Published on Gothamist June 1st, 2010, here: gothamist.com/2010/06/01/marina_mania.php

 

Marina in the home stretch. This was taken right before the end...

Don't often seen back views published.

 

Lancaster County, PA.

  

my first photo that has been published :)

in the french magazine : "chasseur d'image"

thanks guys ;)

File name: 10_03_001845a

Binder label: Home Furnishings

Title: American Machine Co., Phila. (front)

Created/Published: Phila. [i. e. Philadelphia] : Tho. Hunter, Lith.

Date issued: 1870 - 1900 (approximate)

Physical description: 1 print : chromolithograph ; 8 x 12 cm.

Genre: Advertising cards

Subject: Girls; Angels; Ice cream & ices; Equipment

Notes: Title from item.

Statement of responsibility: American Machine Co.

Collection: 19th Century American Trade Cards

Location: Boston Public Library, Print Department

Rights: No known restrictions.

Published in 1948 by the Joint Executive Committee for the Inauguration of the Republic of the Philippines.

 

(Photo taken from the Presidential Museum and Library's collection)

Square Pusher

Sonar Reykjavik

February 2016

Reykjavik, Island

© 2016 LEROE24FOTOS.COM

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

THIS MATERIAL MAY NOT BE PUBLISHED,

BROADCAST, REWRITTEN OR REDISTRIBUTED.

Published 1953. Another old scan hanging about the computer. The illustrations inside are sadly lacking in interest -- lots of intricate details of brooms and how to mend picture frames. But I love the cover! The checkerboard is the best!

© All rights reserved - This photograph is copyright protected. Please do not add to blog sites, reproduce, publish, print, use on the internet or for other purpose without my permission.

Do please request to license from Getty Images or see www.malcchapman.com

 

Pleased to have a few of my images used by local Independent financial advisers company - this one shows the viaduct railway bridge.

The Postcard

 

A postcard published by the London View Co. Ltd. The card was posted in Brighton on Friday the 25th. December 1908 to:

 

Mrs. Norris,

73, Southampton Street,

Reading,

Berks.

 

The message on the divided back of the card was as follows:

 

"Dear Mrs. Norris,

Just a p.c. to remind you

of dear old Brighton.

Wishing you a jolly Xmas

and a prosperous New

Year.

Yours as ever,

E. Colin".

 

The Old Steine

 

The Old Steine is a thoroughfare in central Brighton, East Sussex. The southern end leads to Marine Parade, the Brighton seafront and the Palace Pier. The Royal Pavilion is located immediately to the north of the Old Steine.

 

The word Steine comes from the Old English stoene, meaning 'Stony Place'. The name comes from the number of large sarsen stones which once lay in the area. Many of the stones can still be seen at the base of the Steine's Victoria Fountain, where they were placed when it was built in 1823. You can see the fountain in the photograph.

 

The Old Steine was originally an open green with a stream running adjacent to the easternmost dwellings of Brighthelmstone. The area was used by local fishermen to lay out and dry their nets.

 

When Brighton started to become fashionable in the late 18th. century, the area became the centre for visitors. Building around the area started in 1760, and railings started to appear around the green area in the 1770's, reducing its size. This continued throughout the 19th century. The eastern lawns of the Royal Pavilion were also originally part of the Old Steine.

 

Dr. Richard Russell, whose 1750 paper on the health benefits of sea water helped to popularise Brighton, had a house built on the Old Steine in 1759; the site is now occupied by the Royal Albion Hotel.

 

Maria Fitzherbert

 

Maria Fitzherbert lived in Steine House on the west side of the Old Steine from 1804 until her death in 1837.

 

Maria Anne Fitzherbert (née Smythe, 26th. July 1756 – 27th. March 1837) was a long-time companion of George IV of the United Kingdom before he became king.

 

In 1785, they secretly contracted a marriage that was invalid under English civil law because his father, King George III, had not consented to it.

 

Maria was a Roman Catholic which meant that had the marriage been approved and valid, George would have lost his place in the line of succession, because the law at the time forbade Catholics or spouses of Catholics from becoming monarch.

 

However, her nephew-in-law from her first marriage, Cardinal Weld, persuaded Pope Pius VII to declare the marriage sacramentally valid.

 

Quentin Crisp

 

So what else happened on the day that the card was posted?

 

Well, the 25th. December 1908 marked the birth in Sutton, Surrey of Quentin Crisp. Quentin, who was born Denis Charles Pratt; 25 December 1908 – 21 November 1999) was an English writer, raconteur and actor. He also served as an artist's model. His most notable work was 'The Naked Civil Servant'.

 

Growing up in a conventional suburban background, Crisp wore make-up and painted his nails from an early age. During his teenage years he worked briefly as a rent-boy.

 

He then spent 30 years as a professional model for life-classes in art colleges.

 

The interviews he gave about his unusual life attracted increasing public curiosity, and he was soon sought after for his very personal views on social manners and the cultivating of style.

 

His one-person stage show was a long-running hit both in Britain and America, and he also appeared in films and on TV.

 

At the age of ninety, Crisp came to the realisation that he was a trans woman rather than a gay man. In 'The Last Word', published posthumously, Crisp said:

 

"The only thing in my life I have wanted

and didn't get was to be a woman. It will

be my life's biggest regret.

If the operation had been available and

cheap when I was young, say when I was

twenty-five or twenty-six, I would have

jumped at the chance. My life would have

been much simpler as a result".

 

Crisp defied convention by criticising both gay liberation and Diana, Princess of Wales, especially during her attempts to gain public sympathy following her divorce from Prince Charles. He stated:

 

"I always thought Diana was such trash and

got what she deserved. She was Lady Diana

before she was Princess Diana so she knew

the racket.

She knew that royal marriages have nothing

to do with love. You marry a man and you stand

beside him on public occasions, and you wave

and for that you never have a financial worry

until the day you die."

 

Following Diana's death in 1997, he commented that it was perhaps her "fast and shallow" lifestyle that led to her demise:

 

"She could have been Queen of England –

and she was swanning about Paris with

Arabs. What disgraceful behaviour! Going

about saying she wanted to be the Queen

of Hearts.

The vulgarity of it is so overpowering."

 

The Death of Quentin Crisp

 

Quentin died of a heart attack at the age of 90 on the 21st. November 1999 in Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Manchester.

"Kitsilano Swimming Pool, Vancouver, B.C.

Vancouver Series No. 161"

Post Card. This is a Real Photograph. Hand Coloured. Copyright, J. Fred Spalding. Published by The Camera Products Co., 1731, Dunbar Street, Vancouver, B.C.

Made in England.

Published by DL JONES, Briton Ferry.

Posted 1907 to Winsford.

Note: to see the overall theme of photos in this particular Flickr set, click here to see the summary description and thumbnail images of the photos in the set.

 

Note: this photo was published in a Jul 6, 2012 issue of Everyblock NYC zipcodes blog titled "10025."

 

Note: I chose this as my "photo of the day" for Jul 6, 2012.

  

*******************

 

This was taken on the southeast corner of Broadway & 96th Street, during the "golden hour" between 6-8 PM a few evenings ago, when the sun drops down over the western horizon and casts its glow up 96th Street…

 

Crowds of people swirl up and down the street all evening along, and then wait at the corner of 96th Street for the light to change -- so they can cross over to the median strip between the uptown and downtown lanes of Broadway, and then walk into the subway stop of the #1 IRT subway line.

 

Of all the people in the swirl, I noticed this mop-haired person with the blue shirt and the unruly hair … and I snapped photo after photo after photo as both of them stood on the corner and talked intensely for several minutes.

 

The traffic light changed, but they didn't walk towards me at all, into the subway station. Instead, they moved even closer and closer and closer to one another ... they kissed, and then they walked away -- one of them heading north across 96th Street, and the other turning east, and walking up the hill towards Amsterdam Avenue.

 

I'll leave it to you to figure out what was really going on here. I have to admit that I didn't understand it at the time … but one of the other photos that I took (and which I will not be uploading to Flickr) explained the details to me.

 

By the way, that is not my reflection in the window behind the two subjects of this photo. For photos like this, I am -- and always want to be -- invisible and anonymous.

 

**********************

 

Over the past several years, I've grown so accustomed to the "automatic" features in my cameras that I've almost completely forgotten how to do anything manually. I think it was the early 1990s when auto-focus mechanisms began to creep into the point-and-shoot cameras that I used to record birthday parties and other family events; and virtually every DSLR camera I've had provides an "automatic-everything" mode that combines autofocus, auto-aperture, auto-shutter-speed, and even auto-ISO auto-white-balance. Most of the time, it works just fine; and it allows me concentrate on figuring out who (or what) I want to include in the picture. For street photography, that's a full-time job in itself.

 

But sometimes it doesn't work so well; and sometimes, the photographer wants to override what the camera would do by itself. For example, I normally shoot in "aperture-priority" mode, which means that I'm the one who sets the f-stop; and I'll typically set the ISO (speed), and just let the camera figure out what the appropriate shutter speed would be. That generally works pretty well, especially if I've set the aperture to something like f/8 or f/11 in order to get a reasonably deep depth-of-field (DOF), which results in almost everything being in-focus.

 

Lately, though, I've been getting more and more obsessed with photos that have a shallow DOF, so that the subject of the photo is in sharp focus, but the background is blurred. Aside from a "prime" 50mm f/1.4 lens that I don't use very much, most of my lenses only "open up" to a f/5.6 aperture ... but sometimes even that is enough to cause some problems if I let the camera do its auto-focus thing. Sometimes the camera decides to focus on something other than the subject that I'm interested in; sometimes it bases its focusing decision on an "average" of everything in the frame; and sometimes it gets so utterly confused that it focuses on nothing at all.

 

So I decided to spend one evening (when I could take advantage of the "golden hour" sunset lighting) reverting back to manual focusing to see if I could force the camera to focus on what *I* wanted to focus on. Bottom line: it works okay if the subject(s) is/are stationary, and you've got a couple seconds to adjust the focus appropriately. But if the subject(s) is/are in motion, as is often the case with street photography, then it's a disaster. By the time I took this shot, I had given up on the whole manual-focus thing, and switched back to auto-focus. However, I chose a particular form of auto-focus that instructed the camera to base its focusing decision on a very small circular section in the middle of the frame ... and not to worry about anything else. It wasn't quite so crucial on this photo, because my aperture somehow ended up at f/6.3 ... but the camera did focus properly, and the background is just slightly blurred.

 

Now, if I can just find an affordable f/2.8 telephoto lens that doesn't weigh a ton, it will be interesting to see how this manual-focus/spot-focus thing works out...

Late turned the Austrian Academy of Sciences itself to its Nazi history: The Learned Society was more deeply involved than it seemed. More than half of its members were party members.

By Marianne Enigl and Christa Zöchling

At its inception in 1847, the Academy of Sciences should be a haven of free thought, research and publishing. The complete independence the imperial family had guaranteed. The Oriental Studies and the Natural Sciences soon acquired a reputation beyond the borders of the Habsburg empire. Here worldwide the first institute was established to study the radioactivity.

With the end of the monarchy became the illustrious circle, who had been appointed by the Emperor, the Republic of Scholars, which chose its members.

All this abandoned the professors in 1938. On 18 March they sent Hitler a telegram of submissivity. As the scholars the "leader" five days after the German invasion insured their loyalty in the noble halls of their Vienna's city palace, SA, SS and Gestapo had already begun mass arrests.

For the 75th Anniversary of the so-called "Anschluss" is the Austrian Academy of Sciences for the first time based keeping track its history in the National Socialism. profile there has present the as yet unpublished study, which will be presented on 11th March 2013. ("The Academy of Sciences in Vienna from 1938 to 1945," edited by Feichtinger/ Matis/ Sienell/ Uhl, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 2013, the exhibition catalog)

Many Academy members had for years offered their servises as illegal Nazis the new rulers. The highest administrative staff of the Academy, in which all the threads of the learned society came together, had been as "Old Fighter" since 1933 in the NSDAP.

Their high level of education put the men assiduously in the service of Nazi policies. Just a year before, in 1937, they had discussed in a joint meeting with the German Academies on the exclusion of Jewish colleagues.

Under its new president, the historian and admirer of Adolf Hitler Heinrich Srbik, in 1939 they were "free of Jews", as noted in a log. The Vienna Academy had 21 of their most respected members excluded. Among them three Nobel Prize winners.

Absolutely thrilled, anthropologists, historians, geographers, biologists, medical physicists put themselves into the service of the Nazis, wanted the racial fanatism, the conquests, the enslavement of the "Easterners" "scientifically substantiate". For the "racial science" and measurement of prisoners of war, the scientists had even actively applied.

Only the mounting of a Hitler Bust, the Academy offered, she refused. For cost reasons.

When the war ended in 1945, more than half of the members of the Academy of Sciences were National Socialist Party members . A denazification was practically non-existent. Even an SS-Sturmbannführer was recorded "resting" after a few years of membership.

What the German historian Hans-Ulrich Wehler noted for society as a whole, was especially valid for the circle of top scholars: "Not Hitler's individual psychopathology is the real problem but the condition of a society that had him ascended and ruled till April 1945".

