View allAll Photos Tagged physics

Trying my hand at some landscape shots! 😊

 

You know I scream in my dreams like an animal

I know it feels like it's wrong to be something else

We know those thoughts live with us

sunk down, them nerves much thinner

I crawl, you sob

No sanctuary found

 

When daylight finally falls

Until the morning comes

My eyes can't see

But I can feel

What is it?

Night Physics

Whenever the sun gets obscured by the clouds, the humans step back.

But there are people who are curious and stubborn, and want to figure out how things work, even risking their life in the past.

Meanwhile the Galileo’s Middle Finger is exhibited in the science museum of Florence... Clouds will never win over the light ;p

 

Pythagóras, Eukléidēs, Archimédēs, Eratosthénēs, Aristotélēs, Alhazen, Leonardo, Isaac Newton, Gottfried Leibniz, Émilie du Châtelet, Galileo, Johannes Kepler, Christiaan Huygens, Daniel Bernoulli, Alessandro Volta, Joseph Nicéphore Niépce, Louis Daguerre, James Watt, Michael Faraday, James Clerk Maxwell, Marie Curie, Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, Guglielmo Marconi, Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Nikola Tesla, Thomas Edison, Niels Bohr, Ernest Rutherford, Edwin Hubble, Richard Feynman, Shin’ichirō Tomonaga, Stephen Hawking (and many more...) I am grateful to all of you.

Lens workings

Engages spirituality

Sense of mystery

Featuring two awesome designers- RBento & L&B

 

(1) RBento -:R.B:: Luke Bento Poses 10 Bento static poses Fatpack Includes Bonus pose, pose stand with AVaitter menu, Hud & animations

 

Soft Era event - March round from the 6th to the 27th

TAXI- maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Lovely%20Day/64/64/707

 

RBento Main Store is here!- maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Lorena%20Blue/45/16/23

 

RBento Flickr - www.flickr.com/photos/xstrd/

RBento Twitter - x.com/RouAureliaX

RBento DeviantArt - www.deviantart.com/roudemia

RBento Primfeed - www.primfeed.com/rbentostoreresident

RBento Instagram - www.instagram.com/rbentosl/

RBento Facebook - www.facebook.com/rbento.slstore.7

RBento MP - marketplace.secondlife.com/stores/211649

____________________________________

 

(2) L&B Swear- Asher Cargo Shorts Camo Fatpack comes in 10 colors in the normal pack and 12 in the Fatpack and multi belt colors as well

L+B Swear Mainstore - MENS- maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Evocative/127/90/40

Marketplace-https://marketplace.secondlife.com/en-US/stores/6435

Flickr-https://www.flickr.com/photos/paullapointe/

Facebook-https://www.facebook.com/LapointeBastchild/

Instagram-https://www.instagram.com/lapointebastchild/

__________________________

POSE-::R.B:: Luke Bento Poses-Pose Stand [sit]- HIDE/SHOW command

Backdrop-.PALETO.Backdrop:. VOP 10 (MATERIAL)(PHYSICS)(LIGHT)

__________________________

Wearing

 

Shorts- L+B [LEGACY ATHLETIC] Swear Asher Cargo Shorts CAMOS

Shirt- Legal Insanity - Raven shirt Legacy

Hat- [M E M E N T O] - No C4P.

Tattoo- .:CORAZON :. ASAKURA Colour Light :.

 

Moment of 'Maut ka kuwa' Show..

M2 is a large, bright globular cluster in the constellation Aquarius. This image was acquired under dark skies near Goldendale, WA, using a telescope and cooled CCD camera designed for astroimaging.

 

Telescope: Celestron Edge HD 8

Camera: QSI 683wsg

Mount: Astro-Physics Mach 1 GTO

Integration: 25-30 minutes each of RGB (5 minute subs)

Post Processing Software: PixInsight, Adobe Lightroom

A 4:30am alarm with a quick stop at the Dunkin drive-thru got me to the New Jersey Festival of Ballooning in time to experience what it takes to unfurl, inflate and fly a hot air balloon. It's been years since I've done this and it was a beautiful morning to be amongst all the dedication and skill these crews have.

 

On another note, felt like it was time to update my profile pic. As much as I liked the old one, it looked more like a high school yearbook pic at this point. Lol!

