurs to a lesser extent in the Carolina and Georgia Sand Hills (MLRA 137), North Central Florida Ridge (MLRA 138), Eastern Gulf Coast Flatwoods (MLRA 152A), and the Atlantic Coast Flatwoods (MLRA 153A).
Extent: large extent
For additional information about the survey areas, visit:
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and...
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Elk series. Elk soils have an argillic horizon that extends to a depth of 100 cm or more.
Landscape: Elk soils are on stream terraces or second bottoms and are commonly in cultivated crops such as corn, soybeans, or tobacco. Some lower lying areas adjacent to stream channels are are subject to rare flooding in the spring. (Soil Survey of Christian County, Kentucky, by Ronald D. Froedge, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Elk series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils formed in mixed alluvium from limestone, siltstone, shale, sandstone, and loess. Slopes commonly range from 0 to 12 percent, but the range extends to 40 percent. Near the type location, the average annual temperature is 57 degrees F., and the average annual precipitation is 46.3 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs
Solum thickness ranges from 40 to 60 inches or more. Depth to bedrock is greater than 5 feet. Fragments range from 0 to 5 percent in the solumn and ranges from 0 to 35 percent in the C horizon. Reaction ranges from slightly acid through very strongly acid in the A and Bt horizons and from slightly acid through strongly acid in the C horizon.
USE AND VEGETATION: Largely in cultivated crops, principally corn, tobacco, small grains, soybeans, and hay or pasture. Native forest has oaks, elms, walnut, hickory, and ash as the dominant species.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, and possibly Missouri and Tennessee. Extent is moderate, about 200,000 acres.
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Cataula soil series.
Landscape: Cotton growing in an area of Cataula sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes. This is one of the few fields of cotton in Monroe County. This field has been protected from erosion from rowcropping by the application of good conservation practices, such as conservation (Soil Survey of Monroe County, Georgia; by Dee C. Pederson and Sherry E. Carlson, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Cataula series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in material weathered from metamorphic and igneous rocks of the Piedmont. They contain a layer that is dense and partially brittle. Permeability is slow. Slopes range from 2 to 25 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Oxyaquic Kanhapludults
Depth to the dense, partially brittle layer ranges from 15 to 40 inches. Depth to bedrock is more than 5 feet. The solum ranges from 40 to more than 60 inches thick. Content of rock fragments ranges from 0 to about 7 percent by volume. These consist of angular fragments of quartz often occurring as quartz stringers. The A horizon is very strongly acid to slightly acid, and all of the other horizons are very strongly acid to moderately acid.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas had been cleared and used for growing cotton, corn, small grain, and pasture, but now about 75 percent of the total acreage is in shortleaf and loblolly pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Piedmont of South Carolina, Alabama and Georgia. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
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A representative profile of Beanblossom silt loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes, occasionally flooded, very brief duration. (Soil Survey of Bartholomew County, Indiana; by Mike Wigginton and Dena Marshall, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Beanblossom series consists of deep, well drained soils that formed in 0 to 24 inches of medium-textured alluvium and the underlying loamy-skeletal alluvium. These soils are on flood plains and alluvial fans. Slope ranges from 1 to 3 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, active, mesic Fluventic Dystrudepts
Depth to the base of the cambic horizon: 20 to 34 inches
Depth to a paralithic contact: 40 to 60 inches
Particle-size control section averages 10 to 22 percent clay, and 35 to 75 percent rock fragments.
Size of the rock fragments is dominantly less than 3 inches, but fragments range to 6 inches. Rock fragments are dominantly pebbles in the solum, and dominantly channers in the substratum. The pebbles are of mixed lithology. The channers are dominantly strongly or very strongly cemented siltstone and very fine-grained sandstone.
Reaction is moderately acid to neutral in one or more horizons in the 10 to 40 inch particle-size control section.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Beanblossom soils are used for hay, pasture or woodland. A few areas are used for cropland. Native vegetation is deciduous forest, dominantly sycamore, elm, hickory, beech, maple, and tulip poplar.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: South-central Indiana. Beanblossom soils are of moderate extent in east part of
MLRA 120C.
