View allAll Photos Tagged problems
Earth Designs Garden Design and Build were asked to created a landscape and propose garden design in Crouch End, London*. Here are the details of the project
The Contemporary Garden in Crouch End, London
BRIEF:
The clients requested a family garden, to include a lawn for the kids to play and a separate sophisticated dining area for entertaining. A large barbeque was important, as well as a water feature to include fish. One problem to overcome was an unfavourable view of the neighbour’s sheds, which needed to be masked without raising the height of the boundary fencing. The clients also wished to retain a children’s playhouse at the end of the garden.
SOLUTION:
Flooring throughout this space was in rectangular dark slate tiles laid in a stretcher bond pattern to match the interior of the house. The main section of the garden benefits from a variety of bespoke features designed to make maximum use of the space. A major focus of the garden is a water feature consisting of a sunken rectangular pool bisecting the space. Deep and wide enough to allow the client to add fish at a later date, this pool is topped with removable walk-over grating and fed from the left side by a stainless steel water blade installed into the front of a decorative tower constructed from yellow stock brick, railway sleepers, coloured perspex and slate.
Seating in the garden is provided by two large ‘sofas’ constructed from chunky railway sleepers, positioned to face each other across the water feature rill. The sofas are complemented by a matching coffee-style table straddling the rill between them. Large (2 metre clear stem) cordylines planted in the ground at either end of each sofa, frame the seating to give the area a sense of privacy and seclusion.
To the right of the seating area and opposite the stainless sleet blade, there is a bespoke barbecue/fireplace. Constructed from yellow stock brick and utilising the existing stone lintel, this barbeque features two separate cooking areas with space between for a firepit.
The main area of the garden is screened from the remainder of the space by a tall, wide ‘shelving unit’ screen. Constructed from railway sleepers, this structure features individual alcoves which have been filled with a variety of decorative materials, perspex screens and ornamentation. Directly in front of this there is a flush level herb bed.
Beyond the shelving unit screen is the second, child-friendly section of the space. This comprises a rectangular section of artificial lawn edged by a slate paved pathway, with the playhouse nestled within the centre of a planting bed at the end of the garden.
Planting in the second section of the garden includes stepover fruit trees down either side, back planted by climbers. In addition, an Acer and a Mimosa were planted around the children’s playhouse. The pathway around the lawn offers the clients opportunity to place planted pots at a later date if required.
Climbers conceal the existing fence on the left hand side, with a bespoke screen (approximately 6 metres long) comprising tall timber posts joined with stainless steel tension wire and decorated with small panels of coloured perspex was erected above the top of the fence to break up the view of the buildings to the left.
If you dig this and would like to find out more about this or any of other of our designs, please stop by our web-site and have a look at our work.
Earth Designs is a bespoke London Garden Design and build company specialising in classic, funky and urban contemporary garden design.
Our Landscape and Garden build teams cover London, Essex and parts of South East England, while garden designs are available nationwide.
Please visit www.earthdesigns.co.uk to see our full portfolio. If you would like a garden designer in London or have an idea of what you want and are looking for a landscaper London to come and visit your garden, please get in touch.
Follow our Bespoke Garden Design and Build and Blog to see what we get up to week by week, our free design clinic as well as tips and products we recommend for your garden projects www.earthdesigns.co.uk/blog/.
Earth Designs is located in East London, but has built gardens in Essex , gardens in Hertfordshire Hertfordshire and all over the South East. Earth Designs was formed by Katrina Wells in Spring 2003 and has since gone from strength to strength to develop a considerable portfolio of garden projects. Katrina, who is our Senior Garden Designer, has travelled all over the UK designing gardens. However we can design worldwide either through our postal garden design service or by consultation with our senior garden designer. Recent worldwide projects have included garden designs in Romania. Katrina’s husband. Matt, heads up the build side of the company, creating a unique service for all our clients.
If you a not a UK resident, but would like an Earth Designs garden, Earth Designs has a worldwide design service through our Garden Design Postal Design Vouchers. If you are looking for an unique birthday present or original anniversary present and would like to buy one of our Garden Design Gift Vouchers for yourself or as a present please our sister site www.gardenpresents.co.uk. We do also design outside of the UK, please contact us for details.
When you focus on problems, you'll have more problems. When you focus on possibilities, you'll have more opportunities. #problems #possibilities #opportunities
I have a problem and i cannot figure out how to solve this.
attached to my stopshot i have 2 flashguns (Nikon Speedlight SB600 and a Yongnuo YN-560II Advanced) both at 1/64 and both connected with pc sync cable. as you can see i got some ghost at the falling drop, something i don't have using or the nikon or the yongnuo alone.
is it becose they are 2 different brands (and should look for another yongnuo) or because they are connected after eachother and shoud i use a splitter with same length of cable?
btw yellow is Nikon and Bleu is Yongnuo
This young gull has caught a Striped Burrfish, a kind of porcupine fish, which are covered in small spines. If burrfish are as nasty to swallow as they are to step on, he's in for a rough time.
si comincia male... parecchie impurità sul fondo del componente dei sali (probabile poca acqua e temperatura bassa) ... Bagno di sensibilizzazione in bacinella 3' (non filtrato...D: )
Sviluppo con aceto (250cc vinegar 6% ferrous sulfate10g + 10g sugar + 10 ml alcohol ... probabilmente troppo forte - filtrato ma molto torbido)
Main Topic: Problem Solving Quotes
Related Topics: Problem, Level, Consciousness, Creation
No problem can be solved from the same level of consciousness that created it.
Author: Albert Einstein
Quotation Reference:
www.braintrainingtools.org/skills/no-problem-can-be-solve...
14 June 2011. O'Hare Airport, Chicago.
Sign on door to "Image Operator Room" (where the pictures from the so-called "nudatron" scanners are displayed) at the TSA checkpoint at O'Hare Airport:
Image Operator Room
ATTENTION!
No electronic devices or personal items allowed.
Only authorized item: TSA-issued radio
Your safety is our priority
I presume there's also a "No harmful radiation permitted here" sign on the business end of the machine. If so, I feel safer already.
No emulsions were harmed in the making of this image.
L1001783-crop
The problem is that I love to eat and I love to eat all the wrong things in all the wrong quantities - so here I am after the Thanksgiving feast getting ready to work off at least a few of the extra calories consumed.
Cathédrale (partiellement) romane Saint-Martin ; commune de Mayence (Mainz), Rhénanie-Palatinat, Allemagne
La cathédrale Saint-Martin de Mayence (en allemand Mainzer Dom ou Hoher Dom zu Mainz) est le siège du diocèse de Mayence en Allemagne. Son saint patron est Martin de Tours, l'un des Pères de l'Église. Son chœur est dédié à saint Étienne, premier martyr chrétien. La base de sa construction est une « basilique à colonnes » d'architecture romane possédant trois nefs (fin du Xe siècle), à laquelle ont été ajoutés par la suite des éléments gothiques et baroques (XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles).
Probablement peu après sa nomination en 975, l'archevêque de l'époque, Willigis, décida de la construction d'une nouvelle cathédrale de style ottonien.... Willigis avait fait construire d'emblée une « basilique à colonnes » possédant deux chœurs, deux collatéraux de part et d'autre de la nef centrale et six tours. En forme de croix latine, elle ne possédait encore aucune voûte en raison de sa taille. Le sous-sol était encore de type marécageux à cause de la proximité du Rhin ce qui a posé des problèmes avec les fondations au cours des siècles. Malgré divers ajouts et modifications, la cathédrale a gardé cette forme générale. Une petite église mariale indépendante y était reliée depuis l'est par une colonnade ; au cours du temps, cette église s'est transformée en la grande église diocésaine Sainte-Marie aux Marches (aussi Liebfrauenkirche - en français : église Notre-Dame). ... Les couleurs de la cathédrale à cette époque restent aujourd'hui un domaine de recherche important pour le conservateur. Ce n’est qu'en 2002, lors de la rénovation de la partie est, qui conserve beaucoup d’éléments de la construction originale, que des découvertes ont permis d’établir l’apparence de la cathédrale avant les travaux de l’empereur Henri IV. Par la suite, en effet, l'extérieur de la cathédrale a été blanchi à l’exception des bandes murales verticales (lésènes) et des corniches. L’intérieur a probablement été blanchi à son tour au XIe siècle durant l’épiscopat de Bardo ; la distribution de l’époque n’a toutefois pas grand-chose à voir avec celle d’aujourd'hui. ... La décoration en couleurs du Moyen Âge tardif est quasiment inconnue. Il est toutefois possible que les travaux de restauration à venir nous donnent des indications. On connait davantage les couleurs durant la période baroque et au XXe siècle. ...
La plupart des églises de l'époque avaient un chœur principal situé à l'est (chœur dit « orienté »). Willigis fit construire a contrario un édifice dirigé vers l'ouest à l'instar des grandes cathédrales de Rome. L'édifice de Willigis, avec son atrium faisant face à l'église, ses arcades et sa nef de décharge à l'ouest, offre une ressemblance particulière avec l’ancienne basilique Saint-Pierre de Rome, et il entrait en effet certainement dans les intentions de l'ambitieux archevêque de Mayence de fonder ses prétentions au pouvoir par cette réminiscence architecturale : vers la fin du premier millénaire, les rôles politiques dans le Saint-Empire n'étaient pas aussi clairement définis qu'ils allaient le devenir peu à peu au cours du Moyen Âge. Le 29 août 1009, jour prévu de la consécration (mais d'autres sources évoquent le 28 août), un incendie ravagea l'édifice. L’origine de ce sinistre est attribuée aux lustres suspendus dans la cathédrale à l'occasion de la cérémonie, car il était fréquent au Moyen Âge d'éclairer les églises avec des torches pour ce genre d'occasion. ... Sous le règne des successeurs immédiats de Willigis, Erkanbald et Aribon, La cathédrale resta en chantier. Il devait revenir à l'archevêque Bardo (1031-1051) de parachever l'œuvre de ses prédécesseurs, si bien que c'est le 10 novembre 1036 qu'en présence de l'empereur Conrad II la cathédrale fut consacrée.