Who moved with the time

Henry Knight of Srbik: (1878-1951), whose ancestors had been poor Czech peasants in spite of his proud name, which throughout his life he tried to hide, was up in the sixties considered as one of the most important Austrian historians. The passage of time can be seen in his attitude. The imperial period, he conducted research - towards the Habsburgs friendly disposed - ober the dominions, after the collapse of the monarchy, he published essays, which suggested a closeness to social democracy. In time for the seizure of power by the National Socialists in Germany, he published his major work "The German unity", a witness of German megalomania an a plea for German living space. The time of Nazi rule were Srbiks best years. In May 1938 his application for membership to the Nazi Party, in which he had introduced himself as "the founder of the all-German conception of history", was approved. Srbiks anti-Semitism was based on the belief in the superiority of the German "race". He got honorary a low member number of the NSDAP to which otherwise only illegal members had been entitled. For president of the Academy of Sciences in Vienna him the Nazi rulers suggested. Adolf Hitler personally sent him to the German Reichstag.

In his inaugural speech as the new president of the Academy in 1938 Srbik thanked "the genius of our leader", and urged the "communion of the blood the earth, the spirit and the heart and the epochal changes of the body of the Reich and the German people". Science should not be in "complete objectivity lose", it had to put itself in the "service of the German people". The Nazi bombast ran through each of his appearances. In the academy, he performed the exclusion of all Jewish scientists and the occupation of their positions with meritorious Nazi party supporters. In one case, his employment for a candidate has been documented who "was recommended by the Party as an illegal".

From 1943, when the German Wehrmacht in Russia was on the decline and Stalingrad had been lost, there were exhortations to hold out. Srbik praised the "sacrifice of his own life for the mission of the nation". It must "burn pure life so that it illuminates the world as a flame of sacrifice".

In March 1945, the President of the Academy went off and away to the Tyrolean Ehrwald. Srbik owned a second home there. Vienna, he should never enter again. Now in his numerous publications, he represented a cultural Austria-German patriotism. As a sign of detachment from the Nazi regime, he led the denazification process, he had the Nazi Party candidate and poet Max Mell awarded the Grillparzer Prize, although propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels did not fully appreciate this. And he had insisted on the term "archives for the Austrian history". Srbiks Friends brought after the war in his favor, he had allowed to quote "non-Aryan" scientists.

Srbik was then already 70 years old. Over the intervention of the Social Democratic Interior Minister Oskar Helmer him was undiminished awarded his pension. Some of his students made ​​great careers in the Second Republic: in his lectures the openly anti-Semitic World Trade Professor Taras Borodajkewycz however triggered the largest post-war protests and was forced to retire in 1966. Christian Broda, who had doctoral work at Srbik 1940 "People and Leadership" was SPÖ Minister of Justice. Srbiks former student was ÖVP Chancellor Josef Klaus.

Srbiks Nazi past had been concealed or glossed over in the postwar period Legends arose. He is said to have as president of the Academy rescued Dutch cultural historian Johan Huizinga, who had been transferred to a concentration camp as a hostage. In fact, he had written a letter, but his request was denied. Huizinga was released for health reasons at the end. The historian and Srbik-expert Martina Pesditschek considers it "unlikely" that Srbiks intervention was decisive.

When Henry Srbik died in 1951, his three honorific obituaries were written in the context of the academy. The uncritical praise lasted until the late seventies. In Ehrwald today is even a street named after him.

Expelled and persecuted

Karl Bühler: (1879-1963), psychologist and philosopher, teacher of Karl Popper, was appointed in the twenties from Dresden to Vienna University, where he with his wife Charlotte, inter alia, set important stimuli in the Gestalt and child psychology. From 1934 he was a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences. 1938 Buhler lost on "racial" grounds his professorship, was imprisoned, escaped with his wife in the United States. In October 1940, he was expelled from the Academy of Sciences.

Victor Franz Hess (1883-1964), born in Styria, working as a physicist at the famous Institute for Radium Research of the Academy - the first to explore the radioactivity worldwide. Hess was awarded the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physics for the of him in 1912 in Vienna discovered cosmic radiation. Professorships at several universities in Austria (he initiated the station Hafelekar, Innsbruck), cooperation in the construction of the Radium Corporation in the United States, 1938 loss of professor in Graz, imprisonment and exile with his Jewish wife to the USA. Corresponding member of the Academy since 1933, exclusion from the Academy in 1940.

Stefan Meyer (1872-1949), born in Vienna, Ludwig Boltzmann's assistant at the Physics Institute of the University of Vienna and later professor here, directed the Academy-Institute for Radium Research. After the "Anschluss" of "racial" reasons persecuted, survived retreated in Bad Ischl. Member of the Academy since 1921, declared himself his resignation in late 1938, and so he forestalled his exclusion.

Erwin Schrödinger: (1887-1961), Vienna, taught theoretical physics at Jena, Zurich, Berlin, 1933 Nobel Laureate in Physics. In the same year emigrated to England. From 1936 professor in Graz, in 1938 flight to Ireland. Member of the Academy of Sciences in 1928, 1940 excluded. He was taken in 1945 again .

Nazi careers

Victor Christian: (1885-1963), member of the NSDAP and SS -Hauptsturmführer. The Viennese philologist in 1938 was dean at the University of Vienna and head of the SS Research Centre "Ancestral Heritage" in 1939, the Academy elected him as a full member. In 1945 he was one of four with Nazi heavily burdened whose membership was declared "extinct" than five years later resumption.

Fritz Knoll: (1883-1981), the Styrian-born was a botanist, a German National, emerged as "Illegal" desolate agitating at the University of Vienna in leather boots and black riding pants on, the secret police recorded 1937 in Knolls Institute reign a "provocative Nazi majority". After the "Anschluss" of Austria in March 1938, he was Acting Rector of the University and immediately launched the "wild expulsions" (historian Gerhard Botz) until the end of April 1938 250 teachers were removed of "racial" or political reasons. At the same time, "Your Magnificence" Knoll end of March was politely asked by the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences", ... to take over the interests of the Nazi Party" in the academy. The following year, Academy President Srbik declared himself Nazi officer, Knoll received the honor of full membership. 1945, this was listed as "extinct". Three years later, Knoll was resumed, the Academy president wrote to him". It will be my pleasure to welcome you at the next meeting again". At the University the ex-rector further had ban on entering the house, at the Academy of Sciences, should he ascend the late fifties to the Secretary General. The Republic honored Knoll, who had once proudly proclaimed", the Jew is gone from our science and indeed for all times", with the Cross of Honor for Science and Art, First Class, the academy thanked itself with the medal "Bene Merito".

Oswald Menghin: (1888-1973) was born in Merano, prehistory at the University of Vienna, mid thirties Rector and active in the integration of "Illegal" in the corporate state. Member of the NSDAP in 1938 as minister of education responsible for political and "racial" cleansing of the universities. 1945, the "first List of war criminals", U.S. internment, then escape to Argentina. Membership in the Academy were suspended in 1945, resumed in 1959.

Josef Nadler: (1884-1963), German scholar from Bohemia, appointed with his literary history of the German estates to professor, since 1934 regular Academy member. NSDAP-party member; in National Socialism director of Germanic Languages ​​at the University of Vienna. 1945 was banned from teaching at the University of Vienna, his academy membership were suspended, reactivated from 1948.

Gustav Ortner: (1900-1984), physicist, born in Styria, "Illegal", took over in 1938 the famous Institute for Radium Research of the Academy. Ortner 1945 was seized by the University of Vienna with teaching ban, put his academy affiliation dormant and reactivated in 1948. Ortner 1960 was a professor at the Vienna University of Technology, 1961, he was Head of the Atomic Institute of the Austrian Universities.

 

www.profil.at/articles/1306/560/352237/die-ns-geschichte-...

 

my enchanted twig and vine design was published in the Summer 2010

Belle Armorie Jewelry magazine.

This photograph was published in the Illustrated Chronicle on the 1st of July 1915.

 

During the Great War the Illustrated Chronicle published photographs of soldiers and sailors from Newcastle and the North East of England, which had been in the news. The photographs were sent in by relatives and give us a glimpse into the past.

  

The physical collection held by Newcastle Libraries comprises bound volumes of the newspaper from 1910 to 1925. We are keen to find out more about the people in the photographs. If you recognise anyone in the images please comment below.

  

Copies of this photograph may be ordered from us, for more information see: www.newcastle.gov.uk/tlt Please make a note of the image reference number above to help speed up your order.

Published by Ebal, Brazil 1951

The Postcard

 

A postcard published by Sunny South Photographers, D.&W.,B. They state on the back of the card: 'British Manufacture Throughout'.

 

The card was posted in Curry Rivel on Thursday the 6th. July 1933 to:

 

Mrs. Goozee,

152, Leighton Road,

Kentish Town,

London NW.

 

The message on the back of the card was as follows:

 

"Curry Rivel.

My Dear Blanche & All,

Thought you would like a

card from us.

We are having grand weather,

but it's soon getting to

Saturday now.

We have had two days at

Weymouth, and yesterday we

went to Burnham for the day.

Hope you are all well.

Love from us both,

Midge".

 

Dachau Concentration Camp

 

So what else happened on the day that Midge posted the card?

 

Well, on the 6th. July 1933, the German National People's Party was dissolved.

 

The coalition government of the German National People's Party and the the National Socialist German Worker's Party (Nazi Party) established the first concentration camp to be built by Nazi Germany - Dachau.

 

Dachau opened on the 22nd. March 1933. The camp was initially intended to intern Hitler's political opponents who consisted of communists, social democrats, and other dissidents.

 

The camp was located in the grounds of an abandoned munitions factory northeast of the medieval town of Dachau, about 16 km (10 mi) northwest of Munich in the state of Bavaria, in southern Germany.

 

After its opening by Heinrich Himmler, its purpose was enlarged to include forced labor, and, eventually, the imprisonment of Jews, Romani, German and Austrian criminals, and, finally, foreign nationals from countries that Germany occupied or invaded.

 

The Dachau camp system grew to include nearly 100 sub-camps, which were mostly work camps or Arbeitskommandos, and were located throughout southern Germany and Austria.

 

The main camp was liberated by U.S. forces on the 29th. April 1945.

 

Prisoners lived in constant fear of brutal treatment and terror detention, including standing cells, floggings, the so-called tree or pole hanging, and standing at attention for extremely long periods in very cold weather.

 

There were 32,000 documented deaths at the camp, and thousands that were never documented. Approximately 10,000 of the 30,000 remaining prisoners were sick at the time of liberation.

 

General Overview

 

Dachau served as a prototype and model for the other German concentration camps that followed. Almost every community in Germany had members taken away to these camps. Newspapers continually reported:

 

"The removal of the enemies of

the Reich to concentration camps."

 

As early as 1935, a jingle went around:

 

"Lieber Herr Gott,

Mach mich stumm,

Das ich nicht nach Dachau komm".

 

This translates as:

 

"Dear God,

Make me dumb,

That I may not to Dachau come".

 

('Dumb' means 'Silent' in this context.)

 

The camp's layout and building plans were developed by Commandant Theodor Eicke, and were applied to all later camps. He devised a separate, secure camp near the command center, which consisted of living quarters, administration and army camps.

 

Eicke became the chief inspector for all concentration camps, responsible for organizing others according to his model.

 

The Dachau complex included the prisoners' camp which occupied approximately 5 acres, and the much larger area of SS training school including barracks, factories plus other facilities of around 20 acres.

 

The entrance gate used by prisoners carries the phrase "Arbeit macht frei" which translates as "Work shall set you free". This phrase was also used in several other concentration camps such as Theresienstadt and Auschwitz.

 

Dachau was the concentration camp that was in operation the longest, from March 1933 to April 1945, nearly all twelve years of the Nazi regime. Dachau's close proximity to Munich, where Hitler came to power and where the Nazi Party had its official headquarters, made Dachau a convenient location.

 

From 1933 to 1938, the prisoners were mainly German nationals detained for political reasons. After Kristallnacht, 30,000 male Jewish citizens were deported to concentration camps. More than 10,000 of them were interned in Dachau.

 

As the German military occupied other European states, citizens from across Europe were sent to concentration camps. Subsequently, the camp was used for prisoners of all sorts, from every nation occupied by the forces of the Third Reich. 

 

In the postwar years, the camp continued in use. From 1945 through 1948, the camp was used by the Allies as a prison for SS officers awaiting trial.

 

After 1948, when hundreds of thousands of ethnic Germans were expelled from eastern Europe, it held Germans from Czechoslovakia until they could be resettled.

 

It also served as a military base for the United States, which maintained forces in the country. The camp finally closed in 1960. At the insistence of survivors, various memorials have been constructed and installed there. 

 

Statistics vary but they are in the same general range. It will never be known exactly how many people were interned or murdered there, due to periods of disruption.

 

One source gives a general estimate of over 200,000 prisoners from more than 30 countries during Nazi rule, of whom two-thirds were political prisoners, including many Catholic priests, and nearly one-third were Jews.

 

25,613 prisoners are believed to have been murdered in the camp and almost another 10,000 in its subcamps, primarily from disease, malnutrition and suicide.

 

In late 1944, a typhus epidemic occurred in the camp caused by poor sanitation and overcrowding, and this caused more than 15,000 deaths. It was followed by an evacuation, in which large numbers of the prisoners died.

 

Toward the end of the war, death marches to and from the camp caused the deaths of numerous unrecorded prisoners.

 

After liberation, prisoners weakened beyond recovery by starvation continued to die. Two thousand cases of "the dread black typhus" had already been identified by the 3rd. May, and the U.S. Seventh Army was:

 

"Working day and night to alleviate

the appalling conditions at the camp".

 

Prisoners with typhus, a louse-borne disease with an incubation period from 12 to 18 days, were treated by the 116th. Evacuation Hospital, while the 127th. was the general hospital for the other illnesses.

 

Over the 12 years of use as a concentration camp, the Dachau administration recorded the intake of 206,206 prisoners and deaths of 31,951.

