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More generally, labyrinth might be applied to any extremely complicated maze-like structure. Herodotus, in Book II of his Histories, describes as a "labyrinth" a building complex in Egypt, "near the place called the City of Crocodiles," that he considered to surpass the pyramids:
It has twelve covered courts — six in a row facing north, six south — the gates of the one range exactly fronting the gates of the other. Inside, the building is of two storeys and contains three thousand rooms, of which half are underground, and the other half directly above them. I was taken through the rooms in the upper storey, so what I shall say of them is from my own observation, but the underground ones I can speak of only from report, because the Egyptians in charge refused to let me see them, as they contain the tombs of the kings who built the labyrinth, and also the tombs of the sacred crocodiles. The upper rooms, on the contrary, I did actually see, and it is hard to believe that they are the work of men; the baffling and intricate passages from room to room and from court to court were an endless wonder to me, as we passed from a courtyard into rooms, from rooms into galleries, from galleries into more rooms and thence into yet more courtyards. The roof of every chamber, courtyard, and gallery is, like the walls, of stone. The walls are covered with carved figures, and each court is exquisitely built of white marble and surrounded by a colonnade.
During the 19th century, the remains of this structure were discovered by Flinders Petrie at the foot of the pyramid of Amenemhat III at Hawara in the Faiyum Oasis. The Classical accounts of various authors (Herodotus, Strabo, Pliny the Elder, among others) are not entirely consistent, perhaps due to degradation of the structure during Classical times. In origin, the structure was likely a collection of funerary temples such as are commonly found near Egyptian pyramids.
In 1898, the Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities described the structure as "the largest of all the temples of Egypt, the so-called Labyrinth, of which, however, only the foundation stones have been preserved."
Herodotus' description of the Egyptian Labyrinth inspired some central scenes in Bolesław Prus' 1895 historical novel, Pharaoh.
Although early Cretan coins occasionally exhibit branching (multicursal) patterns, the single-path (unicursal) seven-course "Classical" design without branching or dead ends became associated with the Labyrinth on coins as early as 430 BC, and similar non-branching patterns became widely used as visual representations of the Labyrinth – even though both logic and literary descriptions make it clear that the Minotaur was trapped in a complex branching maze. Even as the designs became more elaborate, visual depictions of the mythological Labyrinth from Roman times until the Renaissance are almost invariably unicursal. Branching mazes were reintroduced only when garden mazes became popular during the Renaissance.
In English, the term labyrinth is generally synonymous with maze. As a result of the long history of unicursal representation of the mythological Labyrinth, however, many contemporary scholars and enthusiasts observe a distinction between the two. In this specialized usage maze refers to a complex branching multicursal puzzle with choices of path and direction, while a unicursal labyrinth has only a single path to the center. A labyrinth in this sense has an unambiguous route to the center and back and presents no navigational challenge.Labyrinth is a word of pre-Greek, Minoan origin, which the Greeks associated with the palace of Knossos in Crete. It is also widely associated with the Lydian word labrys ("double-edged axe"), and since the double axe motif appears in the ruins at Knossos, it has been suggested that the original labyrinth was the royal Minoan palace in Crete. This designation may not have been limited to Knossos, because the same symbols were discovered in other palaces in Crete.The first ever organized group to officially call themselves Gnostics had lived on the island of Crete Cretan_Labyrinthand many other lands around the world for thousands of years. They were said to have come to Crete from Egypt with their Phoenician Prince Cadmus. According to Herodotus and Strabo, these people were originally known as the Phoenicians who accompanied Cadmus out of Phoenicia.The meaning of Cadmus is “he who came from the East.” These ancient Gnostics were known by several names over this long-span of time; such as the Curetes, Telchines, Ophites, Hivites, the Priests of Pan, and the Sons of Mizraim (Hebrew), meaning “Sons of Egypt.” In the bible they are called the Nephilim, the Sons of God, Sons of Abraham, and Sons of Noah who are the original Phoenician Hebrews and Israelites that created the esoteric gnostic literature masterpieces known as the Old and New Testament Bibles.Their symbols are the serpent, the bull, the ram and horns (hippocampus or ammon’s horn). They were the followers of the”The Sacred Serpent,” “The Sacred Bull,” “The Sun in Taurus,” “The Soul of Osiris,” and “The Retiring of the Bull.” These gnostics were also the original builders of the city of the Ram that we know of as Rome (Rama), by its founder Romulus (Ram-ulus). An interesting note is that this is the year 2015, the year of the Ram. It makes sense that the Romans (Ram-ans) originally came from Egypt and then Crete because of their reverence for the obelisk of Ramses II, and Caesar’s needle.It was on Crete where the Gnostic Sons of Egypt had built the ancient city of Gnosis that today is called Knossos (/ˈnɒsəs/; also spelled Knossus, Cnossus, Greek Κνωσός, pronounced [knoˈsos] ). The word Knossos is derived from the etymology of the word Gnosis. A word that simply means “know, knowledge, knowledgeable, knowingly, etc.,” and are derived from the Old Latin words, ‘Gnosoo,’ where we get the modern Latin word ‘novi’ which is a noun that means “actual knowledge which is the result of past learning,” and ‘noscos’ which is the present use of the verb ‘novi,’ and it denotes “to learn.”In the city of Gnosis they had built the world’s most famous Gnostic Labyrinth of Initiation ever known.reverence for the obelisk of Ramses II, and Caesar’s needle.
Labrys was a cult-word that was probably introduced from Anatolia, where such symbols have been found in Çatal Höyük from the Neolithic age. In Labraunda of Caria the double-axe accompanies the storm-god Zeus Labraundos (Ζεὺς Λαβρανδεύς). It also accompanies the Hurrian god of sky and storm Teshub (his Hittite and Luwian name was Tarhun).
Labrys, however, comes from Lydian, not Minoan, and the association of labyrinth with labrys remains speculative.[15] The Linear B (Mycenaean) inscription on tablet ΚΝ Gg 702 is interpreted as da-pu2-ri-to-jo, po-ti-ni-ja (labyrinthoio potnia, "Mistress of the labyrinth). The word daburinthos (labyrinthos) may show the same equivocation between initial d- and l- as is found in the variation of the early Hittite royal name Tabarna / Labarna (where written t- may represent phonetic d-). The original Minoan word, which is attested in Linear A tablets, appears to refer to labyrinthine underground grottoes, such as seen at Gortyn.[18] Pliny the Elder's four examples of labyrinths are all complex underground structures, and this appears to have been the standard Classical understanding of the word.
By the 4th century BC, the Greeks also associated the Labyrinth with the familiar "Greek key" patterns of endlessly running meanders.[20] Coins from Knossos were struck with the labyrinth symbol in the 5th through 3rd centuries BC. The predominant labyrinth form during this period is the simple seven-circuit style known as the classical labyrinth, and over time the term labyrinth came to be applied to any unicursal maze, which were typically rendered as circular or rectangular patterns.Silver coin from Knossos representing the Labyrinth, 400 BC. In Greek mythology, the Labyrinth (Greek: Λαβύρινθος labyrinthos) was an elaborate, confusing structure designed and built by the legendary artificer Daedalus for King Minos of Crete at Knossos. Its function was to hold the Minotaur, the monster eventually killed by the hero Theseus. Daedalus had so cunningly made the Labyrinth that he could barely escape it after he built it.
It was on Crete where the Gnostic Sons of Egypt had built the ancient city of Gnosis that today is called Knossos (/ˈnɒsəs/; also spelled Knossus, Cnossus, Greek Κνωσός, pronounced [knoˈsos] ). The word Knossos is derived from the etymology of the word Gnosis. A word that simply means “know, knowledge, knowledgeable, knowingly, etc.,” and are derived from the Old Latin words, ‘Gnosoo,’ where we get the modern Latin word ‘novi’ which is a noun that means “actual knowledge which is the result of past learning,” and ‘noscos’ which is the present use of the verb ‘novi,’ and it denotes “to learn.”
In the city of Gnosis they had built the world’s most famous Gnostic Labyrinth of Initiation ever known.