Le financement de l'empereur Henri IV du Saint-Empire a une grande importance dans la construction de la cathédrale. L'incendie de 1091 avait alors gravement endommagé l'édifice. Ainsi, vers 1100, Henri IV, qui avait aussi fait restructurer la Cathédrale de Spire, commença des aménagements de la cathédrale abîmée en s'inspirant du style lombard. À l'extrémité du chœur est, il fit construire une abside à arcades fausses avec un déambulatoire, similaire à celle de Spire, et remplaça la tour d'origine, probablement carrée, par une coupole octogonale. Sous le chœur orienté, l'empereur ordonna le creusement d'une crypte tripartite, qui pour le style empruntait sans doute également à la cathédrale de Spire. Celle-ci devait cependant être démantelée au cours du chantier, en tout cas avant 1230, au profit du rétablissement d'une continuité de niveau du plancher. En outre, sous le règne de l'empereur Henri IV, la partie orientale de la nef fut rehaussée et deux grands portiques à colonnade, qui comptent parmi les plus anciens à ce jour, furent édifiés près de l'abside. En 1106, à la mort de l'empereur et donateur, plusieurs parties de l'édifice étaient encore en travaux. On peut encore le voir aujourd’hui : tandis que la porte méridionale arbore de précieux chapiteaux richement ouvragés, les chapiteaux de la porte septentrionale et du triforium sont restés inachevés jusqu'à ce jour. ... La cathédrale de Mayence, par le fait qu'avec Henri IV un empereur s'y est appliqué, appartient, avec la cathédrale de Worms et la cathédrale de Spire aux trois cathédrales impériales de Rhénanie.
Le sens ou l'idée qui se cachent derrière la structure à double chœur font toujours objet de débat. Avant, on supposait souvent que les chœurs en vis-à-vis renvoyaient de façon imagée aux concepts de sacerdotium à l'ouest et d'imperium à l'est, c'est-à-dire aux pouvoirs spirituel (incarné par l'évêque) et temporel (incarné par le roi). Cette théorie ne peut être établie. Actuellement, on attribue une fonction liturgique à la conception de l'édifice : la structure permettait des processions solennelles entre les deux chœurs. Au début, ceux-ci étaient utilisés à égalité. Plus tard, le chœur a davantage servi aux messes paroissiales et le chœur principal (ouest) fut employé par l'évêque pour les messes pontificales. Au cours des siècles, le chœur a vu son emploi décliner progressivement. Aujourd'hui s'y déroulent les Heures canoniales du chapitre de la cathédrale.
Le chantier de la cathédrale fut repris par la suite par les archevêques. Toutefois l'interruption des subsides royaux se traduisit par une nef de qualité inférieure à celle du chœur occidental. Pour ce dernier, l'empereur avait fait rapporter depuis les monts de Spessart et le val du Haardt (Palatinat) un grès de haute qualité, qu'on avait déjà employé pour la cathédrale de Spire et la chapelle du monastère de Limburg. Par la suite, on se rabattit sur le calcaire coquiller des carrières de Weisenau. On ignore toutefois précisément à quel moment la construction de la nef a débuté. L'archevêque Adalbert Ier de Sarrebruck (1110 † 1137) fit ériger une chapelle romane à deux niveaux jouxtant la cathédrale, dite Chapelle Saint-Gothard (d’après Gothard d'Hildesheim), en tant que chapelle princière de l'archevêque. Comme les ogives de cette chapelle sont identiques à celles de la nef, il est possible qu’Albert ait aussi été le premier maître d'ouvrage de la nef remplaçant celle de Willigis. Les sources évoquent un « tectum » (ce terme pouvant désigner les ogives ou la charpente) somptueux. Pour ce qui est de la conception de la nef, les maîtres d’œuvre se tournèrent de nouveau vers la cathédrale de Spire, qui, en tant que premier grand édifice à travée ogivale au-delà des Alpes, donnait pour l’Allemagne le modèle de l'architecture romane. Toutefois la nef centrale à Mayence ne pouvait en être une simple copie, parce qu'il fallait régler la construction sur la hauteur du chœur oriental attenant. C'est pourquoi la nef centrale fut construite considérablement moins haute que dans le modèle de Spire : 28 m au lieu de 33 m, mais comme une basilique à colonnade. C'est pourquoi les baies de la claire-voie devaient être adossées par paires. Ainsi, il n'était plus possible de cerner les fenêtres hautes de baies aveugles comme on l'avait fait à Spire. À Mayence, ces baies aveugles culminent sous les fenêtres hautes et forment ainsi une brèche tripartite du mur, qui pour l'époque était une nouveauté. Dans l'ensemble, la nef est d'un style dépouillé : on a renoncé aux ornements majestueux de Spire. Quant aux murs extérieurs, ils étaient vraisemblablement conçus de façon purement fonctionnelle. Ils ont presque entièrement disparus lors de l'édification de la chapelle gothique latérale commencée en 1279. On travailla à cette nef, de façon plus ou moins suivie, pratiquement tout au long du XIIe siècle. La dernière phase active du chantier, où la nef de la cathédrale fut dotée d'une croisée d'ogives au lieu d’une voûte d'arête, une curiosité dans un contexte roman, se situe vers 1200.
Ce n'est qu'au cours de cette ultime phase de construction qu'on s'avisa de reconstruire l'ancienne aile-ouest du temps de Willigis. L'exécution suivit complètement les canons du roman tardif de Basse-Rhénanie, alors que l'aile orientale était du style roman primitif de Haute-Rhénanie. Ce contraste s'observe particulièrement aux chapiteaux finement sculptés et développés avec beaucoup d'art, à une ornementation plus riche, qui au cours du temps se substitua aux formes sévères du style roman primitif. Pour la voussure de la nouvelle aile ouest, on dut raccourcir le collatéral de décharge de Willigis, un ouvrage typique du roman primitif (comparez avec la chapelle de l'abbaye de Fulda), afin de couvrir les extrémités nord et sud d'un arc chacune. L'intérieur de la nouvelle aile, qui devait se raccorder à la nef, fut pour cette raison divisé avec des murs dépouillés, mais cependant ajourés de grands vitraux. Une exception à ce dépouillement est la grande coupole du transept à croisée octopartite qui, non seulement est ajourée de vitraux, mais est également ornée de baies aveugles, de frises en plein cintre et de chapiteaux à colonnes.
Le chœur principal de la cathédrale, à plan trifolié, se termine par le collatéral de l'aile occidentale : trois absidioles, autour d'une voûte en berceau, referment les trois autres côtés ; mais ces absidioles ne sont pas circulaires : elles sont composées de deux arcs brisés. Les deux piliers ouest de la croisée sont dotés d'une structure massive pour pouvoir supporter les deux tours octogonales. La façade ouest, au contraire, est très ouvragée, du moins en ce qui concerne les étages les plus élevés. Comme la cathédrale était sans cesse agrandie, la décoration des niveaux inférieurs était une préoccupation secondaire, et les derniers étages sont d'autant plus somptueux. La croisée du chœur est fermée sur ses trois côtés de pignons, ajourés sur les côtés d'élégantes rosaces. Depuis 1769, une statue du patron de la cathédrale, Saint Martin, domine l'édifice à l'intersection des pignons sur le chœur ouest (elle a été remplacée en 1928 par une copie). Les absides elles-mêmes sont entourées d'un déambulatoire. Cette aile occidentale trouve son aboutissement dans l'ordonnance des murs pignons des collatéraux, ornés de baies aveugles, de chapiteaux et de meneaux. Sa coupole, qui passe pour l'un des chefs d'oeuvre de l'époque Hohenstaufen, est l'une des ultimes expressions de l'art roman ; à l'époque de sa construction, le style gothique était depuis longtemps prévalent en France, et il ne s'écoulerait qu'une décennie avant le début des travaux de la cathédrale de Cologne. Cette aile, une fois terminée, fut consacrée le 4 juillet 1239 par l'archevêque Siegfried III von Eppstein.
... À partir de 1279, les collatéraux de la cathédrale furent peu à peu convertis en chapelles latérales gothiques ajourées de fenêtres hautes à meneaux. L'archevêque Jean II de Nassau ordonna en 1418 la construction d'une chapelle funéraire à deux niveaux devant le chœur orienté dans l'axe de la nef principale, dont il subsiste aujourd'hui la crypte souterraine (dite chapelle souterraine de Nassau). L'extérieur de la cathédrale fut orné dans le style gothique jusqu'au XVe siècle : le cloître à deux niveaux fut complètement remanié dans le style gothique entre 1390 et 1410. ...
La grande tour ouest du transept, incendiée (comme le reste de la toiture) par la foudre le 22 mai 1767 fut reconstruite en 1769 par Franz Ignaz Michael Neumann, le fils de l'illustre Balthasar Neumann, avec un pinacle en pierre de plusieurs étages, auquel la cathédrale doit aujourd'hui son aspect caractéristique. Neumann fit aussi reconstruire tous les pans de la toiture de l’aile ouest en pierre pour les rendre ininflammables. Il fit également réparer les tours d'angles de cette aile ouest. Neumann, qui était un artiste baroque, sut pourtant mêler dans ses interventions sur la cathédrale des éléments traditionnels du gothique flamboyant et du style roman. En outre, les gables gothiques des chapelles latérales furent supprimés, et on substitua des urnes aux pinacles des contreforts. La girouette de la tour occidentale elle-même, surnommée « le coq » (der Domsgickel), qui a inspiré plusieurs carnavals ainsi que de nombreuses compositions littéraires de poètes mayençais, appartient par son style aux éléments rapportés à cette époque à l'édifice. L'âge baroque modifia également le chromatisme de la cathédrale : comme beaucoup de constructions baroques, l’intérieur de la cathédrale fut repeint entièrement en blanc en 1758, et l'on posa des vitraux monochromes. On peut en déduire que la cathédrale n'était naguère pas peinte en blanc comme l'avait encore été l'édifice de Willigis et Bardo. ...
... La tour lanterne néo-romane du transept, que l'on peut admirer aujourd'hui, a été érigée en 1875 par P. J. H. Cuypers. ...
(extrait de : fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Martin_de_May...
Pour une description (beaucoup) plus détaillée de l'édifice : Palatinat roman ; Dethard von Winterfeld, Ed. Zodiaque, Coll. La Nuit des Temps, 1993, pp. 121-148
To solve Math problems quickly and accurately you need an understanding of varied Math concepts and solving all of them is not at all easy. TutorVista has a team of expert online Math tutors to help you to understand Math problems online and find out how to get solutions for them. Our tutors work with you in learning basic to advanced topics. So we assure you complete learning to solve math problems online.