The Beanblossom soils were included with the Burnside soils in the past, and correlated as nonacid family taxadjuncts. The CEC activity class is estimated based on soils formed in similar parent materials. The series type location was moved in 2001 to a more representative area of how the soils have been correlated throughout the MLRA. Redoximorphic depletions may or may not be identifiable at 107 centimeters (3.5 feet) or below.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
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For a detailed soil description, visit:
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A soil profile and landscape of a Haplocalcid from the United Arab Emirates.
Typic Haplocalcids, sandy, mixed, hyperthermic (Soil AD103) are very deep sands with a calcic horizon occurring above 100cm. These soils occur in some older sand sheets and interdunal depression positions within level plains to undulating rises throughout the Emirate. Soils are well drained or excessively drained. Permeability is rapid or very rapid.
For more information about soil classification in the UAE, visit:
library.wur.nl/isric/fulltext/isricu_i34214_001.pdf
These soils remain as barren land or are sometimes used for low intensity grazing by camel, sheep or goats. They frequently have less than 5% vegetation cover of Cyperus conglomeratus and Haloxylon persicum.
They are typically confined to the eastern half of the Emirate with only a few occurrences recorded from west of the Liwa road. This soil has been identified as a component in numerous map units.
Plate 2: Typical soil profile and associated landscape for Typic Haplocalcids, sandy, mixed, hyperthermic (Soil AD103).
Soil profile: Inari fine sandy loam. Inari soils have dark surfaces or mollic epipedons, and occur as ridges in the Gulf Coast Prairies. (Soil Survey of Goliad County, Texas; by Jonathan K. Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Prairie vegetation on an area of Inari fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes. Inari soils are in the Loamy Prairie ecological site.
The Inari series consists of very deep, moderately well drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in loamy fluviomarine deposits of Early Pleistocene age. These nearly level to very gently sloping soils are on rises on flat coastal plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 21.1 degrees C (70 degrees F) and mean annual precipitation is about 864 mm (34 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Oxyaquic Argiustolls
Soil Moisture: An ustic soil moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is 10 to 30 cm (4 to 12 in). These soils remain dry in the soil moisture control section for more than 90 cumulative days. The dry period occurs during the late winter and early spring months. These soils are moist during the late summer and fall months.
Mean annual soil temperature: 22.2 to 23.4 degrees C (72 to 74 degrees F)
Depth to argillic horizon: 13 to 58 cm (5 to 23 in)
Depth to secondary calcium carbonate: 41 to 132 cm (16 to 52 in)
Depth to redox concentrations: 13 to 58 cm (5 to 23 in)
Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 23 to 58 cm (9 to 23 in)
Particle-size control section:
Clay content: 30 to 35 percent
CEC/clay ratio: 0.60 to 0.75
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mostly for livestock grazing. Native vegetation includes grasses such as little bluestem, silver bluestem, indiangrass, brownseed paspalum and balsamscale. A few scattered trees include mesquite, huisache or live oak. (Ecological site name: Loamy Prairie 28-40" PZ; Ecological site number: R150AY535TX)
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Gulf Coast Prairies (MLRA 150A) of South Texas from the tributaries of the San Antonio River to the Mission River; Land Resource Region T-Atlantic and Gulf Coast Lowland Forest and Crop Region; the series is of small extent. This soil was formerly included in the Faddin series. The Faddin series is typically mapped on the clayey Beaumont Formation and is in an udic moisture regime.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
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The Nabb series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that formed in loess and the underlying paleosol in till. They are moderately deep to a fragipan. Nabb soils are on till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 1092 mm (43 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 12 degrees C (54 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Aquic Fragiudalfs
Thickness of the loess: 152 to 229 cm (60 to 90 inches)
Depth to the top of the fragipan: 61 to 102 cm (24 to 40 inches)
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: more than 203 cm (80 inches)
Particle-size control section: averages 20 to 30 percent clay and 10 to 18 percent sand (less than 15 percent fine and coarser sand)
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are being used to grow corn and soybeans. A few areas are used for small grain, mainly wheat, and for hay or pasture. Also a few areas are in woodland. Native vegetation is mixed hardwood trees.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA 114A in Indiana. This series is of moderate extent. Nabb soils are correlated in lieu of the Rossmoyne soils as subset surveys are updated in Indiana, because the depth to till is more than 102 cm (40 inches) which is outside the Rossmoyne series concept.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Nez Perce series.
