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Architects: Zaha Hadid Architects, 2011.

The glass wall with reflections of SV Glenlee is quite magical.

Guangzhou

August 2011

Nikon D60

by PURE

Detail of the cylindrical paravent.

 

For further information visit:

www.mas.caad.arch.ethz.ch/mas1011/

Stuttgart Parasol

Research Pavillon ICD/ITKE 2010

Temporary parametric Pavillon consisting of 10m long, 6.5 mm thin birchwood strips

 

Institute for Computational Design ICD, Prof. Achim Menges

Institute of Building Structures and Structural Design ITKE, Prof. Jan Knippers

University Stuttgart Germany

 

photographed by

Frank Dinger

 

BECOMING - office for visual communication

www.becoming.de

www.twitter.com/becoming_blog

published as preface to MESSAGIO GALORE take V by & as part of the Ottawa International Writers Festival, spring 2oo8

 

____________________________

MAID MANIFEST: FRAMING THE O

 

posited

 

music is a structured act of listening. regardless of the origin of the sound source – a rigidly-structured symphony for double orchestra & mixed choirs, say, or the next 4 minutes & 33 seconds of random air perturberances – it is that act of listening that imposes conceptual stavery on the aural recept.

 

the oral recept, in the other ear, though similarly informed by the same sets of intervalencies (pitch/timbre/duration), is subjected to a conceptual receipt that aims almost solely at semantic construction, the materiality of the sounds themselves all but transparent in servility to the carried content.

 

sound poetry exists in the wide expanse between & interpenetrating into music & literature. a focus on the materiality of language stretches all the way from our prelinguistic heights to well beyond the current fashionations of postmodern cacademicism. from inadvertent grunt when the rock conks yr block to highly sophisticated choral extravaganzæ, sound poetry resists static definition of its material malleability.

 

deposited

 

as much as sound poetry enjoys parametric freeplay through literary & musical semioses, fixing on the sounds themselves as product is only part of the equation, the score all but transparent to the listening.

 

sound poetry is synæsthesia at work, a process of sounding sight. while this can be said of reading words & music generally, sound poetry's formal malleability is not limited to its manifestations as sound but is equally delimited in terms of its scoring techniques, which can contain elements of musical, literary &or a variety of optophonetic notational systems (a score can also be simply a set of instructions (not unlike a recipe) or a photograph of a leafless tree, its branchings ripe with lettriste pickings).

 

reposited

 

sound poetry is genrificational sabotage, rupturing the passivity of somnolent audi(o)ence.

 

audience is activerbal, re(ac)quiring an intercourse of emotion & intellection that allows the recept the rapture of conception.

 

not deconstruction but reconstruction.

 

not demented but remented.

 

_________________

MESSAGIO GALORE

 

province

 

sound is always an aspect of any form of writing, deliberately or not. from interior devices such as alliteration & homophony through chant & concrete poetry to sound scored for one or more voices, even the overt avoidance of such fascinations describes an acute awareness of the connotative potential of sound as content. red allowed, sound fastenates.

 

provenance

 

if linear poetry, chant & soundscores can be read aloud, it stands to reason that other forms of non-unilinear writing can be subjected to optophonetic translation processes into sound. at latest as early as the 19teens, sound poetry was battering at the bafflements of the genteel poetry reading & has continued in development ever since, albeit marginalized (from whence came, it should be remembered, such wondrous sepses as the Carmina Burana).

 

despite this continuity, its marginalization has been equally continuous & there is not – now, in Canada – much in the way of public performances of sound poetry outside the occasional choral novelty & random inclusions in various writers' readings. as a willwishing audience to such work, this is somewhat less than satisfying.

 

providence

 

MESSAGIO GALORE is thetic: an examination of scoring, reading, sounding & hearing techniques across as wide a range as one person with scant resources finds possible to play with.

 

its function is as a sort of a personal/live/serial anthology of chameleonate content, utilizing my own archive of material & many friends willing to undergo the rigours of rehearsal. while serving as a forum for my own compositions, it has grown to include much historical material from a wide range of sources both Canadian & international, its reach extending from the prolonged present (there will be new works premiered each time around) back to the 6th century (sofar).