This is Saghi Stanek - She is a very good friend of mine and my first photo model.
She is a wonderful natural and grounded, warm-hearted beauty with persian roots. She seems to have an absolute changeable personality.
Probability Problems This page is about probability problems and solutions which will let you know about this concept with clear understanding. This page first give you an introduction to probability problems and solutions and further moving on to explained problems with solutions. Get your learning here and if you have any further math problems, you can work with our expert tutors and gain better understanding. The theory of probability is developed initially to explain such type of decisions mathematically. In other words probability is a measure of uncertainty.
i know this is a stupid thing but i purposely made my MOC taller than others because i tend to be taller than most people being 6"3', the only reason king is bigger is cause hes a titan and in reality hes 6"5' based on my best friend, just a little side fact you should all know, and gives me knee problems which is wonderful.
Too much whiskey: I have a problem.
No more whiskey: I have a different problem.
So much whiskey: I have NO problem.
Ángel López es el director de la Sala 0 de Sevilla. Es un hombre muy educado y correcto, se dejó entrevistar sin problemas y fue muy amable conmigo.
I have been having serious problems with printing PDF patterns from my computer. The scale was always too small, even when I chose 'actual size' or 'no scaling' Apparently this is a huge issue for Windows 8 users, because when they got Windows 8, it came with Adobe Reader, but the Reader is an app version, and there is really no way that you would know that by using it, as it says that it is simply 'Reader'. So in order for you to print a true scale pattern, you must first install the full version of Adobe Reader onto your computer, then you need to go to your pdf files to change the default program to the full version for opening those files. Only then, will you get a correct scale of a printed pdf file.
Hamburg has a „refugee problem“? No, Hamburg has a housing problem. For decades real estate developers and politicians have treated our cities as if mainly high earners inhabited them, as if people with low income and the homeless had no right to the city – and as if the worldwide flows of forced migration weren’t able to reach Europe. The arrival of more than one million refugees fleeing war, poverty and terror has clearified that this way of city-planning is irresponsible. Suddenly it becomes clear that a policy that has constantly feared „ghettoisation“ when it comes to social housing will fail to cope with the historic challenges of our time. The neoliberal city has been unable to develop concepts for good, affordable and sustainable housing, it has turned the social housing scheme into a subsidy-scheme for investors – and all this lapses have come back to bite. Now it’s high time to talk about new ways to continue building our cities.
Thus, on May 28 we call for a parade of choreographed blocks, leading into a public hearing under the motto „A different planning is possible“. We will start at Karolinenplatz / Messehallen, following a suggestion of the Hamburg Chamber of Architects: Why does Hamburg need an exhibition center, unused for most of the year, in such a central location? How about moving it to outskirts and reusing the exhibition site? We end our parade at the square in front of the empty Axel Springer-house – a former editorial building of 90.000 square meter that would make a perfect example for a different kind of planning, the right place for a public hearing to debate on a city in which ‚higher and more’ does not only benefit those who can afford it.
What we need is a planning that includes platforms of access and mediation and brings together the new neighbourhoods, a planning which organises a sustainable form of social housing by bringing cooperatives and new forms of communalisation
into the game – instead of encouraging privatisation of public space for the benefit of the real estate sector under the premise of building new housing for refugees. Last but not least, we need a perspective on housing, where origin and status do not matter.
We will not leave the city to the Not-in-my-Backyard-citizens, who instinctively demonise the planned arrival-quarters as „ghettos“. Furthermore, we don’t believe that the deportation campaign, promoted by the governing Social Democratic and
Green Party – affecting hundreds of people every month – produces any relief. Instead, it is a cruel attempt, doomed to failure, to appease right-wing sentiments. Therefore, we also call for the manifestation „Migration is a Right! Deportation is a Crime!“ that takes place on May 14.
We believe that city has no upper limits. Newcomers don’t remain strange in cities.
Densification is the essence of the city – it produces spaces, provides chances and makes us all smarter.
Right to the City Network & Never Mind the Papers
Netzwerk Recht auf Stadt & Never Mind the Papers
About a week after dry assembly, two stringers started to crack along weak grain lines. This was not where they had been steam bent.
Repaired by wicking in epoxy then binding with string.
SONO VERAMENTE MOLTO AMAREGGIATA !!!Questione Marò !!!! E' un' indecenza, che sembra non finire mai !!!Ritiriamo da tutto il mondo i nstri militari dell' O.N.U che rischiano la vita ogni giorno, visto che questo sig. Ban Ki-moon dice ch la faccenda Marò è solo un problema Italia - India .Ma perchè noi Italiani siamo sempre i fessi della situazione ???
Marò, la Bonino telefona a Ban Ki-moon. L'Italia sospende l'esame del decreto sulle missioni estere.
—
I am from Jharkhand .. i have only studied till 10th as there was some financial problem in my family so i stopped studying and started doing odd jobs to support my family …
My father used to be a teacher .. we had a private school in our place in Jharkhand but that got closed some 5 years back and then there was no job for my father as he was a teacher and principal in that school .. so he just do tuitions and all and then i had to take responsibilities ..
I became a salesman and started selling cloths home to home and used to get 50 rupees per day but it was not enough for me so i planned to come to Mumbai in the year of 2003 ..
Struggling started and i started searching for jobs … first job i got for 1500 rupees and it keep increasing yearly .. after completing 3 yrs over there i reached the pay scale of 3000 rupees per month salary.
But 3000 rupees is nothing for a person to live in Mumbai .. search started yet again for job to get more money ..
I got a job in an ice-cream parlour for 3500 rupees .. i had no option but to take it up ..
In between i was working out as well .. its a very difficult to do work out and maintain ones physique with less money but i was and am very dedicated about working out and whatever i do i do with my heart and hard work …i completed the gym training course from K11 Fitness Academy and joined as a trainer in a very big gymnasium in south Mumbai .. so i started working in two places because still i have financial problems .. i have to see my family also .. its very hectic to work as a gym trainer in the gym and then go to restaurant and work there till late night .. and again in morning go to gym … but i have no option and i have made my mind to work hard …
Now as i have a good physique and a nice face someone suggested that i should model as well so in the days to come i will shoot my folio and distribute my pictures and look for modelling work .. hopefully i should get success as a model .. even after doing two jobs money is not enough as i have a very big family of 4 sisters 3 brothers and mom dad ..
i have a younger brother who is staying with me in Mumbai having health issues and who doesn’t keep well so i take care of him and pay for him as well .. life is tough but dreams are dreams and have to be realised so its my dream to become a model and to do something for my family and this i say from my heart because in my family some of the people say that can’t do anything … i don’t have capabilities .. just wanted to show them that by struggling in Mumbai for 10 years .. i will achieve something and my heart says with hard work .. good blessings and luck i will definitely succeed in future.
I have 2 yahoo mail accounts, 1 of which is a main one that I use for everyday correspondence, and the other is one that I use mostly for junk mail but also for research reports. Two weeks ago, I checked the secondary account, only to find that I was unable to log on. At first I thought it was a glitch that would soon be corrected, but after a few days, when I still couldn't get on, I decided to check the profile and this is what I found. Clearly, some crazy lunatic had hacked into my account. I've already emailed yahoo help but no one has responded to me. Any suggestions for what I can do?
Even though the account isn't my main one, I would still like to retrieve it.
God, I feel so violated!
A spokesman for Toyota said that the company has solved the sticking accelerator problem and will make an announcement next week.
Meanwhile, those who called Toyota using their 1-800 number were told that they can expect a letter addressing their concerns about Toyota vehicules.
According to National Highway Traffic Safety Administration statistics since 2006 five people died and 17 were injured because of stuck gas pedals.
Cathédrale (partiellement) romane Saint-Martin ; commune de Mayence (Mainz), Rhénanie-Palatinat, Allemagne
La cathédrale Saint-Martin de Mayence (en allemand Mainzer Dom ou Hoher Dom zu Mainz) est le siège du diocèse de Mayence en Allemagne. Son saint patron est Martin de Tours, l'un des Pères de l'Église. Son chœur est dédié à saint Étienne, premier martyr chrétien. La base de sa construction est une « basilique à colonnes » d'architecture romane possédant trois nefs (fin du Xe siècle), à laquelle ont été ajoutés par la suite des éléments gothiques et baroques (XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles).
Probablement peu après sa nomination en 975, l'archevêque de l'époque, Willigis, décida de la construction d'une nouvelle cathédrale de style ottonien.... Willigis avait fait construire d'emblée une « basilique à colonnes » possédant deux chœurs, deux collatéraux de part et d'autre de la nef centrale et six tours. En forme de croix latine, elle ne possédait encore aucune voûte en raison de sa taille. Le sous-sol était encore de type marécageux à cause de la proximité du Rhin ce qui a posé des problèmes avec les fondations au cours des siècles. Malgré divers ajouts et modifications, la cathédrale a gardé cette forme générale. Une petite église mariale indépendante y était reliée depuis l'est par une colonnade ; au cours du temps, cette église s'est transformée en la grande église diocésaine Sainte-Marie aux Marches (aussi Liebfrauenkirche - en français : église Notre-Dame). ... Les couleurs de la cathédrale à cette époque restent aujourd'hui un domaine de recherche important pour le conservateur. Ce n’est qu'en 2002, lors de la rénovation de la partie est, qui conserve beaucoup d’éléments de la construction originale, que des découvertes ont permis d’établir l’apparence de la cathédrale avant les travaux de l’empereur Henri IV. Par la suite, en effet, l'extérieur de la cathédrale a été blanchi à l’exception des bandes murales verticales (lésènes) et des corniches. L’intérieur a probablement été blanchi à son tour au XIe siècle durant l’épiscopat de Bardo ; la distribution de l’époque n’a toutefois pas grand-chose à voir avec celle d’aujourd'hui. ... La décoration en couleurs du Moyen Âge tardif est quasiment inconnue. Il est toutefois possible que les travaux de restauration à venir nous donnent des indications. On connait davantage les couleurs durant la période baroque et au XXe siècle. ...
