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The Postcard
A postcard published by Sunny South Photographers, D.&W.,B. They state on the back of the card: 'British Manufacture Throughout'.
The card was posted in Curry Rivel on Thursday the 6th. July 1933 to:
Mrs. Goozee,
152, Leighton Road,
Kentish Town,
London NW.
The message on the back of the card was as follows:
"Curry Rivel.
My Dear Blanche & All,
Thought you would like a
card from us.
We are having grand weather,
but it's soon getting to
Saturday now.
We have had two days at
Weymouth, and yesterday we
went to Burnham for the day.
Hope you are all well.
Love from us both,
Midge".
Dachau Concentration Camp
So what else happened on the day that Midge posted the card?
Well, on the 6th. July 1933, the German National People's Party was dissolved.
The coalition government of the German National People's Party and the the National Socialist German Worker's Party (Nazi Party) established the first concentration camp to be built by Nazi Germany - Dachau.
Dachau opened on the 22nd. March 1933. The camp was initially intended to intern Hitler's political opponents who consisted of communists, social democrats, and other dissidents.
The camp was located in the grounds of an abandoned munitions factory northeast of the medieval town of Dachau, about 16 km (10 mi) northwest of Munich in the state of Bavaria, in southern Germany.
After its opening by Heinrich Himmler, its purpose was enlarged to include forced labor, and, eventually, the imprisonment of Jews, Romani, German and Austrian criminals, and, finally, foreign nationals from countries that Germany occupied or invaded.
The Dachau camp system grew to include nearly 100 sub-camps, which were mostly work camps or Arbeitskommandos, and were located throughout southern Germany and Austria.
The main camp was liberated by U.S. forces on the 29th. April 1945.
Prisoners lived in constant fear of brutal treatment and terror detention, including standing cells, floggings, the so-called tree or pole hanging, and standing at attention for extremely long periods in very cold weather.
There were 32,000 documented deaths at the camp, and thousands that were never documented. Approximately 10,000 of the 30,000 remaining prisoners were sick at the time of liberation.
General Overview
Dachau served as a prototype and model for the other German concentration camps that followed. Almost every community in Germany had members taken away to these camps. Newspapers continually reported:
"The removal of the enemies of
the Reich to concentration camps."
As early as 1935, a jingle went around:
"Lieber Herr Gott,
Mach mich stumm,
Das ich nicht nach Dachau komm".
This translates as:
"Dear God,
Make me dumb,
That I may not to Dachau come".
('Dumb' means 'Silent' in this context.)
The camp's layout and building plans were developed by Commandant Theodor Eicke, and were applied to all later camps. He devised a separate, secure camp near the command center, which consisted of living quarters, administration and army camps.
Eicke became the chief inspector for all concentration camps, responsible for organizing others according to his model.
The Dachau complex included the prisoners' camp which occupied approximately 5 acres, and the much larger area of SS training school including barracks, factories plus other facilities of around 20 acres.
The entrance gate used by prisoners carries the phrase "Arbeit macht frei" which translates as "Work shall set you free". This phrase was also used in several other concentration camps such as Theresienstadt and Auschwitz.
Dachau was the concentration camp that was in operation the longest, from March 1933 to April 1945, nearly all twelve years of the Nazi regime. Dachau's close proximity to Munich, where Hitler came to power and where the Nazi Party had its official headquarters, made Dachau a convenient location.
From 1933 to 1938, the prisoners were mainly German nationals detained for political reasons. After Kristallnacht, 30,000 male Jewish citizens were deported to concentration camps. More than 10,000 of them were interned in Dachau.
As the German military occupied other European states, citizens from across Europe were sent to concentration camps. Subsequently, the camp was used for prisoners of all sorts, from every nation occupied by the forces of the Third Reich.
In the postwar years, the camp continued in use. From 1945 through 1948, the camp was used by the Allies as a prison for SS officers awaiting trial.
After 1948, when hundreds of thousands of ethnic Germans were expelled from eastern Europe, it held Germans from Czechoslovakia until they could be resettled.
It also served as a military base for the United States, which maintained forces in the country. The camp finally closed in 1960. At the insistence of survivors, various memorials have been constructed and installed there.
Statistics vary but they are in the same general range. It will never be known exactly how many people were interned or murdered there, due to periods of disruption.
One source gives a general estimate of over 200,000 prisoners from more than 30 countries during Nazi rule, of whom two-thirds were political prisoners, including many Catholic priests, and nearly one-third were Jews.
25,613 prisoners are believed to have been murdered in the camp and almost another 10,000 in its subcamps, primarily from disease, malnutrition and suicide.
In late 1944, a typhus epidemic occurred in the camp caused by poor sanitation and overcrowding, and this caused more than 15,000 deaths. It was followed by an evacuation, in which large numbers of the prisoners died.
Toward the end of the war, death marches to and from the camp caused the deaths of numerous unrecorded prisoners.
After liberation, prisoners weakened beyond recovery by starvation continued to die. Two thousand cases of "the dread black typhus" had already been identified by the 3rd. May, and the U.S. Seventh Army was:
"Working day and night to alleviate
the appalling conditions at the camp".
Prisoners with typhus, a louse-borne disease with an incubation period from 12 to 18 days, were treated by the 116th. Evacuation Hospital, while the 127th. was the general hospital for the other illnesses.
Over the 12 years of use as a concentration camp, the Dachau administration recorded the intake of 206,206 prisoners and deaths of 31,951.
Crematoria were constructed to dispose of the deceased. Visitors may now walk through the buildings and view the ovens used to cremate bodies, which hid the evidence of many deaths.
It is claimed that in 1942, more than 3,166 prisoners in weakened condition were transported to Hartheim Castle near Linz, and were executed by poison gas because they were deemed unfit.
The gas chamber at Dachau bore a "Brausebad" sign, meaning "Shower Bath".
Between January and April 1945 11,560 detainees died at Dachau according to a U.S. Army report of 1945, though the Dachau administration registered 12,596 deaths from typhus at the camp over the same period.
Dachau was the third concentration camp to be liberated by British or American Allied forces.
History of the Camp
After the takeover of Bavaria on the 9th. March 1933, Heinrich Himmler, then Chief of Police in Munich, began to speak with the managers of an unused gunpowder and munitions factory.
Himmler toured the site to see if it could be used for quartering protective-custody prisoners. The concentration camp at Dachau was opened on the 22nd. March 1933, with the arrival of about 200 prisoners from Stadelheim Prison in Munich and the Landsberg fortress (where Hitler had written Mein Kampf during his own imprisonment).
Himmler announced that the camp could hold up to 5,000 people, and described it as "the first concentration camp for political prisoners" to be used to restore calm to Germany.
The press statement given at the opening stated:
"On Wednesday the first concentration camp is to be
opened in Dachau with an accommodation for 5000
people. All Communists and—where necessary—
Reichsbanner and Social Democratic functionaries who
endanger state security are to be concentrated here,
as in the long run it is not possible to keep individual
functionaries in the state prisons without overburdening
these prisons, and on the other hand these people
cannot be released because attempts have shown that
they persist in their efforts to agitate and organize as
soon as they are released."
Whatever the publicly stated purpose of the camp, the SS men who arrived there on the 11th. May 1933 were left in no illusion as to its real purpose by the speech that was given on that day by Johann-Erasmus Freiherr von Malsen-Ponickau:
"Comrades of the SS!
You all know what the Fuehrer has called us to do.
We have not come here for human encounters with
those pigs in there. We do not consider them human
beings, as we are, but as second-class people.
For years they have been able to continue their criminal
existence. But now we are in power. If those pigs had
come to power, they would have cut off all our heads.
Therefore we have no room for sentimentalism.
If anyone here cannot bear to see the blood of
comrades, he does not belong and had better leave.
The more of these pig dogs we strike down, the fewer
we need to feed."
Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals and emigrants were also sent to Dachau after the 1935 passage of the Nuremberg Laws which institutionalized racial discrimination.
In early 1937, the SS, using prisoner labor, initiated the construction of a large complex capable of holding 6,000 prisoners. The construction was completed in August 1938.
More political opponents, and over 11,000 German and Austrian Jews were sent to the camp after the annexation of Austria and the Sudetenland in 1938.
Sinti and Roma in the hundreds were sent to the camp in 1939, and over 13,000 prisoners were sent to the camp from Poland in 1940.
Representatives of the International Committee of the Red Cross inspected the camp in 1935 and in 1938, and documented the harsh conditions.
Investigation of the First Deaths in 1933
Shortly after the SS was commissioned to supplement the Bavarian police overseeing the Dachau camp, the first reports of prisoner deaths at Dachau began to emerge.
In April 1933, Josef Hartinger, an official from the Bavarian Justice Ministry, and physician Moritz Flamm, a part-time medical examiner, arrived at the camp to investigate the deaths in accordance with the Bavarian penal code.