 

_______________________

ALEXANDER'S DARK BAND

 

participation

 

MESSAGIO GALORE is curated, directed, mainly arranged & performed, & partly written by jwcurry with the able assistance of many. it has been part of the study to perform particular pieces with a variety of people to hear how personality functions & modifies performance. thus far:

 

MESSAGIO GALORE: with Maria Erskine, 26 february 2oo4, Ottawa

MESSAGIO GALORE II: with Max Middle & Jennifer Books, 24 september 2oo5, Ottawa

MESSAGIO GALORE III: with Peter Norman, Ross Priddle & Laurie Fuhr, 21 july 2oo7, Calgary

MESSAGIO GALORE IV: with/as Alexander's Dark Band & Auxiliary, Trish Postle, 6 october 2oo7, Toronto

MESSAGIO GALORE V: with/as Alexander's Dark Band & Auxiliary, John Lavery & Carmel Purkis, 13 april 2oo8, Ottawa

 

particulation

 

Alexander's Dark Band consists of jwcurry, Maria Erskine, Nicholas Power & Rob Read

 

particularization

 

Alexander's Dark Band is the darker zone between primary & secondary rainbows, a light phonemenon Nicholas Power encountered in working on his manuscript of concrete poetry, The Theory of the Rainbow, in the early mid-'8os. he commented then on the potential aptness of the name for an ensemble, should he ever find himself part of one. during the delights of our gruelling rehearsals in Toronto, i was struck by the functionality of our working unit &, unanticipated by Nick, figured it made sense to have this specific collective be so-named & announced us as such.

 

post-performance, it was determined that we would be most interested in working further together on this project, honing & developing, expanding what might be possible with a fixed continity of personnel.

 

MESSAGIO GALORE will continue to explore other vocal apparati (both in terms of different ensembles & Alex's auxiliaries) but revels in the rewards of such a dedicated quartet

___________________________________________________________________________

 

part 1

 

1. Collaboration No. 2, Steve McCaffery (Canada, 1978?). duo: curry/Power

 

2. Hare Pronounced Hair, Rafael Barreto-Rivera/Paul Dutton/Steve McCaffery (Canada, 1977). trio: curry/Power/Read

 

3. IT CAN'T HAPPEN HERE, Frank Zappa (USA, 1964). full quartet

 

4. ears, Michelle April/jwcurry (Canada, 2oo6). solo: curry

 

5. Riryphur's rurrusur, jwcurry/Rob Read (Canada, 2oo8). full quartet

 

6. Generations, bpNichol (Canada, 1988). solo: curry

 

7. Alice in Wonderland, Sam Loyd (USA, 189-?). full quartet

 

8. Salmon River Soliloquy, David UU (Canada, 1973). solo: curry

 

9. SEVEN WAYS OF STARVING, jwcurry/Beverley Daurio (Canada, 199o?). full quartet

 

1o. "CRUX ", Venantius Fortunatus (Merovingia, c.53o-6oo). full quartet

 

11. der minister I, Jaap Blonk (Netherlands, 1992?). solo: curry

 

12. Devil-Trap Spiral, John Furnival (England, 1965?). solo: curry

 

13. KARAWANE, Hugo Ball (Switzerland, 1917). solo: curry

 

14. Monograms–Genealogy–Grammarology, bpNichol (Canada, 1988). full quartet

 

15. CRODZIAC DZÉGOUM APIR, Claude Gauvreau (Canada, 195-?). solo: curry

 

16. sweet suite suet, Ernst Jandl (Austria, 197o?). solo: curry

 

17. DAS GROSSE LALULA, Christian Morgenstern (Germany, 189o?). solo: curry

 

18. " end ant ", Wharton Hood (Canada, 1996). duo: Power/Read

 

19. WORM, Bob Cobbing (England, 1954). full quartet

 

2o. Forcible dislocation of personality, Herbert Stencil (Canada, 1994?). full quartet

 

21. WELTWEHE, August Stramm (Germany, 1914). solo: curry

 

22. KNOTS, jwcurry (Canada, 1982). duo: Erskine/Power

 

23. SHIFT 3, jwcurry/Peggy Lefler (Canada, 1982). intro: Power; duo: Erskine/Read

 

24. A LITTLE NASTINESS, Four Horsemen (Rafael Barreto-Rivera/Paul Dutton/Steve McCaffery/bpNichol; Canada, 1981). full quartet

 

25. The Tibetan Memory Trick, traditional/arranged by Howard Kaylan/Ian Underwood/Mark Volman (USA, 1975). full sextet with Alec's Socks