La plupart des églises de l'époque avaient un chœur principal situé à l'est (chœur dit « orienté »). Willigis fit construire a contrario un édifice dirigé vers l'ouest à l'instar des grandes cathédrales de Rome. L'édifice de Willigis, avec son atrium faisant face à l'église, ses arcades et sa nef de décharge à l'ouest, offre une ressemblance particulière avec l’ancienne basilique Saint-Pierre de Rome, et il entrait en effet certainement dans les intentions de l'ambitieux archevêque de Mayence de fonder ses prétentions au pouvoir par cette réminiscence architecturale : vers la fin du premier millénaire, les rôles politiques dans le Saint-Empire n'étaient pas aussi clairement définis qu'ils allaient le devenir peu à peu au cours du Moyen Âge. Le 29 août 1009, jour prévu de la consécration (mais d'autres sources évoquent le 28 août), un incendie ravagea l'édifice. L’origine de ce sinistre est attribuée aux lustres suspendus dans la cathédrale à l'occasion de la cérémonie, car il était fréquent au Moyen Âge d'éclairer les églises avec des torches pour ce genre d'occasion. ... Sous le règne des successeurs immédiats de Willigis, Erkanbald et Aribon, La cathédrale resta en chantier. Il devait revenir à l'archevêque Bardo (1031-1051) de parachever l'œuvre de ses prédécesseurs, si bien que c'est le 10 novembre 1036 qu'en présence de l'empereur Conrad II la cathédrale fut consacrée.
Le financement de l'empereur Henri IV du Saint-Empire a une grande importance dans la construction de la cathédrale. L'incendie de 1091 avait alors gravement endommagé l'édifice. Ainsi, vers 1100, Henri IV, qui avait aussi fait restructurer la Cathédrale de Spire, commença des aménagements de la cathédrale abîmée en s'inspirant du style lombard. À l'extrémité du chœur est, il fit construire une abside à arcades fausses avec un déambulatoire, similaire à celle de Spire, et remplaça la tour d'origine, probablement carrée, par une coupole octogonale. Sous le chœur orienté, l'empereur ordonna le creusement d'une crypte tripartite, qui pour le style empruntait sans doute également à la cathédrale de Spire. Celle-ci devait cependant être démantelée au cours du chantier, en tout cas avant 1230, au profit du rétablissement d'une continuité de niveau du plancher. En outre, sous le règne de l'empereur Henri IV, la partie orientale de la nef fut rehaussée et deux grands portiques à colonnade, qui comptent parmi les plus anciens à ce jour, furent édifiés près de l'abside. En 1106, à la mort de l'empereur et donateur, plusieurs parties de l'édifice étaient encore en travaux. On peut encore le voir aujourd’hui : tandis que la porte méridionale arbore de précieux chapiteaux richement ouvragés, les chapiteaux de la porte septentrionale et du triforium sont restés inachevés jusqu'à ce jour. ... La cathédrale de Mayence, par le fait qu'avec Henri IV un empereur s'y est appliqué, appartient, avec la cathédrale de Worms et la cathédrale de Spire aux trois cathédrales impériales de Rhénanie.
Le sens ou l'idée qui se cachent derrière la structure à double chœur font toujours objet de débat. Avant, on supposait souvent que les chœurs en vis-à-vis renvoyaient de façon imagée aux concepts de sacerdotium à l'ouest et d'imperium à l'est, c'est-à-dire aux pouvoirs spirituel (incarné par l'évêque) et temporel (incarné par le roi). Cette théorie ne peut être établie. Actuellement, on attribue une fonction liturgique à la conception de l'édifice : la structure permettait des processions solennelles entre les deux chœurs. Au début, ceux-ci étaient utilisés à égalité. Plus tard, le chœur a davantage servi aux messes paroissiales et le chœur principal (ouest) fut employé par l'évêque pour les messes pontificales. Au cours des siècles, le chœur a vu son emploi décliner progressivement. Aujourd'hui s'y déroulent les Heures canoniales du chapitre de la cathédrale.
Le chantier de la cathédrale fut repris par la suite par les archevêques. Toutefois l'interruption des subsides royaux se traduisit par une nef de qualité inférieure à celle du chœur occidental. Pour ce dernier, l'empereur avait fait rapporter depuis les monts de Spessart et le val du Haardt (Palatinat) un grès de haute qualité, qu'on avait déjà employé pour la cathédrale de Spire et la chapelle du monastère de Limburg. Par la suite, on se rabattit sur le calcaire coquiller des carrières de Weisenau. On ignore toutefois précisément à quel moment la construction de la nef a débuté. L'archevêque Adalbert Ier de Sarrebruck (1110 † 1137) fit ériger une chapelle romane à deux niveaux jouxtant la cathédrale, dite Chapelle Saint-Gothard (d’après Gothard d'Hildesheim), en tant que chapelle princière de l'archevêque. Comme les ogives de cette chapelle sont identiques à celles de la nef, il est possible qu’Albert ait aussi été le premier maître d'ouvrage de la nef remplaçant celle de Willigis. Les sources évoquent un « tectum » (ce terme pouvant désigner les ogives ou la charpente) somptueux. Pour ce qui est de la conception de la nef, les maîtres d’œuvre se tournèrent de nouveau vers la cathédrale de Spire, qui, en tant que premier grand édifice à travée ogivale au-delà des Alpes, donnait pour l’Allemagne le modèle de l'architecture romane. Toutefois la nef centrale à Mayence ne pouvait en être une simple copie, parce qu'il fallait régler la construction sur la hauteur du chœur oriental attenant. C'est pourquoi la nef centrale fut construite considérablement moins haute que dans le modèle de Spire : 28 m au lieu de 33 m, mais comme une basilique à colonnade. C'est pourquoi les baies de la claire-voie devaient être adossées par paires. Ainsi, il n'était plus possible de cerner les fenêtres hautes de baies aveugles comme on l'avait fait à Spire. À Mayence, ces baies aveugles culminent sous les fenêtres hautes et forment ainsi une brèche tripartite du mur, qui pour l'époque était une nouveauté. Dans l'ensemble, la nef est d'un style dépouillé : on a renoncé aux ornements majestueux de Spire. Quant aux murs extérieurs, ils étaient vraisemblablement conçus de façon purement fonctionnelle. Ils ont presque entièrement disparus lors de l'édification de la chapelle gothique latérale commencée en 1279. On travailla à cette nef, de façon plus ou moins suivie, pratiquement tout au long du XIIe siècle. La dernière phase active du chantier, où la nef de la cathédrale fut dotée d'une croisée d'ogives au lieu d’une voûte d'arête, une curiosité dans un contexte roman, se situe vers 1200.
Ce n'est qu'au cours de cette ultime phase de construction qu'on s'avisa de reconstruire l'ancienne aile-ouest du temps de Willigis. L'exécution suivit complètement les canons du roman tardif de Basse-Rhénanie, alors que l'aile orientale était du style roman primitif de Haute-Rhénanie. Ce contraste s'observe particulièrement aux chapiteaux finement sculptés et développés avec beaucoup d'art, à une ornementation plus riche, qui au cours du temps se substitua aux formes sévères du style roman primitif. Pour la voussure de la nouvelle aile ouest, on dut raccourcir le collatéral de décharge de Willigis, un ouvrage typique du roman primitif (comparez avec la chapelle de l'abbaye de Fulda), afin de couvrir les extrémités nord et sud d'un arc chacune. L'intérieur de la nouvelle aile, qui devait se raccorder à la nef, fut pour cette raison divisé avec des murs dépouillés, mais cependant ajourés de grands vitraux. Une exception à ce dépouillement est la grande coupole du transept à croisée octopartite qui, non seulement est ajourée de vitraux, mais est également ornée de baies aveugles, de frises en plein cintre et de chapiteaux à colonnes.
Le chœur principal de la cathédrale, à plan trifolié, se termine par le collatéral de l'aile occidentale : trois absidioles, autour d'une voûte en berceau, referment les trois autres côtés ; mais ces absidioles ne sont pas circulaires : elles sont composées de deux arcs brisés. Les deux piliers ouest de la croisée sont dotés d'une structure massive pour pouvoir supporter les deux tours octogonales. La façade ouest, au contraire, est très ouvragée, du moins en ce qui concerne les étages les plus élevés. Comme la cathédrale était sans cesse agrandie, la décoration des niveaux inférieurs était une préoccupation secondaire, et les derniers étages sont d'autant plus somptueux. La croisée du chœur est fermée sur ses trois côtés de pignons, ajourés sur les côtés d'élégantes rosaces. Depuis 1769, une statue du patron de la cathédrale, Saint Martin, domine l'édifice à l'intersection des pignons sur le chœur ouest (elle a été remplacée en 1928 par une copie). Les absides elles-mêmes sont entourées d'un déambulatoire. Cette aile occidentale trouve son aboutissement dans l'ordonnance des murs pignons des collatéraux, ornés de baies aveugles, de chapiteaux et de meneaux. Sa coupole, qui passe pour l'un des chefs d'oeuvre de l'époque Hohenstaufen, est l'une des ultimes expressions de l'art roman ; à l'époque de sa construction, le style gothique était depuis longtemps prévalent en France, et il ne s'écoulerait qu'une décennie avant le début des travaux de la cathédrale de Cologne. Cette aile, une fois terminée, fut consacrée le 4 juillet 1239 par l'archevêque Siegfried III von Eppstein.
... À partir de 1279, les collatéraux de la cathédrale furent peu à peu convertis en chapelles latérales gothiques ajourées de fenêtres hautes à meneaux. L'archevêque Jean II de Nassau ordonna en 1418 la construction d'une chapelle funéraire à deux niveaux devant le chœur orienté dans l'axe de la nef principale, dont il subsiste aujourd'hui la crypte souterraine (dite chapelle souterraine de Nassau). L'extérieur de la cathédrale fut orné dans le style gothique jusqu'au XVe siècle : le cloître à deux niveaux fut complètement remanié dans le style gothique entre 1390 et 1410. ...