 

Crematoria were constructed to dispose of the deceased. Visitors may now walk through the buildings and view the ovens used to cremate bodies, which hid the evidence of many deaths.

 

It is claimed that in 1942, more than 3,166 prisoners in weakened condition were transported to Hartheim Castle near Linz, and were executed by poison gas because they were deemed unfit.

 

The gas chamber at Dachau bore a "Brausebad" sign, meaning "Shower Bath".

 

Between January and April 1945 11,560 detainees died at Dachau according to a U.S. Army report of 1945, though the Dachau administration registered 12,596 deaths from typhus at the camp over the same period.

 

Dachau was the third concentration camp to be liberated by British or American Allied forces.

 

History of the Camp

 

After the takeover of Bavaria on the 9th. March 1933, Heinrich Himmler, then Chief of Police in Munich, began to speak with the managers of an unused gunpowder and munitions factory.

 

Himmler toured the site to see if it could be used for quartering protective-custody prisoners. The concentration camp at Dachau was opened on the 22nd. March 1933, with the arrival of about 200 prisoners from Stadelheim Prison in Munich and the Landsberg fortress (where Hitler had written Mein Kampf during his own imprisonment).

 

Himmler announced that the camp could hold up to 5,000 people, and described it as "the first concentration camp for political prisoners" to be used to restore calm to Germany.

 

The press statement given at the opening stated:

 

"On Wednesday the first concentration camp is to be

opened in Dachau with an accommodation for 5000

people. All Communists and—where necessary—

Reichsbanner and Social Democratic functionaries who

endanger state security are to be concentrated here,

as in the long run it is not possible to keep individual

functionaries in the state prisons without overburdening

these prisons, and on the other hand these people

cannot be released because attempts have shown that

they persist in their efforts to agitate and organize as

soon as they are released."

 

Whatever the publicly stated purpose of the camp, the SS men who arrived there on the 11th. May 1933 were left in no illusion as to its real purpose by the speech that was given on that day by Johann-Erasmus Freiherr von Malsen-Ponickau:

 

"Comrades of the SS!

You all know what the Fuehrer has called us to do.

We have not come here for human encounters with

those pigs in there. We do not consider them human

beings, as we are, but as second-class people.

For years they have been able to continue their criminal

existence. But now we are in power. If those pigs had

come to power, they would have cut off all our heads.

Therefore we have no room for sentimentalism.

If anyone here cannot bear to see the blood of

comrades, he does not belong and had better leave.

The more of these pig dogs we strike down, the fewer

we need to feed."

 

Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals and emigrants were also sent to Dachau after the 1935 passage of the Nuremberg Laws which institutionalized racial discrimination.

 

In early 1937, the SS, using prisoner labor, initiated the construction of a large complex capable of holding 6,000 prisoners. The construction was completed in August 1938.

 

More political opponents, and over 11,000 German and Austrian Jews were sent to the camp after the annexation of Austria and the Sudetenland in 1938.

 

Sinti and Roma in the hundreds were sent to the camp in 1939, and over 13,000 prisoners were sent to the camp from Poland in 1940.

 

Representatives of the International Committee of the Red Cross inspected the camp in 1935 and in 1938, and documented the harsh conditions.

 

Investigation of the First Deaths in 1933

 

Shortly after the SS was commissioned to supplement the Bavarian police overseeing the Dachau camp, the first reports of prisoner deaths at Dachau began to emerge.

 

In April 1933, Josef Hartinger, an official from the Bavarian Justice Ministry, and physician Moritz Flamm, a part-time medical examiner, arrived at the camp to investigate the deaths in accordance with the Bavarian penal code.

 

The two men noted many inconsistencies between the injuries on the corpses and the camp guards' accounts of the deaths.

 

Over a number of months, Hartinger and Flamm uncovered clear evidence of murder, and compiled a dossier of charges against Hilmar Wäckerle, the SS commandant of Dachau, Werner Nürnbergk the camp doctor, and Josef Mutzbauer, the camp's chief administrator (Kanzleiobersekretär).

 

In June 1933, Hartinger presented the case to his superior, Bavarian State Prosecutor, Karl Wintersberger. Initially supportive of the investigation, Wintersberger became reluctant to submit the resulting indictment to the Justice Ministry, increasingly under the influence of the SS.

 

Hartinger accordingly reduced the scope of the dossier to the four clearest cases, and Wintersberger signed it, after first notifying Himmler as a courtesy.

 

The killings at Dachau suddenly stopped (temporarily); Wäckerle was transferred to Stuttgart and replaced by Theodor Eicke.

 

The indictment and related evidence reached the office of Hans Frank, the Bavarian Justice Minister, but was intercepted by Gauleiter Adolf Wagner and locked away in a desk, only to be discovered by the US Army.

 

In 1934, both Hartinger and Wintersberger were transferred to provincial positions. Dr. Flamm was no longer employed as a medical examiner, and was to survive two attempts on his life before his suspicious death in the same year.

 

Flamm's thoroughly gathered and documented evidence within Hartinger's indictment ensured that it achieved convictions of senior Nazis at the Nuremberg trials in 1947. Wintersberger's complicit behaviour is documented in his own evidence to the Pohl Trial.

 

Forced Labor

 

The prisoners of Dachau concentration camp originally were to serve as forced labor for a munition factory, and to expand the camp. It was used as a training center for the SS-Totenkopfverbände guards, and was a model for other concentration camps.

 

The camp was about 300 m × 600 m (1,000 ft × 2,000 ft) in rectangular shape. The prisoners' entrance was secured by an iron gate with the motto "Arbeit macht frei" ("Work will make you free"). This reflected Nazi propaganda, which described concentration camps as labor and re-education camps.

 

This was their original purpose, but the focus was soon shifted to using forced labor as a method of torture and murder. The original slogan was left on the gates.

 

As of 1938, the procedure for new arrivals occurred at the Schubraum, where prisoners had to hand over their clothing and possessions.  One former Luxembourgian prisoner, Albert Theis, reflected about the room:

 

"There we were stripped of all our clothes.

Everything had to be handed over: money,

rings, watches. One was now stark naked".

 

The camp included an administration building that contained offices for the Gestapo trial commissioner, SS authorities, the camp leader and his deputies. These administration offices consisted of large storage rooms for the personal belongings of prisoners, the bunker, roll-call square where guards would also inflict punishment on prisoners (especially those who tried to escape).

 

There was also a canteen where prisoners served SS men with cigarettes and food, a museum containing plaster images of prisoners who suffered from bodily defects, the camp office, the library, the barracks, and the infirmary, which was staffed by prisoners who had previously held occupations such as physicians or army surgeons.

 

Operation Barbarossa

 

Over 4,000 Soviet prisoners of war were murdered by the Dachau commandant's guard at the SS shooting range located at Hebertshausen, two kilometers from the main camp, in the years 1941/1943. These murders were in clear violation of the provisions laid down in the Geneva Convention for prisoners of war.

 

The SS used the euphemism Sonderbehandlung ("Special Treatment") for these criminal executions. The first of these executions took place on the 25th. November 1941.

 

After 1942, the number of prisoners being held at the camp continued to exceed 12,000. Dachau originally held communists, leading socialists and other "enemies of the state", but over time, the Nazis began to send German Jews to the camp.

 

In the early years of imprisonment, Jews were offered permission to emigrate overseas if they "voluntarily" gave their property to enhance Hitler's public treasury.

 

Once Austria was annexed and Czechoslovakia was dissolved, the citizens of both countries became the next prisoners at Dachau.

 

In 1940, Dachau became filled with Polish prisoners, who continued to be the majority of the prisoner population until Dachau was officially liberated.

 

The prisoner enclosure at the camp was heavily guarded to ensure that no prisoners escaped. A 3-metre-wide (10 ft) no-man's land was the first marker of confinement for prisoners; an area which, upon entry, would elicit lethal gunfire from guard towers.

 

Guards tossed inmates' caps into this area, resulting in the death of the prisoners when they attempted to retrieve the caps. Despondent prisoners committed suicide by entering the zone.

 

A four-foot-deep and eight-foot-broad (1.2 × 2.4 m) creek, connected with the river Amper, lay on the west side between the "neutral-zone" and the electrically charged, and barbed wire fence which surrounded the entire prisoner enclosure.

 

In August 1944 a women's camp opened inside Dachau. The first shipment of women came from Auschwitz-Birkenau.

 

In the last months of the war, the conditions at Dachau deteriorated. As Allied forces advanced toward Germany, the Germans began to move prisoners from concentration camps near the front to more centrally located camps. They hoped to prevent the liberation of large numbers of prisoners.

 

Transports from the evacuated camps arrived continually at Dachau. After days of travel with little or no food or water, the prisoners arrived weak and exhausted, often near death. Typhus epidemics became a serious problem as a result of overcrowding, poor sanitary conditions, insufficient provisions, and the weakened state of the prisoners.

 

Owing to repeated transports from the front, the camp was constantly overcrowded, and the hygiene conditions were beneath human dignity. Starting from the end of 1944 up to the day of liberation, 15,000 people died, about half of all the prisoners held at Dachau.

 

Final Days of the Camp

 

As late as the 19th. April 1945, prisoners were sent to Dachau; on that date a freight train from Buchenwald with nearly 4,500 prisoners was diverted to Nammering.

 

SS troops and police confiscated food and water that local townspeople tried to give to the prisoners. Nearly three hundred dead bodies were ordered removed from the train, and carried to a ravine over 400 metres (1⁄4 mile) away.

 

The 524 prisoners who had been forced to carry the dead to this site were then shot by the guards, and buried along with those who had died on the train. Nearly 800 bodies went into this mass grave.

 

The train continued on to Dachau.

 

During April 1945, as U.S. troops drove deeper into Bavaria, the commander of Dachau suggested to Himmler that the camp be turned over to the Allies.

 

Himmler, in signed correspondence, prohibited such a move, adding that:

 

"No prisoners shall be allowed to

fall into the hands of the enemy

alive."

 

On the 24th. April 1945, just days before the U.S. troops arrived at the camp, the commandant and a strong guard forced between 6,000 and 7,000 surviving inmates on a death march from Dachau south to Eurasburg, then eastwards towards the Tegernsee. Any prisoners who could not keep up on the six-day march were shot. Many others died of exhaustion, hunger and exposure. Months later a mass grave containing 1,071 prisoners was found along the route.

 

Though at the time of liberation the death rate had peaked at 200 per day, after the liberation by U.S. forces the rate eventually fell to between 50 and 80 deaths per day.

 

In addition to the direct abuse of the SS and the harsh conditions, people died from typhus epidemics and starvation.

 

Between the years 1933 and 1945, more than 3.5 million Germans were imprisoned in such concentration camps or prison for political reasons.

 

Approximately 77,000 Germans were killed for one or another form of resistance by Special Courts, courts-martial, and the civil justice system. Many of these Germans had served in government, the military, or in civil positions, and these roles were thought to allow them to engage in subversion and conspiracy against the Nazis.

 

Organization of the Camp

 

Dachau was divided into two sections: the camp area and the crematorium. The crematorium was next to, but not directly accessible from within the camp, and was erected in 1942.

 

The camp area consisted of 32 barracks, including one for clergy imprisoned for opposing the Nazi regime, and one reserved for medical experiments.

 

The Dachau complex included other SS facilities beside the concentration camp—a leader school of the economic and civil service, the medical school of the SS, etc. The camp was originally called a "Protective Custody Camp," and occupied less than half of the area of the entire complex.

 

The courtyard between the prison and the central kitchen was used for the summary execution of prisoners. The camp was surrounded by an electrified barbed-wire fence, a ditch, and a wall with seven guard towers.

 

In early 1937, the SS, using prisoner labor, initiated construction of a large complex of buildings in the grounds of the original camp. The construction was completed in mid-August 1938, and the camp remained essentially unchanged and in operation until 1945. Dachau was therefore the longest running concentration camp of the Third Reich.

 

Medical Experimentation

 

Hundreds of prisoners suffered and died, or were executed in medical experiments conducted at Dachau, of which Sigmund Rascher was in charge.

 

Hypothermia experiments involved being immersed in vats of icy water, in some cases wearing Luftwaffe flying gear, or being strapped down naked outdoors in freezing temperatures.

 

Attempts at reviving the subjects included scalding baths, and forcing naked women to have sex with the unconscious victim.

 

There was extensive communication between the investigators and Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS, regarding the experiments, although the original records of the experiments were destroyed in an attempt to conceal the atrocities.

 

During 1942, "high altitude" experiments were conducted. Victims were subjected to rapid decompression to pressures found at 4,300 metres (14,100 ft), and experienced spasmodic convulsions, agonal breathing, and eventual death.

 

Agonal breathing is when someone who is not getting enough oxygen is gasping for air. It is not true breathing - it is a natural reflex that happens when your brain is not getting the oxygen it needs to survive. Agonal breathing is a sign that a person is near death.

 

A Camp of Many Colours

 

The camp was originally designed for holding German and Austrian political prisoners and Jews, but in 1935 it began to be used also for ordinary criminals. Inside the camp there was a sharp division between the two groups of prisoners; those who were there for political reasons, and the "professional" criminals, who has been sent there by the criminal courts.

 

The political prisoners who had been arrested by the Gestapo and were there because they disagreed with Nazi Party policies, or with Hitler, naturally did not consider themselves criminals.

 

Dachau was used as the chief camp for Christian (mainly Catholic) clergy who were imprisoned for not conforming with the Nazi Party line.

 

Poles constituted the largest ethnic group in the camp during the war, followed by Russians, French, Yugoslavs, Jews, and Czechs.