Reflections of some of the buildings of the Institut für Physik (institute for physics) at the technical university in Darmstadt, Germany. This shot was too good to pass by. It may look like there a lot of notes here, but they are in fact the windows frames (danke Sabine für den Wink).

 

Please view in full size for best effect.

The art of foggy, foggy dew

I love when I capture a snowflake that makes me think “starburst”, and this one most definitely fits the bill. It’s a beautiful crystal on many levels, so please view large!

 

This snowflake had humble beginnings as a simple plate, but immediately after growing beyond the very center, it becomes a mystery. The star-like shape is on a different level that gives way to ridges running down the branches, very reminiscent of a “skeletal form” type crystal which is rarely seen. The top plate’s growth is hindered by the bottom plate’s dominance, creating a framework that is supported by the ridges as they continue between the two layers of ice towards the middle.

 

The branches are also peculiar, right near the center, it’s as if branches tried to form, but fused back together into a full plate which would label it as a “sectored plate” type crystal. These types of snowflakes usually have clearly define lines running 30 degrees from each corner where the “branches” meet each-other, but here that’s replaced with pairs of small branches that appear as twins at the 30-degree offset mark.

 

The outer branches make this a “broad dendrite” crystal with the trident tips, which likely formed as the snowflake began to fall to Earth and entered a layer of more humid atmosphere. There are many classifications for snowflakes, but few of these crystals belong to just one category of growth. There are layers of complexity and dynamic shifts in atmospheric variables that make snowflakes change from one pattern to another. Personally, I find that if these patterns shift and the snowflake retains its symmetry it becomes among the most beautiful snowflakes I capture.

 

This image was shot at roughly 8:1 magnification and is a combination of 35 separate images focus-stacked together. As with all of my snowflake images, it’s photographed outside on a home-made black mitten and shot entirely handheld. The handheld process is essential for me to work quickly and get the best images of the snowflake before it starts to fade away, and it allows me to rotate the camera around the snowflake as the center of rotation quickly. This is needed to hit the “sweet spot” for lighting where the ring flash reflects as glare back to the camera and illuminates the flat surface of the snowflake. There are a lot of variables that need to come together quickly to make an image like this possible!

 

If you’re curious about all types of snowflakes and how they form, or if you just want to learn all of my techniques in-depth to create images like this yourself, you’ll absolutely want to pick up a copy of Sky Crystals – www.skycrystals.ca/book/ - 304pg hardcover book that covers everything you could ever want to know about snowflake physics and photography!

very basic cloth simulation in processing using the traer physics library:

 

www.cs.princeton.edu/~traer/physics/

  

edit: see online version here:

 

www.introspector.be/index.php?/research/dook/

John Bolin donated some beautiful images....thank you!!! :

www.flickr.com/groups/vintage_madness/

I also was lucky enough to obtain permission to use these physics images from a professor of physics who created the diagrams.

Better than human physics....

and simple physics demand for

  

I've been very curious how just a half of my old doubleanastigmat would render wideopen on 8x10. And even more, de-focussed on purpose.

  

It's a High Five

and a bye

 

I can't tell

I just did

 

I saw it,

I asked for the hand*

& click

 

I could tell a bit

but all those would be afterwards reasoning and explanations for myself

I do see them

and remember

 

but for the image

it's in the world

 

and that's what it is about in the first place

 

and it would be afterwards reasoning really

looking back I wonder

cause all I connect with it now

has not happened yet, back then

  

It's nice to work like that

especially with all that size

  

*it's impossible to do this alone. You're working with millimeters here.

 

___

Roidweek 2015.2 # day 3

 

Sinar P 8x10 / Polaroid 809, exp. '87

The wake turbulence cloud, and wingtip vortices are on display as an Etihad B773 approaches Toronto's runway 33L

Canon 430 EX II.

Manual 1/16 power behind the table.

Triggered by Elinchrom Tx.

Here we have the iconic winter sky area of Orion.

I have used 9 panes from the Rokinon 135mm and enhanced the key LDN1622, IC 434, M42, M78 areas with detail from longer focal length scopes taken over the last 2+ years. I have tried to not be overly aggressive instead focussing on the details and tidiness of the overall image- hope you enjoy.