It was here in the city of Knossos where Sir Arthur Evans had discovered evidence of Europe’s oldest merchant people whom he called the ‘Minoans.’ A name that means the “Children of Jupiter”, with their King Minos (Jupiter). It is in this City of Gnosis that Evans had discovered the famous, and mysterious structure called “the labyrinth.”
The great inventor Daedalus was said to have designed the labyrinth, and the gnostic kings of CreteLabyrinth kept the great half man and half bull Minotaur in it. Here is Sir Arthur Evans explanation of the story of the labyrinth; “and the fondness of the Cretans for bull fights as the foundation of the legend of the Minotaur, while the tribute of the Athenians indicates the widespread power of the Cretan kings which extended over the whole Egean region. This dominance rested wholly on sea-power and was so great that the palace at Knossos was without walls and fortifications. The strong defence of the island state was evidently its fleet, and practically the whole intercourse of these Mediterranean lands was carried on by the Cretan ships.”When the Bronze Age site at Knossos was excavated by explorer Arthur Evans, the complexity of the architecture prompted him to suggest that the palace had been the Labyrinth of Daedalus. Evans found various bull motifs, including an image of a man leaping over the horns of a bull, as well as depictions of a labrys carved into the walls. On the strength of a passage in the Iliad,[21] it has been suggested that the palace was the site of a dancing-ground made for Ariadne by the craftsman Daedalus, where young men and women, of the age of those sent to Crete as prey for the Minotaur, would dance together. By extension, in popular legend the palace is associated with the myth of the Minotaur.
In the 2000s, archaeologists explored other potential sites of the labyrinth. Oxford University geographer Nicholas Howarth believes that 'Evans's hypothesis that the palace of Knossos is also the Labyrinth must be treated sceptically.' Howarth and his team conducted a search of an underground complex known as the Skotino cave but concluded that it was formed naturally. Another contender is a series of underground tunnels at Gortyn, accessed by a narrow crack but expanding into interlinking caverns. Unlike the Skotino cave, these caverns have smooth walls and columns, and appear to have been at least partially man-made. This site corresponds to an unusual labyrinth symbol on a 16th-century map of Crete contained in a book of maps in the library of Christ Church, Oxford. A map of the caves themselves was produced by the French in 1821. The site was also used by German soldiers to store ammunition during the Second World War. Howarth's investigation was shown on a documentary[ produced for the National Geographic Channel.
The etymology of the word labyrinth (labyrinthine or labyrinthian) is made of the three words, lab, ryne and thian. The meaning of lab is a building, part of a building, or other place equipped to conduct scientific experiments, tests, investigations, or to manufacture. This gave rise to the current definition of laboratory, and labor. The meaning of the word ryn or ryne is a course, race, a course of years, watercourse (blood course) and life. The meaning of the word thine or thian is heaven.
One of the rituals was known as the “Mistress of the Labyrinth” which was said to be the Phoenician and Greek view a gnostic prison of the soul is which the initiate has to battle the dreaded Minotaur in order to find their ways out of the massive maze. Very few people were known to have escaped from the Labyrinth to find true gnosis. The one who killed the Minotaur was the founder-king of Athens, Theseus. His name means The Zeus or The Jupiter.
The labyrinth rituals were symbolic to the illusions of the lower world through which wanders the soul of man in its search for truth. The Minotaur symbolizes man who is part animal and part divine as he moves down his path of gnosis as he is entangled in the maze of worldly ignorance that seeks to destroy his soul. The labyrinth is the building or temple of our bodies and heads in which we make sense of spiritual motion of the soul in our blood. It is the gnostic path of manmade mazes to our pasts that we search the many false courses to that one path of truth inside each one of us known as heaven.
moe-sword. The city where this plan would help take form, would be on the island of Crete which happens to be named after the Greek word Kriti (Kri-ti), which means ‘creation.’The meaning of the English word Cre’ate, is “to form out of nothing, to creo, creatum – cause to exist.” Hence, FIAT LUX. An island named after creation that also happens to be the home of one of the original “Ancient City of Gnosis and that today is called, Knossos.”
This great Cretan Gnostic labyrinth built by the Sons of Mizraim who were also known as the Nephilim would become the blueprints for our modern world that we see today. The ancient secret gnostic rites and initiations to gnosis would then become the base teachings of world-wid Alchemy, religious orders such as the Rosicrucians, Illuminati and many other secret orders.
Carving showing the warrior Abhimanyu entering the chakravyuha – Hoysaleswara temple, Halebidu, India
A design essentially identical to the 7-course "classical" pattern appeared in Native American culture, the Tohono O'odham people labyrinth which features I'itoi, the "Man in the Maze." The Tonoho O'odham pattern has two distinct differences from the classical: it is radial in design, and the entrance is at the top, where traditional labyrinths have the entrance at the bottom (see below). The earliest appearances cannot be dated securely; the oldest is commonly dated to the 17th century.The Chakravyūha or Padmavyūha is a multi-tiered defensive formation that looks like a blooming lotus (पद्म padma) or disc (चक्र chakra) when viewed from above.[1] The warriors at each interleaving position would be in an increasingly tough position to fight. The formation was used in the battle of Kurukshetra by Dronacharya, who became commander-in-chief of the Kaurava army after the fall of Bhishma Pitamaha.
The various vyūhas (military formations) were studied by the Kauravas and Pandavas alike. Most of them can be beaten using a counter-measure targeted specifically against that formation. It is important to observe that in the form of battle described in the Mahabharata, it was important to place powerful fighters in positions where they could inflict maximum damage to the opposing force, or defend their own side. As per this military strategy, a specific stationary object or a moving object or person could be captured, surrounded and fully secured during battle.
The formation begins with two soldiers on both sides, with other soldiers following them at a distance of three hands, drawing up seven circles and culminating in the end which is the place where the captured person or object is to be kept. In order to form the Chakravyuha, the commander has to identify soldiers who will form this formation. The number of soldiers to be deployed and the size of the Chakravyuha is calculated as per the resistance estimated. Once drawn, the foremost soldiers come on either side of the opponent to be captured, engage briefly and then advance. Their place is taken up by the next soldiers on either side, who again engage the opponent briefly and then advance. In this fashion, a number of soldiers pass the enemy and proceed in a circular pattern. By the time the rear of the formation arrives, the oblivious enemy is surrounded on all sides by seven tiers of soldiers. The last soldiers of the formation give the signal of completing the Chakravyuha. On the signal, every soldier who so far has been facing outwards turns inwards to face the opponent. It is only then that the captured enemy realizes his captivity. The army maintains the circular formation and can lead away the captive as well.
A prehistoric petroglyph on a riverbank in Goa shows the same pattern and has been dated to circa 2500 BC.[33] Other examples have been found among cave art in northern India and on a dolmen shrine in the Nilgiri Mountains, but are difficult to date accurately. Early labyrinths in India typically follow the Classical pattern or a local variant of it; some have been described as plans of forts or cities.
Labyrinths appear in Indian manuscripts and Tantric texts from the 17th century onward. They are often called "Chakravyuha" in reference to an impregnable battle formation described in the ancient Mahabharata epic. Lanka, the capital city of mythic Rāvana, is described as a labyrinth in the 1910 translation of Al-Beruni's India (c. 1030 AD) p. 306 (with a diagram on the following page).
By the White Sea, notably on the Solovetsky Islands, there have been preserved more than 30 stone labyrinths. The most remarkable monument is the Stone labyrinths of Bolshoi Zayatsky Island - a group of 13–14 stone labyrinths on 0.4 km2 area of one small island. These labyrinths are thought to be 2,000–3,000 years old.
Today the magical labyrinth would represent this whole world as we know it. I don’t know about you but I have almost found my way out of the maze by fighting my own Minotaur beast of a self to reach a place of heaven called gnosis. Hopefully, the kings in charge of the labyrinth haven’t deemed us all unworthy, and marked for death by closing the exit.The labyrinth can be a powerful tool for inner enhancement and development. It is designed specifically for this purpose. When walking the labyrinth, we find our perspective constantly changing. Our vision and physical bodies are never facing the same direction for long. This is a technique to coax our inner knowing out from within.