 

Many Poles met their deaths with the "invalid trains" sent out from the camp; others were liquidated in the camp and given bogus death certificates. Some died of cruel punishment for misdemeanors—beaten to death or run to exhaustion. 

 

The average number of Germans in the camp during the war was 3,000. Just before the liberation many German prisoners were evacuated, but 2,000 of these Germans died during the evacuation transport.

 

Prisoners were divided into categories. At first, they were classified by the nature of the crime for which they were accused, but eventually were classified by the specific authority-type under whose command a person was sent to camp. 

 

-- Those who were there for political reasons wore a red tag.

 

-- "Professional" criminals wore a green tag.

 

-- Cri-Po prisoners arrested by the criminal police wore a brown badge.

 

-- "Work-shy and asocial" people sent by the welfare authorities or the Gestapo wore a black badge.

 

-- Jehovah's Witnesses arrested by the Gestapo wore a violet badge.

 

-- Homosexuals sent by the criminal courts wore a pink badge.

 

-- Emigrants arrested by the Gestapo wore a blue badge.

 

-- "Race polluters" arrested by the criminal court or Gestapo wore badges with a black outline.

 

-- Second-termers arrested by the Gestapo wore a bar matching the color of their badge.

 

-- "Idiots" wore a white armband with the label Blöd (Stupid).

 

-- Romani wore a black triangle.

 

-- Jews, whose incarceration in the Dachau concentration camp dramatically increased after Kristallnacht, wore a yellow badge, combined with another color. 

 

The Priest Barracks of Dachau Concentration Camp

 

In an effort to counter the strength and influence of spiritual resistance, Nazi security services monitored clergy very closely.

 

Priests were frequently denounced, arrested and sent to concentration camps, often simply on the basis of being "Suspected of activities hostile to the State" or that there was "Reason to suppose that his dealings might harm society". 

 

Despite SS hostility to religious observance, the Vatican and German bishops successfully lobbied the regime to concentrate clergy in one camp, and obtained permission to build a chapel for the priests to live communally and for time to be allotted to them for their religious and intellectual activity.

 

Priest Barracks at Dachau were established in Blocks 26, 28 and 30, though only temporarily. 26 became the international block, and 28 was reserved for Poles – the most numerous group. 

 

Of a total of 2,720 clergy recorded as imprisoned at Dachau, the overwhelming majority, some 2,579 (or 95%) were Catholic. Among the other denominations, there were 109 Protestants, 22 Greek Orthodox, 8 Old Catholics and Mariavites and 2 Muslims.

 

R. Schnabel's 1966 investigation, 'Die Frommen in der Hölle' ("The Pious Ones in Hell") found an alternative total of 2,771, and included the fate all the clergy listed, with 692 noted as deceased and 336 sent out on "invalid trainloads" and therefore presumed dead. 

 

Over 400 German priests were sent to Dachau. Total numbers incarcerated are difficult to ascertain, for some clergy were not recognised as such by the camp authorities, and some—particularly Poles—did not wish to be identified as such, fearing they would be mistreated.

 

Priest Friedrich Hoffman testified at the trial of former camp personnel. He stated that hundreds of priests died at the camp after being exposed to malaria during Nazi medical experiments.

 

The Nazis introduced a racial hierarchy—keeping Poles in harsh conditions, while favoring German priests. Poles arrived in December 1941, and a further 500 of mainly elderly clergy arrived in October the following year. Inadequately clothed for the bitter cold, of this group, only 82 survived.

 

A large number of Polish priests were chosen for Nazi medical experiments. In November 1942, 20 were given phlegmons. A phlegmon is an inflammation of soft tissue that spreads under the skin or inside the body. It is usually caused by an infection, and generally produces pus.

 

120 priests were used by Dr. Schilling for malaria experiments between July 1942 and May 1944.

 

Dachau Staff

 

The camp staff consisted mostly of male SS, although 19 female guards served at Dachau as well, most of them until liberation. Female guards were also assigned to the Augsburg Michelwerke, Bureau, Kaufering, Mühldorf, and Munich Agfa Camera Werke subcamps.

 

Several Norwegians worked as guards at the Dachau camp.

 

In the major Dachau war crimes case (United States of America v. Martin Gottfried Weiss et. al.), forty-two officials of Dachau were tried from November to December 1945.

 

All 42 were found guilty – thirty-six of the defendants were sentenced to death on the 13th. December 1945, of whom 23 were hanged on the 28th.–29th. May 1946, including the commandant, SS-Obersturmbannführer Martin Gottfried Weiss, SS-Obersturmführer Freidrich Wilhelm Ruppert and camp doctors Karl Schilling and Fritz Hintermeyer.

 

Camp commandant Weiss admitted in affidavit testimony that:

 

"Most of the deaths at Dachau during my administration

were due to typhus, TB, dysentery, pneumonia, pleurisy,

and body weakness brought about by lack of food."

 

His testimony also admitted to deaths by shootings, hangings and medical experiments.

 

Ruppert ordered and supervised the deaths of innumerable prisoners at Dachau main and subcamps, according to the War Crimes Commission official trial transcript. He testified about hangings, shootings and lethal injections, but did not admit to direct responsibility for any individual deaths.

 

An anonymous Dutch prisoner contended that British Special Operations Executive (SOE) agent Noor Inayat Khan was cruelly beaten by SS officer Wilhelm Ruppert before being shot from behind; the beating may have been the actual cause of her death.

 

Satellite Camps and Sub-Camps of Dachau

 

Satellite camps under the authority of Dachau were established in the summer and autumn of 1944 near armaments factories throughout southern Germany to increase war production.

 

Dachau alone had more than 30 large subcamps, and hundreds of smaller ones, in which over 30,000 prisoners worked almost exclusively on armaments.

 

Overall, the Dachau concentration camp system included 123 sub-camps and Kommandos which were set up in 1943 when factories were built near the main camp to make use of forced labor of the Dachau prisoners.

 

Of the 123 sub-camps, eleven of them were called Kaufering. All Kaufering sub-camps were set up to specifically build three underground factories (Allied bombing raids made it necessary for them to be underground) for a project called Ringeltaube (wood pigeon). This was planned to be the location in which the German jet fighter plane, Messerschmitt Me 262, was to be built.

 

In the last days of war, in April 1945, the Kaufering camps were evacuated and around 15,000 prisoners were sent up to the main Dachau camp. Typhus alone was estimated to have caused 15,000 deaths between December 1944 and April 1945:

 

"Within the first month after the arrival of the American

troops, 10,000 prisoners were treated for malnutrition

and kindred diseases. In spite of this, one hundred

prisoners died each day during the first month from

typhus, dysentery or general weakness".

 

As U.S. Army troops neared the Dachau sub-camp at Landsberg on the 27th. April 1945, the SS officer in charge ordered that 4,000 prisoners be murdered. The windows and doors of their huts were nailed shut. The buildings were then doused with gasoline and set afire. Prisoners who were naked or nearly so were burned to death, while some managed to crawl out of the buildings before dying.

 

Earlier that day, as Wehrmacht troops withdrew from Landsberg am Lech, townspeople hung white sheets from their windows. Infuriated SS troops dragged German civilians from their homes and hanged them from trees.

 

The Winding-Down of the Camps

 

As the Allies began to advance on Nazi Germany, the SS began to evacuate the first concentration camps in the summer of 1944. Thousands of prisoners were killed before the evacuation due to illness or being unable to walk. At the end of 1944, the overcrowding, the unhygienic conditions and the lack of food rations became disastrous. In November a typhus fever epidemic broke out that took thousands of lives.

 

In the second phase of the evacuation, in April 1945, Himmler gave direct evacuation routes for the remaining camps. Prisoners who were from the northern part of Germany were to be directed to the Baltic and North Sea coasts to be drowned.

 

The prisoners from the southern part were to be gathered in the Alps, which was the location in which the SS wanted to resist the Allies. On the 28th. April 1945, an armed revolt took place in the town of Dachau. Both former and escaped concentration camp prisoners, and a renegade Volkssturm (civilian militia) company took part. At about 8:30 am the rebels occupied the Town Hall. The SS gruesomely suppressed the revolt within a few hours.

 

Being fully aware that Germany was about to be defeated in World War II, the SS invested its time in removing evidence of the crimes it had committed in the concentration camps. They began destroying incriminating evidence in April 1945, and planned on murdering the prisoners using codenames "Wolke A-I" (Cloud A-1) and "Wolkenbrand" (Cloud fire).

 

However, these plans were not carried out. In mid-April, plans to evacuate the camp started by sending prisoners toward Tyrol. On the 26th. April, over 10,000 prisoners were forced to leave the Dachau concentration camp on foot, in trains, or in trucks. The largest group of some 7,000 prisoners was driven southward on a foot-march lasting several days. More than 1,000 prisoners did not survive this march. The evacuation transports cost many thousands of prisoners their lives.

 

The Liberation of Dachau

 

On the 26th. April 1945, prisoner Karl Riemer fled the Dachau concentration camp to get help from American troops, and on the 28th. April Victor Maurer, a representative of the International Red Cross, negotiated an agreement to surrender the camp to U.S. troops.

 

That night a secretly formed International Prisoners Committee took over the control of the camp. American units commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Felix L. Sparks were ordered to secure the camp. On the 29th. April Sparks led part of his battalion as they entered the camp over a side wall.

 

At about the same time, Brigadier General Henning Linden led the 222nd. Infantry Regiment including his aide, Lieutenant William Cowling, to accept the formal surrender of the camp from German Lieutenant Heinrich Wicker at an entrance between the camp and the compound for the SS garrison.

 

Linden was traveling with Marguerite Higgins and other reporters; as a result, Linden's detachment generated international headlines by accepting the surrender of the camp.

 

More than 30,000 Jews and political prisoners were freed, and ever since 1945, adherents of the 42nd. and 45th. Division have argued over which unit was the first to liberate Dachau.

 

Satellite Camps Liberation

 

The first Dachau sub-camp to be discovered by advancing Allied forces was Kaufering IV, by the 12th. Armored Division on the 27th. April 1945. Sub-camps subsequently liberated by the 12th. Armored Division included: Erpting, Schrobenhausen, Schwabing, Langerringen, Türkheim, Lauingen, Schwabach, and Germering.

 

During the liberation of the sub-camps surrounding Dachau, advance scouts of the U.S. Army's 522nd. Field Artillery Battalion liberated the 3,000 prisoners of the "Kaufering IV Hurlach" slave labor camp:

 

"They found the camp afire and a stack of some four

hundred bodies burning ... American soldiers then

went into Landsberg and rounded up all the male

civilians they could find and marched them out to

the camp.

The former commandant was forced to lie amidst a

pile of corpses. The male population of Landsberg

was then ordered to walk by, and ordered to spit on

the commandant as they passed.

The commandant was then turned over to a group

of liberated camp survivors".

 

The 522nd's personnel later discovered the survivors of a death march headed generally southwards from the Dachau main camp to Eurasburg, then eastwards towards the Austrian border on the 2nd. May, just west of the town of Waakirchen.

 

Weather at the time of liberation was unseasonably cool; on the 2nd. May, the area received a snowstorm with 10 centimetres (4 in) of snow at nearby Munich. Proper clothing was still scarce, and film footage from the time (as seen in The World at War) shows naked, gaunt people either wandering on snow or dead under it.

 

Due to the number of sub-camps over a large area that comprised the Dachau concentration camp complex, many Allied units have been officially recognized by the United States Army Center of Military History and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum as liberating units of Dachau.

 

The Killing of Camp Guards at Dachau

 

A photograph taken by the U.S. Army on the 29th. April 1945 exists which appears to show an unauthorized execution of SS troops in a coal yard in the area of the Dachau concentration camp during its liberation—part of the Dachau liberation reprisals.

 

American troops killed some of the camp guards after they had surrendered. The number is disputed, as some were killed in combat, some while attempting to surrender, and others after their surrender was accepted. In 1989, Brigadier General Felix L. Sparks, the Colonel in command of a battalion that was present, stated:

 

"The total number of German guards killed at Dachau

during that day most certainly does not exceed fifty,

with thirty probably being a more accurate figure.

The regimental records of the 157th. Field Artillery

Regiment for that date indicate that over a thousand

German prisoners were brought to the regimental

collecting point.

Since my task force was leading the regimental attack,

almost all the prisoners were taken by the task force,

including several hundred from Dachau."

 

An Inspector General report resulting from a US Army investigation conducted between the 3rd. and 8th. May 1945 found that 21 plus "a number" of presumed SS men were killed, with others being wounded after their surrender had been accepted.

 

In addition, 25 to 50 SS guards were estimated to have been killed by the liberated prisoners. Lee Miller visited the camp just after liberation, and photographed several guards who were killed by soldiers or prisoners.

 

According to Sparks, court-martial charges were drawn up against him and several other men under his command, but General George S. Patton, who had recently been appointed military governor of Bavaria, chose to dismiss the charges.

 

Colonel Charles L. Decker, an acting deputy judge advocate, concluded in late 1945 that:

 

"While war crimes had been committed at Dachau

by Germany, certainly, there was no such systematic criminality among United States forces as pervaded

the Nazi groups in Germany."

 

American troops also forced local citizens to the camp to see for themselves the conditions there and to help bury the dead. Many local residents were shocked about the experience, and claimed no knowledge of the activities at the camp.

 

The Post-Liberation Easter

 

The 6th. May 1945 was the day of Pascha, Orthodox Easter. In a cell block used by Catholic priests to say daily Mass, several Greek, Serbian and Russian priests and one Serbian deacon, wearing makeshift vestments made from towels of the SS guard, gathered with several hundred Greek, Serbian and Russian prisoners to celebrate the Paschal Vigil. A prisoner described the scene:

 

"In the entire history of the Orthodox Church there

has probably never been an Easter service like the

one at Dachau in 1945.