Best seen at full resolution but having trouble with the full-size version showing at the moment.

Imaging telescopes or lenses:Astro-Physics RH 305, Rokinon 135mm f/2.0 ED UMC Telephoto Rokinon 135mm, Takahashi FSQ 106EDXIII

Imaging cameras:QSI 583, FLI MicroLine 8300 CCD-camera FLI

Mount:Paramount-ME

Software:Pixinsight 1.8

Filters:Astrodon Red, Astrodon Green, Astrodon Blue, Astrodon Luminance

Resolution: 8700x5885

Dates: Jan. 2, 2016, March 27, 2016, Dec. 5, 2016, Feb. 28, 2017, Nov. 27, 2017, Jan. 25, 2018

Frames:

Astrodon Blue: 108x300" bin 1x1

Astrodon Blue: 112x600" bin 1x1

Astrodon Green: 108x300" bin 1x1

Astrodon Green: 146x600" bin 1x1

Astrodon Luminance: 108x300" bin 1x1

Astrodon Luminance: 53x600" bin 1x1

Astrodon Luminance: 72x900" bin 1x1

Astrodon Red: 108x300" bin 1x1

Astrodon Red: 119x600" bin 1x1

Integration: 125.7 hours

Locations: Deep Sky West Remote Observatory (DSW), Rowe, New Mexico, United States

1986 Z28 and let's just say not a stock car.

view large in lightbox please.

www.boulevardofghosts.com

CENTRAL PARK - NEW YORK CITY - UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

Philadelphia, PA. My last few hours studying for the MCAT.

Standing With Ukraine on Vancouver Island - 3 (of 7) - Sony A77 II with Minolta 35-80mm 1:4.0-5.6 Power Zoom (A Mount) - Photographer Russell McNeil PhD (Physics) lives on Vancouver Island, where he works as a writer.

Just my luck! Not many snowstorms create colourful snowflakes, and when they do they are usually smaller hexagonal gems. I was thrilled to encounter this vibrant flower in a slightly large crystal!

 

The colour here is well understood, but still magical. It’s not colour in the same sense as you would paint with (the paint would absorb certain wavelengths of light and reflect others, you see the reflected light), but rather generated through optical interference. This is the same physics that generates colours in soap bubbles, but in a snowflake is often much more structured.

 

One way or another, a bubble forms in the ice. The thickness of this bubble dictates the thickness of the ice on either side of it, and shifts in this thickness will change the resulting colours. Light bounces off of reflective surfaces, but a snowflake is ice, not a mirror; some light still enters the snowflake and reflects back off of the additional boundaries between ice and air. When light passes through a denser material (ice), it slows down, and when it reflects back out, it speeds up again. This is critical. If the distance traveled through the ice is small enough, the two rays of light will rejoin, but half of it will be “out of sync”. This causes some wavelengths to cancel out while others are added together, generating specific colours from otherwise white light. Very similar principals apply to sound waves and interference.

 

Once the bubble is completely enclosed, things can still change. Water molecules can break away from their crystal structure (sublimation) and re-attach elsewhere. This might slightly change the thickness of the ice in certain areas but in a gradual fashion. I suspect this is the reason for the gradient from yellow to magenta at the tips of the internal “petals”.

 

The central bubble here is fascinating for other reasons as well – just look at the outer edge of it. Notice these little “nubs” in each corner? Imagine the snowflake being just that big. Those little nibs would be the last elements to stay open to the outside air before shifts in temperature and humidity allow the outer edge of the snowflake to become whole again. What’s interesting here is that a snowflake typically grows fastest where it has the greatest access to water vapour – the corners. Why then did the corners take the longest to close up? Moreover, why did the middle of each prism facet also have a nub, which continued to progress a line-like bubble that eventually evolved into a sectored-plate design?

 

It’s a beautiful physics puzzle and fun to spend some time imagining how and why it came to be.

 

Shot on a Lumix S1R with a Canon MP-E 65mm macro lens. I’ve used a lot of ring flashes over the years, but my favourite is also one of the most affordable – the Yongnuo YN-14EX II: www.bhphotovideo.com/c/product/1462725-REG/yongnuo_yn_14e... . It’s better in many ways than Canon’s own MR-14EX II, and it’s what I’ve been using to shoot the snowflakes in this year’s series. For more tips on snowflake and general macro photography, you can also check out my upcoming instructional book, Macro Photography: The Universe at Our Feet - skycrystals.ca/product/pre-order-macro-photography-the-un...