Further, the spiraling inward motion is a physical replication of our spiritual tendency to seek within the highest truths in order to find eternal freedom. When we are moving outward from the source, it is an action that we have made the divine connection and now we are expressing our completeness outwardly – essentially sharing our highest good with all around us.Secondary security in case of prison break. They wanted to make it hard to wake up their worst enemies. The system lords did not trust each other, so the Labyrinth was created to prevent any system lord from gaining access their worst enemies. Hades was entrusted to watch over it and knew that if he decided to take advantage of it, all System Lords would come down on him. Unfortunately that’s exactly what happened.Persephone was Hades’ Queen. She ruled over his kingdom while he was away, but was unable to hold on to it. As it collapsed, she hid in the prison ship to escape Hades’ enemies. She used the prison ship as her Palace towards the end because it was so easy to hide in. She brought along her lover, Daedalus, a young Go’auld subservient to Persephone with his own plans.The ship travels on what seems to be a series of random jumps from world to world. Daedalus set the ship to do this to escape Persephone’s enemies. But over time, it has been damaged by attacks from random raiders, other system lords that might have stumbled on it. So now the pattern Daedalus has set up is random and stuck. It must be repaired and the ship stabilized.The ship makes regular stops to pick up “prisoners” – the teleport run – and pick up supplies – teleport water and food stuffs from preprogrammed worlds Daedalus found rich of those resources.The Clans sent their worst political enemies, the strongest opponents to uninifcation, and their war criminals to the Labyrinth ship. They have also sent their harshest criminals and insane. All the clans believed that the sentence was worse then death and had no idea the truth behind the Temple of Persephone. There is a sampling of all the clans on the ship, surviving on the hydroponics bays they were able to acquire throughout the ship.
It is important to note that walking the labyrinth (mentally or physically) is not intended to be overly challenging. There are no dead-ends with the labyrinth, only meandering waves of smooth lines designed to gently nudge us back to our destination.
This is where labyrinths are often confused with mazes. Big difference. Mazes are designed to challenge intellect and strategic skills. Whereas the labyrinth is an exercise in soul development.
The caption on these images are purely what Andrew Wiltshire wrote on the 35mm slide mounts plus my own research into the locations. I therefore welcome any additional comments providing interesting information about the locomotives or the history of the location, line closure dates etc. Also please make caption links to other FLICKR images of the same location so we can all see how the locations have changed over time.
Due to recent unauthorised publication of my John Wiltshire images in a magazine. newspaper and two published books without payment I have to now make this statement.
This image is the copyright of © Peter Brabham; Any users, found to replicate, reproduce, circulate, distribute, download, manipulate or otherwise use my images without my written consent will be in breach of copyright laws. I will retrospectively claim £50 per print image if prior written authorisation for publication has not been sought. Please contact me at pete.brabham@ntlworld.com for permission to use any of my John Wiltshire photographs in hard copy publication. I will usually give permission free of charge to Heritage Railways and steam loco restoration project advertising, but profit making magazines and book authors must pay a reproduction fee. Authors should know the provenance of high quality digital images that they use.
yes people with leprosy
marry,
divorce,
have normal children,
and even laugh,
cry,
talk,
eat,
walk
,get depressed,
love one another
and in fact are human believe it or not .
a bacterium has entered their body and destroyed
nerve cells.
They wait too long to get treatment.
they don't even know they have something replicating in their body that can be wiped out with 2-3 pills.
this is Anil's wife who cares for him as would any wife of a deformed husband.
they share the same living quarters.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=du1k6LR6Gl0
www.youtube.com/watch?v=6grLG3UUKNk
www.youtube.com/watch?v=P74S3gfVuxA&t=195s
www.youtube.com/watch?v=GfMipejEY7s
www.youtube.com/watch?v=-t38TiOFaMQ
www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs101/en/
Photography’s new conscience
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Operator: Cavite Batangas Transport Service Cooperative
Fleet No.: 8317
Type of Service: Public Utility Bus - Provincial Operation
Route: Alfonso - Manila
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ENGINE
Maker: Mitsubishi Motors Corp.
Model: 6D22
CHASSIS
Maker: Hyundai Motor Co.
Model: KMJTA18VPY
COACH
Coachbuilder:
Model: "FX212"
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captured at Plaza Lawton, Manila
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NOTE: Errors may be evident with this description. Corrections will be done once verified.
"Replicate"
I seldom shoot reflection when shooting landscapes but when I saw this picturesque view, I quickly decided to set up my gears and shoot.
This is a replica of Cathedral Parish of St. Joseph and can be found inside Las Casas Filipinas De Acuzar in Bagac, Bataan. The original church is standing still at Balanga, Bataan.
Bagac , Bataan
November | 2016
Taken using Fujifilm XT-10 and Fujinon XC 16-50mm
Mounted on Manfrotto 055V tripod
#LasCasasFilipinasDeAcuzar #Bagac #Balanga #Bataan #Tourism #Travel #Landscapes #Photography #EverydayPhilippines #PhilippineTourism #BataanTourism #Fujifilm #FujifilmPh #Xpph #mirrorlessrevolution #Manfrotto #BlueHour
Epilobium densiflorum. Posting some replicates of this guy for a few out there want to ensure I've got the correct plant in a specific location. I will say there are LOTS of these blooming now.
Entropy, as expressed by the Second Law of Thermodynamics, is an all pervasive natural force, similar in importance to gravity or electro- magnetism. Its attributes involve the flow of what we call "time". It shows why time travel is impossible and why water only runs downhill. Entropy permeates all aspects of human existence. Entropy explains why it is easy to lose money and difficult to make money. Entropy is the force behind Murphy's Law: Anything that can go wrong, must go wrong. Is time-travel impossible? Why does water only run downhill? Why is it easy to lose money but difficult to acquire it? The answer to these and many other puzzling questions rests in the Second Law of Thermodynamics, in Entropy. The so-called Second Law relates closely to the term Entropy. An understanding of this fundamental law of nature and its ramification provides great insights in the way the world really works. Entropy, as expressed by the Second Law, is the ultimate Natural Law because it determines the flow of what we call "time". Thus, entropy deals with the very existence of the universe. The term entropy describes phenomena that have the most profound effect on all events in human existence, including our ability to achieve happiness by aligning ourselves with Objective Reality.
The Second Law holds a unique position in science because it has never evolved from a theory such as the Theory of Relativity or the Theory of Quantum Mechanics. The Second Law is empirical. There is no fully satisfactory theoretical proof for the Second Law, although there are some connections to Quantum Mechanics, Probability and Relativity. Once a Unified Field Theory, the Theory of Everything, is developed, it will and must account for Entropy. Many scientists, who claimed that this Law is paradoxical in nature, have tried to attack it. However, in all instances the alleged paradoxes were due to faulty reasoning. The Second Law has prevailed and has established itself as the most fundamental of all Natural Laws.
The profound nature of the Second Law manifests itself in every aspect of human existence. It covers questions pertaining to the obscure beginnings of the universe to the way we pour milk in our coffee. I remember my high school teacher posing the question: You have a cup of very hot coffee that you would like to drink as soon as possible, let us say, within 5 minutes. Should you first add the desired quantity of cold milk to the coffee and then let the coffee sit for 5 minutes? Alternatively, do you let the coffee sit for 5 minutes and then add the same quantity of milk?
The answer is not intuitive but it is simple, if we are familiar with the Second Law: The rate of heat exchange between the hot coffee and the ambient air depends on their temperature differential. The higher the temperature differential, the faster will be the rate of exchange. Within the 5-minute waiting period, heat transfers to the air at a higher rate if we do not add the cold milk initially to the coffee. If we add the milk at the beginning, instead of at the end of the 5 minutes, the energy transfer will slow down and the coffee will be markedly hotter at the end of 5 minutes.
This revelation does not appear to be a momentous event. It was only intended to indicate the pervasiveness of the Second Law, especially in view of the fact that most people are seemingly ignorant of it. The point is, the Second Law is not intuitive. We have to acquire the relevant knowledge by a rational thought process in order to take advantage of it. The cup of coffee is not important but the principle behind the cup permeates all of our existence: In order to optimize the effectiveness of our actions it is helpful to understand the implications of Entropy.