La grande tour ouest du transept, incendiée (comme le reste de la toiture) par la foudre le 22 mai 1767 fut reconstruite en 1769 par Franz Ignaz Michael Neumann, le fils de l'illustre Balthasar Neumann, avec un pinacle en pierre de plusieurs étages, auquel la cathédrale doit aujourd'hui son aspect caractéristique. Neumann fit aussi reconstruire tous les pans de la toiture de l’aile ouest en pierre pour les rendre ininflammables. Il fit également réparer les tours d'angles de cette aile ouest. Neumann, qui était un artiste baroque, sut pourtant mêler dans ses interventions sur la cathédrale des éléments traditionnels du gothique flamboyant et du style roman. En outre, les gables gothiques des chapelles latérales furent supprimés, et on substitua des urnes aux pinacles des contreforts. La girouette de la tour occidentale elle-même, surnommée « le coq » (der Domsgickel), qui a inspiré plusieurs carnavals ainsi que de nombreuses compositions littéraires de poètes mayençais, appartient par son style aux éléments rapportés à cette époque à l'édifice. L'âge baroque modifia également le chromatisme de la cathédrale : comme beaucoup de constructions baroques, l’intérieur de la cathédrale fut repeint entièrement en blanc en 1758, et l'on posa des vitraux monochromes. On peut en déduire que la cathédrale n'était naguère pas peinte en blanc comme l'avait encore été l'édifice de Willigis et Bardo. ...
... La tour lanterne néo-romane du transept, que l'on peut admirer aujourd'hui, a été érigée en 1875 par P. J. H. Cuypers. ...
(extrait de : fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Martin_de_May...
Pour une description (beaucoup) plus détaillée de l'édifice : Palatinat roman ; Dethard von Winterfeld, Ed. Zodiaque, Coll. La Nuit des Temps, 1993, pp. 121-148
PowerHouse went down on June 22, 2013. Some of the biggest Hip Hop acts in the world step foot for one night on stage. The concert was held at the Honda Center.
Artis : Ariana Grande Title : Problem ariana grande instagram ariana grande hot ariana grande twitter ariana grande boyfriend ariana grande baby i ariana grande tumblr ariana grande yours truly ariana grande phone number ariana grande and nathan sykes ariana grande songs ariana grande age ariana grande the way lyrics ariana grande concert ariana grande bikini ariana grande and jai brooks ariana grande album ariana grande height ariana grande problem ariana grande feet ariana grande tour dates ariana grande hair ariana grande style ariana grande the way mp3 ariana grande youtube ariana grande tour ariana grande and justin bieber ariana grande wiki ariana grande nathan sykes
Problem with Google SERPs - showing "This site may harm your computer" for every URL!
Typing Google into Google can break the internet after all!
#googmayharm problem
Graffiti (plural; singular graffiti or graffito, the latter rarely used except in archeology) is art that is written, painted or drawn on a wall or other surface, usually without permission and within public view. Graffiti ranges from simple written words to elaborate wall paintings, and has existed since ancient times, with examples dating back to ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, and the Roman Empire (see also mural).
Graffiti is a controversial subject. In most countries, marking or painting property without permission is considered by property owners and civic authorities as defacement and vandalism, which is a punishable crime, citing the use of graffiti by street gangs to mark territory or to serve as an indicator of gang-related activities. Graffiti has become visualized as a growing urban "problem" for many cities in industrialized nations, spreading from the New York City subway system and Philadelphia in the early 1970s to the rest of the United States and Europe and other world regions
"Graffiti" (usually both singular and plural) and the rare singular form "graffito" are from the Italian word graffiato ("scratched"). The term "graffiti" is used in art history for works of art produced by scratching a design into a surface. A related term is "sgraffito", which involves scratching through one layer of pigment to reveal another beneath it. This technique was primarily used by potters who would glaze their wares and then scratch a design into them. In ancient times graffiti were carved on walls with a sharp object, although sometimes chalk or coal were used. The word originates from Greek γράφειν—graphein—meaning "to write".
The term graffiti originally referred to the inscriptions, figure drawings, and such, found on the walls of ancient sepulchres or ruins, as in the Catacombs of Rome or at Pompeii. Historically, these writings were not considered vanadlism, which today is considered part of the definition of graffiti.
The only known source of the Safaitic language, an ancient form of Arabic, is from graffiti: inscriptions scratched on to the surface of rocks and boulders in the predominantly basalt desert of southern Syria, eastern Jordan and northern Saudi Arabia. Safaitic dates from the first century BC to the fourth century AD.
Some of the oldest cave paintings in the world are 40,000 year old ones found in Australia. The oldest written graffiti was found in ancient Rome around 2500 years ago. Most graffiti from the time was boasts about sexual experiences Graffiti in Ancient Rome was a form of communication, and was not considered vandalism.
Ancient tourists visiting the 5th-century citadel at Sigiriya in Sri Lanka write their names and commentary over the "mirror wall", adding up to over 1800 individual graffiti produced there between the 6th and 18th centuries. Most of the graffiti refer to the frescoes of semi-nude females found there. One reads:
Wet with cool dew drops
fragrant with perfume from the flowers
came the gentle breeze
jasmine and water lily
dance in the spring sunshine
side-long glances
of the golden-hued ladies
stab into my thoughts
heaven itself cannot take my mind
as it has been captivated by one lass
among the five hundred I have seen here.
Among the ancient political graffiti examples were Arab satirist poems. Yazid al-Himyari, an Umayyad Arab and Persian poet, was most known for writing his political poetry on the walls between Sajistan and Basra, manifesting a strong hatred towards the Umayyad regime and its walis, and people used to read and circulate them very widely.
Graffiti, known as Tacherons, were frequently scratched on Romanesque Scandinavian church walls. When Renaissance artists such as Pinturicchio, Raphael, Michelangelo, Ghirlandaio, or Filippino Lippi descended into the ruins of Nero's Domus Aurea, they carved or painted their names and returned to initiate the grottesche style of decoration.
There are also examples of graffiti occurring in American history, such as Independence Rock, a national landmark along the Oregon Trail.
Later, French soldiers carved their names on monuments during the Napoleonic campaign of Egypt in the 1790s. Lord Byron's survives on one of the columns of the Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion in Attica, Greece.
The oldest known example of graffiti "monikers" found on traincars created by hobos and railworkers since the late 1800s. The Bozo Texino monikers were documented by filmmaker Bill Daniel in his 2005 film, Who is Bozo Texino?.
In World War II, an inscription on a wall at the fortress of Verdun was seen as an illustration of the US response twice in a generation to the wrongs of the Old World:
During World War II and for decades after, the phrase "Kilroy was here" with an accompanying illustration was widespread throughout the world, due to its use by American troops and ultimately filtering into American popular culture. Shortly after the death of Charlie Parker (nicknamed "Yardbird" or "Bird"), graffiti began appearing around New York with the words "Bird Lives".
Modern graffiti art has its origins with young people in 1960s and 70s in New York City and Philadelphia. Tags were the first form of stylised contemporary graffiti. Eventually, throw-ups and pieces evolved with the desire to create larger art. Writers used spray paint and other kind of materials to leave tags or to create images on the sides subway trains. and eventually moved into the city after the NYC metro began to buy new trains and paint over graffiti.
While the art had many advocates and appreciators—including the cultural critic Norman Mailer—others, including New York City mayor Ed Koch, considered it to be defacement of public property, and saw it as a form of public blight. The ‘taggers’ called what they did ‘writing’—though an important 1974 essay by Mailer referred to it using the term ‘graffiti.’
Contemporary graffiti style has been heavily influenced by hip hop culture and the myriad international styles derived from Philadelphia and New York City Subway graffiti; however, there are many other traditions of notable graffiti in the twentieth century. Graffiti have long appeared on building walls, in latrines, railroad boxcars, subways, and bridges.
An early graffito outside of New York or Philadelphia was the inscription in London reading "Clapton is God" in reference to the guitarist Eric Clapton. Creating the cult of the guitar hero, the phrase was spray-painted by an admirer on a wall in an Islington, north London in the autumn of 1967. The graffito was captured in a photograph, in which a dog is urinating on the wall.
Films like Style Wars in the 80s depicting famous writers such as Skeme, Dondi, MinOne, and ZEPHYR reinforced graffiti's role within New York's emerging hip-hop culture. Although many officers of the New York City Police Department found this film to be controversial, Style Wars is still recognized as the most prolific film representation of what was going on within the young hip hop culture of the early 1980s. Fab 5 Freddy and Futura 2000 took hip hop graffiti to Paris and London as part of the New York City Rap Tour in 1983
Commercialization and entrance into mainstream pop culture
Main article: Commercial graffiti
With the popularity and legitimization of graffiti has come a level of commercialization. In 2001, computer giant IBM launched an advertising campaign in Chicago and San Francisco which involved people spray painting on sidewalks a peace symbol, a heart, and a penguin (Linux mascot), to represent "Peace, Love, and Linux." IBM paid Chicago and San Francisco collectively US$120,000 for punitive damages and clean-up costs.
In 2005, a similar ad campaign was launched by Sony and executed by its advertising agency in New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, and Miami, to market its handheld PSP gaming system. In this campaign, taking notice of the legal problems of the IBM campaign, Sony paid building owners for the rights to paint on their buildings "a collection of dizzy-eyed urban kids playing with the PSP as if it were a skateboard, a paddle, or a rocking horse".
Tristan Manco wrote that Brazil "boasts a unique and particularly rich, graffiti scene ... [earning] it an international reputation as the place to go for artistic inspiration". Graffiti "flourishes in every conceivable space in Brazil's cities". Artistic parallels "are often drawn between the energy of São Paulo today and 1970s New York". The "sprawling metropolis", of São Paulo has "become the new shrine to graffiti"; Manco alludes to "poverty and unemployment ... [and] the epic struggles and conditions of the country's marginalised peoples", and to "Brazil's chronic poverty", as the main engines that "have fuelled a vibrant graffiti culture". In world terms, Brazil has "one of the most uneven distributions of income. Laws and taxes change frequently". Such factors, Manco argues, contribute to a very fluid society, riven with those economic divisions and social tensions that underpin and feed the "folkloric vandalism and an urban sport for the disenfranchised", that is South American graffiti art.
Prominent Brazilian writers include Os Gêmeos, Boleta, Nunca, Nina, Speto, Tikka, and T.Freak. Their artistic success and involvement in commercial design ventures has highlighted divisions within the Brazilian graffiti community between adherents of the cruder transgressive form of pichação and the more conventionally artistic values of the practitioners of grafite.