The two men noted many inconsistencies between the injuries on the corpses and the camp guards' accounts of the deaths.
Over a number of months, Hartinger and Flamm uncovered clear evidence of murder, and compiled a dossier of charges against Hilmar Wäckerle, the SS commandant of Dachau, Werner Nürnbergk the camp doctor, and Josef Mutzbauer, the camp's chief administrator (Kanzleiobersekretär).
In June 1933, Hartinger presented the case to his superior, Bavarian State Prosecutor, Karl Wintersberger. Initially supportive of the investigation, Wintersberger became reluctant to submit the resulting indictment to the Justice Ministry, increasingly under the influence of the SS.
Hartinger accordingly reduced the scope of the dossier to the four clearest cases, and Wintersberger signed it, after first notifying Himmler as a courtesy.
The killings at Dachau suddenly stopped (temporarily); Wäckerle was transferred to Stuttgart and replaced by Theodor Eicke.
The indictment and related evidence reached the office of Hans Frank, the Bavarian Justice Minister, but was intercepted by Gauleiter Adolf Wagner and locked away in a desk, only to be discovered by the US Army.
In 1934, both Hartinger and Wintersberger were transferred to provincial positions. Dr. Flamm was no longer employed as a medical examiner, and was to survive two attempts on his life before his suspicious death in the same year.
Flamm's thoroughly gathered and documented evidence within Hartinger's indictment ensured that it achieved convictions of senior Nazis at the Nuremberg trials in 1947. Wintersberger's complicit behaviour is documented in his own evidence to the Pohl Trial.
Forced Labor
The prisoners of Dachau concentration camp originally were to serve as forced labor for a munition factory, and to expand the camp. It was used as a training center for the SS-Totenkopfverbände guards, and was a model for other concentration camps.
The camp was about 300 m × 600 m (1,000 ft × 2,000 ft) in rectangular shape. The prisoners' entrance was secured by an iron gate with the motto "Arbeit macht frei" ("Work will make you free"). This reflected Nazi propaganda, which described concentration camps as labor and re-education camps.
This was their original purpose, but the focus was soon shifted to using forced labor as a method of torture and murder. The original slogan was left on the gates.
As of 1938, the procedure for new arrivals occurred at the Schubraum, where prisoners had to hand over their clothing and possessions. One former Luxembourgian prisoner, Albert Theis, reflected about the room:
"There we were stripped of all our clothes.
Everything had to be handed over: money,
rings, watches. One was now stark naked".
The camp included an administration building that contained offices for the Gestapo trial commissioner, SS authorities, the camp leader and his deputies. These administration offices consisted of large storage rooms for the personal belongings of prisoners, the bunker, roll-call square where guards would also inflict punishment on prisoners (especially those who tried to escape).
There was also a canteen where prisoners served SS men with cigarettes and food, a museum containing plaster images of prisoners who suffered from bodily defects, the camp office, the library, the barracks, and the infirmary, which was staffed by prisoners who had previously held occupations such as physicians or army surgeons.
Operation Barbarossa
Over 4,000 Soviet prisoners of war were murdered by the Dachau commandant's guard at the SS shooting range located at Hebertshausen, two kilometers from the main camp, in the years 1941/1943. These murders were in clear violation of the provisions laid down in the Geneva Convention for prisoners of war.
The SS used the euphemism Sonderbehandlung ("Special Treatment") for these criminal executions. The first of these executions took place on the 25th. November 1941.
After 1942, the number of prisoners being held at the camp continued to exceed 12,000. Dachau originally held communists, leading socialists and other "enemies of the state", but over time, the Nazis began to send German Jews to the camp.
In the early years of imprisonment, Jews were offered permission to emigrate overseas if they "voluntarily" gave their property to enhance Hitler's public treasury.
Once Austria was annexed and Czechoslovakia was dissolved, the citizens of both countries became the next prisoners at Dachau.
In 1940, Dachau became filled with Polish prisoners, who continued to be the majority of the prisoner population until Dachau was officially liberated.
The prisoner enclosure at the camp was heavily guarded to ensure that no prisoners escaped. A 3-metre-wide (10 ft) no-man's land was the first marker of confinement for prisoners; an area which, upon entry, would elicit lethal gunfire from guard towers.
Guards tossed inmates' caps into this area, resulting in the death of the prisoners when they attempted to retrieve the caps. Despondent prisoners committed suicide by entering the zone.
A four-foot-deep and eight-foot-broad (1.2 × 2.4 m) creek, connected with the river Amper, lay on the west side between the "neutral-zone" and the electrically charged, and barbed wire fence which surrounded the entire prisoner enclosure.
In August 1944 a women's camp opened inside Dachau. The first shipment of women came from Auschwitz-Birkenau.
In the last months of the war, the conditions at Dachau deteriorated. As Allied forces advanced toward Germany, the Germans began to move prisoners from concentration camps near the front to more centrally located camps. They hoped to prevent the liberation of large numbers of prisoners.
Transports from the evacuated camps arrived continually at Dachau. After days of travel with little or no food or water, the prisoners arrived weak and exhausted, often near death. Typhus epidemics became a serious problem as a result of overcrowding, poor sanitary conditions, insufficient provisions, and the weakened state of the prisoners.
Owing to repeated transports from the front, the camp was constantly overcrowded, and the hygiene conditions were beneath human dignity. Starting from the end of 1944 up to the day of liberation, 15,000 people died, about half of all the prisoners held at Dachau.
Final Days of the Camp
As late as the 19th. April 1945, prisoners were sent to Dachau; on that date a freight train from Buchenwald with nearly 4,500 prisoners was diverted to Nammering.
SS troops and police confiscated food and water that local townspeople tried to give to the prisoners. Nearly three hundred dead bodies were ordered removed from the train, and carried to a ravine over 400 metres (1⁄4 mile) away.
The 524 prisoners who had been forced to carry the dead to this site were then shot by the guards, and buried along with those who had died on the train. Nearly 800 bodies went into this mass grave.
The train continued on to Dachau.
During April 1945, as U.S. troops drove deeper into Bavaria, the commander of Dachau suggested to Himmler that the camp be turned over to the Allies.
Himmler, in signed correspondence, prohibited such a move, adding that:
"No prisoners shall be allowed to
fall into the hands of the enemy
alive."
On the 24th. April 1945, just days before the U.S. troops arrived at the camp, the commandant and a strong guard forced between 6,000 and 7,000 surviving inmates on a death march from Dachau south to Eurasburg, then eastwards towards the Tegernsee. Any prisoners who could not keep up on the six-day march were shot. Many others died of exhaustion, hunger and exposure. Months later a mass grave containing 1,071 prisoners was found along the route.
Though at the time of liberation the death rate had peaked at 200 per day, after the liberation by U.S. forces the rate eventually fell to between 50 and 80 deaths per day.
In addition to the direct abuse of the SS and the harsh conditions, people died from typhus epidemics and starvation.
Between the years 1933 and 1945, more than 3.5 million Germans were imprisoned in such concentration camps or prison for political reasons.
Approximately 77,000 Germans were killed for one or another form of resistance by Special Courts, courts-martial, and the civil justice system. Many of these Germans had served in government, the military, or in civil positions, and these roles were thought to allow them to engage in subversion and conspiracy against the Nazis.
Organization of the Camp
Dachau was divided into two sections: the camp area and the crematorium. The crematorium was next to, but not directly accessible from within the camp, and was erected in 1942.
The camp area consisted of 32 barracks, including one for clergy imprisoned for opposing the Nazi regime, and one reserved for medical experiments.
The Dachau complex included other SS facilities beside the concentration camp—a leader school of the economic and civil service, the medical school of the SS, etc. The camp was originally called a "Protective Custody Camp," and occupied less than half of the area of the entire complex.
The courtyard between the prison and the central kitchen was used for the summary execution of prisoners. The camp was surrounded by an electrified barbed-wire fence, a ditch, and a wall with seven guard towers.
In early 1937, the SS, using prisoner labor, initiated construction of a large complex of buildings in the grounds of the original camp. The construction was completed in mid-August 1938, and the camp remained essentially unchanged and in operation until 1945. Dachau was therefore the longest running concentration camp of the Third Reich.
Medical Experimentation
Hundreds of prisoners suffered and died, or were executed in medical experiments conducted at Dachau, of which Sigmund Rascher was in charge.
Hypothermia experiments involved being immersed in vats of icy water, in some cases wearing Luftwaffe flying gear, or being strapped down naked outdoors in freezing temperatures.
Attempts at reviving the subjects included scalding baths, and forcing naked women to have sex with the unconscious victim.
There was extensive communication between the investigators and Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS, regarding the experiments, although the original records of the experiments were destroyed in an attempt to conceal the atrocities.