Entropy describes the degradation of energy to perform work. What is energy? On the high school level, we simply defined energy as the capacity to do work. However, the real question is, What factor, precisely, is doing this work? Why does energy have the capacity to perform work? The HOWs in life are easy, the WHYs are the tough ones.
Energy is the raw material of the universe. At the time of the Big Bang, about 13.7 billion years ago, there was nothing but raw energy. There was no mass with a physical attribute. It was only much later in the nascent universe that this primal energy transformed itself into physical mass, stars, nebula and black holes. Stars, and particularly supernovas, are the factories of the elements, such as iron, from which human beings are formed.
As we know from Einstein's famous formula E = m c^2, mass and energy are freely convertible into each other. The Hydrogen Bomb demonstrates this conversion in a spectacular fashion. Most of the energy it generates is due to the conversion of matter into energy. Such conversion of matter into energy, and vice-versa, is also a less spectacular event in everyday phenomena although it is usually so minuscule as to escape our attention: When we exercise vigorously, we convert chemical energy into radiated heat energy. All this radiated energy that leaves our body has mass, just as light has energy and weight, although it will not register on our bathroom scale.
In cognizance of these basic facts, we can stipulate that energy is the basic raw material that makes up the universe and all that is contained within it, including human beings. The essence of the universe is the unity of energy, time and space.
Energy is essentially a heat phenomenon. Heat and work are mechanisms by which systems exchange energy with one another. The mechanical equivalent of heat is called a Joule. 4.2 joules are the equivalent of one calorie, the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius.
In order for energy to perform work, a difference must exist between energy at a high potential and energy at a more randomized, diluted, potential. The term entropy is a measure of the degree to which energy has lost the capacity to perform useful work. Entropy signifies the dilution, the randomization of energy. We may look at water in two lakes, connected by a canal. Unless the lakes are at a different level, unless they are at a different energy potential, there is plenty of water, but all this water has no potential energy and cannot perform any useful work because it cannot change levels. This ability or inability to perform useful work is an analogy to and is at the heart of the term entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
Let us back up a little: This whole subject of Thermodynamics sounds like a very complicated affair. Indeed, it is both very simple and extremely complex. There are three Laws of Thermodynamics, but we need to concern ourselves only with the first two laws because they are closely interwoven and can actually be expressed in one sentence: The total energy content of the universe is constant and the total entropy, the non-usable energy, is constantly increasing. There you have it: The combination of the first and second law of thermodynamics.
Very interesting, but what does it mean? It means that energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can be transformed into mass, chemical energy, heat energy, latent energy and work, but it cannot be created and it cannot disappear. Energy is also in a constant, inevitable and irreversible process of becoming increasingly randomized. Salt crystals may be dissolved in a beaker of water without losing its identity as salt. The salt became more randomized when it dissolved in the water. The Law of Entropy decrees that it cannot reconvert itself to the less randomized, crystalline version. The salt cannot reconstitute itself as crystals, unless we introduce external energy to evaporate the water.
The amount of energy in the universe was established at the time of the Big Bang. At that point, energy was extremely concentrated and ordered. Since then, the universe has expanded vastly and energy has become more diluted and randomized. It is inherent in the nature of the universe that this process must and will continue. If it were to stop, the universe would cease to exist.
This increasing randomization of energy, entropy, is part of the structure of the universe. The energy dilemma does not involve the amount of energy that is available; it involves the form in which the energy is available. The universe is involved in a constant process of converting one form of energy into another form and in doing so, it inevitably must convert part of the original energy into more randomized, less usable, heat energy. Potential energy is organized energy whereas heat represents randomized, disorganized energy. Heat energy is irretrievable energy. Although the energy contained in heat is not destroyed, it has become unavailable for producing work. All forms of energy are degraded incessantly and irreversibly to an inferior, lower-quality, more-randomized form of energy: Heat.
By the same principle, the solar energy that pours out of the furnace of the sun travels on and on until it eventually becomes scattered throughout the universe: It becomes so randomized that it becomes unusable for the performance of work. Therefore, we must stipulate that entropy, as a measure of the randomness of energy in the universe, is always increasing.
The question arises, what will happen when all the usable energy in the universe is converted into randomized heat energy and is no longer capable of performing such work as expanding the universe. We refer to this condition as the Heat Death of the Universe: Once all the energy in the universe is converted to and randomized as heat, then the universe will be in a state of energy equilibrium, everything will be of the same temperature and entropy will remain constant. This is where science gets more complicated and involves the microwave background radiation consisting of photons near, but not quite at, absolute Zero. Scientists have recently detected this microwave background radiation and have thus confirmed the connectivity between Thermodynamics and Quantum Mechanics.
Before we go on to some practical manifestations of entropy, we need to be aware of a very important characteristic of entropy: The Laws of Thermodynamics pertain only to a system that we refer to as a closed system: An entity that does not exchange energy, information or mass with anything outside the system. The universe in its totality is a closed system because no new energy is injected into it. Therefore, all laws of Thermodynamics apply to the universe. Earth is not a closed system because our sun constantly injects it with new energy. This infusion of energy into the non-closed system of the earth makes it possible to comply with the Second Law while achieving an increase in the complexity of life forms, as necessitated by the process of evolution.
The laws of thermodynamics are among the very few laws of nature that describe phenomena that are an integral part of the origin of the universe, of the Big Bang. The other laws in this category are gravity, relativity, nuclear binding forces and electromagnetism. Human beings need not concern themselves with the effects of relativity or quantum mechanics. However, the phenomena of thermodynamics constantly and profoundly affect all human beings.
If there are any laws that have truly universal applicability and that also affect ordinary human affairs, they are the Laws of Thermodynamics. The following statement contains the essence of Entropy: In any transformation of energy from one form to another, useful energy is lost irreversibly. The German physicist Clausius first used the term Entropy in 1865 to describe the nature of the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Even great physicists of that period, like James Maxwell, had trouble with a concept involving only negatives and dealing with the idea of measuring a state of disorder. Today we can condense the statement of Entropy by stating: Entropy in a closed system can never decrease. There are no exceptions to this statement.
The Second Law decrees that water can only flow downhill. Objects do not run uphill by themselves. If we wish to have water run uphill, we must supply outside energy to pump it up the hill.
A clock gradually runs down because the latent energy in its spring is used to run the clock and part of this energy is converted to irretrievable heat. Because the heat cannot be reconstituted into usable energy, this energy is lost irretrievably and the clock cannot rewind itself.
Even in the most complex energy transformations, there is a forward direction to the process because only an outside energy source can reverse a heat-process within a closed system. The burning of gasoline in a car creates mechanical energy and heat. However, no process in the universe will allow the exhaust gases to re-combine with the heat energy and reconstitute the original gasoline: The heat energy of the burning gasoline has achieved a higher and irreversible state of randomization: The entropy of the system, and the universe, is irreversibly increased, as required by the Second Law.
The close relationship of entropy to the statistical laws of probability becomes clear when we hold a stack of five coins in a hand and throw them on a flat surface. Instead of retaining their previous order and proximity, they scatter and increase their randomness. The fall of the coins generated and dissipated the tiniest little bit of heat and the lack of this heat prevented the coins from reforming in the same stack as before. Entropy always drives all transformation of energy in such a way as to increase irreversible randomness.
Ice must have a tendency to melt because H2O molecules in ice crystals are more orderly than in the form of water. Ice crystals tend to become randomized by changing from orderly ice crystals to a more disorderly state as a liquid.
Water must evaporate: A gaseous structure is more randomized than a liquid state.
Time can only flow in one direction: The arrow of time can only move from the dead past to the non-existing future. The Second Law is closely interwoven with the laws of probability. Therefore, the laws of entropy are statistical laws. If we apply statistical laws applicable to entropy to future events, they provide meaningful results; if we apply them to past events, they are meaningless. Therefore, time can flow only from the dead past toward the future, which does not yet exist. Time travel will always remain impossible: It is inherently impossible to move from one state of non-existence to other states of non-existence. The Second Law decrees that the universe would have to cease to exist in order to allow for time-travel.