Landscape: Nez Perce soils are on loess-covered hills and basalt plateaus at elevations of 2,600 to 4,100 feet and have slopes from 0 to 25 percent. They formed in loess, although the lower part may be formed in material weathered from the underlying basalt. The climate is subhumid with an average annual precipitation of 19 to 24 inches including 4 to 7 feet of snow. Peak precipitation is in May and June and minimum precipitation in July and August.
The Nez Perce series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that formed mainly in loess. Nez Perce soils are on loess-covered basalt plateaus and have slopes of 0 to 25 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 21 inches. The average annual temperature is about 45 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, mesic Xeric Argialbolls
Mollic epipedon thickness - 12 to 20 inches
Organic matter content in mollic epipedon (weighted average) - 3 to 6 percent
Depth to perched seasonal water table - 12 to 30 inches
Depth to argillic horizon - 14 to 27 inches
Depth to secondary lime - 20 to 40 inches
Some pedons have few basalt gravel and cobble throughout; however, the rock fragments are usually below the albic horizon
Average annual soil temperature - 47 to 50 degrees F
Average summer soil temperature - 60 to 65 degrees F
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Clay content - 35 to 55 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Soils are cultivated. Winter wheat, winter peas, barley, hay, and pasture are the principal crops. The natural vegetation is mainly Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, sticky geranium, silky lupine, and arrowleaf balsamroot.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Idaho and eastern Washington. The series is extensive.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
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A representative soil profile of the Remorris series. (Soil Survey of Arches National Park, Utah; by Catherine E. Scott, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: A typical landscape of Remorris loam, 5 to 45 percent slopes.
The Remorris series are very shallow to shallow, well drained soils that formed in alluvium, colluvium and local residuum derived from Morrison formation siltstone and shale. Remorris soils are on structural benches, escarpments and hillslopes on structural benches. Slopes range from 5 to 70 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 10 inches and the mean annual air temperature is about 49 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, mixed, superactive, calcareous, mesic, shallow Ustic Torriorthents
Soil moisture: Ustic aridic moisture regime
Mean annual soil temperature: 47 to 55 degrees F.
Depth to paralithic contact: 4 to 20 inches to Morrison Formation and Chinle Formation shale and siltstone
Reaction: moderately to strongly alkaline
Particle-size control section (weighted average):
Clay content: 18 to 35 percent
Rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent gravel and channers
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used for rangeland, wildlife habitat and recreation. Potential native vegetation includes Utah juniper, roundleaf buffaloberry, Utah serviceberry, Indian ricegrass, two-needle pinyon, galleta, broom snakeweed, and singleleaf ash. These soils have been correlated to the Semidesert Steep Shallow Loam (Utah Juniper-Pinyon) 035XY240UT ecological site at the type location in Utah.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: South central Utah. MLRA is 35. These soils are of small extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
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Soil profile: A profile of Musgrave silty clay in an area of Musgrave silty clay, 1 to 20 percent slopes. Musgrave soils very shallow or shallow densic material. The densic material begins at a depth of about 50 cm. (Soil Survey of Big Bend National Park, Texas; by James Gordon, Soil Scientist, James A. Douglass, Soil Scientist, and Dr. Lynn E. Loomis, Soil Scientist, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Lechuguilla, purple prickly pear, leatherstem, tobosagrass, and false grama are the dominant plant species on this area of Musgrave silty clay, 1 to 20 percent slopes. The Musgrave soil is shallow to tuffaceous mudstone bedrock in the lower portion of the Chisos Formation. Musgrave soils are in the Clay Hill ecological site, Hot Desert Shrub vegetative zone of MLRA 42—Southern Desertic Basins, Plains, and Mountains. False grama and leatherstem are indicators of the hyperthermic soil temperature.