During 1942, "high altitude" experiments were conducted. Victims were subjected to rapid decompression to pressures found at 4,300 metres (14,100 ft), and experienced spasmodic convulsions, agonal breathing, and eventual death.
Agonal breathing is when someone who is not getting enough oxygen is gasping for air. It is not true breathing - it is a natural reflex that happens when your brain is not getting the oxygen it needs to survive. Agonal breathing is a sign that a person is near death.
A Camp of Many Colours
The camp was originally designed for holding German and Austrian political prisoners and Jews, but in 1935 it began to be used also for ordinary criminals. Inside the camp there was a sharp division between the two groups of prisoners; those who were there for political reasons, and the "professional" criminals, who has been sent there by the criminal courts.
The political prisoners who had been arrested by the Gestapo and were there because they disagreed with Nazi Party policies, or with Hitler, naturally did not consider themselves criminals.
Dachau was used as the chief camp for Christian (mainly Catholic) clergy who were imprisoned for not conforming with the Nazi Party line.
Poles constituted the largest ethnic group in the camp during the war, followed by Russians, French, Yugoslavs, Jews, and Czechs.
Many Poles met their deaths with the "invalid trains" sent out from the camp; others were liquidated in the camp and given bogus death certificates. Some died of cruel punishment for misdemeanors—beaten to death or run to exhaustion.
The average number of Germans in the camp during the war was 3,000. Just before the liberation many German prisoners were evacuated, but 2,000 of these Germans died during the evacuation transport.
Prisoners were divided into categories. At first, they were classified by the nature of the crime for which they were accused, but eventually were classified by the specific authority-type under whose command a person was sent to camp.
-- Those who were there for political reasons wore a red tag.
-- "Professional" criminals wore a green tag.
-- Cri-Po prisoners arrested by the criminal police wore a brown badge.
-- "Work-shy and asocial" people sent by the welfare authorities or the Gestapo wore a black badge.
-- Jehovah's Witnesses arrested by the Gestapo wore a violet badge.
-- Homosexuals sent by the criminal courts wore a pink badge.
-- Emigrants arrested by the Gestapo wore a blue badge.
-- "Race polluters" arrested by the criminal court or Gestapo wore badges with a black outline.
-- Second-termers arrested by the Gestapo wore a bar matching the color of their badge.
-- "Idiots" wore a white armband with the label Blöd (Stupid).
-- Romani wore a black triangle.
-- Jews, whose incarceration in the Dachau concentration camp dramatically increased after Kristallnacht, wore a yellow badge, combined with another color.
The Priest Barracks of Dachau Concentration Camp
In an effort to counter the strength and influence of spiritual resistance, Nazi security services monitored clergy very closely.
Priests were frequently denounced, arrested and sent to concentration camps, often simply on the basis of being "Suspected of activities hostile to the State" or that there was "Reason to suppose that his dealings might harm society".
Despite SS hostility to religious observance, the Vatican and German bishops successfully lobbied the regime to concentrate clergy in one camp, and obtained permission to build a chapel for the priests to live communally and for time to be allotted to them for their religious and intellectual activity.
Priest Barracks at Dachau were established in Blocks 26, 28 and 30, though only temporarily. 26 became the international block, and 28 was reserved for Poles – the most numerous group.
Of a total of 2,720 clergy recorded as imprisoned at Dachau, the overwhelming majority, some 2,579 (or 95%) were Catholic. Among the other denominations, there were 109 Protestants, 22 Greek Orthodox, 8 Old Catholics and Mariavites and 2 Muslims.
R. Schnabel's 1966 investigation, 'Die Frommen in der Hölle' ("The Pious Ones in Hell") found an alternative total of 2,771, and included the fate all the clergy listed, with 692 noted as deceased and 336 sent out on "invalid trainloads" and therefore presumed dead.
Over 400 German priests were sent to Dachau. Total numbers incarcerated are difficult to ascertain, for some clergy were not recognised as such by the camp authorities, and some—particularly Poles—did not wish to be identified as such, fearing they would be mistreated.
Priest Friedrich Hoffman testified at the trial of former camp personnel. He stated that hundreds of priests died at the camp after being exposed to malaria during Nazi medical experiments.
The Nazis introduced a racial hierarchy—keeping Poles in harsh conditions, while favoring German priests. Poles arrived in December 1941, and a further 500 of mainly elderly clergy arrived in October the following year. Inadequately clothed for the bitter cold, of this group, only 82 survived.
A large number of Polish priests were chosen for Nazi medical experiments. In November 1942, 20 were given phlegmons. A phlegmon is an inflammation of soft tissue that spreads under the skin or inside the body. It is usually caused by an infection, and generally produces pus.
120 priests were used by Dr. Schilling for malaria experiments between July 1942 and May 1944.
Dachau Staff
The camp staff consisted mostly of male SS, although 19 female guards served at Dachau as well, most of them until liberation. Female guards were also assigned to the Augsburg Michelwerke, Bureau, Kaufering, Mühldorf, and Munich Agfa Camera Werke subcamps.
Several Norwegians worked as guards at the Dachau camp.
In the major Dachau war crimes case (United States of America v. Martin Gottfried Weiss et. al.), forty-two officials of Dachau were tried from November to December 1945.
All 42 were found guilty – thirty-six of the defendants were sentenced to death on the 13th. December 1945, of whom 23 were hanged on the 28th.–29th. May 1946, including the commandant, SS-Obersturmbannführer Martin Gottfried Weiss, SS-Obersturmführer Freidrich Wilhelm Ruppert and camp doctors Karl Schilling and Fritz Hintermeyer.
Camp commandant Weiss admitted in affidavit testimony that:
"Most of the deaths at Dachau during my administration
were due to typhus, TB, dysentery, pneumonia, pleurisy,
and body weakness brought about by lack of food."
His testimony also admitted to deaths by shootings, hangings and medical experiments.
Ruppert ordered and supervised the deaths of innumerable prisoners at Dachau main and subcamps, according to the War Crimes Commission official trial transcript. He testified about hangings, shootings and lethal injections, but did not admit to direct responsibility for any individual deaths.
An anonymous Dutch prisoner contended that British Special Operations Executive (SOE) agent Noor Inayat Khan was cruelly beaten by SS officer Wilhelm Ruppert before being shot from behind; the beating may have been the actual cause of her death.
Satellite Camps and Sub-Camps of Dachau
Satellite camps under the authority of Dachau were established in the summer and autumn of 1944 near armaments factories throughout southern Germany to increase war production.
Dachau alone had more than 30 large subcamps, and hundreds of smaller ones, in which over 30,000 prisoners worked almost exclusively on armaments.
Overall, the Dachau concentration camp system included 123 sub-camps and Kommandos which were set up in 1943 when factories were built near the main camp to make use of forced labor of the Dachau prisoners.
Of the 123 sub-camps, eleven of them were called Kaufering. All Kaufering sub-camps were set up to specifically build three underground factories (Allied bombing raids made it necessary for them to be underground) for a project called Ringeltaube (wood pigeon). This was planned to be the location in which the German jet fighter plane, Messerschmitt Me 262, was to be built.
In the last days of war, in April 1945, the Kaufering camps were evacuated and around 15,000 prisoners were sent up to the main Dachau camp. Typhus alone was estimated to have caused 15,000 deaths between December 1944 and April 1945:
"Within the first month after the arrival of the American
troops, 10,000 prisoners were treated for malnutrition
and kindred diseases. In spite of this, one hundred
prisoners died each day during the first month from
typhus, dysentery or general weakness".
As U.S. Army troops neared the Dachau sub-camp at Landsberg on the 27th. April 1945, the SS officer in charge ordered that 4,000 prisoners be murdered. The windows and doors of their huts were nailed shut. The buildings were then doused with gasoline and set afire. Prisoners who were naked or nearly so were burned to death, while some managed to crawl out of the buildings before dying.
Earlier that day, as Wehrmacht troops withdrew from Landsberg am Lech, townspeople hung white sheets from their windows. Infuriated SS troops dragged German civilians from their homes and hanged them from trees.
The Winding-Down of the Camps
As the Allies began to advance on Nazi Germany, the SS began to evacuate the first concentration camps in the summer of 1944. Thousands of prisoners were killed before the evacuation due to illness or being unable to walk. At the end of 1944, the overcrowding, the unhygienic conditions and the lack of food rations became disastrous. In November a typhus fever epidemic broke out that took thousands of lives.
In the second phase of the evacuation, in April 1945, Himmler gave direct evacuation routes for the remaining camps. Prisoners who were from the northern part of Germany were to be directed to the Baltic and North Sea coasts to be drowned.
The prisoners from the southern part were to be gathered in the Alps, which was the location in which the SS wanted to resist the Allies. On the 28th. April 1945, an armed revolt took place in the town of Dachau. Both former and escaped concentration camp prisoners, and a renegade Volkssturm (civilian militia) company took part. At about 8:30 am the rebels occupied the Town Hall. The SS gruesomely suppressed the revolt within a few hours.