Greek and Serbian priests together with a Serbian

deacon adorned the makeshift 'vestments' over their

blue and gray-striped prisoners' uniforms.

Then they began to chant, changing from Greek to

Slavic, and then back again to Greek.

The Easter Canon, the Easter Sticheras—everything

was recited from memory.

The Gospel—In the beginning was the Word—also

from memory. And finally, the Homily of Saint John—

also from memory.

A young Greek monk from the Holy Mountain stood

up in front of us and recited it with such infectious

enthusiasm that we shall never forget him as long as

we live. Saint John Chrysostomos himself seemed to

speak through him to us and to the rest of the world

as well!"

 

There is a Russian Orthodox chapel at the camp today, and it is well known for its icon of Christ leading the prisoners out of the camp gates.

 

After Liberation

 

Authorities worked night and day to alleviate conditions at the camp immediately following the liberation as an epidemic of black typhus swept through the prisoner population. Two thousand cases had already been reported by the 3rd. May.

 

By October of the same year the camp was being used by the U.S. Army as a place of confinement for war criminals, the SS and important witnesses. It was also the site of the Dachau Trials for German war criminals, a site chosen for its symbolism.

 

In 1948, the Bavarian government established housing for refugees on the site, and this remained for many years.

 

The Kaserne quarters and other buildings used by the guards were converted and served as the Eastman Barracks, an American military post. Since the closure of the Eastman Barracks in 1974, these areas are now occupied by the Bavarian Bereitschaftspolizei (rapid response police unit).

 

Deportation of Soviet Nationals

 

By January 1946, 18,000 members of the SS were being confined at the camp along with an additional 12,000 persons, including deserters from the Russian army and a number who had been captured in German Army uniform.

 

The occupants of two barracks rioted as 271 of the Russian deserters were to be loaded onto trains that would return them to Russian-controlled lands, as agreed at the Yalta Conference.

 

Inmates barricaded themselves inside two barracks. While the first was able to be cleared without too much trouble, those in the second building, set fire to it, tore off their clothing in an effort to frustrate the guards, and linked arms to resist being removed from the building.

 

Tear gas was used by the American soldiers before rushing the barrack, only for them to find that many had committed suicide. The American services newspaper Stars and Stripes reported:

 

“The GIs quickly cut down most of those who had

hanged themselves from the rafters. Those still

conscious were screaming in Russian, pointing first

at the guns of the guards, then at themselves,

begging to us to shoot.”

 

Ten of the soldiers were successful in their bid to commit suicide during the riot, while another 21 attempted suicide, apparently with razor blades. Many had "cracked heads" inflicted by 500 American guards, in the attempt to bring the situation under control.

 

Dachau in the Media

 

-- In his 2013 autobiography, 'Moose: Chapters from My Life', in the chapter entitled, "Dachau", author Robert B. Sherman chronicles his experiences as an American Army serviceman during the initial hours of Dachau's liberation.

 

-- In Lewis Black's first book, 'Nothing's Sacred', he mentions visiting the camp as part of his tour of Europe, and how it looked all cleaned up and spiffy, "like some delightful holiday camp", and only the crematorium building showed any sign of the horror that went on there.

 

-- In Maus, Vladek describes his time interned at Dachau, as well as other concentration camps. He describes the journey to Dachau in over-crowded trains, trading rations for other goods and favors to stay alive, and contracting typhus.

 

-- Frontline: "Memory of the Camps" (7 May 1985) is a 56-minute television documentary that addresses Dachau and other Nazi concentration camps.

published via Free Download Minecraft ift.tt/1OocGGC

Published by Ebal, Brazil 1977

Published 1966

The Postcard

 

A postcard that was published by the Photochrom Co. Ltd. of London. The image is a glossy real photograph.

 

The card was posted in Northampton on Friday the 26th. October 1906 to:

 

Miss A. Swindall,

41, Queen's Road,

Loughborough,

Leicestershire.

 

The message on the divided back of the card was as follows:

 

"Dear Alice,

Thanks for letter.

Could you meet me at

Leicester about 4.

I think it would be much

better, so we could go

& see E. Tompkins &

have tea.

I have promised to go

several times and would

very much like you to go

as well. Now be game

and try.

My train arrives at four

prompt. If I don't hear

from you I will meet at

8.15.

Love from Will."

 

Wilhelm Voigt

 

So what else happened on the day that Will posted the card to Alice?

 

Well, on the 26th. October 1906, Wilhelm Voigt was arrested.

 

Friedrich Wilhelm Voigt, who was born on the 13th. February 1849, was a German impostor who, in 1906, masqueraded as a Prussian military officer, rounded up a number of soldiers under his "command", and "confiscated" more than 4,000 marks from the municipal treasury.

 

Although he served two years in prison, he became a folk hero as "The Captain of Köpenick," and was pardoned by Kaiser Wilhelm II.

 

Wilhelm Voigt - The Early Years

 

Voigt was born in Tilsit, Prussia. In 1863, at the age of 14, he was sentenced to 14 days in prison for theft, which led to his expulsion from school. He learned shoemaking from his father.

 

Between 1864 and 1891, Voigt was sentenced to prison for a total of 25 years for thefts, forgery and burglary. The longest sentence was a 15-year conviction for an unsuccessful burglary of a court cashier's office. He was released on the 12th. February 1906.

 

Voigt drifted from place to place until he went to live with his sister in Rixdorf near Berlin. He was briefly employed by a well-reputed shoemaker until the local police expelled him from Berlin on the 24th. August 1906. They claimed that he was an undesirable, based solely on the fact that he was an ex-convict. Officially he left for Hamburg, although he remained in Berlin as an unregistered resident.

 

The Captain of Köpenick

 

On the 16th. October 1906, having resigned from the shoe factory ten days earlier, Voigt was ready for his next caper. He had previously purchased parts of used captain's uniforms from different shops.

 

He took the uniform out of baggage storage, put it on and went to the local army barracks, stopped four grenadiers and a sergeant on their way back to barracks and told them to come with him and they followed. He dismissed the commanding sergeant to report to his superiors, and later commandeered six more soldiers from a shooting range.

 

Then he took a train to Köpenick, east of Berlin, occupied the local city hall with his soldiers and told them to cover all exits. He told the local police to "care for law and order" and to "prevent calls to Berlin for one hour" at the local post office.

 

He had the treasurer von Wiltberg and the mayor Georg Langerhans arrested, citing suspicion of crooked bookkeeping, and confiscated 4002 marks and 37 pfennigs, issuing a receipt for the money signed with his former jail director's name.

 

He then commandeered two carriages and told the grenadiers to take the arrested men to the Neue Wache in Berlin for interrogation. He told the remaining guards to stand in their places for half an hour and then left for the train station. He later changed into civilian clothes and disappeared.

 

The Arrest of Wilhelm Voigt

 

In the following days, the German press speculated on what had really happened. At the same time the army ran its own investigation. The public seemed to be positively amused by the daring deeds of the culprit.

 

Voigt was arrested on the 26th. October 1906 after a former cellmate who knew about Voigt's plans had tipped off the police, hoping for the high reward.

 

On the 1st. December 1906 Voigt was sentenced to four years in prison for forgery, impersonating an officer and wrongful imprisonment. However, much of public opinion was on his side, and Kaiser Wilhelm II pardoned him on the 16th. August 1908.

 

Even the Kaiser was amused by the incident, referring to him as an amiable scoundrel, and being pleased with the authority and feelings of reverence that he obviously commanded in the general population.

 

The British press were also amused, seeing it as confirmation of their stereotypes about Germans. In its 27th. October 1906 issue, the editors of The Illustrated London News noted gleefully:

 

"For years the Kaiser has been instilling into his people

reverence for the omnipotence of militarism, of which

the holiest symbol is the German uniform. Offences

against this fetish have incurred condign punishment.

Officers who have not considered themselves saluted

in due form have drawn their swords with impunity on

offending privates."

 

In that same issue, writer G. K. Chesterton pointed out:

 

"The most absurd part of this absurd fraud (at least,

to English eyes) is one which, oddly enough, has

received comparatively little comment. I mean the

point at which the Mayor asked for a warrant, and

the Captain pointed to the bayonets of his soldiery

and said, 'These are my authority'. One would have

thought anyone would have known that no soldier

would talk like that."

 

Aftermath

 

Voigt decided to capitalize on his fame. His wax figure appeared in the wax museum in Unter den Linden four days after his release. He appeared in the museum to sign his pictures, but public officials banned the appearances on the same day.

 

He appeared in small theatres in a play that depicted his exploit, and signed more photographs as the Captain of Köpenick. In spite of the ban he toured in Dresden, Vienna and Budapest in variety shows, restaurants and amusement parks.

 

In 1909, he published a book in Leipzig, How I became the Captain of Köpenick, which sold well. Although his United States tour almost failed because the immigration authorities refused to grant him a visa, he arrived in 1910 via Canada. He also inspired a waxwork in Madame Tussaud's museum in London.

 

In 1910, he moved to Luxembourg and worked as a waiter and shoemaker. He received a life pension from a rich Berlin dowager. Two years later, he bought a house and retired, but was ruined financially in the post–World War I recession.

 

Voigt died at the age of 72 in Luxembourg on the 3rd. January 1922. His grave is in the Cimetière Notre-Dame in Luxembourg.

 

Wilhelm Voigt in Popular Culture

 

Voigt's exploits became the subject of literary references as early as 1911, when British satirical writer Saki defined the term "to koepenick" as "to replace an authority by a spurious imitation that would carry just as much weight for the moment as the displaced original" in his short story "Ministers of Grace".

 

A silent film was made in German in 1926. In 1931, German author Carl Zuckmayer wrote a play about the affair called The Captain of Köpenick, which shifts the focus from the event at Köpenick itself to the prelude, showing how his surroundings and his situation in life had helped Voigt form his plan. An English-language adaptation was written by John Mortimer, and first performed by the National Theatre company at the Old Vic on the 9th. March 1971 with Paul Scofield in the title role.

 

Several more films were produced about Wilhelm Voigt, most based on Zuckmayer's play; among them Der Hauptmann von Köpenick (1931); The Captain from Köpenick (1945), starring Albert Bassermann; Der Hauptmann von Köpenick (1956), with Heinz Rühmann; a 1956 U.S. TV adaptation starring Emmett Kelly, the circus clown; the 1960 TV movie Der Hauptmann von Köpenick, featuring Rudolf Platte; and the 1997 TV movie Der Hauptmann von Köpenick, starring Harald Juhnke.

 

In 1943 the German Air Force mistakenly thought that a bombing attack which had been carried out on Düren, with the bombers then returning, was a diversion, and the bombers were actually heading for the ball-bearing factory at Schweinfurt.

 

When Schweinfurt was not attacked, they were concerned about the Leuna synthetic fuel refinery, then the Skoda Works at Pilsen. They scrambled large numbers of fighters everywhere, whose engine noise sounded like an invading force. After the debacle, Head of the Air Force Hermann Göring sent an ironic telegram to all concerned congratulating them on "the successful defence of the fortress of Koepenick".

 

The basic line of stage plays and movies was the pitiful catch-22 situation of Voigt trying to earn his living honourably in Berlin:

 

"No residence address – no job.

No job – no residence (rented room).

No residence – no passport.

No passport – getting ousted."

© sergione infuso - all rights reserved

follow me on www.sergione.info

 

You may not modify, publish or use any files on

this page without written permission and consent.

 

-----------------------------

 

La quinta edizione del festival organizzato da Wired Italia. Due lunghi fine settimana in cui vivere l’innovazione nell’economia, nella scienza, nella politica, nell’intrattenimento, nella cultura. Milano e Firenze si trasformano per un fine settimana nel luna park della scienza e della tecnologia. Oltre 150 relatori, performance artistiche, laboratori di stampa 3D, droni in volo, videogame, film, documentari, speed date sul lavoro, maratone di coding e workshop per tutte le età. A Milano da venerdì 26 a domenica 28 maggio ai Giardini Indro Montanelli.

 

-----------------------------

 

ore 10:00

Come si combatte l’Isis (sui social)

Speaker

Abdalaziz Alhamza - Fondatore Raqqa is Being Slaughtered Silently

 

Abdalaziz Alhamza, nato a Raqqa nel 1991, è un giornalista e attivista siriano, che oggi vive a Berlino. È fondatore e portavoce del progetto Raqqa is Being Slaughtered Silently (RBSS), gruppo di citizen journalism fondato dall’esilio in Turchia, che informa sulle violenze compiute da Isis in Siria, grazie alle informazioni passate da cittadini rimasti all’interno della città. Nel gennaio 2016 l’International Business Times ha descritto RBSS come “la più credibile fonte di informazioni dall’interno di Raqqa”.

 

Alhamza è laureato in biologia e da studente ha organizzato numerose proteste contro il governo siriano. È stato arrestato varie volte dal regime e più volte ha ricevuto minacce per la sua attività da Isis. RBSS ha vinto nel 2015 l’International Press Freedom Award dal Committee to Protect Journalists e il premio del Foreign Policy Global Thinkers Award.