The Musgrave series consists of soils that are very shallow and shallow to weathered tuff bedrock. They are well drained soils that have moderately slowly permeable surface layers over slowly permeable tuffaceous bedrock of the Duff and Pruett Formations. They formed in residuum derived from tuff. These soils are on scarps and erosional remnants. Slopes range from 1 to 30 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Clayey, mixed, superactive, calcareous, hyperthermic, shallow Ustic Torriorthents
Soil moisture - Intermittently moist in some part of the soil moisture control section during July-September. Ustic aridic soil moisture regime. Geographically associated soils occur in the thermic temperature regime.
Depth to weathered tuff bedrock: 4 to 20 inches
Clay content of the particle-size control section: 35 to 55 percent
Calcium carbonate equivalent: less than 15 percent
Ignimbrite, tuff, limestone, and chert pebbles, cobbles, stones, and boulders cover 35 to 95 percent of the surface
These soils do not have subsoil horizons above the densic contact that have soil structure.
Reaction: moderatelt alkaline to strongly alkaline
USE AND VEGETATION: This soil is used for livestock grazing and wildlife habitat. Woody species include creosotebush, ocotillo, whitethorn acacia, and range ratany. Grass species include black grama, chino grama, sideoats grama, bush muhly, plains bristlegrass, Arizona cottontop, and slim tridens.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Trans-Pecos Texas in the Southern Desertic Basins, Plains, and Mountains, Desert Shrub vegetative zone. This soil occurs in LRR-D, MLRA 42. The soil is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
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The Chama series consists of well drained soils formed in materials weathered from soft siltstone, mudstone and shale on uplands. These soils are moderately deep to soft siltstone, mudstone or shale. These soils are moderately or moderately slowly permeable. Slope ranges from 0 to 45 percent. Mean annual air temperature is 42 degrees F, and mean annual precipitation is 15 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, frigid Typic Calciustolls
Depth to soft bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches. The mollic epipedon ranges from 7 to 10 inches thick.
USE AND VEGETATION: Soils are cropped to small grains, which are mostly wheat; a significant acreage is in rangeland. The native vegetation is principally western wheatgrass, needleandthread and blue grama.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Western North Dakota, eastern Montana, and possibly northwestern South Dakota. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
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A representative soil profile of the Moonville soil series. This pedon of Moonville medial loam is generally in proximity to volcanic vents. The soils formed in volcanic ash and cinders. The darker areas in the Bk horizon are krotovinas, which are animal burrows that have been filled with soil material from the A and Bw horizons. (Soil Survey of Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve, Idaho; by Francis R. Kukachka, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Moonville series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in cinders, and ash. Moonville soils are on lava plains and south-facing mountain sideslopes and have slopes of 0 to 60 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 18 inches and the mean annual air temperature is about 42 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Medial, amorphic, frigid Typic Vitrixerands
The soil moisture control section is dry for 90 to 120 consecutive days. The mean annual soil temperature is 42 to 47 degrees and the mean summer soil temperature is 59 to 66 degrees F. Depth to bedrock is over 60 inches. Depth to the calcic horizon is 20 to 35 inches. Phosphate retention is 50 to 80 percent. Acid-oxalate aluminum plus one-half the iron is 1.0 to 2.0. Glass percent is 5 to 30 percent. the 15-bar water on air dried samples is 12 to 15 percent and 20 to 30 percent on moist samples. Field estimated clay content is 12 to 26 percent. The soil profile contains 2 to 10 percent cinder gravels throughout.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for rangeland. Some areas are cultivated. Native vegetation is big sagebrush, three-tip sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass, Thurber needlegrass, western yarrow, and prickly gilia.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeastern Idaho; adjacent to Craters of the Moon National Monument. It is inextensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/idaho/cratersN...