Being fully aware that Germany was about to be defeated in World War II, the SS invested its time in removing evidence of the crimes it had committed in the concentration camps. They began destroying incriminating evidence in April 1945, and planned on murdering the prisoners using codenames "Wolke A-I" (Cloud A-1) and "Wolkenbrand" (Cloud fire).
However, these plans were not carried out. In mid-April, plans to evacuate the camp started by sending prisoners toward Tyrol. On the 26th. April, over 10,000 prisoners were forced to leave the Dachau concentration camp on foot, in trains, or in trucks. The largest group of some 7,000 prisoners was driven southward on a foot-march lasting several days. More than 1,000 prisoners did not survive this march. The evacuation transports cost many thousands of prisoners their lives.
The Liberation of Dachau
On the 26th. April 1945, prisoner Karl Riemer fled the Dachau concentration camp to get help from American troops, and on the 28th. April Victor Maurer, a representative of the International Red Cross, negotiated an agreement to surrender the camp to U.S. troops.
That night a secretly formed International Prisoners Committee took over the control of the camp. American units commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Felix L. Sparks were ordered to secure the camp. On the 29th. April Sparks led part of his battalion as they entered the camp over a side wall.
At about the same time, Brigadier General Henning Linden led the 222nd. Infantry Regiment including his aide, Lieutenant William Cowling, to accept the formal surrender of the camp from German Lieutenant Heinrich Wicker at an entrance between the camp and the compound for the SS garrison.
Linden was traveling with Marguerite Higgins and other reporters; as a result, Linden's detachment generated international headlines by accepting the surrender of the camp.
More than 30,000 Jews and political prisoners were freed, and ever since 1945, adherents of the 42nd. and 45th. Division have argued over which unit was the first to liberate Dachau.
Satellite Camps Liberation
The first Dachau sub-camp to be discovered by advancing Allied forces was Kaufering IV, by the 12th. Armored Division on the 27th. April 1945. Sub-camps subsequently liberated by the 12th. Armored Division included: Erpting, Schrobenhausen, Schwabing, Langerringen, Türkheim, Lauingen, Schwabach, and Germering.
During the liberation of the sub-camps surrounding Dachau, advance scouts of the U.S. Army's 522nd. Field Artillery Battalion liberated the 3,000 prisoners of the "Kaufering IV Hurlach" slave labor camp:
"They found the camp afire and a stack of some four
hundred bodies burning ... American soldiers then
went into Landsberg and rounded up all the male
civilians they could find and marched them out to
the camp.
The former commandant was forced to lie amidst a
pile of corpses. The male population of Landsberg
was then ordered to walk by, and ordered to spit on
the commandant as they passed.
The commandant was then turned over to a group
of liberated camp survivors".
The 522nd's personnel later discovered the survivors of a death march headed generally southwards from the Dachau main camp to Eurasburg, then eastwards towards the Austrian border on the 2nd. May, just west of the town of Waakirchen.
Weather at the time of liberation was unseasonably cool; on the 2nd. May, the area received a snowstorm with 10 centimetres (4 in) of snow at nearby Munich. Proper clothing was still scarce, and film footage from the time (as seen in The World at War) shows naked, gaunt people either wandering on snow or dead under it.
Due to the number of sub-camps over a large area that comprised the Dachau concentration camp complex, many Allied units have been officially recognized by the United States Army Center of Military History and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum as liberating units of Dachau.
The Killing of Camp Guards at Dachau
A photograph taken by the U.S. Army on the 29th. April 1945 exists which appears to show an unauthorized execution of SS troops in a coal yard in the area of the Dachau concentration camp during its liberation—part of the Dachau liberation reprisals.
American troops killed some of the camp guards after they had surrendered. The number is disputed, as some were killed in combat, some while attempting to surrender, and others after their surrender was accepted. In 1989, Brigadier General Felix L. Sparks, the Colonel in command of a battalion that was present, stated:
"The total number of German guards killed at Dachau
during that day most certainly does not exceed fifty,
with thirty probably being a more accurate figure.
The regimental records of the 157th. Field Artillery
Regiment for that date indicate that over a thousand
German prisoners were brought to the regimental
collecting point.
Since my task force was leading the regimental attack,
almost all the prisoners were taken by the task force,
including several hundred from Dachau."
An Inspector General report resulting from a US Army investigation conducted between the 3rd. and 8th. May 1945 found that 21 plus "a number" of presumed SS men were killed, with others being wounded after their surrender had been accepted.
In addition, 25 to 50 SS guards were estimated to have been killed by the liberated prisoners. Lee Miller visited the camp just after liberation, and photographed several guards who were killed by soldiers or prisoners.
According to Sparks, court-martial charges were drawn up against him and several other men under his command, but General George S. Patton, who had recently been appointed military governor of Bavaria, chose to dismiss the charges.
Colonel Charles L. Decker, an acting deputy judge advocate, concluded in late 1945 that:
"While war crimes had been committed at Dachau
by Germany, certainly, there was no such systematic criminality among United States forces as pervaded
the Nazi groups in Germany."
American troops also forced local citizens to the camp to see for themselves the conditions there and to help bury the dead. Many local residents were shocked about the experience, and claimed no knowledge of the activities at the camp.
The Post-Liberation Easter
The 6th. May 1945 was the day of Pascha, Orthodox Easter. In a cell block used by Catholic priests to say daily Mass, several Greek, Serbian and Russian priests and one Serbian deacon, wearing makeshift vestments made from towels of the SS guard, gathered with several hundred Greek, Serbian and Russian prisoners to celebrate the Paschal Vigil. A prisoner described the scene:
"In the entire history of the Orthodox Church there
has probably never been an Easter service like the
one at Dachau in 1945.
Greek and Serbian priests together with a Serbian
deacon adorned the makeshift 'vestments' over their
blue and gray-striped prisoners' uniforms.
Then they began to chant, changing from Greek to
Slavic, and then back again to Greek.
The Easter Canon, the Easter Sticheras—everything
was recited from memory.
The Gospel—In the beginning was the Word—also
from memory. And finally, the Homily of Saint John—
also from memory.
A young Greek monk from the Holy Mountain stood
up in front of us and recited it with such infectious
enthusiasm that we shall never forget him as long as
we live. Saint John Chrysostomos himself seemed to
speak through him to us and to the rest of the world
as well!"
There is a Russian Orthodox chapel at the camp today, and it is well known for its icon of Christ leading the prisoners out of the camp gates.
After Liberation
Authorities worked night and day to alleviate conditions at the camp immediately following the liberation as an epidemic of black typhus swept through the prisoner population. Two thousand cases had already been reported by the 3rd. May.
By October of the same year the camp was being used by the U.S. Army as a place of confinement for war criminals, the SS and important witnesses. It was also the site of the Dachau Trials for German war criminals, a site chosen for its symbolism.
In 1948, the Bavarian government established housing for refugees on the site, and this remained for many years.
The Kaserne quarters and other buildings used by the guards were converted and served as the Eastman Barracks, an American military post. Since the closure of the Eastman Barracks in 1974, these areas are now occupied by the Bavarian Bereitschaftspolizei (rapid response police unit).
Deportation of Soviet Nationals
By January 1946, 18,000 members of the SS were being confined at the camp along with an additional 12,000 persons, including deserters from the Russian army and a number who had been captured in German Army uniform.
The occupants of two barracks rioted as 271 of the Russian deserters were to be loaded onto trains that would return them to Russian-controlled lands, as agreed at the Yalta Conference.
Inmates barricaded themselves inside two barracks. While the first was able to be cleared without too much trouble, those in the second building, set fire to it, tore off their clothing in an effort to frustrate the guards, and linked arms to resist being removed from the building.
Tear gas was used by the American soldiers before rushing the barrack, only for them to find that many had committed suicide. The American services newspaper Stars and Stripes reported:
“The GIs quickly cut down most of those who had
hanged themselves from the rafters. Those still
conscious were screaming in Russian, pointing first
at the guns of the guards, then at themselves,
begging to us to shoot.”
Ten of the soldiers were successful in their bid to commit suicide during the riot, while another 21 attempted suicide, apparently with razor blades. Many had "cracked heads" inflicted by 500 American guards, in the attempt to bring the situation under control.
Dachau in the Media
-- In his 2013 autobiography, 'Moose: Chapters from My Life', in the chapter entitled, "Dachau", author Robert B. Sherman chronicles his experiences as an American Army serviceman during the initial hours of Dachau's liberation.
-- In Lewis Black's first book, 'Nothing's Sacred', he mentions visiting the camp as part of his tour of Europe, and how it looked all cleaned up and spiffy, "like some delightful holiday camp", and only the crematorium building showed any sign of the horror that went on there.