 

26. " Mon Olivine ", Claude Gauvreau (Canada, 196-?). solo: curry

 

27. " My Olivine ", Claude Gauvreau/translated by Ray Ellenwood (Canada, 197-?). solo: curry

 

28. SHE WAS A VISITOR, Robert Ashley (USA, 1967). full sextet with Alec's Socks

 

(intromissium)

 

part 2

 

29. Heights (Universal Language), Alexei Kruchenykh (Russia, 1919?). solo: curry

 

3o. Another Motive, Rafael Barreto-Rivera/bpNichol (Canada, 1979). full sextet with Alex's Socks

 

31. APPROXIMATE, Frank Zappa (USA, 1972?). full quartet

 

32. " kp'erioUM ", Raoul Hausmann (Germany, 1918)

 

33. OPIUM MARBLE, jwcurry (Canada, 198o). duo: curry/Read

 

34. THE MAN IN THE LOWER LEFT HAND CORNER OF THE PHOTOGRAPH, Mike Patton (USA, 1995). solo: curry

 

35. East Wind, bpNichol (Canada, 197-?). full quartet

 

36. Fury of Sneezing, Kurt Scwitters (England, 1946?). solo: curry

 

37. PLEASE SIGN MY CAST – NO, NOT THERE; HIGHER, jwcurry (Canada, 2oo8). full quartet

 

38. PAESAGGIO + TEMPORALE, Giacomo Balla (Italy, 1915). solo: curry

 

39. CANZONE RUMORISTA cantata in coro sui teatri d'Italia in ANICCAM del 2000, Fortunato Depero (Italy, 1916?). solo: curry

 

4o. Marcia futurista, F.T.Marinetti (Italy, 1916). solo: curry

 

41. CANZONE RUMORISTA (ritmo cinese), Fortunato Depero (Italy, 1916). solo: curry

 

42. Oiseautal, Raoul Hausmann (France, 1918?). solo: Read, simultaneous with

43. Super-Bird-Song, Kurt Schwitters (England, 1946?). solo: curry

 

44. B, François Dufrene (France, 1958). trio: curry/Power/Read

 

45. Pike-Fishing North Milne Lake, Gerry Shikatani (Canada, 1977?). full quartet

 

46. ONAN's NANOLECHCTURER, jwcurry (Canada, 2oo2). solo: curry

 

47. MUSHY PEAS, Steve McCaffery/bpNichol (England, 1978). duo: curry/Power

 

48. der minister II, Jaap Blonk (Netherlands, 1992?). solo: curry

 

49. Pieces Of Stop, bpNichol (Canada, 1978). full quartet

 

5o. TRACT, jwcurry (Canada, 1995). solo: curry

 

51. 16 Part Suite, Steve McCaffery/bpNichol (Canada, 1971-8?). duo: curry/Erskine

 

52. " pouadlé ", Václava Vokolka (Czechoslovakia, 198-?). full quartet

 

53. INTERRUPTED NAP a verbal/pre-verbal landscape, bpNichol (Canada, 1982). solo: curry

 

54. anacyclic poem with two shouts DHARMATHOUGHTS STUPAWARDS, Dom Sylvester Houédard (England, 1966). duo: Power/Read

 

55. WHITE TEXT SURE version ten, bpNichol (Canada, 1981). full quartet

 

56. Scomposizione I, Luigi Gallina (Italy, 1933). full quartet

 

57. Artikulationen, Franz Mon (Germany, 199o?). full quartet

 

58. TWO: Less Time, bpNichol (Canada, 1982?). full sextet with Alec's Socks

 

59. A THOUSAND MOODS A MINUTE, Shant Basmajian (Canada, 1992?). full sextet with Alec's Socks

 

6o. ma meeshka mow skwoz, Mike Patton (USA, 1995). solo: curry

 

61. "How The Pigs' Music Works", Frank Zappa (USA, 1994). trio: Erskine/Power/Read

 

___________________________________________________________________________

 

cover: Herbert Stencil (2o above)

___________________________________________________________________________

 

filmed by Josh Massey

___________________________________________________________________________

see also:

 

invitations:

www.flickr.com/photos/48593922@N04/8306764432/

www.flickr.com/photos/48593922@N04/8316345864/

 

photos:

www.flickr.com/photos/johnwmacdonald/2413412026/

www.flickr.com/photos/johnwmacdonald/2413820348/

www.flickr.com/photos/johnwmacdonald/2412816001/

www.flickr.com/photos/johnwmacdonald/2413730700/

www.flickr.com/photos/johnwmacdonald/2413678042/

www.flickr.com/photos/johnwmacdonald/2413597778/

www.flickr.com/photos/johnwmacdonald/2413705652/

www.flickr.com/photos/johnwmacdonald/2413760060/

www.flickr.com/photos/pearlpirie/2417145426/

 

review:

pearlformance.livejournal.com/97847.html

 

publications:

www.flickr.com/photos/48593922@N04/7454852466/

www.flickr.com/photos/48593922@N04/7454776018/

www.flickr.com/photos/48593922@N04/7454774920/

www.flickr.com/photos/48593922@N04/7453977374/

   

rack 1:

Magnecord Tube Mic Pre

Orban 642 Parametric EQ

2x AudioArts 4100 Parametric Crossovers

Furman PQ-6 Parametric EQ

Ashly SC-66 Parametric EQ

Ashly SC-66A Parametric EQ

 

rack 2:

Ibanez UE-400 MultiEffects

Ibanez AD-202 Analog Delay

Lexicon Prime Time 93

Lexicon Super Prime Time 95

Ursa Major Space Station SST-282

Hi-Watt Tape Echo

Peavey DEP-1300

Unicord SMR-4 Spring Reverb

 

rack 3:

ADR-740 Autophase

A/DA TFX-4

A/DA STD-1 Stereo Tapped Delay

Loft 440 Delay/Flanger

Marshall Time Modulator 5002

TC Electronic 1210 Stereo Chorus / Spatial Expander

Eventide Instant Flanger FL-201

Systech Flanger 4000A

 

rack 4:

DeltaLab DL-2 Acousticomputer

DeltaLab DL-4 TimeLine

DeltaLab DL-5 Harmonicomputer

MXR Flanger/Doubler

SPL Transient Designer

DBX 119 & 128 Compressors

Valley People Dynamite

USAudio Gatex

Yamaha R-1000 reverb

Roland SRV-330 reverb

Korg DRV-3000 reverb

This is how I worked out the design of the Kid Flier 6.5. I did some parametric sketches with ratios of wing chord to fuselage length and locations, considered wing shape, curvature, practical considerations like 8.5 inch or 11 inch span to use a single sheet of commom (North American) paper with the least cutting. At the end, I had a design with some possible different size pieces (different overall wing chord, tail surface sizes.) I made up a number of experimental versions with different chords, etc, picked the one I liked best, revised that, and that where I got the design. Serious fun.

 

See the "Part 2" skteches for that standard fuselage I came up with and some scaled versions I still need to try...

 

Note that the square, triangle, skinny rectangle and fat rectangle down the middle are all 9 squares in area. This desiign would be a good departure point for someone who wanted to compare wing shapes in different flight regimes...

   

sc00acf67e

Chess Knight modeled in Creo Parametric incorporating a revolved base feature, blended body feature, and extruded head feature.

SOFTlab: (n)arcissus. Parametrically designed installation for the stairwell of the Frankfurter Kunsverein.

looks confusing at first...

During my short trip to Birmingham I had many alien encounters...

 

The fantastic Selfridges building has been designed by Future System architectural practice. It is clad in 15,000 shiny aluminium discs, said to be inspired by a Paco Rabanne sequinned dress.

 

The 37-metre long, curved, polycarbonate-covered footbridge - known as the Parametric Bridge - leads to the car park.

some older 3d printing test on a lasersinter. Due to the delicate structure and the contraction of the material some small connections broke. Nonetheless I wanted to share this with you.

generated using Blender and Sverchok - the parametric design add on.

Exploration in 3D Form making via non-traditional methods

Topography of Leshan, China with analysis of solar incidence (with respect to average annual daytime solar angle) and number of hours of direct (<35° to normal vector) solar exposure.

 

The parametric definition uses the Custom Preview scripts defined here for the hatching and to draw the popup windows as screen-oriented overlays.