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Soil profile: A representative profile of a Smithdale soil. Smithdale soils formed in thick deposits of loamy sediments. They are very deep, are loamy, and have a reddish subsoil. They are on hillslopes and summits of narrow ridges. (Soil Survey of Clarke County, Alabama; by Soil Survey of Clarke County, Alabama; Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: A stand of longleaf pine in an area of Maubila-Smithdale complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes. This area is in Talladega National Forest and is managed for timber production and as habitat for the red-cockaded woodpecker, an endangered species. (Soil Survey of Bibb County, Alabama; by Lawrence E. McGhee, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Smithdale series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on ridge tops and hill slopes in dissected uplands of the Southern Coastal Plain (MLRA 133A) and in the Western Coastal Plain (133B). They formed in thick beds of loamy marine sediments. Near the type location the average annual temperature is 63 degrees F., and the average annual precipitation is about 57 inches. Slopes range from 1 to 60 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Typic Hapludults
Solum thickness ranges from 60 to more than 100 inches. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout, except where the surface has been limed.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Smithdale soils are used for woodland, principally loblolly, longleaf, and shortleaf pines. Cleared areas are used mainly for growing pasture and a few areas are cropped to corn, cotton, soybeans, and small grains.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Coastal Plain of Mississippi, Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Texas. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey areas, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/alabama/AL025/...
and ...
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/alabama/AL007/...
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Note: The left side of the photo exhibits natural soil structure. The right side has been smoothed.
Profile of Etoile loam in an area of Etoile loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes. Etoile soils have clayey subsoils, and formed over densic material. (Soil Survey of San Augustine and Sabine Counties, Texas; by Kirby Griffith, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Etoile series consists of soils that are deep to shale. They are moderately well drained and very slowly permeable. These soils are on broad, very gently sloping to moderately steep interfluves. The slope is dominantly less than 5 percent but ranges from 1 to 20 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, thermic Vertic Hapludalfs
Solum thickness ranges from 40 to 60 inches. The particle-size control section is clayey with a weighted average clay content of 40 to 60 percent. Depth to calcium carbonate accumulations ranges from 25 to 50 inches. The soil cracks when dry. Cracks 1/2 inch or more wide in the top of the argillic horizon extend to a depth of more than 12 inches for 60 to 90 cumulative days in normal years. Slickensides and/or wedge shaped peds are in some subhorizon more than 6 inches thick within the argillic horizon. The combined thickness of the A and E horizons is dominantly less than 10 inches, however, the depth ranges from 3 inches on subsoil crests to 14 inches in some subsoil troughs. Some pedons do not have an E horizon, and in most areas that have been cultivated the E horizon has been incorporated into the Ap horizon. Redox features are considered relic or lithochromic.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for woodland. Native species are shortleaf and loblolly pine, red oak, and sweetgum. A few areas are used for native or improved pasture.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Western Coastal Plain (MLRA 133B) in eastern Texas. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/sanaugus...
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Ruston soil series; the State Soil of Louisiana. The left side of the profile exhibits natural soil structure; the right side has been smoothed to show change in color.
Landscape: A considerable portion of the acreage formerly cultivated has been converted to pasture or southern pine woodland. These soils are on nearly level to moderately sloping uplands of the Western and Southern Coastal Plains on slope gradients of 0 to 8 percent.
Established in 1909, the Ruston series was named for the town of Ruston which is the parish seat of Lincoln Parish, Louisiana. It is located in the north-central part of the state. In 1884, the town of Ruston was named for Robert E. Russ who offered 640 acres to the Vicksburg, Shreveport, and Pacific Railroad, stipulating that the tracks run across the property and that the land be used as a town site. At the time Ruston was selected as the state soil, it had the most extensive acreage and widespread distribution in the upland areas of Louisiana.
The Ruston series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in loamy marine or stream deposits. These soils are on uplands of the Western and Southern Coastal Plains. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Paleudults
Solum thickness exceeds 60 inches. The Bt/E and B't horizons are definitive for the series. Calcium-magnesium ratios are variable in the Bt horizons, but typically are less than 1 in the B't horizons. The concept of the series limits the series to a bisequal profile. Soils formerly included in Ruston but having low silt content are excluded.