The laws of thermodynamics are the descriptors of the universe and do not permit perpetual motion machines. We would only waste our time and money if we were to attempt building a machine that not only can run forever, but that could even produce excess energy while doing so.
Heat flows from a hot object to a cold object, never the other way around. When we drop a hot peace of metal in a container of cold water, the metal cools and the water heats up until their temperatures have equalized. During this process the entropy, the randomness of the system consisting of the water and the metal, increases and no further useful work can be performed because there is no longer a temperature differential between the water and the metal: The system has become randomized.
This manifestation of the Second Law can be stated quite simply: Heat energy will not flow from a cooler to a warmer body. It would be foolish to try to warm our hands on a block of ice although there is considerable heat in the ice. If we compare the heat of ice with the heat of liquid hydrogen, ice would appear to be very hot, indeed. It would be easy to build a machine that runs on the heat differential between the cold block of ice and the much colder liquid hydrogen. However, since the heat in the ice is at a much lower level than the heat in our body, heat cannot flow from the ice to our hands. We cannot warm our hands by immersing them in ice. We have always known this fact. Now we know why we cannot warm our hand by touching a block of ice.
Bridges and buildings will inevitably collapse, unless entropy is counteracted by the addition of new energy, such as money, energy, power or labor, to the system. If we do not paint the bridge, it will eventually, but inevitably, collapse.
Money is not energy but it represents energy. Therefore, money becomes randomized automatically, in compliance with the Second Law. As we only know too well, money has a distinct tendency to dissipate, to randomize. On the other hand, the creation of wealth requires an infusion of energy from a source outside the system, such as a competent strategy or the contribution of additional capital or labor.
We know empirically, that things do not organize themselves into artifacts that are more complex unless new energy is inserted from outside the system. This fact is obvious because a broken window will not repair itself. Without competent management, without the energy to organize and structure transactions, a business will fail, a victim of entropy.
Without new software, without the infusion of new energy from outside the computer system, a computer will never acquire new capabilities, but its hard-drive will fill up with defects and clutter due to the degeneration of the data it holds. A well known fact.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics is closely interwoven with the future of the universe and with all life on earth. Sometimes people say that the existence of life on earth violates or contradicts the Second Law. However, this is not the case; we know of nothing in the universe that violates the Second Law.
The definition of life revolves around three prerequisites: The organism must be able to replicate itself, the organism must be capable of energy conversion and the organism must be subject to evolution. The essence of evolution is an increase in complexity, as is obvious when we consider the evolution of living organisms over eons of time.
An increase in complexity entails an increase in the orderliness of the organizational character of the organism: Life represents a decrease of entropy, a decrease of randomness. Such a decrease in randomization can only come about as a result of an infusion of energy from the outside of the closed system, from the outside of the organism. Therefore, the ability to utilize energy by converting it to a usable form, is the essence of all things that we call alive or living. In the case of life on earth, the outside energy is derived from the sun. No sunlight, no life on earth.
This is the chain of life on earth: No energy, no evolution. -- No evolution, no life -- No energy, no life
The discussion of energy is significant, because nothing happens in the universe without energy. The whole universe is a cauldron of energy conversions. As far as human beings are concerned, we need to remember that the standard of living of a person or a nation is determined primarily by the availability of usable energy sources, such as oil or nuclear energy. Without sources of energy to turn our wheels and to compensate for entropy, humanity would revert to the primeval existence of hunters and gatherers.
Many people have trouble understanding the principle of entropy because it is a concept of negatives, because it is a measure of the disorder, of the randomness of a closed system. Every biochemical function requires a decrease in entropy, which can only be achieved by the infusion of energy into a life-sustaining system.
Many people erroneously believe that everything that we use up can be recycled and reused if we only develop the appropriate technology. However, the Second Law makes it inherently impossible to achieve complete reconstitution or recycling. In order to recycle a used product, we must insert additional energy in the collecting, transportation and reprocessing of used materials and this energy expenditure contributes to the overall entropy, the randomness, of the environment. Thus, discards can be recycled only by the expenditure of additional energy and at the expense of increasing the entropy of the universe as a whole. On a light note: Every time someone lights a cigarette, he increases the entropy of the universe and contributes to the energy death of the universe.
Why is this discussion of entropy and the Second Law so important to us, to ordinary human beings? After all, most of us are more concerned with living a happy life, than the heat death of the universe. The problem is that the Second Law has a tendency to interfere with our happiness because it has a pervasive, pernicious effect on our lives. It is imperative that we are aware of the impairments caused by entropy in order to counteract them effectively.
If we encounter a problem in life, it is most important to be fully cognizant of the precise nature and cause of the problem. In trying to resolve the problem, it would be counter-productive to invoke the help of imagined superior beings, instead of dealing with the problem in a realistic, purposeful manner. Unless we understand the nature of entropy, we cannot resolve the deleterious effects that make it difficult to achieve desired results. Therefore, a profound knowledge of the Second Law is extremely important to our quest for happiness.
"Murphy's Law" is well known. After allowing for many humorous embellishments and variations on the basic theme, Mr. Murphy’s proposition states: "Anything that can go wrong will go wrong." A corollary version claims: "Left to themselves, things tend to go from bad to worse".
We laugh about this aspect of life because we have all experienced the effect of Mr. Murphy's Law on many occasions. Rather than recognize Murphy's Law as a humorous version of a basic law of nature, we usually look upon it as a quirk of nature. Nothing could be further from the truth: When we look at the Second Law of Thermodynamics, we realize that Mr. Murphy's law is an inescapable consequence of the principle of Entropy.
Unless we constantly insert new energy into a house by maintaining it, painting it, repairing it, the structure will eventually but inevitably be leveled to the ground. Its molecules will move from a lower level of randomization, from structure, to a higher level of randomization, towards unstructured debris.
Entropy is the reason why paint peels, why hot coffee turns cold. Furthermore, entropy is the reason why investments have a preordained inclination to go sour -- unless we enhance success by inserting into the investment system additional energy in the form of strategy, work, calculated risk or other forms of energy. Entropy ensures that sugar, which becomes more randomized when it is dissolved in water, will not reconstitute itself in the crystalline form -- unless we apply heat energy from outside the system and evaporate the water.
Wherever we look, whatever we do, we must be acutely aware of the immutable laws of thermodynamics, especially the easily overlooked Second Law: Entropy. This fundamental law of physics ranks with other fundamental manifestations of the universe such as gravity, time and electromagnetism.
Anything that can go wrong not only will go wrong, it must go wrong, as decreed by the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Ink and acrylic marker on paper 6.75" x 9.75" 7.2025. www.saatchiart.com/art/Drawing-Self-replicating-Surface-P...
In 2009, National Geographic partnered with Northrop Grumman and built a 1:1 replicate of the Horton 229 to test it's stealth qualities. After the testing and filming of the show was complete, the model was donated to the San Diego Air & Space museum where it is currently on display. -09/10/2022
The picture shows a replication of The the prophet Mohammad's (peace be upon him) House. The model of the house was built to give people a glimpse of the way the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) lived. This house is just a part of a bigger exhibition of the life of the prophet (peace be upon him).
the house was reproduced based on authentic narrations that describe the Prophet's (peace be upon him) house.
The Exhibition is held in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
SPHERICAL PANORAMA | 360 dgree
fieldofview.com/flickr/?page=photos/bahimashat/3372829764...
Allahuma 9aleee 3alieeh :)
I will post the other pictures soooon here :
The Martinstor (English Martin's Gate), a former town fortification on Kaiser-Joseph-Straße, is the older of the two gates of Freiburg im Breisgau that have been preserved since medieval times. Both gates, the Martinstor and the Schwabentor, are located in the city centre. In medieval times the Martinstor was also known as Norsinger Tor.
History
According to dendrochronological research the wooden beams date back to the year 1202; the gate was first given documentary evidence in 1238 as „Porta Sancti Martini“ (Latin Gate of the Holy Martin). Over the centuries it has been reconstructed several times. At one time, it also served as a prison and it was said of its occupants that they had donned “The Cloak of Martin“.