-- In Maus, Vladek describes his time interned at Dachau, as well as other concentration camps. He describes the journey to Dachau in over-crowded trains, trading rations for other goods and favors to stay alive, and contracting typhus.
-- Frontline: "Memory of the Camps" (7 May 1985) is a 56-minute television documentary that addresses Dachau and other Nazi concentration camps.
The accompanying image was taken on the 17th February, 2020 and remains to be published, along with more material from that date, in the next few days.
The 1st of the two Archive Sites is now complete and all the material, 995 pictures, are below. These date from 10th May, 2011 up until and including the 1st of June 2016. Archive 2 will now be populated with the remainder of the recently deleted images, from 3rd June 2016 up until and including 9th April, 2018, and this should be ready within a week or so.
Image Archive 1, 10/5/2011 - 1/6/2016. is at-
Image Archive 2, 3/6/2016 - 9/4/2018, is at-
the latter one only contains a single image at present.
The normal Flickr site, 'Views in Camera',
www.flickr.com/photos/daohaiku
currently contains all the important stuff, 990 pictures, and that will now remain in tact, with the 'best' pictures and videos from 2011 until the end of December, 2019 with all the attendant comments, albums, groups and view numbers. This new site here, 'Views in Camera 2020', will now be home to pictures and videos, taken from January 1st this year and, to that end, I have uploaded this years 27 images/videos, from the old site, 'Views in Camera', to this new one, to get things going. A link has been placed on the 'Views in Camera' site, in the description of what's going on, beneath the most recent image, indicating these changes... I hope this isn't all too much of an imposition, but I have taken this opportunity of change, to sort out what was a hugely burgeoning set of material and try and bring some order to it all, partly prompted by the recent price hike in the Pro membership...
As mentioned in the earlier picture, see link above, the solution to the image limit here can be addressed by posting one or two pictures here, from what I consider a set when I go out shooting stuff, the main picture(s) will appear here and the support images will be available on my own website,
just the supporting images will be there, titled again after removing this some months ago as an inconvenience, they will be put back as there will be no other identification available, just the supporting images. The links for them will be here in the text narrative for the main image(s) and there will be only one narrative piece for the set of images, unlike earlier pictures here where the text has varied from one shot to another, to cover differences in what's visible. Although some, including to some extent myself, don't like the mosaic method of presenting more than one picture with, occasionally here, a 3x3, 4x4 or even 5x5, option being used, it does mean that Flickr classes this as one picture or so will still be used from time-to-time...
The link to the new site is-
www.flickr.com/photos/VinC2020
and this will be the Flickr presence I will now use to upload pictures, for a while this will not contain too many links to the
site, which is being used for 'overflow', when a handful of shots or taken but with only 1 main subject, this will keep under control, filling out this site with material amounting to around 4 out of 5 not really pertinent to the main subject; something in the past I have been guilty of not taking too much heed over! In fact, since 2011, I have taken just under 50,000 shots and only 5,450 of those have found their way onto the 'Views in Camera' site.
From today, I hope to start the large Archive picture up-load but it will take some time, around 5-6hours, (WRONG, actually 22 hours for the 1st one, that's about 1m 30s per picture!), for each Archive as the pictures have to be re-built with names, text, tags and the album to which they belong; all comments and number of views will, sadly, be lost.
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You may not modify, publish or use any files on
this page without written permission and consent.
-----------------------------
Mamma Mia! torna finalmente in Italia al Teatro degli Arcimboldi in Milano.
Mamma Mia! nasce dalla geniale idea di Judy Craymer di mettere in scena la magia delle canzoni senza tempo degli ABBA con un’affascinante storia di famiglia e amicizia che si svolge su una paradisiaca isola greca. Ad oggi, lo spettacolo è stato visto da oltre 54 milioni di persone in 39 produzioni e in 14 lingue diverse. Mamma Mia! The Movie è il film musicale che ha incassato di più nella storia del cinema a livello mondiale, e nel Regno Unito una famiglia su quattro possiede il DVD, che su Amazon è ad oggi è il più venduto di tutti i tempi.
Da spettacolo locale della West End di Londra a fenomeno globale, la produzione londinese di Mamma Mia! è stata vista da oltre il 10% dell’intera popolazione britannica. È uno dei cinque musical al mondo ad essere rimasto in scena per oltre dieci anni sia a Broadway che nella West End, e nel 2011 è diventato il primo musical occidentale a essere rappresentato in mandarino nella Repubblica Popolare Cinese.
Il cast di Mamma Mia! International Tour: Sara Poyzer interpreta Donna Sheridan, Shobna Gulati è Tanya, Sue Devaney è Rosie e Niamh Perry interpreta Sophie Sheridan.
Fa parte del cast anche il vero marito di Sara Poyzer, Richard Standing, nel ruolo di Sam Carmichael; Michael Beckley nel ruolo di Bill Austin, Mark Jardine nel ruolo di Harry Bright; Justin Thomas come Sky, Daniella Bowen come Ali, Tara Young come Lisa, Alex Simmons come Pepper e Charlie Stemp come Eddie. Per alcune repliche il ruolo di Donna sarà coperto da Francesca Ellis.
Inoltre nel cast: Michael Anthony, Holly Ashton, Charlotte Bradford, Devon-Elise Johnson, Matt Kennedy, Gemma Lawson, Scott Mobley, Dean Read, Matthew Ronchetti, Ellie Rutherford, Parisa Shahmir, Katy Stedder, Rhodri Watkins, Tom Stanford-Wheatley, Simon Wilmont, Sarah Wilkie e Jamie Wilkin.
Con le musiche e i testi di Benny Andersson e Björn Ulvaeus, Mamma Mia! è scritto da Catherine Johnson e diretto da Phyllida Lloyd; la coreografia è di Anthony Van Laast, il design della produzione è di Mark Thompson, le luci sono state progettate da Howard Harrison, e il suono da Andrew Bruce e Bobby Aitken, la supervisione musicale e gli arrangiamenti sono di Martin Koch.
Mamma Mia! International Tour è prodotto da Judy Craymer, Richard East e Björn Ulvaeus per Littlestar in associazione con Universal, Stage Entertainment e NGM.
Iowa City, Iowa - by Alan Light. Permission granted to share,
publish or post these photos anywhere.
© sergione infuso - all rights reserved
follow me on www.sergione.info
You may not modify, publish or use any files on
this page without written permission and consent.
-----------------------------
La quinta edizione del festival organizzato da Wired Italia. Due lunghi fine settimana in cui vivere l’innovazione nell’economia, nella scienza, nella politica, nell’intrattenimento, nella cultura. Milano e Firenze si trasformano per un fine settimana nel luna park della scienza e della tecnologia. Oltre 150 relatori, performance artistiche, laboratori di stampa 3D, droni in volo, videogame, film, documentari, speed date sul lavoro, maratone di coding e workshop per tutte le età. A Milano da venerdì 26 a domenica 28 maggio ai Giardini Indro Montanelli.
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ore 10:00
Come si combatte l’Isis (sui social)
Speaker
Abdalaziz Alhamza - Fondatore Raqqa is Being Slaughtered Silently
Abdalaziz Alhamza, nato a Raqqa nel 1991, è un giornalista e attivista siriano, che oggi vive a Berlino. È fondatore e portavoce del progetto Raqqa is Being Slaughtered Silently (RBSS), gruppo di citizen journalism fondato dall’esilio in Turchia, che informa sulle violenze compiute da Isis in Siria, grazie alle informazioni passate da cittadini rimasti all’interno della città. Nel gennaio 2016 l’International Business Times ha descritto RBSS come “la più credibile fonte di informazioni dall’interno di Raqqa”.
Alhamza è laureato in biologia e da studente ha organizzato numerose proteste contro il governo siriano. È stato arrestato varie volte dal regime e più volte ha ricevuto minacce per la sua attività da Isis. RBSS ha vinto nel 2015 l’International Press Freedom Award dal Committee to Protect Journalists e il premio del Foreign Policy Global Thinkers Award.
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ore 10:30
Tra calcio e futuro
Speaker
Diletta Leotta - Conduttrice Sky Sport
Giulia Diletta Leotta, 1991, è conduttrice a Sky Sport. Si è laureata in Giurisprudenza alla LUISS di Roma con una tesi dal titolo Il contratto di lavoro sportivo. Ha iniziato la sua carriera televisiva nel 2010, a diciannove anni, sulla rete locale Antenna Sicilia, affiancando Salvo La Rosa nella conduzione dell’11º Festival della nuova canzone siciliana e nel programma di intrattenimento Insieme. L’anno successivo è passata a Mediaset dove ha condotto la trasmissione Il Compleanno di La5 sull’omonima rete digitale. Nel 2012 diventa una delle conduttrici di Sky Meteo 24.
