View allAll Photos Tagged outer
View over Millwall Outer Dock looking east from the Docklands Sailing & Watersports Centre showing Ringwood Gardens on the right-hand-side
LANSW Outer West Met Zone Championships 2024 (Day 3)
Harold Corr Oval, Cambridge Park, NSW, Australia.
Please Keep Comments Respectable.
Scarborough Castle stands on a massive promontory of rock that rises above the North Sea. Its 12th-century great tower is the centrepiece of a royal castle begun by Henry II. It became one of the greatest royal fortresses in England and figured prominently in national events during the Middle Ages. Its buildings are mostly relatively recent additions to a site which, as a natural fortress, has been intermittently inhabited and fortified for nearly 3,000 years.
Before the Castle
Reconstructed Roman pottery from the site of the Roman signal station at Scarborough Castle (on loan from Scarborough Museums Trust)
With its own anchorage, Scarborough has long been an important gateway to north-east England. Fragments of pottery dating to between about 2100 and 1600 BC are the earliest evidence of human activity on the headland.
But it is only in the first millennium BC that there is clear evidence of a settlement there. Excavations suggest two distinct periods of habitation, the first about 800 BC and the second about 500 BC, but it is not clear how extensive either settlement was.In the late 4th century AD a fortified tower was erected on the headland. Finds of coins and pottery, and architectural similarity to other sites, suggest that it was one of a set of signal stations built along the north-eastern coast of Britain at this time. Exactly when and why these were built is much debated, but whatever their purpose, they seem to have been abandoned in the early 5th century. It has long been supposed that the name Scarborough derives from Old Norse. However, the whole idea of a Viking settlement at Scarborough has recently been questioned and an alternative Anglo-Saxon derivation for the name Scarborough as ‘the hill with the fort’ has been suggested.Nonetheless, it is clear from the discovery of a chapel within the foundations of the Roman signal station as well as a small cemetery that there was human activity on the headland by 1000.
The Early Castle
Scarborough is first clearly documented in the mid-12th century as a borough prospering beneath the walls of a great royal castle.The castle’s founder was William le Gros, Count of Aumâle. Created Earl of York by King Stephen in 1138, he proceeded to establish himself as the unrivalled political master of the region. His work at Scarborough probably began in the 1130s. Later in the 12th century the chronicler William of Newburgh recorded that Aumâle was responsible for enclosing the plateau of the promontory with a wall and erecting a tower at the entrance, on the site of the present great tower or keep. But within a few years of the castle’s foundation Henry II acceded to the throne and demanded the return of all royal castles. Scarborough, which was built on a royal manor, was one of these, and Scarborough Castle passed into the hands of the Crown.
A Royal Castle
In 1159 Henry II began to rebuild the castle, planting a new town beneath its walls at the same time. About £650 was spent on the castle over the next ten years, an enormous sum.[8] The principal object of expenditure was the great tower, built 1159–69, most probably as architectural confirmation that the castle had changed hands.King John is known to have visited Scarborough several times and seems to have developed it, along with Knaresborough, as a major royal castle to control Yorkshire. He spent £2,291 on Scarborough, more than on any other castle in the kingdom, in two phases: first, the creation of an outer wall to the inner bailey in 1202–6, and second, the extension of that wall down to the cliff in 1207–12. During the second stage he also constructed a hall in the inner bailey as well as a new royal chamber block and a separate aisled hall in the outer bailey.
The Castle in the Later Middle Ages
Henry III provisioned and maintained the castle throughout his reign, which became one of the greatest royal fortresses in England. Edward I continued to use it as a royal lodging, holding court and council at Scarborough in 1275. Prisoners from his Scottish wars were also held there. In 1312 it was briefly the scene of a siege when Edward II's favourite, Piers Gaveston, took refuge in the castle. In 1308 Lord Percy and his wife were granted licence to live in the castle and over the next 40 years the Percy family built a bakehouse, brewhouse and kitchen in the inner bailey. The buildings were generally only repaired in extreme need. Richard III was the last king to stay there, in 1484, while assembling a fleet to resist the expected invasion of Henry Tudor, later Henry VII.
The Castle under the Tudors
Though dilapidated, Scarborough Castle continued to play an important role in times of crisis. When the popular rebellion against Henry VIII known as the Pilgrimage of Grace broke out in October 1536, the constable, Sir Ralph Eure, declared his support for the king and was besieged in the castle. Although damaged by gunfire, the castle was held successfully. Twenty years later the castle was involved in another doomed plot, when in 1557 Thomas Stafford seized the castle and held it for three days, believing he could incite a popular revolt against Queen Mary. The castle was easily captured, and Stafford and his accomplices were executed.