From the 17th Century on the side of the gate facing the city was decorated with a picture of Martin of Tours. During this time, due to the construction and leveling of the suburbs by Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, the gate's link to the city was lost. Thus, Salzstraße served as the main access road from Höllental. There have been numerous restorations of the picture, the most recent of which was in 1851 by Wilhelm Dürr. In 1968/69 the picture was removed. To date the local town council has still not been able to decide on a new image. As a result there remains a blank spot in honour of the conflicts between the Freiburg Civil Defence and the French Revolutionary Forces.
The Martinstor underwent its biggest change in 1901. By this point, the surrounding buildings surmounted the old city gate and the old passageway had become too small for the growing city and the new tram infrastructure. Having momentarily considered demolition, the city council opted instead to modify the building. Under the direction of Carl Schäfer the tower was heightened from 22 to 60 metres and a new roof construction in the architectural style of the 15th century was added. An additional gate with a larger thoroughfare, designed in the same architectural style, was erected next to the original gate. A German Reichsadler was painted on the outer facade of the gate above the emblems of Freiburg and of the nearby region of Baden, before it was removed in 1951. A replication of a baroque sandstone plate depicting the Double-headed eagle of the Holy Roman Empire was later installed.
Present
Next to the archway, facing the city center, there is a tablet commemorizing the burning of witches in Freiburg on which three names are engraved: Marghareta Mößmer, Catharina Stadelmann and Anna Wolffart. These women, all citizens of Freiburg, were executed in 1599.
Inside the western part of the arch which was built in 1901, a fast-food restaurant (McDonald’s) is located and announces this with a big sign over the ancient archway. The city council of Freiburg could not keep the company from putting up their sign, but could prevent the prominent red and yellow of the same in favor of a more decent coloring. Due to its conspicuous presence there, much to the consternation of city leaders, some students have referred to Martinstor as McDonald's-Tor.
The Freiburger Markthalle, the Theater am Martinstor (TAM) and the Martinsbräu are all located in the Martinsgässle, a side street near the arch.
Faller, a manufacturer of model railway supplies, is selling an assembly kit of the Martinstor.
(Wikipedia)
Das Martinstor (im Mittelalter auch Norsinger Tor) in der Kaiser-Joseph-Straße ist im Vergleich zum Schwabentor der ältere der beiden noch erhaltenen Tortürme der mittelalterlichen Stadtbefestigung von Freiburg im Breisgau.
Geschichte
Durch dendrochronologische Untersuchungen der Holzbalken auf das Jahr 1202 datiert, wurde das Tor als „Porta Sancti Martini“ 1238 erstmals urkundlich erwähnt. Die Grundfläche beträgt 10 auf 11 Meter. Die Mauerstärke nach Süden beträgt unten 3,10 m und im Obergeschoss 2,70 m; die Seitenmauern sind etwas schwächer. Das Martinstor war früher bündig in die Stadtmauer eingefügt und mit dem Wehrgang hinter den Zinnen der Mauerkrone verbunden. An der Ostseite des Martinstors ist diese ehemalige Öffnung in einigen Metern Höhe zu erkennen.
Im Laufe der Jahrhunderte wurde es mehrfach umgebaut; zeitweilig diente es auch als Gefängnis, von dessen Insassen man sagte, man habe ihnen „den Martinsmantel umgehängt“.
Seit dem 17. Jahrhundert war die Stadtseite mit einem Bildnis des Hl. Martin geschmückt. Die Verbindung zu den Vorstädten verlor das Martinstor in dieser Zeit durch den Festungsbau und die Einebnung der Vorstädte durch Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban. Nun diente die Salzstraße als Zufahrt aus dem Höllental.
Das Martinsbildnis wurde mehrmals erneuert, zuletzt 1851 von Wilhelm Dürr. 1968/69 wurde es entfernt. Bisher konnte der Freiburger Stadtrat sich nicht für eine neue Darstellung entscheiden, so dass über einer noch vorhandenen Schrifttafel zum Gedenken an die Kämpfe der Freiburger Bürgerwehr gegen französische Revolutionstruppen eine leere Fläche zu sehen ist.
Bis zum Ausgang des 19. Jahrhunderts blieb das Martinstor weitgehend unverändert. Während Teile der Bürgerschaft aus verkehrstechnischen Gründen nun den Abriss der beiden noch erhaltenen Stadttore forderten, setzte sich der Oberbürgermeister Otto Winterer dafür ein, sie zu erhalten und auszugestalten. Sein Motto war: „Dörfer haben Dächer, Städte haben Türme!“ Im Juni 1896 begann ein Wettbewerb unter deutschen Architekten, um einen Entwurf für die Ausgestaltung von Martins- und Schwabentor auszuwählen. Das Privathaus an der Westseite des Tores musste zwar beibehalten werden, sollte jedoch eine Durchfahrt im Erdgeschoss erhalten. An der Ostseite konnte das bisher freistehende Tor mit dem Nachbarhaus verbunden werden. Neben Winterer waren Josef Durm, Carl Schäfer, Max Meckel sowie ein Mitglied des Stadtrates als Preisrichter tätig. Allerdings wurde keiner der Wettbewerbsbeiträge umgesetzt. Stattdessen bat die Stadtverwaltung Meckel und Schäfer um Angebote, da sich die Programmbedingungen geändert hätten. So war 1899 der Bau der elektrischen Freiburger Straßenbahn beschlossen worden, was die Zurücksetzung der Privathäuser verlangte, die an die beiden Türme grenzten. Schäfer schlug eine Erhöhung des Martinstors von 22 auf 66 Meter vor, beim Schwabentor von 26 auf 65 Meter. Als Grund nannte er die inzwischen höheren Häuser in der Umgebung. Sein Entwurf kombinierte die bestehenden Bauteile aus dem früher 13. Jahrhundert mit spätgotischen Aufbauen aus dem 15. Jahrhundert. Im Sommer 1901 wurde der Umbau durch den Freiburger Baumeister Eugen Schmidt durchgeführt. Am 28. August 1901 wurde bei beiden Stadttoren Richtfest gefeiert, bevor sie am 14. Oktober mit Inbetriebnahme der Straßenbahn vollendet wurden. Den im April 1902 bei Schäfer beauftragten Entwurf zur Überbauung des Fußgängerwegs an der Ostseite des Tors stellte dieser im Mai 1902 fertig. Die geplante Überbauung durch zwei massive Geschosse sowie ein drittes, das an der Nordseite als Fachwerkkonstruktion ausgeführt werden, jedoch an der Südseite massiv erscheinen sollte, wurde jedoch nicht umgesetzt. Grund hierfür war vermutlich die Ablehnung durch den Besitzer des angrenzenden Hauses gewesen. Ebenfalls von Schäfer stammt der vierteilige Häuserkomplex Kaiser-Joseph-Straße 250–256, den er vierstöckig ausführen ließ, wobei die Vorgängerbauten ein Stockwerk weniger besaßen.[4] Das neue Steildach hatte grün glasierte Ziegel. Da sich immer wieder Ziegel gelöst hatten wurde es später mit Kupfer gedeckt.
Neben dem Tor wurde ein Torbau, ebenfalls in historisierenden Stil, mit einem zweiten größeren Durchgang errichtet. Die Toraußenseite wurde mit einem aufgemalten deutschen Reichsadler über den Wappen von Freiburg und Baden geschmückt. Diese Bemalung wurde 1951 entfernt. Später wurde über dem Torbogen die Replik einer barocken Sandsteinplatte mit dem Doppeladler des Heiligen Römischen Reichs angebracht.
Um 2013 wurde diskutiert, ob wieder ein Bild auf dem Martinstor angebracht werden soll. Neben dem Hl. St. Martin von Simon Göser sind Darstellungen von Martin Luther King und Joß Fritz im Gespräch. Es gibt auch Kritiker dieser Vorschläge. Der Gemeinderat beschloss im Mai 2013 die Erarbeitung einer Beschlussvorlage zur Einrichtung einer Kunstkommission, über die im zweiten Halbjahr 2013 entschieden werden sollte. Die Kunstkommission, die ständig bestehen und nicht nur in diesem Fall entscheiden sollte, konnte wegen der Klärung grundsätzlicher Fragen im Jahr 2013 nicht mehr eingerichtet werden. Der Gemeinderat berief im Dezember 2014 die Mitglieder der Kommission, diese nahmen im Frühjahr 2015 ihre Arbeit auf und kamen im Dezember zu dem Schluss: Das Tor soll ohne Bild bleiben. Der Gemeinderat schloss sich der Empfehlung an.