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ore 12:30
Serie internazionale
Speaker
Salvatore Esposito - Attore
Salvatore Esposito nasce a Napoli il 2 febbraio 1986. Sin da bambino nutre la passione per la recitazione. Raggiunta la maggiore età inizia i suoi studi di recitazione presso la Scuola di cinema di Napoli per poi trasferirsi a Roma dove studia con l’acting trainer Beatrice Bracco.
Ha fatto il suo esordio televisivo nel 2013 con Il clan dei camorristi, interpretando il ruolo di Domenico Ruggiero. Nel 2014 arriva il successo al grande pubblico con Gomorra – la serie, Salvatore interpreta Genny Savastano.
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ore 13:00
Lavoro e ricchezza nell’epoca dell’ Intelligenza Artificiale
Speaker
Jerry Kaplan - Esperto di Intelligenza Artificiale e Imprenditore
Jerry Kaplan è un esperto di Intelligenza Artificiale noto in tutto il mondo, un innovatore, seriael entrepreneur, educatore, futurista e autore di best sellers. Ha fondato quattro startup della Silicon Valley, due delle quali sono divenute società di fama, e insegnato alla Stanford University. Hanno parlato di lui tutti i principali quotidiani in lingua inglese e le riviste specializzate di tutto il mondo
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ore 14:00
La strada della musica
Speaker
Michele Bravi - Cantante
Michele Bravi esordisce nel 2013 con la vittoria di XFactor Italia.
Portato alla vittoria da Morgan e presentato al grande pubblico con un pezzo scritto per lui da Tiziano Ferro e Zibba, Michele pubblica il suo EP di debutto “La Vita e la Felicità”. A Gennaio 2014 il primo singolo “La Vita e la Felicità” viene certificato disco d’oro.
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ore 14:30
Il tocco vincente
Speaker
Mara Maionchi - Produttrice discografica
Mara Maionchi (Bologna, 22 aprile 1941) è una produttrice discografica e personaggio televisivo italiano.
Attualmente considerata la figura femminile di maggiore spicco nella discografia italiana, producendo sia per conto di major come Sony e Warner che come produttrice indipendente attraverso la sua etichetta, sostenendo tuttavia in numerose dichiarazioni che la vera scena musicale – intensa e multisfaccettata – è all’estero e che in Italia “si fa quel che si può”.
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ore 15:00
Maniaca di SerieTV
Speaker
Miriam Leone - Attrice
Nasce a Catania. Ha frequentato il Liceo Classico Gulli e Pennisi ad Acireale e la Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia dell’Università degli Studi di Catania. Studia contemporaneamente recitazione. Nel 2008 partecipa e vince sia la fascia di Miss Italia che quella di Miss Cinema.
Nel 2010 debutta come attrice sia sul grande schermo con il film Genitori & figli – Agitare bene prima dell’uso, di Giovanni Veronesi, con Silvia Orlando e Margherita Buy, sia sul piccolo schermo con il film TV Il ritmo della vita, diretto da Rossella Izzo e trasmesso su Canale 5.
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ore 15:30
Indie a chi?
Speaker
Lo Stato Sociale - Musicisti
Nel 2012 esce il loro primo album, Turisti della democrazia, al quale fa seguito un tour di 200 concerti in Italia ed in Europa. Nel 2013, ad un anno dalla prima pubblicazione, Turisti della democrazia viene ripubblicato in edizione deluxe, in formato doppio CD. Il primo CD presenta la tracklist originale mentre il secondo CD comprende tutti gli 11 brani del disco originale coverizzati da 11 artisti, oltre a tanti remix e inediti. Alla ripubblicazione dell’album, segue un lungo tour dello spettacolo di teatro-canzone Tronisti della democrazia, nel quale le canzoni dell’album d’esordio sono alternate a monologhi e sketch a formare “un minicorso in 5 atti di buone maniere”. Con Turisti della democrazia, tra i più discussi album usciti in ambito indie rock in Italia, la band bolognese ha ricevuto la Targa Giovani Mei e il Premio SIAE “Miglior Giovane Talento dell’Anno” e altri riconoscimenti.
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ore 16:00
L’uomo che ha dato forma al pc
Speaker
Mario Bellini - Architetto
Mario Bellini è un architetto e designer noto in tutto il mondo. Ha ricevuto il Premio Compasso d’Oro otto volte e 25 delle sue opere sono nella collezione permanente del MoMA di New York, che gli ha dedicato una retrospettiva nel 1987. È stato direttore della rivista Domus (1985-1991). Ha progettato numerose mostre d’arte e di architettura sia in Italia, sia all’estero, l’ultima a Palazzo Reale con i capolavori di Giotto (2015).
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ore 16:00
C’è risata e risata
Speaker
Saverio Raimondo - Stand Up Comedian e conduttore CCN
Saverio Raimondo, 33 anni, comico satirico, è stato definito sulle pagine di Repubblica “l’unico stand up comedian italiano che sembra vero” e “il comico più bravo in circolazione” da Aldo Grasso del Corriere della Sera. È il comico di punta di Comedy Central Italia (canale 124 di Sky) per il suo show CCN – Comedy Central News, striscia satirica di grande successo di pubblico e critica, giunta alla terza stagione – attualmente in corso, in onda tutti i mercoledì alle 22 – e per la quale ha vinto il Premio Satira Politica per la Tv Forte Dei Marmi.
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ore 16:30
Il suono dal caos
Speaker
Levante - Musicista
Levante nasce a Caltagirone e cresce a Palagonia (Catania) in una famiglia affollata da menti creative. A nove anni scrive le prime canzoni e soltanto ad undici inizia a suonare la chitarra, rubandola al fratello, per la pura esigenza di musicare i propri testi. Dopo la morte del padre, lei e la madre si trasferiscono nella magica città di Torino. Qui tante sono le collaborazioni, i contratti andati male, i dischi mai usciti e gli anni di manifestazioni musicali, provini e gavetta.
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ore 17:00
Non è bello ciò che è bello, ma che bello che bello che bello
Speaker
Maccio Capatonda - Attore e Regista
Nino Frassica - Comico e Presentatore
Maccio Capatonda, pseudonimo di Marcello Macchia, è un attore, regista e comico italiano. Ha partecipato ai programmi televisivi Mai dire Lunedì e Mai dire Martedì. Precedentemente aveva fondato a Milano la Shortcut Productions, insieme a Enrico Venti, suo storico amico, anche lui di Chieti. Ha lavorato per AllMusic e lavora stabilmente sul web, affianco all’attività televisiva. Nel 2013 è ideatore, regista e interprete principale della serie televisiva Mario. In un primo tempo si è dedicato (accompagnato dal suo inseparabile gruppo) alla produzione di finti reality televisivi, come il Divano Scomodo e il Gabinetto.
Nel 1985 Arbore coinvolge Nino Frassica nel varietà “Quelli della notte” nei panni di frate Antonino da Scasazza, organizzatore di un improbabile concorso a premi. Seguono “Indietro tutta” dove veste i panni del bravo presentatore e mette in scena una spassosa parodia del tipico conduttore televisivo. Partecipa successivamente a “Fantastico”, “Domenica In”, “Scommettiamo che…?”, “I Cervelloni”, “Acqua calda”, “Colorado Cafè” e “Markette” condotto da Piero Chiambretti. Nel 1999 inizia l’avventura della fiction televisiva “Don Matteo” con Terence Hill, Flavio Insinna e successivamente Simone Montedoro, giunta ormai alla decima serie. Nino interpreta il ruolo del maresciallo dei Carabinieri Nino Cecchini.
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ore 17:30
Comicità all’italiana
Speaker
Herbert Ballerina - Attore e Comico
Maccio Capatonda - Attore e Regista
Herbert Ballerina, pseudonimo di Luigi Luciano, nato a Campobasso il 7 marzo 1980, è un attore, comico, conduttore radiofonico e produttore cinematografico italiano. Dopo essersi laureato al DAMS di Bologna si trasferisce a Milano entrando a far parte della Shortcut Productions di Marcello Macchia ed Enrico Venti (in arte Maccio Capatonda e Ivo Avido), inizialmente come assistente e poi come attore e autore. Con Marcello Macchia è protagonista, con lo pseudonimo di Herbert Ballerina, di numerosi trailer umoristici trasmessi all’interno dei programmi televisivi Mai dire Lunedì e Mai dire Martedì.
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ore 18:00
La democrazia della rete
Speaker
Luigi Di Maio - Vicepresidente della Camera
Nato a Avellino il 6 luglio 1986, ha conseguito il diploma di liceo classico ed è giornalista pubblicista. Eletto nella circoscrizione XIX (CAMPANIA 1) nel 2013 alla Camera dei Deputati con il Movimento Cinque Stelle, diventa il più giovane Vicepresidente della Camera. È uno dei volti di punta del Movimento Cinque Stelle, per molti naturale candidato alle prossime elezioni.