Traces of Nature

Beirut design week at Beit Beirut exhibition 2018

Designed and Fabricated by Rebal Jaber

 

Stuttgart Parasol

Research Pavillon ICD/ITKE 2010

Temporary parametric Pavillon consisting of 10m long, 6.5 mm thin birchwood strips

 

Institute for Computational Design ICD, Prof. Achim Menges

Institute of Building Structures and Structural Design ITKE, Prof. Jan Knippers

University Stuttgart Germany

 

photographed by

Frank Dinger

 

BECOMING - office for visual communication

www.becoming.de

www.twitter.com/becoming_blog

Sukkah City' @ Union Square, NYC

 

by navema

www.navemastudios.com

 

ABOUT SUKKAH CITY

 

'Sukkah City' is an international design competition to re-imagine this ancient phenomenon, develop new methods of material practice and parametric design, and propose radical possibilities for traditional design constraints in a contemporary urban site. Twelve finalists were selected by a panel of celebrated architects, designers, and critics to be constructed in a visionary village in Union Square Park from September 19-20, 2010. Over 150,000 people visited Sukkah City. One structure is chosen by New Yorkers to stand throughout the week-long festival of Sukkot as the People's Choice Sukkah of New York City. The process and results of the competition, along with construction documentation and critical essays, will be published in the book "Sukkah City: Radically Temporary Architecture for the Next Three Thousand Years." Selected entries will also be displayed in an exhibit at the Center for Architecture in New York City during September 2010. Next year, Sukkah City will expand from New York City to cities all around the world.

 

People behind Sukkah City: Joshua Foer (a journalist, author and the founder of the Atlas Obscura - an online compendium of the world’s curiosities), and Roger Bennett (co-founder of the Idelsohn Society for Musical Preservation, and Reboot - a network of thought-leaders and tastemakers who work to "reboot" the inherited culture, rituals, and traditions and make them vital and resonant).

 

Partnerships: Jennifer Falk and the Union Square Partnership. Dani Passow of Yeshivat Chovevei Torah, and Thomas de Monchaux.

 

The Jury: Michael Arad, Ron Arad, Rick Bell, Allan Chochinov, Matias Corea, Paul Goldberger, Steven Heller, Natalie Jeremijenko, Maira Kalman, Geoff Manaugh, Thom Mayne, Thomas de Monchaux, Ada Tolla, and Adam Yarinsky.

 

For more info visit: www.sukkahcity.com

 

ABOUT SUKKAH OF THE SIGNS:

 

The structure is made of nearly 300 signs collected from indigent across the U.S. (San Francisco, San Diego, San Jose, Las Vegas, Oakland and Denver). The collection represents an incredible archive of the meaningful, yet often desperate, forms of communication that take place on the streets of cities every day. Like traditional sukkahs, which recall the 40 years of wandering after exodus in the biblical story, The Sukkah of the Signs calls attention to the contemporary state of homelessness. By purchasing homeless signs from the individuals who made them, we also contributed to the short term needs of people living on the street. Like the signs, the schach used to cover the roof was also collected from the street. Clippings from plants in Union Square Park and from the studio where the sukkah was constructed in Brooklyn create a dappling of light on the interior of the sukkah.

 

The final design varied from the original (which can be seen here: www.sukkahcity.com/sukkah/sukkah-of-the-signs.php) as the New York Building Department only allowed for a 10′ tall structure (vs. the original 18′ tall design). To maintain the original intent of framing the sky, the design was turned on its side.

 

Project Team: Blane Hammerlund, Maricela Chan, Emily Licht

Fabrication: Karol Popek (Modelsmith International Inc.)

 

The Homeless House (www.thehomelesshouse.com) is a website documenting the process of obtaining signs and the people and places encountered along the way.

 

ABOUT THE DESIGNERS:

 

RONALD RAEL, of Rael San Fratello Architects, is an architect, author, and Assistant Professor at the University of California, Berkeley. Prior to joining the faculty at Berkeley he was the co-director of Clemson University’s Charles E. Daniel Center for Building Research and Urban Studies in Genova, Italy, and coordinator of Clemson’s Core Digital Foundation Architecture Studios. He has been a member of the Design Faculty at the Southern California Institute of Architecture in Los Angeles, an Assistant Professor at the University of Arizona, and a Senior Instructor at the University of Colorado at Boulder. He earned his Master of Architecture degree at Columbia University in the City of New York, where he was the recipient of the William Kinne Memorial Fellowship.