 

For those curious about how the book is progressing? Coming along nicely! Most of the book is just undergoing revisions and grammar checks but there is still more work to be done. I appreciate your patience. :)

 

‏‏‎

· ▸ Narrow Street includes:

‏‏‎

ㅤㅤ• Physics

ㅤㅤ• Lights

‏‏‎

· ▸ Material

‏‏‎

· ▸ Land Impact · 33

‏‏‎

· ▸ Copy

· ▸ Modify

· ▸ No Transfer

ㅤㅤ

ㅤㅤshop this at equal10 苛 尉 ズ ょ ド

ㅤㅤ

▸ Join us on Facebook

ㅤㅤ

ㅤㅤhttps://www.facebook.com/equal10event

ㅤㅤ

▸ Join us on Instagram

ㅤㅤ

ㅤㅤhttps://www.instagram.com/equal10eventsl/

ㅤㅤ

▸ Cam sim 1

maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/equal10%20cam%20shopping/1...

ㅤㅤ

▸ Cam sim 2

maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/equal10%20cam%20shopping2/...

ㅤㅤ

▸ Main sim

maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/equal10/233/126/89

I was one of those kids who actually liked going back to school. It was a place for hands-on discovery. For Macro Monday's theme: back to school

...but then I said, "In that frame of reference, the perihelion of Mercury would have processed in the opposite direction!"

 

Based on the opening scene from "Descent, Part I," the season six finale of Star Trek: The Next Generation.

Sixty Degrees. That’s the angle for all of these edges, give or take based on the fact that the snowflake is photographed at an angle. Physics at work, yet many people consider snowflakes as a creation of God. It’s amazing really, that the same object can be described by some as evidence of a Creator, while others use the exact same object to prove that the natural laws of physics make our world what it is.

 

Very few things can take equal sides like a snowflake. I have a side, but I don’t need to express it to express my fascination with our interpretation of the world around us. The real magic here is that we, as human beings, see this snowflake as beautiful. I don’t think many people would argue against that. That begs the question however: what is beauty?

 

Beauty doesn’t exist on its own. A massive organized collection of water molecules? It is just a thing, a (mostly) inanimate object when we see it. How do we perceive this as beautiful? It’s not the object that contains this value, it’s our perception of it. One could say it’s all in our heads, and I think they’d be right. Something is only beautiful because we say so, collectively or individually it doesn’t matter. So then, what is beauty?

 

It’s a deep question, and one that every person might have a different answer to. My answer reflects on the larger world around us. We see geometry as standing out from chaotic nature. We admire patterns. We adore symmetry. The most symmetrical face with chiseled lines might be perceives by many as being beautiful, but so too will a wrinkled old smile with the history of the world written on it. Beauty comes in many forms, based on how deep we look.

 

When I dive into the details of a snowflake, describing all of its features and how they came to be, I hope I add to the beauty. In the opening words of the documentary series Forces of Nature, narrated by Dr. Brian Cox, he says “the world is beautiful to look at, but it’s even more beautiful to understand”. Understanding the depth of beauty only makes these tiny sky crystals even more beautiful, and these posts are often aimed solely at this.

 

See the slightly brighter center? There is a hexagonal twin plate on the reverse side of the snowflake. The central “dot” shows that this was from a column that transitioned to plate-type growth, and the forward-facing plate gained dominance to grow branches. It was slow-growing which provides a more geometric profile, with extra complexities in the lower left – look closely and you’ll see signs of another plate running in parallel in certain areas.

 

But all of the science, all of the logic, have a hard time explaining beauty. Whether or not there was a master plan from God to put this snowflake in front of me or if it was just the natural chaotic physics of the universe, doesn’t really matter when we internalize our appreciation of the results. No matter what you think, this snowflake is beautiful.

 

That is the beauty of humanity.

 

P.S. if you want to comment on this image, please do so in a way that does not take sides on religion or science. We ALL have our opinions, let’s just keep this one human, okay?