Graffiti in the Middle East has emerged slowly, with taggers operating in Egypt, Lebanon, the Gulf countries like Bahrain or the United Arab Emirates, Israel, and in Iran. The major Iranian newspaper Hamshahri has published two articles on illegal writers in the city with photographic coverage of Iranian artist A1one's works on Tehran walls. Tokyo-based design magazine, PingMag, has interviewed A1one and featured photographs of his work. The Israeli West Bank barrier has become a site for graffiti, reminiscent in this sense of the Berlin Wall. Many writers in Israel come from other places around the globe, such as JUIF from Los Angeles and DEVIONE from London. The religious reference "נ נח נחמ נחמן מאומן" ("Na Nach Nachma Nachman Meuman") is commonly seen in graffiti around Israel.
Graffiti has played an important role within the street art scene in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), especially following the events of the Arab Spring of 2011 or the Sudanese Revolution of 2018/19. Graffiti is a tool of expression in the context of conflict in the region, allowing people to raise their voices politically and socially. Famous street artist Banksy has had an important effect in the street art scene in the MENA area, especially in Palestine where some of his works are located in the West Bank barrier and Bethlehem.
There are also a large number of graffiti influences in Southeast Asian countries that mostly come from modern Western culture, such as Malaysia, where graffiti have long been a common sight in Malaysia's capital city, Kuala Lumpur. Since 2010, the country has begun hosting a street festival to encourage all generations and people from all walks of life to enjoy and encourage Malaysian street culture.
The modern-day graffitists can be found with an arsenal of various materials that allow for a successful production of a piece. This includes such techniques as scribing. However, spray paint in aerosol cans is the number one medium for graffiti. From this commodity comes different styles, technique, and abilities to form master works of graffiti. Spray paint can be found at hardware and art stores and comes in virtually every color.
Stencil graffiti is created by cutting out shapes and designs in a stiff material (such as cardboard or subject folders) to form an overall design or image. The stencil is then placed on the "canvas" gently and with quick, easy strokes of the aerosol can, the image begins to appear on the intended surface.
Some of the first examples were created in 1981 by artists Blek le Rat in Paris, in 1982 by Jef Aerosol in Tours (France); by 1985 stencils had appeared in other cities including New York City, Sydney, and Melbourne, where they were documented by American photographer Charles Gatewood and Australian photographer Rennie Ellis
Tagging is the practice of someone spray-painting "their name, initial or logo onto a public surface" in a handstyle unique to the writer. Tags were the first form of modern graffiti.
Modern graffiti art often incorporates additional arts and technologies. For example, Graffiti Research Lab has encouraged the use of projected images and magnetic light-emitting diodes (throwies) as new media for graffitists. yarnbombing is another recent form of graffiti. Yarnbombers occasionally target previous graffiti for modification, which had been avoided among the majority of graffitists.
Theories on the use of graffiti by avant-garde artists have a history dating back at least to the Asger Jorn, who in 1962 painting declared in a graffiti-like gesture "the avant-garde won't give up"
Many contemporary analysts and even art critics have begun to see artistic value in some graffiti and to recognize it as a form of public art. According to many art researchers, particularly in the Netherlands and in Los Angeles, that type of public art is, in fact an effective tool of social emancipation or, in the achievement of a political goal
In times of conflict, such murals have offered a means of communication and self-expression for members of these socially, ethnically, or racially divided communities, and have proven themselves as effective tools in establishing dialog and thus, of addressing cleavages in the long run. The Berlin Wall was also extensively covered by graffiti reflecting social pressures relating to the oppressive Soviet rule over the GDR.
Many artists involved with graffiti are also concerned with the similar activity of stenciling. Essentially, this entails stenciling a print of one or more colors using spray-paint. Recognized while exhibiting and publishing several of her coloured stencils and paintings portraying the Sri Lankan Civil War and urban Britain in the early 2000s, graffitists Mathangi Arulpragasam, aka M.I.A., has also become known for integrating her imagery of political violence into her music videos for singles "Galang" and "Bucky Done Gun", and her cover art. Stickers of her artwork also often appear around places such as London in Brick Lane, stuck to lamp posts and street signs, she having become a muse for other graffitists and painters worldwide in cities including Seville.
Graffitist believes that art should be on display for everyone in the public eye or in plain sight, not hidden away in a museum or a gallery. Art should color the streets, not the inside of some building. Graffiti is a form of art that cannot be owned or bought. It does not last forever, it is temporary, yet one of a kind. It is a form of self promotion for the artist that can be displayed anywhere form sidewalks, roofs, subways, building wall, etc. Art to them is for everyone and should be showed to everyone for free.
Graffiti is a way of communicating and a way of expressing what one feels in the moment. It is both art and a functional thing that can warn people of something or inform people of something. However, graffiti is to some people a form of art, but to some a form of vandalism. And many graffitists choose to protect their identities and remain anonymous or to hinder prosecution.
With the commercialization of graffiti (and hip hop in general), in most cases, even with legally painted "graffiti" art, graffitists tend to choose anonymity. This may be attributed to various reasons or a combination of reasons. Graffiti still remains the one of four hip hop elements that is not considered "performance art" despite the image of the "singing and dancing star" that sells hip hop culture to the mainstream. Being a graphic form of art, it might also be said that many graffitists still fall in the category of the introverted archetypal artist.
Banksy is one of the world's most notorious and popular street artists who continues to remain faceless in today's society. He is known for his political, anti-war stencil art mainly in Bristol, England, but his work may be seen anywhere from Los Angeles to Palestine. In the UK, Banksy is the most recognizable icon for this cultural artistic movement and keeps his identity a secret to avoid arrest. Much of Banksy's artwork may be seen around the streets of London and surrounding suburbs, although he has painted pictures throughout the world, including the Middle East, where he has painted on Israel's controversial West Bank barrier with satirical images of life on the other side. One depicted a hole in the wall with an idyllic beach, while another shows a mountain landscape on the other side. A number of exhibitions also have taken place since 2000, and recent works of art have fetched vast sums of money. Banksy's art is a prime example of the classic controversy: vandalism vs. art. Art supporters endorse his work distributed in urban areas as pieces of art and some councils, such as Bristol and Islington, have officially protected them, while officials of other areas have deemed his work to be vandalism and have removed it.
Pixnit is another artist who chooses to keep her identity from the general public. Her work focuses on beauty and design aspects of graffiti as opposed to Banksy's anti-government shock value. Her paintings are often of flower designs above shops and stores in her local urban area of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Some store owners endorse her work and encourage others to do similar work as well. "One of the pieces was left up above Steve's Kitchen, because it looks pretty awesome"- Erin Scott, the manager of New England Comics in Allston, Massachusetts.
Graffiti artists may become offended if photographs of their art are published in a commercial context without their permission. In March 2020, the Finnish graffiti artist Psyke expressed his displeasure at the newspaper Ilta-Sanomat publishing a photograph of a Peugeot 208 in an article about new cars, with his graffiti prominently shown on the background. The artist claims he does not want his art being used in commercial context, not even if he were to receive compensation.
Territorial graffiti marks urban neighborhoods with tags and logos to differentiate certain groups from others. These images are meant to show outsiders a stern look at whose turf is whose. The subject matter of gang-related graffiti consists of cryptic symbols and initials strictly fashioned with unique calligraphies. Gang members use graffiti to designate membership throughout the gang, to differentiate rivals and associates and, most commonly, to mark borders which are both territorial and ideological.
Graffiti has been used as a means of advertising both legally and illegally. Bronx-based TATS CRU has made a name for themselves doing legal advertising campaigns for companies such as Coca-Cola, McDonald's, Toyota, and MTV. In the UK, Covent Garden's Boxfresh used stencil images of a Zapatista revolutionary in the hopes that cross referencing would promote their store.
Smirnoff hired artists to use reverse graffiti (the use of high pressure hoses to clean dirty surfaces to leave a clean image in the surrounding dirt) to increase awareness of their product.
Graffiti often has a reputation as part of a subculture that rebels against authority, although the considerations of the practitioners often diverge and can relate to a wide range of attitudes. It can express a political practice and can form just one tool in an array of resistance techniques. One early example includes the anarcho-punk band Crass, who conducted a campaign of stenciling anti-war, anarchist, feminist, and anti-consumerist messages throughout the London Underground system during the late 1970s and early 1980s. In Amsterdam graffiti was a major part of the punk scene. The city was covered with names such as "De Zoot", "Vendex", and "Dr Rat". To document the graffiti a punk magazine was started that was called Gallery Anus. So when hip hop came to Europe in the early 1980s there was already a vibrant graffiti culture.
The student protests and general strike of May 1968 saw Paris bedecked in revolutionary, anarchistic, and situationist slogans such as L'ennui est contre-révolutionnaire ("Boredom is counterrevolutionary") and Lisez moins, vivez plus ("Read less, live more"). While not exhaustive, the graffiti gave a sense of the 'millenarian' and rebellious spirit, tempered with a good deal of verbal wit, of the strikers.
I think graffiti writing is a way of defining what our generation is like. Excuse the French, we're not a bunch of p---- artists. Traditionally artists have been considered soft and mellow people, a little bit kooky. Maybe we're a little bit more like pirates that way. We defend our territory, whatever space we steal to paint on, we defend it fiercely.
The developments of graffiti art which took place in art galleries and colleges as well as "on the street" or "underground", contributed to the resurfacing in the 1990s of a far more overtly politicized art form in the subvertising, culture jamming, or tactical media movements. These movements or styles tend to classify the artists by their relationship to their social and economic contexts, since, in most countries, graffiti art remains illegal in many forms except when using non-permanent paint. Since the 1990s with the rise of Street Art, a growing number of artists are switching to non-permanent paints and non-traditional forms of painting.
Contemporary practitioners, accordingly, have varied and often conflicting practices. Some individuals, such as Alexander Brener, have used the medium to politicize other art forms, and have used the prison sentences enforced on them as a means of further protest. The practices of anonymous groups and individuals also vary widely, and practitioners by no means always agree with each other's practices. For example, the anti-capitalist art group the Space Hijackers did a piece in 2004 about the contradiction between the capitalistic elements of Banksy and his use of political imagery.
Berlin human rights activist Irmela Mensah-Schramm has received global media attention and numerous awards for her 35-year campaign of effacing neo-Nazi and other right-wing extremist graffiti throughout Germany, often by altering hate speech in humorous ways.