 

Rael’s research examines the convergence of digital, industrial, and non-industrial approaches to making architecture. He was the recipient of a Graham Foundation Grant for “Constructed Topographies: Earth Architecture in the Landscape of Modernity”; winner of the Architectural League of New York’s Deborah Norden Competition for “Wadi Hadramut: Cities of Earth”; and is author of Earth Architecture (Princeton Architectural Press, 2008), which examines the contemporary history of the oldest and most widely used building material on the planet—dirt. His website, EarthArchitecture.org was ranked by MoPo 2009: Worlds Most Popular Weblogs on Architecture as among the top 20 blogs on architecture worldwide.

 

VIRGINIA SAN FRATELLO, NCAARB, B.Envd; North Carolina State University, M.Arch; Columbia University, is a licensed, practicing architect with over 10 years of professional and academic experience. Prior to joining the faculty at California College of the Arts she was the co-director of Clemson University’s Charles E. Daniel Center for Building Research and Urban Studies in Genova, Italy. She has been a member of the Design Faculty at the Southern California Institute of Architecture in Los Angeles and a Visiting Professor at the University of Arizona.

 

San Fratello’s research revolves around the convergence of digital, ecological, and building component design in architecture. She was the recipient of Metropolis Magazine’s Next Generation Design Award for her Hydro Wall concept and with Ronald Rael currently has a collection of recently designed masonry units which hold vegetation on display in New York. She is working with manufacturer / distributors to launch these innovative and sustainable architectural building components into the market place.

 

For more info, visit: www.rael-sanfratello.com/

 

Sukkah of the Signs, Ronald Rael, Virginia San Fratello, indigent, homeless signs, cardboard, cardboard signs, schach, Blane Hammerlund, Maricela Chan, Emily Licht, Karol Popek, Modelsmith International Inc., The Homeless House, Rael San Fratello Architects

 

ABOUT THE SUKKAH

 

Biblical in origin, the sukkah is an ephemeral, elemental shelter, erected for one week each fall, in which it is customary to share meals, entertain, sleep, and rejoice.

 

Ostensibly the sukkah's religious function is to commemorate the temporary structures that the Israelites dwelled in during their exodus from Egypt, but it is also about universal ideas of transience and permanence as expressed in architecture. The sukkah is a means of ceremonially practicing homelessness, while at the same time remaining deeply rooted. It calls on us to acknowledge the changing of the seasons, to reconnect with an agricultural past, and to take a moment to dwell on--and dwell in--impermanence.

 

SOME OF THE RULES - Historically, the sukkah's permanent recurrence is not as a monument, archetype, or typology, but as a set of precise parameters. The paradoxical effect of these constraints is to produce a building that is at once new and old, timely and timeless, mobile and stable, open and enclosed, homey and uncanny, comfortable and critical:

 

* A whale may be used to make a sukkah's walls. Also a living elephant.

* The sukkah must enclose a minimum area of at least 7 x 7 square handbreadths.

* A sukkah may be built on top of a camel.

* If the sukkah has only 2 complete walls, and they face each other, a third wall of at least 4 handbreadths must be within 3 handbreadths of one of the complete walls.

* The roof cannot be made of bundles of straw or sticks that are tied together (although untied straw or sticks may be okay).

* The roof cannot be made of utensils, or anything conventionally functional when it is not part of a sukkah.

* There is no maximum area, except in NYC where any structure larger than 19 x 8 feet is not considered temporary by the DOB.

* The roof cannot be made of food.

* The sukkah must have at least 3 walls, but the third doesn't need to be complete. The walls must remain unshaken by a steady wind.

* At night, one must be able to see the stars from within the sukkah, through the roof.

* The sukkah must have a roof made of schach: the leaves and/or branches of a tree or plant.

* If there are only 2 complete walls, and they form a corner, a third wall of at least 1 handbreadth must be within 3 handbreadths of one of the complete walls.

* A sukkah may be built on a boat.

* A sukkah may be built on a wagon.

* A sukkah may be built in a tree, like a treehouse. But it cannot be built under a tree, or any overhanging surface.

* In day, the roof must provide more shade than sunshine. Its individual construction elements must be less than 4 handbreadths in width.

* The sukkah must draw the eye up to its roof, and to the sky beyond.

* The roof must be made from something that once grew in the ground, and is no longer attached to the earth.

* The sukkah must be at least 10 handbreadths tall, but no taller than 20 cubits.

* The base of the walls must be within 3 handbreadths of the ground, but need not reach the roof.

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