 

-----------------------------

 

ore 10:30

Tra calcio e futuro

Speaker

Diletta Leotta - Conduttrice Sky Sport

 

Giulia Diletta Leotta, 1991, è conduttrice a Sky Sport. Si è laureata in Giurisprudenza alla LUISS di Roma con una tesi dal titolo Il contratto di lavoro sportivo. Ha iniziato la sua carriera televisiva nel 2010, a diciannove anni, sulla rete locale Antenna Sicilia, affiancando Salvo La Rosa nella conduzione dell’11º Festival della nuova canzone siciliana e nel programma di intrattenimento Insieme. L’anno successivo è passata a Mediaset dove ha condotto la trasmissione Il Compleanno di La5 sull’omonima rete digitale. Nel 2012 diventa una delle conduttrici di Sky Meteo 24.

 

-----------------------------

 

ore 12:30

Serie internazionale

Speaker

Salvatore Esposito - Attore

 

Salvatore Esposito nasce a Napoli il 2 febbraio 1986. Sin da bambino nutre la passione per la recitazione. Raggiunta la maggiore età inizia i suoi studi di recitazione presso la Scuola di cinema di Napoli per poi trasferirsi a Roma dove studia con l’acting trainer Beatrice Bracco.

 

Ha fatto il suo esordio televisivo nel 2013 con Il clan dei camorristi, interpretando il ruolo di Domenico Ruggiero. Nel 2014 arriva il successo al grande pubblico con Gomorra – la serie, Salvatore interpreta Genny Savastano.

 

-----------------------------

 

ore 13:00

Lavoro e ricchezza nell’epoca dell’ Intelligenza Artificiale

Speaker

Jerry Kaplan - Esperto di Intelligenza Artificiale e Imprenditore

 

Jerry Kaplan è un esperto di Intelligenza Artificiale noto in tutto il mondo, un innovatore, seriael entrepreneur, educatore, futurista e autore di best sellers. Ha fondato quattro startup della Silicon Valley, due delle quali sono divenute società di fama, e insegnato alla Stanford University. Hanno parlato di lui tutti i principali quotidiani in lingua inglese e le riviste specializzate di tutto il mondo

 

-----------------------------

 

ore 14:00

La strada della musica

Speaker

Michele Bravi - Cantante

 

Michele Bravi esordisce nel 2013 con la vittoria di XFactor Italia.

Portato alla vittoria da Morgan e presentato al grande pubblico con un pezzo scritto per lui da Tiziano Ferro e Zibba, Michele pubblica il suo EP di debutto “La Vita e la Felicità”. A Gennaio 2014 il primo singolo “La Vita e la Felicità” viene certificato disco d’oro.

 

-----------------------------

 

ore 14:30

Il tocco vincente

Speaker

Mara Maionchi - Produttrice discografica

 

Mara Maionchi (Bologna, 22 aprile 1941) è una produttrice discografica e personaggio televisivo italiano.

Attualmente considerata la figura femminile di maggiore spicco nella discografia italiana, producendo sia per conto di major come Sony e Warner che come produttrice indipendente attraverso la sua etichetta, sostenendo tuttavia in numerose dichiarazioni che la vera scena musicale – intensa e multisfaccettata – è all’estero e che in Italia “si fa quel che si può”.

 

-----------------------------

 

ore 15:00

Maniaca di SerieTV

Speaker

Miriam Leone - Attrice

 

Nasce a Catania. Ha frequentato il Liceo Classico Gulli e Pennisi ad Acireale e la Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia dell’Università degli Studi di Catania. Studia contemporaneamente recitazione. Nel 2008 partecipa e vince sia la fascia di Miss Italia che quella di Miss Cinema.

 

Nel 2010 debutta come attrice sia sul grande schermo con il film Genitori & figli – Agitare bene prima dell’uso, di Giovanni Veronesi, con Silvia Orlando e Margherita Buy, sia sul piccolo schermo con il film TV Il ritmo della vita, diretto da Rossella Izzo e trasmesso su Canale 5.

 

-----------------------------

 

ore 15:30

Indie a chi?

Speaker

Lo Stato Sociale - Musicisti

 

Nel 2012 esce il loro primo album, Turisti della democrazia, al quale fa seguito un tour di 200 concerti in Italia ed in Europa. Nel 2013, ad un anno dalla prima pubblicazione, Turisti della democrazia viene ripubblicato in edizione deluxe, in formato doppio CD. Il primo CD presenta la tracklist originale mentre il secondo CD comprende tutti gli 11 brani del disco originale coverizzati da 11 artisti, oltre a tanti remix e inediti. Alla ripubblicazione dell’album, segue un lungo tour dello spettacolo di teatro-canzone Tronisti della democrazia, nel quale le canzoni dell’album d’esordio sono alternate a monologhi e sketch a formare “un minicorso in 5 atti di buone maniere”. Con Turisti della democrazia, tra i più discussi album usciti in ambito indie rock in Italia, la band bolognese ha ricevuto la Targa Giovani Mei e il Premio SIAE “Miglior Giovane Talento dell’Anno” e altri riconoscimenti.

 

-----------------------------

 

ore 16:00

L’uomo che ha dato forma al pc

Speaker

Mario Bellini - Architetto

 

Mario Bellini è un architetto e designer noto in tutto il mondo. Ha ricevuto il Premio Compasso d’Oro otto volte e 25 delle sue opere sono nella collezione permanente del MoMA di New York, che gli ha dedicato una retrospettiva nel 1987. È stato direttore della rivista Domus (1985-1991). Ha progettato numerose mostre d’arte e di architettura sia in Italia, sia all’estero, l’ultima a Palazzo Reale con i capolavori di Giotto (2015).

 

-----------------------------

 

ore 16:00

C’è risata e risata

Speaker

Saverio Raimondo - Stand Up Comedian e conduttore CCN

 

Saverio Raimondo, 33 anni, comico satirico, è stato definito sulle pagine di Repubblica “l’unico stand up comedian italiano che sembra vero” e “il comico più bravo in circolazione” da Aldo Grasso del Corriere della Sera. È il comico di punta di Comedy Central Italia (canale 124 di Sky) per il suo show CCN – Comedy Central News, striscia satirica di grande successo di pubblico e critica, giunta alla terza stagione – attualmente in corso, in onda tutti i mercoledì alle 22 – e per la quale ha vinto il Premio Satira Politica per la Tv Forte Dei Marmi.

 

-----------------------------

 

ore 16:30

Il suono dal caos

Speaker

Levante - Musicista

 

Levante nasce a Caltagirone e cresce a Palagonia (Catania) in una famiglia affollata da menti creative. A nove anni scrive le prime canzoni e soltanto ad undici inizia a suonare la chitarra, rubandola al fratello, per la pura esigenza di musicare i propri testi. Dopo la morte del padre, lei e la madre si trasferiscono nella magica città di Torino. Qui tante sono le collaborazioni, i contratti andati male, i dischi mai usciti e gli anni di manifestazioni musicali, provini e gavetta.

 

-----------------------------

 

ore 17:00

Non è bello ciò che è bello, ma che bello che bello che bello

Speaker

Maccio Capatonda - Attore e Regista

Nino Frassica - Comico e Presentatore

 

Maccio Capatonda, pseudonimo di Marcello Macchia, è un attore, regista e comico italiano. Ha partecipato ai programmi televisivi Mai dire Lunedì e Mai dire Martedì. Precedentemente aveva fondato a Milano la Shortcut Productions, insieme a Enrico Venti, suo storico amico, anche lui di Chieti. Ha lavorato per AllMusic e lavora stabilmente sul web, affianco all’attività televisiva. Nel 2013 è ideatore, regista e interprete principale della serie televisiva Mario. In un primo tempo si è dedicato (accompagnato dal suo inseparabile gruppo) alla produzione di finti reality televisivi, come il Divano Scomodo e il Gabinetto.

 

Nel 1985 Arbore coinvolge Nino Frassica nel varietà “Quelli della notte” nei panni di frate Antonino da Scasazza, organizzatore di un improbabile concorso a premi. Seguono “Indietro tutta” dove veste i panni del bravo presentatore e mette in scena una spassosa parodia del tipico conduttore televisivo. Partecipa successivamente a “Fantastico”, “Domenica In”, “Scommettiamo che…?”, “I Cervelloni”, “Acqua calda”, “Colorado Cafè” e “Markette” condotto da Piero Chiambretti. Nel 1999 inizia l’avventura della fiction televisiva “Don Matteo” con Terence Hill, Flavio Insinna e successivamente Simone Montedoro, giunta ormai alla decima serie. Nino interpreta il ruolo del maresciallo dei Carabinieri Nino Cecchini.

 

-----------------------------

 

ore 17:30

Comicità all’italiana

Speaker

Herbert Ballerina - Attore e Comico

Maccio Capatonda - Attore e Regista

 

Herbert Ballerina, pseudonimo di Luigi Luciano, nato a Campobasso il 7 marzo 1980, è un attore, comico, conduttore radiofonico e produttore cinematografico italiano. Dopo essersi laureato al DAMS di Bologna si trasferisce a Milano entrando a far parte della Shortcut Productions di Marcello Macchia ed Enrico Venti (in arte Maccio Capatonda e Ivo Avido), inizialmente come assistente e poi come attore e autore. Con Marcello Macchia è protagonista, con lo pseudonimo di Herbert Ballerina, di numerosi trailer umoristici trasmessi all’interno dei programmi televisivi Mai dire Lunedì e Mai dire Martedì.

 

-----------------------------

 

ore 18:00

La democrazia della rete

Speaker

Luigi Di Maio - Vicepresidente della Camera

 

Nato a Avellino il 6 luglio 1986, ha conseguito il diploma di liceo classico ed è giornalista pubblicista. Eletto nella circoscrizione XIX (CAMPANIA 1) nel 2013 alla Camera dei Deputati con il Movimento Cinque Stelle, diventa il più giovane Vicepresidente della Camera. È uno dei volti di punta del Movimento Cinque Stelle, per molti naturale candidato alle prossime elezioni.

 

-----------------------------

 

ore 18:30

Non smetto più

Speaker

Sydney Sibilia - Regista, Sceneggiatore e Produttore cinematografico

Luigi Di Capua - Regista, sceneggiatore e attore

Francesca Manieri - Sceneggiatrice

 

Sydney Sibilia, nato a Salerno nel 1981, è un regista, sceneggiatore e produttore cinematografico italiano. Sydney Sibilia inizia a realizzare cortometraggi insieme all’amico Fabio Ferro nella loro natìa Salerno. Nel 2007 si trasferisce a Roma e successivamente realizza un cortometraggio che ottiene numerosi riconoscimenti, Oggi gira così (2010), prodotto dalla Ascent Film e scritto insieme a Valerio Attanasio.

Sempre con Valerio Attanasio, scrive la sceneggiatura della sua opera prima Smetto quando voglio. Il film, prodotto dalla Fandango di Domenico Procacci, dalla Ascent FIlm di Matteo Rovere e da Rai Cinema, viene distribuito nelle sale cinematografiche nel febbraio 2014, riscuotendo un successo sorprendente e ottenendo 12 candidature ai David di Donatello 2014. Nel 2017 è nelle sale il seguito, Smetto quando voglio – Masterclass, in attesa del terzo episodio.

 

Regista, sceneggiatore e attore. Insieme a Matteo Corradini e Luca Vecchi è il fondatore del collettivo The Pills, nato nell’estate del 2011. Il collettivo è diventato celebre grazie alla web serie omonima che ha debuttato su YouTube nello stesso anno, diventando immediatamente fenomeno del web. Dopo il successo ottenuto anche con la seconda stagione, nel 2014 la serie approda su Italia 1. Nello stesso anno, The Pills sono autori insieme a Matteo Rovere, Luca Ravenna, Sydney Sibilia e Daniele Grassetti della serie tv Zio Gianni in onda su Rai2. Il 21 gennaio 2016 esce nelle sale il loro primo film, The Pills – Sempre meglio che lavorare.

 

Sceneggiatrice tra le più apprezzate in Italia, è laureata in filosofia.

Tra i suoi lavori: Zanzibar. Una storia daAmore, di cui ha curato anche la regia, Passione sinistra, Il rosso e il blu, La foresta di ghiaccio, Vergine giurata, Veloce come il vento, Nemiche per la pelle, il corto Era ieri, Come fai sbagli e il successo Smetto quando voglio.

 

-----------------------------

 

ore 19:00

L’identità della bellezza

Speaker

Samuel - Cantante e Musicista

 

Samuel Umberto Romano, conosciuto semplicemente come Samuel (Torino, 7 marzo 1972), è un cantautore e chitarrista italiano. È il frontman del gruppo dei Subsonica, in cui è anche compositore e autore dei testi delle canzoni insieme a Max Casacci e Davide Dileo, meglio conosciuto come Boosta.

 

Nel 2016 ha annunciato attraverso le proprie pagine Facebook e Instagram di essere al lavoro sul suo primo album da solista, anticipato il 9 settembre 2016 dal suo primo singolo da solista, La risposta, seguito tre mesi dopo da Rabbia.

From The Witness of the Stars, by E.W. Bullinger, published by The Lamp Press, London, 1954. Engravings by J. Marks, Warwick Lane, London.

Published by GEP, Brazil 1968

The Collings Foundation

Battle for the Airfield 2013

 

2015 Published - Book by Scott Lee Thompson

German World War II Reenacting

The Wehrmacht In Living History

 

Publisher: Schiffer Publishing

www.schifferbooks.com/german-world-war-ii-reenacting-the-...

 

Published by Blissful Bummer Press, USA. Photos shot in 2018.

Update: image published on Universe Today here: bit.ly/xxsHcD

 

It seems to be an age since I was out with the telescope but we finally had a clear night this weekend, albeit one with a high waxing crescent. Despite the moon's interference I tried managed to capture some detail in the Alnitak region. Sky glow did limit exposure to 120 seconds however . Even so I was surprised at how much information the 450D managed to capture through the small William Optics refractor but will still revisit this object if we get a clear moonless night before Orion bids us adieu for another year.