In Serbian capital, Belgrade, the graffiti depicting a uniformed former general of Serb army and war criminal, convicted at ICTY for war crimes and crimes against humanity, including genocide and ethnic cleansing in Bosnian War, Ratko Mladić, appeared in a military salute alongside the words "General, thank to your mother". Aleks Eror, Berlin-based journalist, explains how "veneration of historical and wartime figures" through street art is not a new phenomenon in the region of former Yugoslavia, and that "in most cases is firmly focused on the future, rather than retelling the past". Eror is not only analyst pointing to danger of such an expressions for the region's future. In a long expose on the subject of Bosnian genocide denial, at Balkan Diskurs magazine and multimedia platform website, Kristina Gadže and Taylor Whitsell referred to these experiences as a young generations' "cultural heritage", in which young are being exposed to celebration and affirmation of war-criminals as part of their "formal education" and "inheritance".
There are numerous examples of genocide denial through celebration and affirmation of war criminals throughout the region of Western Balkans inhabited by Serbs using this form of artistic expression. Several more of these graffiti are found in Serbian capital, and many more across Serbia and Bosnian and Herzegovinian administrative entity, Republika Srpska, which is the ethnic Serbian majority enclave. Critics point that Serbia as a state, is willing to defend the mural of convicted war criminal, and have no intention to react on cases of genocide denial, noting that Interior Minister of Serbia, Aleksandar Vulin decision to ban any gathering with an intent to remove the mural, with the deployment of riot police, sends the message of "tacit endorsement". Consequently, on 9 November 2021, Serbian heavy police in riot gear, with graffiti creators and their supporters, blocked the access to the mural to prevent human rights groups and other activists to paint over it and mark the International Day Against Fascism and Antisemitism in that way, and even arrested two civic activist for throwing eggs at the graffiti.
Graffiti may also be used as an offensive expression. This form of graffiti may be difficult to identify, as it is mostly removed by the local authority (as councils which have adopted strategies of criminalization also strive to remove graffiti quickly). Therefore, existing racist graffiti is mostly more subtle and at first sight, not easily recognized as "racist". It can then be understood only if one knows the relevant "local code" (social, historical, political, temporal, and spatial), which is seen as heteroglot and thus a 'unique set of conditions' in a cultural context.
A spatial code for example, could be that there is a certain youth group in an area that is engaging heavily in racist activities. So, for residents (knowing the local code), a graffiti containing only the name or abbreviation of this gang already is a racist expression, reminding the offended people of their gang activities. Also a graffiti is in most cases, the herald of more serious criminal activity to come. A person who does not know these gang activities would not be able to recognize the meaning of this graffiti. Also if a tag of this youth group or gang is placed on a building occupied by asylum seekers, for example, its racist character is even stronger.
By making the graffiti less explicit (as adapted to social and legal constraints), these drawings are less likely to be removed, but do not lose their threatening and offensive character.
Elsewhere, activists in Russia have used painted caricatures of local officials with their mouths as potholes, to show their anger about the poor state of the roads. In Manchester, England, a graffitists painted obscene images around potholes, which often resulted in them being repaired within 48 hours.
In the early 1980s, the first art galleries to show graffitists to the public were Fashion Moda in the Bronx, Now Gallery and Fun Gallery, both in the East Village, Manhattan.
A 2006 exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum displayed graffiti as an art form that began in New York's outer boroughs and reached great heights in the early 1980s with the work of Crash, Lee, Daze, Keith Haring, and Jean-Michel Basquiat. It displayed 22 works by New York graffitists, including Crash, Daze, and Lady Pink. In an article about the exhibition in the magazine Time Out, curator Charlotta Kotik said that she hoped the exhibition would cause viewers to rethink their assumptions about graffiti.
From the 1970s onwards, Burhan Doğançay photographed urban walls all over the world; these he then archived for use as sources of inspiration for his painterly works. The project today known as "Walls of the World" grew beyond even his own expectations and comprises about 30,000 individual images. It spans a period of 40 years across five continents and 114 countries. In 1982, photographs from this project comprised a one-man exhibition titled "Les murs murmurent, ils crient, ils chantent ..." (The walls whisper, shout and sing ...) at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris.
In Australia, art historians have judged some local graffiti of sufficient creative merit to rank them firmly within the arts. Oxford University Press's art history text Australian Painting 1788–2000 concludes with a long discussion of graffiti's key place within contemporary visual culture, including the work of several Australian practitioners.
Between March and April 2009, 150 artists exhibited 300 pieces of graffiti at the Grand Palais in Paris.
Spray paint has many negative environmental effects. The paint contains toxic chemicals, and the can uses volatile hydrocarbon gases to spray the paint onto a surface.
Volatile organic compound (VOC) leads to ground level ozone formation and most of graffiti related emissions are VOCs. A 2010 paper estimates 4,862 tons of VOCs were released in the United States in activities related to graffiti.
In China, Mao Zedong in the 1920s used revolutionary slogans and paintings in public places to galvanize the country's communist movement.
Based on different national conditions, many people believe that China's attitude towards Graffiti is fierce, but in fact, according to Lance Crayon in his film Spray Paint Beijing: Graffiti in the Capital of China, Graffiti is generally accepted in Beijing, with artists not seeing much police interference. Political and religiously sensitive graffiti, however, is not allowed.
In Hong Kong, Tsang Tsou Choi was known as the King of Kowloon for his calligraphy graffiti over many years, in which he claimed ownership of the area. Now some of his work is preserved officially.
In Taiwan, the government has made some concessions to graffitists. Since 2005 they have been allowed to freely display their work along some sections of riverside retaining walls in designated "Graffiti Zones". From 2007, Taipei's department of cultural affairs also began permitting graffiti on fences around major public construction sites. Department head Yong-ping Lee (李永萍) stated, "We will promote graffiti starting with the public sector, and then later in the private sector too. It's our goal to beautify the city with graffiti". The government later helped organize a graffiti contest in Ximending, a popular shopping district. graffitists caught working outside of these designated areas still face fines up to NT$6,000 under a department of environmental protection regulation. However, Taiwanese authorities can be relatively lenient, one veteran police officer stating anonymously, "Unless someone complains about vandalism, we won't get involved. We don't go after it proactively."
In 1993, after several expensive cars in Singapore were spray-painted, the police arrested a student from the Singapore American School, Michael P. Fay, questioned him, and subsequently charged him with vandalism. Fay pleaded guilty to vandalizing a car in addition to stealing road signs. Under the 1966 Vandalism Act of Singapore, originally passed to curb the spread of communist graffiti in Singapore, the court sentenced him to four months in jail, a fine of S$3,500 (US$2,233), and a caning. The New York Times ran several editorials and op-eds that condemned the punishment and called on the American public to flood the Singaporean embassy with protests. Although the Singapore government received many calls for clemency, Fay's caning took place in Singapore on 5 May 1994. Fay had originally received a sentence of six strokes of the cane, but the presiding president of Singapore, Ong Teng Cheong, agreed to reduce his caning sentence to four lashes.
In South Korea, Park Jung-soo was fined two million South Korean won by the Seoul Central District Court for spray-painting a rat on posters of the G-20 Summit a few days before the event in November 2011. Park alleged that the initial in "G-20" sounds like the Korean word for "rat", but Korean government prosecutors alleged that Park was making a derogatory statement about the president of South Korea, Lee Myung-bak, the host of the summit. This case led to public outcry and debate on the lack of government tolerance and in support of freedom of expression. The court ruled that the painting, "an ominous creature like a rat" amounts to "an organized criminal activity" and upheld the fine while denying the prosecution's request for imprisonment for Park.
In Europe, community cleaning squads have responded to graffiti, in some cases with reckless abandon, as when in 1992 in France a local Scout group, attempting to remove modern graffiti, damaged two prehistoric paintings of bison in the Cave of Mayrière supérieure near the French village of Bruniquel in Tarn-et-Garonne, earning them the 1992 Ig Nobel Prize in archeology.
In September 2006, the European Parliament directed the European Commission to create urban environment policies to prevent and eliminate dirt, litter, graffiti, animal excrement, and excessive noise from domestic and vehicular music systems in European cities, along with other concerns over urban life.
In Budapest, Hungary, both a city-backed movement called I Love Budapest and a special police division tackle the problem, including the provision of approved areas.
The Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 became Britain's latest anti-graffiti legislation. In August 2004, the Keep Britain Tidy campaign issued a press release calling for zero tolerance of graffiti and supporting proposals such as issuing "on the spot" fines to graffiti offenders and banning the sale of aerosol paint to anyone under the age of 16. The press release also condemned the use of graffiti images in advertising and in music videos, arguing that real-world experience of graffiti stood far removed from its often-portrayed "cool" or "edgy'" image.
To back the campaign, 123 Members of Parliament (MPs) (including then Prime Minister Tony Blair), signed a charter which stated: "Graffiti is not art, it's crime. On behalf of my constituents, I will do all I can to rid our community of this problem."
In the UK, city councils have the power to take action against the owner of any property that has been defaced under the Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 (as amended by the Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005) or, in certain cases, the Highways Act. This is often used against owners of property that are complacent in allowing protective boards to be defaced so long as the property is not damaged.
In July 2008, a conspiracy charge was used to convict graffitists for the first time. After a three-month police surveillance operation, nine members of the DPM crew were convicted of conspiracy to commit criminal damage costing at least £1 million. Five of them received prison sentences, ranging from eighteen months to two years. The unprecedented scale of the investigation and the severity of the sentences rekindled public debate over whether graffiti should be considered art or crime.
Some councils, like those of Stroud and Loerrach, provide approved areas in the town where graffitists can showcase their talents, including underpasses, car parks, and walls that might otherwise prove a target for the "spray and run".
Graffiti Tunnel, University of Sydney at Camperdown (2009)
In an effort to reduce vandalism, many cities in Australia have designated walls or areas exclusively for use by graffitists. One early example is the "Graffiti Tunnel" located at the Camperdown Campus of the University of Sydney, which is available for use by any student at the university to tag, advertise, poster, and paint. Advocates of this idea suggest that this discourages petty vandalism yet encourages artists to take their time and produce great art, without worry of being caught or arrested for vandalism or trespassing.[108][109] Others disagree with this approach, arguing that the presence of legal graffiti walls does not demonstrably reduce illegal graffiti elsewhere. Some local government areas throughout Australia have introduced "anti-graffiti squads", who clean graffiti in the area, and such crews as BCW (Buffers Can't Win) have taken steps to keep one step ahead of local graffiti cleaners.