Badwater Basin Death Valley National Park California Desert Fuji GFX100 Fine Art Landscape Nature Photography! DVNP Dr. Elliot McGucken dx4/dt=ic California Fine Art Medium Format Photographer! Fuji GFX 100 & FUJIFILM FUJINON Lens!

 

All my photography celebrates the physics of light! The McGucken Principle of the fourth expanding dimension: The fourth dimension is expanding at the rate of c relative to the three spatial dimensions: dx4/dt=ic .

 

Lao Tzu--The Tao: Nature does not hurry, yet everything is accomplished.

 

Light Time Dimension Theory: The Foundational Physics Unifying Einstein's Relativity and Quantum Mechanics: A Simple, Illustrated Introduction to the Unifying Physical Reality of the Fourth Expanding Dimensionsion dx4/dt=ic !: geni.us/Fa1Q

 

"Between every two pine trees there is a door leading to a new way of life." --John Muir

 

Epic Stoicism guides my fine art odyssey and photography: geni.us/epicstoicism

 

“The clearest way into the Universe is through a forest wilderness.” --John Muir

 

Epic Poetry inspires all my photography: geni.us/9K0Ki Epic Poetry for Epic Landscape Photography: Exalt Fine Art Nature Photography with the Poetic Wisdom of John Muir, Emerson, Thoreau, Homer's Iliad, Milton's Paradise Lost & Dante's Inferno Odyssey

 

“The mountains are calling and I must go.” --John Muir

 

Epic Art & 45EPIC Gear exalting golden ratio designs for your Hero's Odyssey:

geni.us/9fnvAMw

 

Support epic fine art! 45surf ! Bitcoin: 1FMBZJeeHVMu35uegrYUfEkHfPj5pe9WNz

 

Exalt the goddess archetype in the fine art of photography! My Epic Book: Photographing Women Models!

geni.us/m90Ms

Portrait, Swimsuit, Lingerie, Boudoir, Fine Art, & Fashion Photography Exalting the Venus Goddess Archetype: How to Shoot Epic ... Epic! Beautiful Surf Fine Art Portrait Swimsuit Bikini Models!

 

Some of my epic books, prints, & more!

geni.us/aEG4

 

Exalt your photography with Golden Ratio Compositions!

geni.us/eeA1

Golden Ratio Compositions & Secret Sacred Geometry for Photography, Fine Art, & Landscape Photographers: How to Exalt Art with Leonardo da Vinci's, Michelangelo's!

  

Epic Landscape Photography:

geni.us/TV4oEAz

A Simple Guide to the Principles of Fine Art Nature Photography: Master Composition, Lenses, Camera Settings, Aperture, ISO, ... Hero's Odyssey Mythology Photography)

 

All art is but imitation of nature.-- Seneca (Letters from a Stoic - Letter LXV: On the First Cause)

 

The universe itself is God and the universal outpouring of its soul. --Chrysippus (Quoted by Cicero in De Natura Deorum)

 

Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness

Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun

Conspiring with him how to load and bless

With fruit the vines that round the thatch-eves run;

To bend with apples the moss'd cottage-trees,

And fill all fruit with ripeness to the core;

To swell the gourd, and plump the hazel shells

With a sweet kernel; to set budding more,

And still more, later flowers for the bees,

Until they think warm days will never cease,

For Summer has o'er-brimm'd their clammy cells. --To Autumn. by John Keats

This extraordinary little ice object appeared 2 days ago overnight.

There is nothing above it to drip and cause a stalagmite, and I can't imagine what physics caused it. The last 3 pics are the second day when it finally melted .

"If we knew what we were doing, it wouldn't be called research." -- Albert Einstein

Fast with Physics was a capture that I made because to two young girls were having such a great time. Their joy and enthusiasm captured me immediately and it was something I needed to capture. It took me back to my youth. The Fair occurred 7 months after I moved to Jackson. It had lived in Houston Texas and had been to the Houston Live Stock and Rodeo several times. It's a huge exhibition of everything Texas, outside to the State Fair in Dallas. It had every carnival ride and game you could imagine, livestock show and barbecue that would satisfy even the finicky barbecue eater. However when I got to Jackson Mississippi their fair was perfect and a American experience. No flash, no huge crowds, and plenty of hospitality. It reminded me of the fair and carnival experience of my youth in the south.

The most amazing bending of the lances, right before shattering!