Gegenwart
Auf der Innenstadt-Seite befindet sich neben dem Torbogen eine Schrifttafel als Erinnerung an die Hexenverbrennungen in Freiburg. Stellvertretend genannt sind die drei Freiburger Bürgerinnen Marghareta Mößmer, Catharina Stadelmann und Anna Wolffart, die 1599 hingerichtet wurden.
Am westlich angrenzenden, beim Umbau 1901 angefügten Torbau befindet sich ein Schnellrestaurant von McDonald’s, das über dem Torbogen auf sich hinweist; der Stadtrat von Freiburg konnte jedoch das Anbringen des rot-gelben Logos der Restaurantkette verhindern.
In der kleinen Seitengasse beim Tor, dem Martinsgässle, befinden sich neben dem Eingang zur Freiburger Markthalle das Martinsbräu.
Der Modellbahnzubehörhersteller Faller bietet ein Bausatzmodell des Martinstors für die Nenngrößen H0 und N an.
Auf der Gedenkmünze 900 Jahre Freiburg ist rechts das Martinstor (Blick von Süden) abgebildet. Das Nebengebäude wurde durch den Künstler leicht abgesetzt.
(Wikipedia)
“The Eye Moment photos by Nolan H. Rhodes”
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Replicating Batman from the 90s cartoon is a bit more difficult than you'd think because of his colors. I mean, sometimes his cape and cowl are black, sometimes they have dark blue highlights. The inside lining of his cape is definably blue, though. This pic shows the weirdness of his colors. So, would this minifig here make the best BTAS Batman, or should it just stay all blue?
The Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB is one of the most beautiful cars in my opinion, and given the lack of vintage cars in my LEGO collection, I thought it was high time I built one.
This car took about 2.5 months to build start to finish; it came together fairly quickly compared to most of my other builds. The front and rear were the most difficult aspects of this car to replicate, but after multiple revisions I think the end result is fairly accurate.
If you would like to build one for yourself, instructions are available for purchase on eBay.
Photographed at the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan on March 1, 2012. This coach was built in 1925 - 1928 to replicate a Bangor and Aroostook Railroad coach from the 1855 to 1965 era. Bangor & Aroostook was a railway in the state of Maine.
Beyond the coach is a refrigerated boxcar.
View my collections on flickr here: Collections
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India is in the mid season of despair. While the summer is just about to break in after a winter of not much snow and rain, there have been problems at large for India.
We have BJP, a party at the helm of the nation, which has an agenda of religious supremacy with an organization at their back called RSS which fashions itself on Adolf Hitler of the WWII fame and his policies to boot, being replicated in 2016.
Just the other day, the police, the media, the lawyers and the nitwit public supporting the BJP muscled their way to arrest a Student Union leader called Kanahiya from the Jawahar Lal University in Delhi for provocative and anti national utterances. He languishes in jail and the charges on which he was arrested now turn out to be doctored videos by a media channel called Zee Television which itself owes a great debt of gratitude to the R-SS for bailing it out while it was at the verge of a closure.
In the same week, in a neighboring state called Haryana, where the very same BJP is also in power, a community of rich and powerful farmers called "Jats" suddenly came into the forefront with a demand that they be given special status of Reservation of jobs and other allied benefits as they were backward. For almost 5 days the state has been in lockdown mode with the roads and the railways sealed plus the mobile telephones jammed and the internet deactivated to prevent the spread of the real news on ground zero.
The Grand Trunk Road which Rudyard Kipling in his famous long tale of "Kim" described with such alacrity also stands closed with travelers stuck on the road for the past 36 hours.
I will excerpt the exact words from Kim-
"Look! Brahmins and chumars, bankers and tinkers, barbers and bunnias, pilgrims -and potters - all the world going and coming. It is to me as a river from which I am withdrawn like a log after a flood. And truly the Grand Trunk Road is a wonderful spectacle. It runs straight, bearing without crowding India's traffic for fifteen hundred miles - such a river of life as nowhere else exists in the world."
On a road such as this, stand a clutch of dhabas at Murthal which would be like serais of old. You have Pahalwan Dhaba, Gulshan, Ahuja No 1 etc that provide wholesome fare to the travelers
.
I have passed Murthal about a 100 times or more and without fail stopped at one of the Dhabas for their vegetarian Parathas. Wholesome bread baked with different stuffing of potatoes, onions, cottage cheese etc with dollops of white butter and fresh curd.
This particular photograph was shot in the Pahalwan Dhaba while shooting / writing for BBC GoodFood for a feature on the restaurant. The issue appeared quite some time ago.
I have been told that a few newly made dhabas like Sukhdev, Haveli etc in Murthal on the Grand Trunk Road where stranded travelers in their hundreds had taken refuse suffered at the hands of the lawless mobs and as per one report the former restaurant was burnt down ( I need confirmation for this ).
I have no news about the Pahalwan Dhaba or the others but I do hope that some sanity prevailed.
The country however is going to burn in the coming summer not only because the monsoon rains will be poor once again but the core of humanity and kindred living that is the essence of peaceful co existence is missing as the BJP and RSS work their best to create a Reichstag of their own.
_DSC7017 from jpeg_ random customer bnw
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This image is copyrighted to Kristinn R. Kristinsson; Any users, found to replicate, reproduce, circulate, distribute, download, manipulate or otherwise use my images without my written consent will be in breach of copyright laws. Please contact me at kristinnr@simnet.is for express permission to use any of my photographs.
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sunset in trakoscan....
contact for prints: roblfc1892@gmail.com All images are © copyright roblfc1892 - roberto pavic. You may NOT use, replicate, manipulate, or modify this image. roblfc1892 - roberto pavic © All Rights Reserved
Replicating a late 1950's photo of how tight Ranelagh Bridge Service Depot was, here a couple of GW's Express Loco's are squeezed in between the Sub Station on the right, with the Mews to the left.
Towering over it all is GW's Records Office.
In OO gauge I've had to truncate it's width but it slides in nicely to finish off that corner.
The fire escape was made using 'H' section plastic strip coupled with the cut down step sections from an ancient Hornby Footbridge I bought at a rail show. Unfortunately, the hand rails from the kit won't work as they are made from a 'poly' type plastic that won't take superglue, so it's back to the drawing board until I find another option
The original - I am not sure why I find these symettry images so personally satisfying - my brain must be wierd
10/31/11
A SD75M and a caboose? Sounds like the work of fantasy. However on Halloween 2011, both were pictured at Lang Yard in Toledo.
BNSF 8204 is now a PRLX rent-a-wreck, and 79197 now is a PTC testing car in fresh maroon paint.
The Dixie Walesbilt Hotel, known as the Grand Hotel in later years, is one of a small number of skyscrapers built in the 1920s that still stand today and is a prime example of how optimistic people were during the Florida land boom. Built in 1926, it found financing through a stock-sale campaign in the local business community, costing $500,000 after it was completed(which equates to about $6 million today.)
The building architecture, masonry vernacular with hints of Mediterranean-Revival, is also a good example of the time is was built. It was designed by two well-known architects at the time, Fred Bishop who designed the Byrd Theatre in Virginia, and D.J. Phipps, whose designed both the Wyoming County Courthouse and Jail and the Colonial Hotel in Virginia.
The hotel was constructed using the “three-part vertical block” method, which became the dominant pattern in tall buildings during the 1920s. Three-part buildings are composed of a base, shaft and a cap, all noticeably visible.
The hotel opened as the “Walesbilt” in January 1927, shortly after the land boom had started to collapse and two years before the Great Depression began. It’s also best to note that the hotel opened around the same time the Floridan Hotel in Tampa opened, another hotel built during the Florida land boom.