Many state governments have banned the sale or possession of spray paint to those under the age of 18 (age of majority). However, a number of local governments in Victoria have taken steps to recognize the cultural heritage value of some examples of graffiti, such as prominent political graffiti. Tough new graffiti laws have been introduced in Australia with fines of up to A$26,000 and two years in prison.
Melbourne is a prominent graffiti city of Australia with many of its lanes being tourist attractions, such as Hosier Lane in particular, a popular destination for photographers, wedding photography, and backdrops for corporate print advertising. The Lonely Planet travel guide cites Melbourne's street as a major attraction. All forms of graffiti, including sticker art, poster, stencil art, and wheatpasting, can be found in many places throughout the city. Prominent street art precincts include; Fitzroy, Collingwood, Northcote, Brunswick, St. Kilda, and the CBD, where stencil and sticker art is prominent. As one moves farther away from the city, mostly along suburban train lines, graffiti tags become more prominent. Many international artists such as Banksy have left their work in Melbourne and in early 2008 a perspex screen was installed to prevent a Banksy stencil art piece from being destroyed, it has survived since 2003 through the respect of local street artists avoiding posting over it, although it has recently had paint tipped over it.
In February 2008 Helen Clark, the New Zealand prime minister at that time, announced a government crackdown on tagging and other forms of graffiti vandalism, describing it as a destructive crime representing an invasion of public and private property. New legislation subsequently adopted included a ban on the sale of paint spray cans to persons under 18 and increases in maximum fines for the offence from NZ$200 to NZ$2,000 or extended community service. The issue of tagging become a widely debated one following an incident in Auckland during January 2008 in which a middle-aged property owner stabbed one of two teenage taggers to death and was subsequently convicted of manslaughter.
Graffiti databases have increased in the past decade because they allow vandalism incidents to be fully documented against an offender and help the police and prosecution charge and prosecute offenders for multiple counts of vandalism. They also provide law enforcement the ability to rapidly search for an offender's moniker or tag in a simple, effective, and comprehensive way. These systems can also help track costs of damage to a city to help allocate an anti-graffiti budget. The theory is that when an offender is caught putting up graffiti, they are not just charged with one count of vandalism; they can be held accountable for all the other damage for which they are responsible. This has two main benefits for law enforcement. One, it sends a signal to the offenders that their vandalism is being tracked. Two, a city can seek restitution from offenders for all the damage that they have committed, not merely a single incident. These systems give law enforcement personnel real-time, street-level intelligence that allows them not only to focus on the worst graffiti offenders and their damage, but also to monitor potential gang violence that is associated with the graffiti.
Many restrictions of civil gang injunctions are designed to help address and protect the physical environment and limit graffiti. Provisions of gang injunctions include things such as restricting the possession of marker pens, spray paint cans, or other sharp objects capable of defacing private or public property; spray painting, or marking with marker pens, scratching, applying stickers, or otherwise applying graffiti on any public or private property, including, but not limited to the street, alley, residences, block walls, and fences, vehicles or any other real or personal property. Some injunctions contain wording that restricts damaging or vandalizing both public and private property, including but not limited to any vehicle, light fixture, door, fence, wall, gate, window, building, street sign, utility box, telephone box, tree, or power pole.
To help address many of these issues, many local jurisdictions have set up graffiti abatement hotlines, where citizens can call in and report vandalism and have it removed. San Diego's hotline receives more than 5,000 calls per year, in addition to reporting the graffiti, callers can learn more about prevention. One of the complaints about these hotlines is the response time; there is often a lag time between a property owner calling about the graffiti and its removal. The length of delay should be a consideration for any jurisdiction planning on operating a hotline. Local jurisdictions must convince the callers that their complaint of vandalism will be a priority and cleaned off right away. If the jurisdiction does not have the resources to respond to complaints in a timely manner, the value of the hotline diminishes. Crews must be able to respond to individual service calls made to the graffiti hotline as well as focus on cleanup near schools, parks, and major intersections and transit routes to have the biggest impact. Some cities offer a reward for information leading to the arrest and prosecution of suspects for tagging or graffiti related vandalism. The amount of the reward is based on the information provided, and the action taken.
When police obtain search warrants in connection with a vandalism investigation, they are often seeking judicial approval to look for items such as cans of spray paint and nozzles from other kinds of aerosol sprays; etching tools, or other sharp or pointed objects, which could be used to etch or scratch glass and other hard surfaces; permanent marking pens, markers, or paint sticks; evidence of membership or affiliation with any gang or tagging crew; paraphernalia including any reference to "(tagger's name)"; any drawings, writing, objects, or graffiti depicting taggers' names, initials, logos, monikers, slogans, or any mention of tagging crew membership; and any newspaper clippings relating to graffiti crime.
Script:
U.P. Breaking News: K. I. Sawyer Latest KC-135 Emergency Landing/Raising Safety Concerns
The following exclusive information was not reported yet by Upper Peninsula TV stations and other media.
Many safety questions remain and a military plane is officially grounded after an emergency in the skies over Marquette County, Michigan on Tues. July 8, 2014
The emergency landing of a KC-135 refueling tanker is the latest in a series of similar hydraulic incidents involving the aging fleet of Milwaukee's 128th Air Refueling Wing, Upper Peninsula Breaking News has learned.
Veteran Investigative Reporter Greg Peterson has the story:
upperpeninsulabreakingnews.wordpress.com/2014/07/09/u-p-b...
-----
Essentially a flying gas station – this Air National Guard KC-135 is grounded – following an emergency that has happened at least 5 times in the past two years to KC 135 refueling tankers from the 128th Air Refueling Wing in Milwaukee.
That's right – at least 5 times in the past two years – a KC-135 from the 128th has developed hydraulic problems resulting in emergency landings at airports around the Midwest.
The tankers are all about 50 years old.
In fact in June 2013, a reporter for Milwaukee Television station WISN TV-12 investigated a rash of KC-135 emergency landings after hydraulic warning.
Upper Peninsula Breaking News called the 128th's public affairs office to verify this important safety problem.
With overcast skies, the three-member crew of this KC-135 declared a hydraulic emergency:
Chief Don Hutchens, Forsyth Township Volunteer Fire Department:
Emergency officials from across Marquette County responded to the plane's call for help – fearing it might crash while landing – which would have been catastrophic.
The KC -135 was among several planes from the 128th Refueling Wing that have been practicing touch and goes on K.I. Sawyer's long runways.
Now the Marquette County Airport, the once vibrant K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base was a Strategic Air Command base – constantly on alert - with bomber crews ready to fly in moments.
This reporter has had the pleasure of riding on two KC-135 Refueling Tankers – as show in this photo when I worked at WLUC TV-6 in Marquette.
We refueled F-16 Jets over Lake Huron.
Then this reporter became one of only a handful of civilians to ride aboard a B-52 Bomber – this while I did features stories for the Mining Journal newspaper.
I was given this official coin of the Sawyer bomber wing and a patch – after as 12-hour flight that included Fourth of July Parades and an airshow in Grand Rapids.
This reporter hopes the officials at Milwaukee's 128th Air Refueling Wing get to the bottom of this hydraulic issues before there is a tragedy – as the large number of emergencies on this flying gas station is scary to all involved.
Greg Peterson, Upper Peninsula Breaking News
Milwaukee's 128th Air Refueling Wing
Public Affairs Office
414-944-8715
128 HQ/Public Affairs
mailto:128HQ.PublicAffairs@ang.af.mil
Milwaukee's 128th Air Refueling Wing on Facebook
Wikipedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/128th_Air_Refueling_Wing
Forsyth Township Volunteer Fire Department; Forsyth Township Police department
www.forsythtwpmi.org/FT%20POLICE%20DEPT.htm
Local News Coverage
abc10up.com/air-national-guard-plane-makes-emergency-land...
www.upmatters.com/story/d/story/news/15079/3fYz_NNJ0kmTs-...
www.uppermichiganssource.com/news/story.aspx?id=1067608
WISN TV-12 Investigation in June 2013:
Emergency landing prompts questions about KC-135 safety
Hydraulic problems lead to 4th in-flight emergency
June 19, 2013
www.wisn.com/news/south-east-wisconsin/milwaukee/emergenc...
www.wisn.com/news/south-east-wisconsin/milwaukee/emergenc...
www.wisn.com/news/south-east-wisconsin/milwaukee/emergenc...
Military plane makes emergency landing in Indiana
www.wisn.com/news/south-east-wisconsin/milwaukee/Military...
A plane from Milwaukee's 128th Air Refueling Wing of the Wisconsin Air National Guard is grounded and undergoing repairs after an in-flight emergency Tuesday.
For the fourth time in two months a KC-135 from Milwaukee makes an emergency landing, this time in Indiana.
The flight crew lost control of the hydraulic system and made an emergency landing in Indiana.
It's the fourth in-flight emergency in recent weeks involving four KC-135 refueling tankers.
Each of the planes is about 50 years old, which has some wondering if the aging aircraft are as safe as they should be.
Upper Peninsula Breaking News
U.P. Breaking News
Gmail:
UpperPeninsulaBreakingNews@gmail.com
Wordpress:
upperpeninsulabreakingnews.wordpress.com
youtube:
www.youtube.com/UPBreakingNews
www.youtube.com/watch?v=tocLjvEslBA
Facebook:
www.facebook.com/UpperPeninsulaBreakingNews
Twitter:
Greg Peterson
@UPBreakingNews
flickr
Exposición de PhD. José Almir Rodrigues Pereira con el tema: "Gestión del agua en las ciudades brasileñas: problemas y posibles soluciones"
A trip to walmart, and four 150-light strings and the problem is solved. But wait a minute, I had to string lights on half the tree myself! So how is this pre-lit tree hype a benefit????
Well, now I can move on to decorating it.
This is a video taken with Canon's EOS 40D. It shows the current "timing problem". Note the seconds on the clock. This video has not been edited. The shifts in focus are my fault, sorry.
Blog post: Taking videos with Canon’s EOS 40D