Frost forming on a window after a bitter cold night.

 

1 degree F (-17 C)

Jefferson, Wisconsin, USA

Buy this framed print at RebBubble.

 

Taken just as the sun was saying 'good night', a moment before this shot. See large to see the detail in the sky, sun, and water.

 

About

 

- ISO 100, f11 1/125, 10mm

- Pseudo HDR (from one RAW, mapped)

- 5 shots stitched in Autopano Pro

 

A cloud is a visible mass of droplets or frozen crystals floating in the atmosphere above the surface of the Earth or another planetary body. A cloud is also a visible mass attracted by gravity (clouds can also occur as masses of material in interstellar space, where they are called interstellar clouds and nebulae.) The branch of meteorology in which clouds are studied is nephology or cloud physics.

Subject: Milky Way Widefield

 

Image Size: 11096 x 2979 -- reduced to 12.5% original size

 

Image FOV: 220 degrees by 30 degrees (approx)

Image Scale: 90 arc-second/pixel (approx)

 

Date: 2012/06/15 to 2012/11/18 -- 13 imaging sessions

 

Exposure: 154 panels, each 5 x 5min or 6 x 5 min (25min or 30 min each) Total exposure = 77 hours 50 minutes, ISO1600, f/2.8

Filter: Astronomik CLS

Camera: Hutech-modified Canon T1i/500D

Lens: Contax/Yashica 85mm f/2.8

Mount: Astro-Physics AP900

 

Guiding: ST-402 autoguider through TV-102iis guidescope, Maxim DL autoguiding software

  

Processing: Raw conversion and calibration for each panel with ImagesPlus; Aligning and combining with Registar. Preliminary processing of each panel with photoshop-- levels adjustment to make each panel about the same brightness, cropping to 4752x3168 to remove ragged edges from alignment, and 50% reduction to 2376 x 1584. 154 panels combined into a mosaic using AutoPano Pro 2 (Mercator projection, SmartBlend), with 50% reduced output (22192x5957). Final processing with Photoshop -- more levels adjustment, etc., another 50% reduction to 11096 x 2929, conversion to 8-bit mode and JPEG. Total reduction is to 1/8 original size, so 64 original pixels make one pixel in the final image.

 

Remarks:

 

2012/06/15 -- Temp start/end 58F/53F, Relative Humidity start/end 73%/85%, SQM-L start/end 21.45/21.34 (moonrise)

 

2012/06/23 -- Temp start/end 58F/53F, Relative Humidity start/end 75%/78%, SQM-L start/end 21.46/21.13 (dawn)

 

2012/07/24 -- Temp start/---- 62F/----, Relative Humidity start/---- 50%/----, SQM-L start/---- 21.13 (moonset)

 

2012/08/16 -- Temp start/end 63F/56F, Relative Humidity start/end 67%/87%, SQM-L start/end 21.47/21.28

 

2012/08/18 -- Temp start/end 54F46/F, Relative Humidity start/end 83%/95%, SQM-L start/end 21.39/21.39

 

2012/08/21 -- Temp start/end 55F/51F, Relative Humidity start/end 87%/96%, SQM-L start/end 21.40/21.40

 

2012/09/12 -- Temp start/end 58F/49F, Relative Humidity start/end 71%/95%, SQM-L start/end 21.35/21.34

 

2012/09/13 -- Temp start/end 61F/53F, Relative Humidity start/end 58%/95%, SQM-L start/end 21.34/21.36

 

2012/09/15 -- Temp start/end 53F/46F, Relative Humidity start/end 71%/95%, SQM-L start/end 21.02??/21.18

 

2012/09/19 -- Temp start/end 46F/37F, Relative Humidity start/end 71%/96%, SQM-L start/end 21.37/21.39

 

2012/10/12 -- Temp start/end 32F/22F, Relative Humidity start/end 58%/85%, SQM-L start/end 21.02??/21.02??

 

2012/11/08 -- Temp start/end 27F/24F, Relative Humidity start/end 71%/65%, SQM-L start/end 21.21/20.94 (moonrise)

 

2012/11/17 -- Temp start/end 31F/27F, Relative Humidity start/end 71%81/%, SQM-L start/end 21.27/21.44

 

1 3 4 5 6 7 ••• 79 80