USE AND VEGETATION: Principal use is woodland consisting of southern pine and some hardwoods with understories of shrubs or grasses. A small acreage is used for cotton, corn, soybeans, small grain, truck crops, and pasture.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Coastal Plains of Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Texas. The series is of large extent, with an area of more than 2 million acres.
For more information about this soil, visit:
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A Typic Paleaquult from the Guangdong Province in China. Note the horizonation of the A horizon. The second layer is a mechanically compacted zone (densic layer) that acts as an aquitard. Densic materials (d) are normally little affected by soil development, the exception being mechanically compacted layers such as a plow pan if they are root limiting and not cemented. This pedon had been in continuous rice production for over a thousand years
The central concept or Typic subgroup of Paleaquults is fixed on soils that have grayish colors in the matrix below the A or Ap horizon.
Typic Paleaquults generally are nearly level. In the U.S, they occur mostly on the coastal plain of the Southeastern United States and are of moderate extent. The natural vegetation consisted of forest plants. Most of these soils are used as forest, but some have been cleared and are used as cropland or pasture.
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
A soil profile of a Boykin soil. Boykin soils are well drained and are on summits and side slopes in the uplands. They have an argillic horizon of reddish sandy loam and sandy clay loam underlying a thick epipedon of loamy sand. (Soil Survey of Bibb County, Alabama; by Lawrence E. McGhee, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Boykin series consists of deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in sandy and loamy coastal plain sediments of Pleistocene age. These soils are on gently sloping to moderately steep uplands. Slopes range from 1 to 20 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, siliceous, active, thermic Arenic Paleudults
Solum thickness is greater than 60 inches. Clay content in the upper 20 inches of the argillic horizon ranges from 18 to 30 percent. Base saturation at 50 inches below the top of the Bt ranges from 5 to 20 percent. CEC ranges from about 10 to 20 me/100 gm.
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used mainly for timber and pasture. Forest vegetation includes loblolly, shortleaf, slash, and longleaf pines, red oak, and sweetgum trees with an understory of grasses and legumes. Pastures are mainly bermuda grass and bahiagrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: West Coastal Plains of southeastern Texas and western Louisiana. The series is of moderate extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the McCall soil series. (Valley County, Idaho)
Landscape: McCall soils are mostly used for pasture or range. Vegetation is Idaho fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, mountain brome, snowberry, pine reedgrass, and lodgepole pine.
The McCall series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in moderately coarse and coarse textured cobbly and stony glacial till. McCall soils are on glacial moraines and have slopes of 5 to 50 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 25 inches and the mean annual air temperature is about 39 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive Typic Humicryepts
Rock fragments range from 35 to 80 percent throughout the profile, and range from small angular or rounded pebbles to cobblestones and large stones. The soil is slightly or moderately acid. Base saturation is 40 to 50 percent in the epipedon. Mean annual soil temperature is 41 degrees to 43 degrees F.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for pasture or range. Vegetation is Idaho fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, mountain brome, snowberry, pine reedgrass, and lodgepole pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Moraine area in the northern part of Long Valley, Valley County, Idaho. The series is inextensive.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
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Soil profile: Troup soils are characterized by sandy surface and subsurface layers with a combined thickness of 40 to 80 inches. (Soil Survey of Webster County, Georgia; Scott Moore, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Drought-tolerant longleaf pine in an area of Troup-Lucy complex, 0 to 6 percent slopes. These soils are suitable for longleaf pine because they have thick, sandy surface layers that quickly drain water. (Soil Survey of Sumter County, South Carolina; by Charles M. Ogg, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Troup series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in unconsolidated sandy and loamy marine sediments. Troup soils are on ridges and hillslopes. Slopes predominantly range from 0 to 15 percent but range to 45 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 17 degrees C (64 degrees F), and the mean annual precipitation is about 1320 millimeters (52 inches).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Grossarenic Kandiudults
USE AND VEGETATION:
Most areas of Troup soils are in forests of pine and mixed hardwoods. Cleared areas are used for pastureland and for growing peanuts, watermelons, and vegetables.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA's): The series occurs primarily in the Southern Coastal Plain (MLRA 133A). It also occurs to a lesser extent in the Carolina and Georgia Sand Hills (MLRA 137), North Central Florida Ridge (MLRA 138), Eastern Gulf Coast Flatwoods (MLRA 152A), and the Atlantic Coast Flatwoods (MLRA 153A).