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ore 18:30
Non smetto più
Speaker
Sydney Sibilia - Regista, Sceneggiatore e Produttore cinematografico
Luigi Di Capua - Regista, sceneggiatore e attore
Francesca Manieri - Sceneggiatrice
Sydney Sibilia, nato a Salerno nel 1981, è un regista, sceneggiatore e produttore cinematografico italiano. Sydney Sibilia inizia a realizzare cortometraggi insieme all’amico Fabio Ferro nella loro natìa Salerno. Nel 2007 si trasferisce a Roma e successivamente realizza un cortometraggio che ottiene numerosi riconoscimenti, Oggi gira così (2010), prodotto dalla Ascent Film e scritto insieme a Valerio Attanasio.
Sempre con Valerio Attanasio, scrive la sceneggiatura della sua opera prima Smetto quando voglio. Il film, prodotto dalla Fandango di Domenico Procacci, dalla Ascent FIlm di Matteo Rovere e da Rai Cinema, viene distribuito nelle sale cinematografiche nel febbraio 2014, riscuotendo un successo sorprendente e ottenendo 12 candidature ai David di Donatello 2014. Nel 2017 è nelle sale il seguito, Smetto quando voglio – Masterclass, in attesa del terzo episodio.
Regista, sceneggiatore e attore. Insieme a Matteo Corradini e Luca Vecchi è il fondatore del collettivo The Pills, nato nell’estate del 2011. Il collettivo è diventato celebre grazie alla web serie omonima che ha debuttato su YouTube nello stesso anno, diventando immediatamente fenomeno del web. Dopo il successo ottenuto anche con la seconda stagione, nel 2014 la serie approda su Italia 1. Nello stesso anno, The Pills sono autori insieme a Matteo Rovere, Luca Ravenna, Sydney Sibilia e Daniele Grassetti della serie tv Zio Gianni in onda su Rai2. Il 21 gennaio 2016 esce nelle sale il loro primo film, The Pills – Sempre meglio che lavorare.
Sceneggiatrice tra le più apprezzate in Italia, è laureata in filosofia.
Tra i suoi lavori: Zanzibar. Una storia daAmore, di cui ha curato anche la regia, Passione sinistra, Il rosso e il blu, La foresta di ghiaccio, Vergine giurata, Veloce come il vento, Nemiche per la pelle, il corto Era ieri, Come fai sbagli e il successo Smetto quando voglio.
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ore 19:00
L’identità della bellezza
Speaker
Samuel - Cantante e Musicista
Samuel Umberto Romano, conosciuto semplicemente come Samuel (Torino, 7 marzo 1972), è un cantautore e chitarrista italiano. È il frontman del gruppo dei Subsonica, in cui è anche compositore e autore dei testi delle canzoni insieme a Max Casacci e Davide Dileo, meglio conosciuto come Boosta.
Nel 2016 ha annunciato attraverso le proprie pagine Facebook e Instagram di essere al lavoro sul suo primo album da solista, anticipato il 9 settembre 2016 dal suo primo singolo da solista, La risposta, seguito tre mesi dopo da Rabbia.
OK, it's just in a Legal Journal's "Fiction Edition" (legal fiction?), but it's still pretty cool. Unfortunately, the printing process did a number on the photo itself. It looks better here than in reality, since I did some post processing.
This photograph was published in the Illustrated Chronicle on the 23rd of September 1915.
During the Great War the Illustrated Chronicle published photographs of soldiers and sailors from Newcastle and the North East of England, which had been in the news. The photographs were sent in by relatives and give us a glimpse into the past.
The physical collection held by Newcastle Libraries comprises bound volumes of the newspaper from 1910 to 1925. We are keen to find out more about the people in the photographs. If you recognise anyone in the images and have any stories and information to add please comment below.
Copies of this photograph may be ordered from us, for more information see: www.newcastle.gov.uk/tlt Please make a note of the image reference number above to help speed up your order.
Published in Monday 7 September's Flickr page in the Daily Post www.dangerousdisco.com Copyright © 2009 All rights reserved.
(further information and pictures you can get by clicking on the link at the end of page!)
Mariahilferstraße
Mariahilferstraße, 6th, 7th, 14th and 15th, since 1897 (in the 6th and 7th district originally Kremser Sraße, then Bavarian highway, Laimgrubner main road, Mariahilfer main street, Fünfhauserstraße, Schönbrunnerstraße and Penzinger Poststraße, then Schönbrunner Straße), in memory of the old suburb name; Mariahilf was an independent municipality from 1660 to 1850, since then with Gumpendorf, Magdalenengrund, Windmühle and Laimgrube 6th District.
From
aeiou - the cultural information system of the bm: bwk
14,000 key words and 2000 pictures from history, geography, politics and business in Austria
Mariahilferstraße, 1908 - Wien Museum
Mariahilferstraße, 1908
Picture taken from "August Stauda - A documentarian of old Vienna"
published by Christian Brandstätter - to Book Description
History
Pottery and wine
The first ones who demonstrably populated the area of today's Mariahilferstraße (after the mammoth) were the Illyrians. They took advantage of the rich clay deposits for making simple vessels. The Celts planted on the sunny hills the first grape vines and understood the wine-making process very well. When the Romans occupied at the beginning of our Era Vienna for several centuries, they left behind many traces. The wine culture of the Celts they refined. On the hill of today's Mariahilferstraße run a Roman ridge trail, whose origins lay in the camp of Vindobona. After the rule of the Romans, the migration of peoples temporarily led many cultures here until after the expulsion of the Avars Bavarian colonists came from the West.
The peasant Middle Ages - From the vineyard to the village
Thanks to the loamy soil formed the winery, which has been pushed back only until the development of the suburbs, until the mid-17th Century the livelihood of the rural population. "Im Schöff" but also "Schöpf - scoop" and "Schiff - ship" (from "draw of") the area at the time was called. The erroneous use of a ship in the seal of the district is reminiscent of the old name, which was then replaced by the picture of grace "Mariahilf". The Weinberg (vineyard) law imposed at that time that the ground rent in the form of mash on the spot had to be paid. This was referred to as a "draw".
1495 the Mariahilfer wine was added to the wine disciplinary regulations for Herrenweine (racy, hearty, fruity, pithy wine with pleasant acidity) because of its special quality and achieved high prices.
1529 The first Turkish siege
Mariahilferstraße, already than an important route to the West, was repeatedly the scene of historical encounters. When the Turks besieged Vienna for the first time, was at the lower end of today Mariahilferstrasse, just outside the city walls of Vienna, a small settlement of houses and cottages, gardens and fields. Even the St. Theobald Monastery was there. This so-called "gap" was burned at the approach of the Turks, for them not to offer hiding places at the siege. Despite a prohibition, the area was rebuilt after departure of the Turks.
1558, a provision was adopted so that the glacis, a broad, unobstructed strip between the city wall and the outer settlements, should be left free. The Glacis existed until the demolition of the city walls in 1858. Here the ring road was later built.
1663 The new Post Road
With the new purpose of the Mariahilferstrasse as post road the first three roadside inn houses were built. At the same time the travel increased, since the carriages were finally more comfortable and the roads safer. Two well-known expressions date from this period. The "tip" and "kickbacks". In the old travel handbooks of that time we encounter them as guards beside the route, the travel and baggage tariff. The tip should the driver at the rest stop pay for the drink, while the bribe was calculated in proportion to the axle grease. Who was in a hurry, just paid a higher lubricant (Schmiergeld) or tip to motivate the coachman.
1683 The second Turkish siege
The second Turkish siege brought Mariahilferstraße the same fate. Meanwhile, a considerable settlement was formed, a real suburb, which, however, still had a lot of fields and brick pits. Again, the suburb along the Mariahilferstraße was razed to the ground, the population sought refuge behind the walls or in the Vienna Woods. The reconstruction progressed slowly since there was a lack of funds and manpower. Only at the beginning of the 18th Century took place a targeted reconstruction.
1686 Palais Esterhazy
On several "Brandstetten", by the second Turkish siege destroyed houses, the Hungarian aristocratic family Esterhazy had built herself a simple palace, which also had a passage on the Mariahilferstrasse. 1764 bought the innkeeper Paul Winkelmayr from Spittelberg the building, demolished it and built two new buildings that have been named in accordance with the Esterhazy "to the Hungarian crown."
17th Century to 19th Century. Fom the village to suburb
With the development of the settlements on the Mariahilferstraße from village to suburbs, changed not only the appearance but also the population. More and more agricultural land fell victim to the development, craftsmen and tradesmen settled there. There was an incredible variety of professions and trades, most of which were organized into guilds or crafts. Those cared for vocational training, quality and price of the goods, and in cases of unemployment, sickness and death.