 

This is a shot of the area close to Alnitak, the left most of the three bright stars in the constellation of Orion The Hunter. Those three starts are often called "Orion's Belt" from which the "sword" of the incredible Orion Nebula hangs.

 

The Flame Nebula is an emission (and reflection?) nebula designated as NGC 2024 in the New General Catalog and is situated relatively close by at just over 1000 ly. It's quite large at 30 arc minutes in width and fairly bright due to the excitement of the gases in the cloud which causes ionised emmissions, the energy for which is provided by radiation from the nearby blue supergiant Alnitak (which is actually a trinary star system), otherwise known as Zeta Orionis. That said it's nowhere near as bright as it's cousin, the Greater Orion Nebula. The latter is clearly visible in the smallest of telescopes but I have never managed to see the Flame by visual observation. Notice a bunch of secondary nebula surrounding some of the other brighter stars in the image.

 

To the right we have another jewel of the sky, Barnard 33 - "The Horsehead Nebula". Bet you can see why it's called the Horsehead. It's situated in IC434 which is the red veil of nebuloity you can see moving diagonally down from Alnitak. The Horsehead is actually a "Dark Nebula", in essence a cloud of dust that is partially blocking our view of IC434. The cloud just happens to resemble that of a horse's head, producing a lovely and unusual effect. Another one I've never seen visually. Apparently one would require dark skies and a telescope in the region of 20 inches in aperture!!!! The Horsehead nebula is 86 light years from Earth

 

The shot of the Flame was made using an ASGT mounted William Optics Megrez 90FD 90mm refractor with a Canon 450D at prime focus. Subs were 120 secods a piece.

Stacked with Deep Sky Stacker. Post processing in Photoshop.

Berthold had two Times families in its phototype library at the time this Berthold Types catalog was published in 1988. “Times New Roman” looks to be based on a 12pt or larger size, like the digital Times we know today. But Times New Roman 327 (a series name from Monotype) appears to be based on a smaller metal version. It’s darker, broader, and sturdier.

 

The difference is even more obvious in the bolds of the two families. To me, the sources for both Monotype (AKA 334) and Linotype digital versions (MT’s is essentially what you see here at left) really suffer from the condensed bold. At first I thought this was the result of duplexing, the practice of casting multiple styles and weights on the same width, but Walter Tracy in Letters of Credit says that wasn’t a requirement for the project and indeed Roman and Bold widths differ. In fact, many Bold letters are actually narrower, resulting in counters reduced to mere slits in some cases. Times 421 is not compromised in this way and the result is much more clear and confident. Yes, it takes up more space; but this style needs to — especially for text.

 

Times 421 also maintains the angled stress of the regular (327), while Times New Roman Bold is forced into an unrelated vertical stress. Starling is a digital interpretation of Times that does maintain stress angle and open counters throughout its weights, but it’s still more of a display face.

 

I haven’t yet compared the italics.

 

I don’t know if this design originated at Monotype or if it’s a Berthold invention. It isn’t a match, but it does seem similar to the variant used by Stanley Morison in his essay on Times for A Tally of Types (1953), which he describes as “a wide version, more suited for longer lines.” Jaspert, Berry and Johnson show that in Encyclopaedia of Typefaces as “Times Wide” (Series 427).

 

Another possible link to this Berthold design is mentioned by Tracy in Letters of Credit:

 

“This disparity in style between the roman and bold was evidently something the German Linotype company thought should be eliminated. In the version of Times Roman they issued in 1935, first called Neue Romanisch but then named Toscana, the bold lowercase was redesigned in the ‘old style’ mode. The idea of harmonising the bold with the roman was logical; the actual execution, especially the character spacing, was not well done. The type soon disappeared.” [scan]

Published in Monday 7 September's Flickr page in the Daily Post www.dangerousdisco.com Copyright © 2009 All rights reserved.

published at www.snowhenge.net

This photograph was published in the Illustrated Chronicle on the 29th of October 1915.

 

During the Great War the Illustrated Chronicle published photographs of soldiers and sailors from Newcastle and the North East of England, which had been in the news. The photographs were sent in by relatives and give us a glimpse into the past.

  

The physical collection held by Newcastle Libraries comprises bound volumes of the newspaper from 1910 to 1925. We are keen to find out more about the people in the photographs. If you recognise anyone in the images please comment below.

  

Copies of this photograph may be ordered from us, for more information see: www.newcastle.gov.uk/tlt Please make a note of the image reference number above to help speed up your order.

published via Free Download Minecraft ift.tt/1O82PHK

Published 1964. Full of all sorts of hints on making your own doll clothes.

The Postcard

 

A postcard that was published by A. & C. Black Ltd. of 4, 5, and 6 Soho Square, London W1. The artwork was by Edgar H. Fisher, and the card was printed in Great Britain. On the back of the card they state:

 

'From Jennison's "Natural

History - Animals" Price 7/6d.'

 

Edgar H. Fisher

 

Edgar H. Fisher was a British Impressionist and Modern painter. His work has been offered at auction multiple times, with realized prices ranging from 155 USD to 1,221 USD, depending on the size and medium of the artwork.

 

The card was posted in Leiston, Suffolk using a 2d. stamp on Monday the 4th. October 1948 to:

 

Miss S. P. Freese,

Room 36,

Churchman Nursery Ward,

Ipswich Hospital,

Anglesea Road,

Ipswich.

 

The message on the divided back of the card was as follows:

 

"Darling,

We did not leave Ipswich

until quite late because I

wanted to feel that I was

near you.

Sambo met the car and

was so disgusted when

he saw that you were not

with us that he went away

and stayed away all night

and all day, and only came

back for food this afternoon.

I have spent today tidying

up your room so it will be

lovely when you come back

to it which won't be long.

I am thinking of you all the

time, Darling.

Love and a hug from

Aunt Iris."

 

The Giraffe

 

The giraffe is a large African hoofed mammal belonging to the genus Giraffa. It is the tallest living terrestrial animal, and the largest ruminant on Earth.

 

The giraffe's chief distinguishing characteristics are its extremely long neck and legs, its horn-like ossicones, and its spotted coat patterns. It is classified under the family Giraffidae, along with its closest extant relative, the okapi.

 

The giraffe's scattered range extends from Chad in the north to South Africa in the south, and from Niger in the west to Somalia in the east.

 

Giraffes usually inhabit savannahs and woodlands. Their food source is leaves, fruits, and flowers of woody plants, primarily acacia species, which they browse at heights most other herbivores cannot reach.

 

Lions, leopards, spotted hyenas, and African wild dogs may prey upon giraffes. Giraffes live in herds of related females and their offspring, or bachelor herds of unrelated adult males, but are gregarious and may gather in large aggregations.

 

Males establish social hierarchies through "necking", combat bouts where the neck is used as a weapon. Dominant males gain mating access to females, which bear sole responsibility for raising the young.

 

The giraffe has intrigued various ancient and modern cultures for its peculiar appearance, and has often been featured in paintings, books, and cartoons. It is classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as vulnerable to extinction, and has been extirpated from many parts of its former range.

 

Giraffes are still found in numerous national parks and game reserves, but estimates as of 2016 indicate there are approximately 97,500 members of Giraffa in the wild. More than 1,600 were kept in zoos in 2010.

 

The Nubian Giraffe

 

There are nine distinct sub-species of giraffe, one of which is the Nubian giraffe (G. c. camelopardalis) shown in the illustration. It is found in eastern South Sudan and southwestern Ethiopia, in addition to Kenya and Uganda.

 

It has sharply defined chestnut-coloured spots surrounded by mostly white lines, while undersides lack spotting. The median lump is particularly developed in the male. 

 

Around 2,150 are thought to remain in the wild. The Nubian giraffe is very common in captivity, although the original phenotype is rare — a group is kept at Al Ain Zoo in the United Arab Emirates. In 2003, this group numbered 14.

 

'Monty'

 

So what else happened on the day that Aunt Iris posted the card?

 

Well, on the 4th. October 1948, Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery was named head of the Western European Defence Organization, with French General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, British Air Marshal Sir James Robb, and French Vice Admiral Robert Jaujard as his aides.

 

A Coal Strike in France

 

Also on that day, 300,000 French coal miners went on a Communist-directed strike.

 

The Railroad Hour

 

Also on that day, the radio series The Railroad Hour premiered on ABC.

 

Iain Hewitson

 

The 4th. October 1948 also marked the birth in Otaki, New Zealand of Iain Hewitson. He is a chef, restaurateur, and television personality. One of his TV shows was called 'Never Trust a Skinny Cook.'

 

Linda McMahon

 

Linda McMahon was also born on that day, in New Bern, North Carolina. Linda is a professional wrestling magnate and politician.

 

Jan Savitt

 

The day also marked the death of the American bandleader Jan Savitt.

 

Jan Savitt, was born Jacob Savetnick on the 4th. September 1907 in Shumsk, then part of the Russian Empire (now part of Ukraine). He was reared in Philadelphia.

 

He was known as "The Stokowski of Swing", from having played violin in Leopold Stokowski's orchestra. As well as being a bandleader, Jan was a musical arranger and violinist.

 

Jan Savitt - The Early Years

 

Jan Savitt evidenced musical ability an early age, and began winning conservatory scholarships to study the violin. He was offered the position of concert master in Leopold Stokowski's Philadelphia Symphony Orchestra, but turned it down, preferring to continue his studies at Curtis Institute.

 

About a year later, believing himself ready, he joined Stokowski, and the association continued for seven years, during which time Savitt gained further acclamation as a concert soloist and leader of a string quartet.

 

Jan Savitt's Personal Life

 

Savitt was married to model Barbara Ann Stillwell from 1940 until his death in 1948, and had two daughters with her, one of whom, Jo Ann, was married to Joel Douglas, son of actor Kirk Douglas, from 2004 until her death in 2013.

 

Jan Savitt's Career

 

In 1938, Jan Savitt & His Top Hatters broadcast from 5:00–5:30 pm every Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday as the KYW staff orchestra at KYW/NBC in Philadelphia.

 

Saturday's weekly broadcast was one hour, coast-to-coast. The group also played at the Earl Theatre, and performed with The Andrews Sisters and The Three Stooges.

 

Jan got his start in popular music some time later as music director of KYW, Philadelphia, where he evolved the unique "shuffle rhythm" which remained his trademark. Numerous sustaining programs created such a demand for the "shuffle rhythm" that Savitt left KYW to form his own dance crew.

 

Savitt's band was notable for including George "Bon Bon" Tunnell, one of the first African American singers to perform with a white band. Helen Englert Blaum, known at the time as Helen Warren, also sang with Savitt during the war years.

 

Savitt and his orchestra had a bit role in the 1946 film High School Hero.

 

The Death of Jan Savitt

 

Shortly before arriving in Sacramento, California, with his orchestra on Saturday, 2nd. October 1948, for a concert scheduled for that evening at Memorial Auditorium, Savitt was stricken with a cerebral haemorrhage and taken to Sacramento County Hospital.

 

Savitt died on the 4th. October 1948, with his wife at his bedside. He was laid to rest in Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale) California. He was 41 years of age when he died.

Published by Coral-Lee

THE TICK'S MASSIVE SUMMER DOUBLE SPECTACLE NUMBER 2 AUGUST 2000. PUBLISHED BY NEW ENGLAND COMICS PRESS (NECP) A DIVISION OF NEW ENGLAND COMICS, INC. PO BOX 690346 QUINCY, MA 02269. TEL 617-774-0140 FAX 617-774-1747 EMAIL NECP@NECCOMICS.COM WEB SITE: WWW.NECOMICS.COM. THE TICK AND RELATED CHARACTERS ARE AND 2000 BEN EDLUND MYNDI IS 2000 NECP. ALL OTHER MATERIAL IS 2000 NECP. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED NO SIMILARITY BETWEEN ANY OF THE NAMES, CHARACTERS AND/OR INSTITUTIONS IN THIS PUBLICATION WITH ANY OF THOSE OF ANY PERSON OR INSTITUTION IS INTENDED, AND ANY SUCH SIMILARITY WHICH EXISTS, EXCEPT BY SATIRE, IS COINCIDENTAL. PRINTED IN THE USA. CONCEPT BY BEN EDLUND, PUBLISHER GEORGE SUAREZ, ART DIRECTOR BOB POLIO AND SYSTEMS BY DAVE SNYDER. STORY BY MARC SILVIA AND INKS BY TAK TOYOSHIMA. The story: 'There's no '$' in T - E - A - M' The Tick and his super-hero teammates have lost their sole means of support: Barry's credit card! Their clubhouse was destroyed by Barry. They need a new meeting place and this means raising some money---and quick. How about auditioning new members? That means enrollment fees and membership dues---money in the bank! Enter: THE MULTI-MILLIONAIRE! This super-hero has just one power but it's a powerful power: LOTS OF MONEY! Plus being a successful millionaire he's got a lot of good ideas for improving the team! Like how about finding a competing team of super-villains to fight against? A cooperative bunch who are willing to schedule their crimes at a convenient place and time? There's no reason why the super-hero lifestyle can't be ... comfortable! So commences a story so BIG we need two complete comics to tell the tale! THE TICK'S MASSIVE SUMMER DOUBLE SPECTACLE 1 & 2 sprawls across FIFTY pages of story with tons of heroes and villains some newly introduced here! Not to mention an awesome multi-page battle scene which culminates in The Tick 'commandeering' a pirate ship to pursue desperate super-villains who have hijacked a cruise liner! VARIANT COVER

Oh joie! publication et chronique du portrait de Bunny et Cyane dans le nouveau Compétence Photo!! en vente dans toutes les bonnes épiceries, comme on dit!