Extent: large extent
For additional information about the survey areas, visit:
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and...
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Soil Profile: Blackgap very gravelly loam in an area of Blackgap-Rock outcrop complex, 10 to 30 percent slopes. Hard limestone bedrock ranges in depth from 7 to 20 inches (18 cm to 51 cm). (Soil Survey of Big Bend National Park, Texas by James Gordon, Soil Scientist, James A. Douglass, Soil Scientist, and Dr. Lynn E. Loomis, Soil Scientist, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: An area of Blackgap-Rock outcrop complex, 1 to 16 percent slopes. This area shows vegetation such as Texas false agave, creosotebush, and Chino grama growing on a backslope. This map unit is in the Limestone Hill and Mountain 8-14" PZ ecological site of
MLRA 81D—Southern Edwards Plateau.
Map Unit Setting
Major land resource area (MLRA): MLRA 81D—Southern Edwards Plateau
Elevation: 1,925 to 3,910 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 13 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 68 to 72 degrees F
Frost-free period: 240 to 280 days
Map Unit Composition
Blackgap and similar soils: 85 percent
Rock outcrop: 10 percent
Dissimilar minor components: 5 percent
Minor components:
Unnamed, minor components soils—5 percent; not hydric
Blackgap soils--
Soil taxonomic classification: Loamy-skeletal, carbonatic, hyperthermic Lithic Ustic Haplocalcids
Typical Profile
Ak—0 to 5 inches; very gravelly loam
Bk—5 to 11 inches; extremely cobbly silt loam
R—11 to 21 inches; limestone bedrock
Setting
Landscape: Dissected plateaus
Landform: Hills, ridges
Landform position (two-dimensional): Summit, shoulder, backslope
Slope: 1 to 16 percent
Down-slope shape: Linear
Across-slope shape: Convex
Representative aspect: Southeast
Aspect range: All aspects
Soil temperature class: Hyperthermic
Soil temperature regime: Hyperthermic
Soil moisture class: Aridic (torric)
Properties and Qualities
Runoff class: Very high
Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from thick-bedded limestone bedrock
Depth to restrictive feature: 7 to 20 inches to lithic bedrock
Frequency of flooding: None
Frequency of ponding: None
Depth to water table: More than 72 inches
Drainage class: Well drained
Shrink-swell potential: Low (about 1.5 LEP)
Salinity maximum: Not saline (about 1.0 dS/m)
Sodicity maximum: Not sodic
Calcium carbonate maximum: 47
Available water capacity: Very low (about 1.1 inches)
Gypsum maximum: None
Interpretive Groups
Land capability subclass (nonirrigated): 7s
Hydric soil rating: No
Hydrologic soil group: D
Vegetation
Existing plants: Chino grama, lechuguilla, creosotebush, guayacan, Big Bend silverleaf, sideoats grama, black grama, candelilla, slim tridens, Texas false agave, perennial forbs, other perennial grasses, other shrubs.
Ecological site name and identification: Limestone Hill and Mountain 8-14" PZ (R081DY592TX)
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/bigbendT...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
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Soil profile: Caneyville silt loam in an area of Vertrees-Crider-Caneyville silt loams, karst, hilly, eroded. This Caneyville soil has a
very thin loess cap over very clayey residuum developed from limestone. (Soil Survey of Harrison County, Indiana; by Steven W. Neyhouse, Sr., Byron G. Nagel, Gary R. Struben, and Steven Blanford, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Pasture in an area of Rock outcrop-Caneyville complex, 6 to 20 percent slopes. Rock outcrops restrict the use of planting equipment. This map unit generally is not suited to cropland. (Soil Survey of Adair County, Kentucky; by Harry S. Evans, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Caneyville series consists of moderately deep, well-drained soils formed in a thin silty mantle over fine textured residuum of limestone. The soils are on ridges and hillsides. Slopes range from 2 to 120 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludalfs
The solum thickness and depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches. The reaction ranges from very strongly acid to neutral in the A and Ap horizons and the upper part of the Bt horizon, and from moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the lower part of the Bt horizon. Fragments of limestone, chert, or sandstone (surface layer only) range from 0 to 10 percent in the A and upper Bt horizon, and 0 to 35 percent immediately above limestone bedrock.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are in hay, pasture, or forest, and few are used for corn and small grain. Native forests are oaks, hickory, elm, hackberry, and redbud as the dominant species.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Kentucky and southern Indiana. Extent is large.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/indiana/IN061/...