The farms were replaced by churches and palaces, houses and shops. Mariahilf changed into a major industrial district, Mariahilferstrasse was an important trading center. Countless street traders sold the goods, which they carried either with them, or put in a street stall on display. The dealers made themselves noticeable by a significant Kaufruf (purchase call). So there was the ink man who went about with his bottles, the Wasserbauer (hydraulic engineering) who sold Danube water on his horse-drawn vehicle as industrial water, or the lavender woman. This lovely Viennese figures disappeared with the emergence of fixed premises and the improvement of urban transport.
Private carriages, horse-drawn carriages and buggies populated the streets, who used this route also for trips. At Mariahilferplatz Linientor (gate) was the main stand of the cheapest and most popular means of transport, the Zeiselwagen, which the Wiener used for their excursions into nature, which gradually became fashionable. In the 19th Century then yet arrived the Stellwagen (carriage) and bus traffic which had to accomplish the connection between Vienna and the suburbs. As a Viennese joke has it, suggests the Stellwagen that it has been so called because it did not come from the spot.
1719 - 1723 Royal and Imperial Court Stables
Emperor Charles VI. gave the order for the construction of the stables to Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach. 1772 the building was extended by two houses on the Mariahilferstrasse. The size of the stables still shows, as it serves as the Museum Quarter - its former importance. The Mariahilferstraße since the building of Schönbrunn Palace by the Imperial court very strongly was frequented. Today in the historic buildings the Museum Quarter is housed.
The church and monastery of Maria Hülff
Coloured engraving by J. Ziegler, 1783
1730 Mariahilferkirche
1711 began the renovation works at the Mariahilferkirche, giving the church building today's appearance and importance as a baroque monument. The plans stem from Franziskus Jänkl, the foreman of Lukas von Hildebrandt. Originally stood on the site of the Mariahilferkirche in the medieval vineyard "In Schoeff" a cemetery with wooden chapel built by the Barnabites. Already in those days, the miraculous image Mariahilf was located therein. During the Ottoman siege the chapel was destroyed, the miraculous image could be saved behind the protective walls. After the provisional reconstruction the miraculous image in a triumphal procession was returned, accompanied by 30,000 Viennese.
1790 - 1836 Ferdinand Raimund
Although in the district Mariahilf many artists and historical figures of Vienna lived , it is noticeable that as a residence they rather shunned the Mariahilferstraße, because as early as in the 18th Century there was a very lively and loud bustle on the street. The most famous person who was born on the Mariahilferstrasse is the folk actor and dramatist Ferdinand Raimund. He came in the house No. 45, "To the Golden deer (Zum Goldenen Hirschen)", which still exists today, as son of a turner into the world. As confectioners apprentice, he also had to visit the theaters, where he was a so-called "Numero", who sold his wares to the visitors. This encounter with the theater was fateful. He took flight from his training masters and joined a traveling troupe as an actor. After his return to Vienna, he soon became the most popular comedian. In his plays all those figures appeared then bustling the streets of Vienna. His most famous role was that of the "ash man" in "Farmer as Millionaire", a genuine Viennese guy who brings the wood ash in Butte from the houses, and from the proceeds leading a modest existence.
1805 - 1809 French occupation
The two-time occupation of Vienna by the French hit the suburbs hard. But the buildings were not destroyed fortunately.
19th century Industrialization
Here, where a higher concentration of artisans had developed as in other districts, you could feel the competition of the factories particularly hard. A craftsman after another became factory worker, women and child labor was part of the day-to-day business. With the sharp rise of the population grew apartment misery and flourished bed lodgers and roomers business.
1826
The Mariahilferstraße is paved up to the present belt (Gürtel).
1848 years of the revolution
The Mariahilferstraße this year was in turmoil. At the outbreak of the revolution, the hatred of the people was directed against the Verzehrungssteuerämter (some kind of tax authority) at the lines that have been blamed for the rise of food prices, and against the machines in the factories that had made the small craftsmen out of work or dependent workers. In October, students, workers and citizens tore up paving stones and barricaded themselves in the Mariahilfer Linientor (the so-called Linienwall was the tax frontier) in the area of today's belt.
1858 The Ring Road
The city walls fell and on the glacis arose the ring-road, the now 6th District more closely linking to the city center.
1862 Official naming
The Mariahilferstraße received its to the present day valid name, after it previously was bearing the following unofficial names: "Bavarian country road", "Mariahilfer Grund Straße", "Penzinger Street", "Laimgrube main street" and "Schönbrunner Linienstraße".
The turn of the century: development to commercial street
After the revolution of 1848, the industry displaced the dominant small business rapidly. At the same time the Mariahilferstraße developed into the first major shopping street of Vienna. The rising supply had to be passed on to the customer, and so more and more new shops sprang up. Around the turn of the century broke out a real building boom. The low suburban houses with Baroque and Biedermeier facade gave way to multi-storey houses with flashy and ostentatious facades in that historic style mixture, which was so characteristic of the late Ringstrasse period. From the former historic buildings almost nothing remained. The business portals were bigger and more pompous, the first department stores in the modern style were Gerngross and Herzmansky. Especially the clothing industry took root here.
1863 Herzmansky opened
On 3 March opened August Herzmansky a small general store in the Church Lane (Kirchengasse) 4. 1897 the great establishment in the pin alley (Stiftgasse) was opened, the largest textile company of the monarchy. August Herzmansky died a year before the opening, two nephews take over the business. In 1928, Mariahilferstraße 28 is additionally acquired. 1938, the then owner Max Delfiner had to flee, the company Rhonberg and Hämmerle took over the house. The building in Mariahilferstrasse 30 additionally was purchased. In the last days of the war in 1945 it fell victim to the flames, however. 1948, the company was returned to Max Delfiner, whose son sold in 1957 to the German Hertie group, a new building in Mariahilferstrasse 26 - 30 constructing. Other ownership changes followed.
1869 The Pferdetramway
The Pferdetramway made it first trip through the Mariahilferstraße to Neubaugasse.
Opened in 1879 Gerngroß
Mariahilferstraße about 1905
Alfred Gerngross, a merchant from Bavaria and co-worker August
Herzmanskys, founded on Mariahilferstrasse 48/corner Church alley (Kirchengasse) an own fabric store. He became the fiercest competitor of his former boss.
1901 The k.k. Imperial Furniture Collection
The k.k. Hofmobilien and material depot is established in Mariahilferstrasse 88. The collection quickly grew because each new ruler got new furniture. Today, it serves as a museum. Among other things, there is the office of Emperor Franz Joseph, the equipment of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico from Miramare Castle, the splendid table of Charles VI. and the furniture from the Oriental Cabinet of Crown Prince Rudolf.
1911 The House Stafa
On 18 August 1911, on the birthday of Emperor Franz Joseph, corner Mariahilferstraße/imperial road (Kaiserstraße) the "central palace" was opened. The construction by its architecture created a sensation. Nine large double figure-relief panels of Anton Hanak decorated it. In this building the "1st Vienna Commercial sample collective department store (Warenmuster-Kollektivkaufhaus)", a eight-storey circular building was located, which was to serve primarily the craft. The greatest adversity in the construction were underground springs. Two dug wells had to be built to pump out the water. 970 liters per minute, however, must be pumped out until today.
1945 bombing of Vienna
On 21 February 1945 bombs fell on the Mariahilferstrasse, many buildings were badly damaged. On 10th April Wiener looted the store Herzmansky. Ella Fasser, the owner of the café "Goethe" in Mariahilferstrasse, preserved the Monastery barracks (Stiftskaserne) from destruction, with the help other resistance fighters cutting the fire-conducting cords that had laid the retreating German troops. Meanwhile, she invited the officers to the cafe, and befuddled them with plenty of alcohol.
Originally published in 1976 this book contains the full corporate identity manuals of thirteen companies.
September
Now published with 16 other photographs from this group:
Compostion
ISBN 9781-870736-17-6
17 large Premium colour photographs plus an Afterword
36 pages, 216 x 280mm, Hardback.
Retail price: £18 $25
Short Description: A book of 17 photographs taken of my compost caddy whenever I found the contents interesting because of the colours or composition of elements or both. The photographs were taken with natural light from a skylight which gives a variation in the speed and aperture used. This information is recorded on the facing page with date of capture. The camera used was always a Sigma DP2 with Foveon sensor.
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Published for the Department of Education, New South Wales.
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Published by Ebal, Brazil 1967
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Published by Ebal, Brazil 1967
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Published in January 1894 by The Historical Publishing Company, author J. W. Buel, this book contains 300 photographs of every aspect of the fair.
The World's Fair: Columbian Exposition (also known as the Chicago World's Fair) was a world's fair held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus' arrival in the New World in 1492. At the core of the fair was an area that quickly became known as the White City for its buildings with white stucco siding and its streets illuminated by electric lights.