In 1972, the hotel was purchased by Anderson Sun State and renamed the “Groveland Motor Inn”. The firm completely renovated the hotel and used it to host visitors to the area who were interested in Green Swamp, land sectioned off for land development. At the time there was heavy speculation in the land because of it’s close proximity to Walt Disney World and were selling for around $5,000 an acre at the time. That ended after a state cabinet designation of the swamp as an area of critical state concern, placing the land off-limits to any large land developments. The firm filed for foreclosure and the hotel was auctioned off in 1974. Despite RCI Electric purchasing the hotel, it remained empty for many years afterwards.
n 1978, the hotel was signed over to the Agape Players, a nationally known religious music and drama group, who would assume the mortgage and would pay the costs to make improvements to meet city fire and safety standards. The hotel was renamed the “Royal Walesbilt” and after extensive improvements were made, it became the headquarters for the Agape Players; using it as a teaching facility and the base from which the group launched their tours. In addition, they operated a restaurant, an ice cream parlor on the lobby floor and a “Christian hotel” on the upper floors, catering mostly to groups. The Agape Players disbanded in 1985 and put the property up for sale
Victor Khubani, a property investor from New York acquired the property and renamed the hotel “Grand”. The hotel closed briefly in December 1988, due to a variety of code violations and causing the owner to later pay $14,000 in fines. On August 31, 1990 it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places, possibly for tax exemption reasons. In October 1991, The State Fire Marshall’s Office gave the owner one year to install a new sprinkler system and in May 1993, the code enforcement board gave Khubani until March to complete the work.
In March 1994, the hotel closed due to multiple code violations and was to remain closed until a new fire sprinkler system was installed. To reopen, the fire escapes and elevator, which did not function, would have to be repaired as well. In 1995, the hotel was auctioned off to a redevelopment firm, which dismantled part of the interior for reconstruction, which was never completed.
Since then, the hotel has deteriorated, becoming an eyesore to many of the residents of Lake Wales and nicknamed “The Green Monster” for the greenish color it has acquired from over the years. In 1995, it was even jokingly mentioned to become a sacrifice to “the bomb”, an economic boom that occurred in parts of Florida where movie production companies would pay cities to blow up buildings for their movies. In 2007, the city foreclosed on the structure for more than $700,000 in unpaid code fines, with hopes in finding someone to restore it.
Development firm, Dixie-Walesbilt LLC announced plans to restore the hotel, signing into an agreement with the city of Lake Wales in February 2010. By the agreement, the city would retain ownership of the building until a defined amount of work had been accomplished. The work must be completed within 16 months and the amount of money invested must succeed at least $1.5 million. The building would then be handed off the Dixie Walesbilt LLC, where they may continue with private funding or other methods to for debt funding.
Ray Brown, President of Dixie Walesbilt LLC, planned to invest $6 million into the renovation, with original plans to put retail stores on the ground floor and using the upper floors for as many as 40 condominiums.
On June 2, 2011, the city of Lake Wales agreed to deed the building off to Ray Brown in a 4-1 vote, after meeting the requirements of the redevelopment agreement. Though Brown submitted a list of costs to the city totaling $1.66 million, Mayor Mike Carter wasn’t satisfied with the results so far, pointing out that Brown failed to repair the windows and repaint the building. Previous owners had put tar on the building and then painted over it, so much of Brown’s investment went to stripping the tar off the exterior walls.
To repaint the building, Brown would also have to resurface the hotel with hydrated lime to replicate the original skin as well as the window frames would need to be constructed of Douglas fir, red cedar and gulf cypress. According to Brown, previous owners who renovated the building rarely removed the building original elements. They carpeted over intricate tile flooring, stuck tar paper above skylights and placed modern drinking fountains in front of the originals. He estimated about 98 percent of the building is still in it’s original form.
Restoration of the building’s exterior began in January 2015 and included surface repair, pressure washing, paint removal, chemical treatment, and a comprehensive resurfacing of the exterior.
While the original plans were for turning the building into condominiums, that has since changed and current plans call for operating the building as a boutique hotel. The hotel will feature geothermal cooling as opposed to traditional air conditioning, a permanent art gallery as well as theme gallery showings throughout the year, and the best WiFi/internet in the city. The project is expected to be completed in 18 to 24 months.
Credit for the data above is given to the following websites:
www.fox13news.com/news/lake-wales-city-officials-aim-to-r...
www.cityoflakewales.com/505/Dixie-Walesbilt-Hotel
www.abandonedfl.com/dixie-walesbilt-hotel/
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Went on a head shot course with Kris Karl today. Learnt loads. The hard bit will be trying to replicate it on my own, without Kris's help
I think this would prove to be somewhat gappy if extended, but all these patterns tend towards gappiness, and it can be remedied, usually. Anyway, Tek had a pattern with triangles alternating directions (see comments here), and here is one attempt to replicate it. I think it's essentially a hexagon pattern I tried a long time ago, just with different coloring.
Yes, it's essentially the same as this one: www.flickr.com/photos/eilonwy77/5016306971/in/set-7215762...
Only 118 Years...Unable To Replicate The Height Here...Just To The Right Were The Now Vanished Streets Drury Court And Newcastle Street...Old Boozer Mooney’s Irish House Also Seen.... St Mary Le Strand Was Consecrated In 1773........
I'm not entirely sure if the advertising carried on the nearside of Rossendale Volvo B10M / East Lancs rebody 73 is replicated today amongst the plethora of on-board announcements intended to assist customers with their journey planning. Either way, this was 'in house' advertising 1998-style, with the Company's Travel Agency promoting various exotic destinations. The vehicle also has an exotic history, with its chassis originally sat beneath Duple Goldliner coachwork when it operated for Western SMT on London services in the previous decade. It arrived with Rossendale from Loch Lomond Travel (Alllander, Milngavie) with whom it received its new bodywork in August 1992. Seen here in August 1998 on more mundane local service work, heading up Booth Road, Stacksteads.
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This gorgeous bacterial polysome was recently published in Cell. You can think of it as a 9-head programmable nanofabricator.
The ribosome reads the digital code of mRNA and manufactures most of what we care about in our bodies from a sequential concatenation of amino acids into proteins. The ribosome is a wonderful existence proof of the power and robustness of molecular machines. It is roughly 20nm on a side and consists of only 99 thousand atoms.
The numbered ribosomes are shown tightly bound to a single mRNA strand at the core, with each mRNA making its own protein. The two major subunits of each ribosome are blue and yellow. The nascent protein chains being cranked out in close proximity to each other are green and red.
The researchers conclude: “this arrangement maximizes the distance between nascent chains on adjacent ribosomes, thereby reducing the probability of intermolecular interactions that would give rise to aggregation and limit productive folding.”
To me it looks like hyperbolic crochet. (I’ll post a comparison image below)
…a mesmerizing image to behold during the Synthetic Genomics board meeting today. Another example of perceiving beauty in the accumulated complexity of simple iterative algorithms… like a 3D cellular automata from Wolfram or a hyperbolic coral reef.
Replicating Red Necks
Despite its chilling temperatures, the Arctic tundra is a hotbed of reproduction. Many avian species, like the Red-necked Phalarope seen flying across frigid waters, seem oblivious to the cold, and, in fact, fly from potentially warmer waters to the Alaskan tundra to breed each summer season. For many, it is the only time that they spend significant time on land. Many pass the winter months out at sea and out of sight for most humans. It’s a wet and chilling concept for landlubbers like us, but is it the norm for these animals. The effects of global warming and Arctic drilling have yet to be determined. Most certainly, oil spills could spell disaster for some species that depend upon finite areas for their reproduction. Spills in the Arctic would be almost impossible to clean up, leading to death and destruction on epic scales. Perhaps we need to temper our red necked ways when it comes to exploring for petroleum in vital areas of the globe. #RedNeckedPhalarope
Catherine’s Little Free Library in Old Northeast St. Pete, photographed in the company of an affectionate cat.
I hand-painted this car as a tribute to ICH and I replicated a design he did on a similar CSX covered hopper.
A scene replicating what could possibly have been witnessed at Derby roundhouse in the traction transitional period 1962-63 when 43106 was allocated to Saltley, Wellingborough and Kettering sheds, with a 204hp shunter on the turntable. Ivatt 4MT 2-6-0 43106 brews up (not precisely aligned under the 'smoke jack'!) on Barrow Hill shed on 23 September 2015.
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