and--
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/kentucky/KY001...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
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The Appling series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on ridges and side slopes of the Piedmont uplands. They are deep to saprolite and very deep to bedrock. They formed in residuum weathered from felsic igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent.
Appling soils are very similar to Cecil soils, except Cecil soils have a subsoil with dominant hue of 5YR or redder. Where hue is 5YR in Cecil soils, evident patterns of mottling are absent in the Bt and BC horizon, whereas patterns of lithochromic mottling are common in Appling soils that have hue of 5YR.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults
The Bt horizon is at least 24 to 50 inches thick and extends to 40 inches or more. Depth to bedrock ranges from 6 to 10 feet or more. The soil is very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout, unless limed. Limed soils typically are moderately acid or slightly acid in the upper part. Content of coarse fragments ranges from 0 to 35 percent by volume in the A and E horizons and 0 to 10 percent by volume in the Bt horizon. Fragments are dominantly gravel in size. Most pedons have few to common flakes of mica in the A and Bt horizons and few to many flakes of mica in the BC and C horizons.
Most of the acreage is in cultivation or pasture and the remainder is in forests of mixed hardwoods and pine. Common crops are corn, tobacco, soybeans, cotton, and small grains.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Piedmont of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. The series is of large extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
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Profile of Totatlanika fine-silty, mixed, active, subgelic Typic Histoturbels. Totatlanika soils have moderately deep mixed alluvium over permafrost. Segregated ice seen in this photo starting around 70 cm are common in these soils. (Soil Survey of Greater Nenana Area, Alaska; by Dennis Mulligan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Totatlanika soils occur on flood plains. Vegetation is stunted black spruce (P. mariana) forest with an understory of mixed
shrubs that include labrador tea (L. groenlandicum), blueberry (Vaccinium uliginosum), lingonberry (vaccinium vitis-idea) and vaious willows (Salix spp.) with a thick ground cover of peat mosses (sphagnum spp.) and tussock forming sedges (Eriophorum spp.).
Depth class: moderately deep
Drainage class: very poorly or poorly drained
Parent material: fine-silty alluvium
Landform: flood plains
Slopes: 0 to 2 percent
Mean annual precipitation: about 11 inches, 280 mm
Mean annual temperature: about 25 degrees F., -4 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, subgelic Typic Histoturbels
Particle-size control (section weighted average):
Percent clay in the control section: 20 to 35 percent
Soil moisture regime: aquic
Mean annual soil temperature: 26 degrees F., 50 cm
Thickness of organic materials: 8 to 15 inches, 20 to 37 cm
Texture of the fine silty mantle: silt loam or silty clay loam
Texture of the permafrost substratum: permanently frozen material
Percent clay in the fine silty mantle: 20 to 35 percent
Thickness of histic epipedon 8 to 16 inches, 20 to 37 cm
Thickness of redoximorphic concentrations: from 11 to 72 inches, 27 to 183 cm.
Thickness of redoximorphic depletions: from 15 to 72 inches, 38 to 183 cm.
Thickness of cryoturbation and gelic materials: 11 to 72 inches, 27 to 183 cm.
Depth to permafrost: 17 to 31 inches, 44 to 80 cm
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for recreation and wildlife habitat. The native vegetation includes black spruce and ericaceous shrub.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA 229, Interior Alaska Lowlands, The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/alaska/AK655/0...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
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