  

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Georg Baselitz *1938 (seen from left, Ede, 1993 - Lena, 1992 - Hage, 1993). Albertina, Sammlung Batliner (Batliner Collection)

 

The Albertina

The architectural history of the Palais

(Pictures you can see by clicking on the link at the end of page!)

Image: The oldest photographic view of the newly designed Palais Archduke Albrecht, 1869

"It is my will that ​​the expansion of the inner city of Vienna with regard to a suitable connection of the same with the suburbs as soon as possible is tackled and at this on Regulirung (regulation) and beautifying of my Residence and Imperial Capital is taken into account. To this end I grant the withdrawal of the ramparts and fortifications of the inner city and the trenches around the same".

This decree of Emperor Franz Joseph I, published on 25 December 1857 in the Wiener Zeitung, formed the basis for the largest the surface concerning and architecturally most significant transformation of the Viennese cityscape. Involving several renowned domestic and foreign architects a "master plan" took form, which included the construction of a boulevard instead of the ramparts between the inner city and its radially upstream suburbs. In the 50-years during implementation phase, an impressive architectural ensemble developed, consisting of imperial and private representational buildings, public administration and cultural buildings, churches and barracks, marking the era under the term "ring-street style". Already in the first year tithe decided a senior member of the Austrian imperial family to decorate the facades of his palace according to the new design principles, and thus certified the aristocratic claim that this also "historicism" said style on the part of the imperial house was attributed.

Image: The Old Albertina after 1920

It was the palace of Archduke Albrecht (1817-1895), the Senior of the Habsburg Family Council, who as Field Marshal held the overall command over the Austro-Hungarian army. The building was incorporated into the imperial residence of the Hofburg complex, forming the south-west corner and extending eleven meters above street level on the so-called Augustinerbastei.

The close proximity of the palace to the imperial residence corresponded not only with Emperor Franz Joseph I and Archduke Albert with a close familial relationship between the owner of the palace and the monarch. Even the former inhabitants were always in close relationship to the imperial family, whether by birth or marriage. An exception here again proves the rule: Don Emanuel Teles da Silva Conde Tarouca (1696-1771), for which Maria Theresa in 1744 the palace had built, was just a close friend and advisor of the monarch. Silva Tarouca underpins the rule with a second exception, because he belonged to the administrative services as Generalhofbaudirektor (general court architect) and President of the Austrian-Dutch administration, while all other him subsequent owners were highest ranking military.

In the annals of Austrian history, especially those of military history, they either went into as commander of the Imperial Army, or the Austrian, later kk Army. In chronological order, this applies to Duke Carl Alexander of Lorraine, the brother-of-law of Maria Theresa, as Imperial Marshal, her son-in-law Duke Albert of Saxe-Teschen, also field marshal, whos adopted son, Archduke Charles of Austria, the last imperial field marshal and only Generalissimo of Austria, his son Archduke Albrecht of Austria as Feldmarschalil and army Supreme commander, and most recently his nephew Archduke Friedrich of Austria, who held as field marshal from 1914 to 1916 the command of the Austro-Hungarian troops. Despite their military profession, all five generals conceived themselves as patrons of the arts and promoted large sums of money to build large collections, the construction of magnificent buildings and cultural life. Charles Alexander of Lorraine promoted as governor of the Austrian Netherlands from 1741 to 1780 the Academy of Fine Arts, the Théâtre de Ja Monnaie and the companies Bourgeois Concert and Concert Noble, he founded the Academie royale et imperial des Sciences et des Lettres, opened the Bibliotheque Royal for the population and supported artistic talents with high scholarships. World fame got his porcelain collection, which however had to be sold by Emperor Joseph II to pay off his debts. Duke Albert began in 1776 according to the concept of conte Durazzo to set up an encyclopedic collection of prints, which forms the core of the world-famous "Albertina" today.

Image : Duke Albert and Archduchess Marie Christine show in family cercle the from Italy brought along art, 1776. Frederick Henry Füger.

1816 declared to Fideikommiss and thus in future indivisible, inalienable and inseparable, the collection 1822 passed into the possession of Archduke Carl, who, like his descendants, it broadened. Under him, the collection was introduced together with the sumptuously equipped palace on the Augustinerbastei in the so-called "Carl Ludwig'schen fideicommissum in 1826, by which the building and the in it kept collection fused into an indissoluble unity. At this time had from the Palais Tarouca by structural expansion or acquisition a veritable Residenz palace evolved. Duke Albert of Saxe-Teschen was first in 1800 the third floor of the adjacent Augustinian convent wing adapted to house his collection and he had after 1802 by his Belgian architect Louis de Montoyer at the suburban side built a magnificent extension, called the wing of staterooms, it was equipped in the style of Louis XVI. Only two decades later, Archduke Carl the entire palace newly set up. According to scetches of the architect Joseph Kornhäusel the 1822-1825 retreaded premises presented themselves in the Empire style. The interior of the palace testified from now in an impressive way the high rank and the prominent position of its owner. Under Archduke Albrecht the outer appearance also should meet the requirements. He had the facade of the palace in the style of historicism orchestrated and added to the Palais front against the suburbs an offshore covered access. Inside, he limited himself, apart from the redesign of the Rococo room in the manner of the second Blondel style, to the retention of the paternal stock. Archduke Friedrich's plans for an expansion of the palace were omitted, however, because of the outbreak of the First World War so that his contribution to the state rooms, especially, consists in the layout of the Spanish apartment, which he in 1895 for his sister, the Queen of Spain Maria Christina, had set up as a permanent residence.

Picture: The "audience room" after the restoration: Picture: The "balcony room" around 1990

The era of stately representation with handing down their cultural values ​​found its most obvious visualization inside the palace through the design and features of the staterooms. On one hand, by the use of the finest materials and the purchase of masterfully manufactured pieces of equipment, such as on the other hand by the permanent reuse of older equipment parts. This period lasted until 1919, when Archduke Friedrich was expropriated by the newly founded Republic of Austria. With the republicanization of the collection and the building first of all finished the tradition that the owner's name was synonymous with the building name:

After Palais Tarouca or tarokkisches house it was called Lorraine House, afterwards Duke Albert Palais and Palais Archduke Carl. Due to the new construction of an adjacently located administration building it received in 1865 the prefix "Upper" and was referred to as Upper Palais Archduke Albrecht and Upper Palais Archduke Frederick. For the state a special reference to the Habsburg past was certainly politically no longer opportune, which is why was decided to name the building according to the in it kept collection "Albertina".

Picture: The "Wedgwood Cabinet" after the restoration: Picture: the "Wedgwood Cabinet" in the Palais Archduke Friedrich, 1905

This name derives from the term "La Collection Albertina" which had been used by the gallery Inspector Maurice von Thausing in 1870 in the Gazette des Beaux-Arts for the former graphics collection of Duke Albert. For this reason, it was the first time since the foundation of the palace that the name of the collection had become synonymous with the room shell. Room shell, hence, because the Republic of Austria Archduke Friedrich had allowed to take along all the movable goods from the palace in his Hungarian exile: crystal chandeliers, curtains and carpets as well as sculptures, vases and clocks. Particularly stressed should be the exquisite furniture, which stems of three facilities phases: the Louis XVI furnitures of Duke Albert, which had been manufactured on the basis of fraternal relations between his wife Archduchess Marie Christine and the French Queen Marie Antoinette after 1780 in the French Hofmanufakturen, also the on behalf of Archduke Charles 1822-1825 in the Vienna Porcelain Manufactory by Joseph Danhauser produced Empire furnitures and thirdly additions of the same style of Archduke Friedrich, which this about 1900 at Portois & Ffix as well as at Friedrich Otto Schmidt had commissioned.

The "swept clean" building got due to the strained financial situation after the First World War initially only a makeshift facility. However, since until 1999 no revision of the emergency equipment took place, but differently designed, primarily the utilitarianism committed office furnitures complementarily had been added, the equipment of the former state rooms presented itself at the end of the 20th century as an inhomogeneous administrative mingle-mangle of insignificant parts, where, however, dwelt a certain quaint charm. From the magnificent state rooms had evolved depots, storage rooms, a library, a study hall and several officed.

Image: The Albertina Graphic Arts Collection and the Philipphof after the American bombing of 12 März 1945.

Image: The palace after the demolition of the entrance facade, 1948-52

Worse it hit the outer appearance of the palace, because in times of continued anti-Habsburg sentiment after the Second World War and inspired by an intolerant destruction will, it came by pickaxe to a ministerial erasure of history. In contrast to the graphic collection possessed the richly decorated facades with the conspicuous insignia of the former owner an object-immanent reference to the Habsburg past and thus exhibited the monarchial traditions and values ​​of the era of Francis Joseph significantly. As part of the remedial measures after a bomb damage, in 1948 the aristocratic, by Archduke Albert initiated, historicist facade structuring along with all decorations was cut off, many facade figures demolished and the Hapsburg crest emblems plunged to the ground. Since in addition the old ramp also had been cancelled and the main entrance of the bastion level had been moved down to the second basement storey at street level, ended the presence of the old Archduke's palace after more than 200 years. At the reopening of the "Albertina Graphic Collection" in 1952, the former Hapsburg Palais of splendour presented itself as one of his identity robbed, formally trivial, soulless room shell, whose successful republicanization an oversized and also unproportional eagle above the new main entrance to the Augustinian road symbolized. The emocratic throw of monuments had wiped out the Hapsburg palace from the urban appeareance, whereby in the perception only existed a nondescript, nameless and ahistorical building that henceforth served the lodging and presentation of world-famous graphic collection of the Albertina. The condition was not changed by the decision to the refurbishment because there were only planned collection specific extensions, but no restoration of the palace.

Image: The palace after the Second World War with simplified facades, the rudiment of the Danubiusbrunnens (well) and the new staircase up to the Augustinerbastei

This paradigm shift corresponded to a blatant reversal of the historical circumstances, as the travel guides and travel books for kk Residence and imperial capital of Vienna dedicated itself primarily with the magnificent, aristocratic palace on the Augustinerbastei with the sumptuously fitted out reception rooms and mentioned the collection kept there - if at all - only in passing. Only with the repositioning of the Albertina in 2000 under the direction of Klaus Albrecht Schröder, the palace was within the meaning and in fulfillment of the Fideikommiss of Archduke Charles in 1826 again met with the high regard, from which could result a further inseparable bond between the magnificent mansions and the world-famous collection. In view of the knowing about politically motivated errors and omissions of the past, the facades should get back their noble, historicist designing, the staterooms regain their glamorous, prestigious appearance and culturally unique equippment be repurchased. From this presumption, eventually grew the full commitment to revise the history of redemption and the return of the stately palace in the public consciousness.

Image: The restored suburb facade of the Palais Albertina suburb

The smoothed palace facades were returned to their original condition and present themselves today - with the exception of the not anymore reconstructed Attica figures - again with the historicist decoration and layout elements that Archduke Albrecht had given after the razing of the Augustinerbastei in 1865 in order. The neoclassical interiors, today called after the former inhabitants "Habsburg Staterooms", receiving a meticulous and detailed restoration taking place at the premises of originality and authenticity, got back their venerable and sumptuous appearance. From the world wide scattered historical pieces of equipment have been bought back 70 properties or could be returned through permanent loan to its original location, by which to the visitors is made experiencable again that atmosphere in 1919 the state rooms of the last Habsburg owner Archduke Frederick had owned. The for the first time in 80 years public accessible "Habsburg State Rooms" at the Palais Albertina enable now again as eloquent testimony to our Habsburg past and as a unique cultural heritage fundamental and essential insights into the Austrian cultural history. With the relocation of the main entrance to the level of the Augustinerbastei the recollection to this so valuable Austrian Cultural Heritage formally and functionally came to completion. The vision of the restoration and recovery of the grand palace was a pillar on which the new Albertina should arise again, the other embody the four large newly built exhibition halls, which allow for the first time in the history of the Albertina, to exhibit the collection throughout its encyclopedic breadh under optimal conservation conditions.

Image: The new entrance area of the Albertina

64 meter long shed roof. Hans Hollein.

The palace presents itself now in its appearance in the historicist style of the Ringstrassenära, almost as if nothing had happened in the meantime. But will the wheel of time should not, cannot and must not be turned back, so that the double standards of the "Albertina Palace" said museum - on the one hand Habsburg grandeur palaces and other modern museum for the arts of graphics - should be symbolized by a modern character: The in 2003 by Hans Hollein designed far into the Albertina square cantilevering, elegant floating flying roof. 64 meters long, it symbolizes in the form of a dynamic wedge the accelerated urban spatial connectivity and public access to the palace. It advertises the major changes in the interior as well as the huge underground extensions of the repositioned "Albertina".

 

Christian Benedictine

Art historian with research interests History of Architecture, building industry of the Hapsburgs, Hofburg and Zeremonialwissenschaft (ceremonial sciences). Since 1990 he works in the architecture collection of the Albertina. Since 2000 he supervises as director of the newly founded department "Staterooms" the restoration and furnishing of the state rooms and the restoration of the facades and explores the history of the palace and its inhabitants.

 

www.wien-vienna.at/albertinabaugeschichte.php

  

Published by Chiodi, Brazil 1955

Compiled and Published by H.E.C. Robinsons Pty. Ltd 221-3 George Street, Sydney, Australia. Published probably in 1945. 12th Edition Revised.

Published for the Department of Education, New South Wales.