The Civil War
In September 1642 a local gentleman, Sir Hugh Cholmley, was commissioned to hold Scarborough for Parliament, but he was soon persuaded to change sides. Immediately afterwards, while Cholmley was visiting Charles I in York, 40 seamen under the command of Cholmley’s cousin Captain Browne Bushell surprised the guard at night and took the castle. Cholmley rushed back and persuaded Bushell to return the castle to him. For the next two years Scarborough served as an important Royalist base, its interception of shipping inflicting serious coal shortages on London.Early in 1645, however, Parliamentarian forces closed in on Scarborough. After three weeks Sir Hugh was forced to retreat from the town to the castle, where for five months he resisted one of the bloodiest sieges of the Civil War. The bombardment was so intense that the massive walls of the great tower sheared and half the building collapsed. Eventually Cholmley ran out of gunpowder, then money and finally food. He surrendered on 25 July 1645. The castle was again besieged when the Parliamentary garrison of 100 men under Colonel Boynton declared for the imprisoned king on 27 July 1648, after Parliament had failed to pay them. Boynton eventually surrendered in December. Instructions were given that the castle should be slighted, but opposition from the town preserved it from destruction
Prison and Barrack
The Master Gunner’s House at Scarborough Castle, which was probably converted from an existing building in the early 18th century From the 1650s the castle also served as a prison – among those held there was George Fox, founder of the Society of Friends (the Quakers). In response to the Jacobite Rebellion of 1745–6 a barracks block was constructed within the walls of King John’s chamber block, and this remained in use into the mid-19th century.
The 20th Century
On the morning of 16 December 1914, in the opening months of the First World War, two German warships fired more than 500 shells on the town and castle from the bay. Seventeen civilians were killed and more than 80 seriously wounded. In 1920 Scarborough Castle was taken into state guardianship by the Ministry of Works. Under its ownership the 18th century barracks block damaged in the German bombardment was demolished. The site of the Roman signal station and chapel was excavated in the 1920s, and the castle was placed in the care of English Heritage in 1984.
In order to achieve this effect, I had to flip the photo so the wording reflected in the mirror will show in the right direction. Once I did that I also reversed (swapped) the colors of the photo, to get some unreal atmosphere.
The true colors are light yellow-orange on the wall (as it was lit with tungsten) and green for the Exit sign.
The Helicon leaving Outer Harbour. We were passed by her as we were making our way out - fortunately we remembered to Look Out for Big Ships, as per the little notice next at the helm.
Fortaleza de Juromenha
Alentejo, Portugal
A Fortaleza de Juromenha localiza-se na freguesia de Juromenha, concelho de Alandroal, distrito de Évora, em Portugal. Entre a Guerra da Restauração e a Guerra Peninsular, sobre o rio Guadiana cuja travessia fechava, foi considerada uma das chaves da fronteira do Alentejo.
No contexto da Restauração da independência portuguesa, a partir de 1640, ante a iminência de uma invasão espanhola, impôs-se a completa reestruturação das fortificações fronteiriças de Portugal, adaptando-se as estruturas ainda medievais à s exigências da artilharia da época. Diante da precariedade da defesa constituÃda pelo Castelo de Juromenha, que remontava à Idade Média, foram apresentados, em 1644, três diferentes planos para modernização desta defesa ao Conselho de Guerra do rei D. João IV (1640-1656).
(...)
Com os trabalhos ainda em andamento, um incêndio fez saltar o paiol da pólvora (Janeiro de 1659), o que causou a destruição de parte expressiva das estruturas já edificadas e do antigo Paço Municipal. Uma centena de homens da guarnição (estudantes da Universidade de Elvas) e três mestres que os capitaneavam, perderam a vida na ocasião.
Passando-se para o serviço da Espanha, Langres comandou, em pessoa, a artilharia inimiga quando do ataque de 1662, capturando esta fortificação que ele mesmo construÃra. Esta praça permaneceu ocupada por tropas espanholas até ao Tratado de Lisboa (13 de Fevereiro de 1668), quando retornou à posse da Coroa portuguesa.
A fortaleza sofreu severos danos com terramoto de 1755, tendo-lhe sido efetuadas obras de reparo e de ampliação, quando foi adossado um novo baluarte à muralha pelo lado do rio Guadiana, para defesa do ancoradouro.
No inÃcio do século XIX, no alvorecer da Guerra Peninsular, foi entregue, sem resistência pelo seu Governador, à s tropas espanholas quando da chamada Guerra das Laranjas, para ser recuperada apenas em 1808.
Com a perda de sua função defensiva diante da evolução dos meios bélicos, entrou em decadência, até ao seu abandono em 1920.
pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortaleza_de_Juromenha
20120424_7D_IMG_7132_Juromenha
A painted goby Pomatoschistus pictus - Dive site D13
Date: 04/05/2017
Loch Carron
Original image file size: 13.6MB (.NEF format)
Photographer: Ben James
Position: 57.34840 -5.65198
SNH marine evidence YouTube channel
© SNH. All rights reserved. Please email for details - marinephotos@nature.scot
The outer harbour at Mevagissey had plenty of water on the other hand, and the cruise boats that take you around the coast were able to dock here and take people on trips.
The Outer Peristyle is a large garden south of the museum. Bronze replicas of Roman artwork surround a pool which was dry due to drought. At the Getty Villa.
The Getty Villa is an art museum located about 19 miles (31 km) west of downtown Los Angeles, California. The site is built in the style of an ancient Roman palace. It houses ancient Greek, Roman and Etruscan art and artifacts dating from 6,500 BC to 400 AD. Items from after 400 AD are housed in a companion museum, the Getty Center, elsewhere in Los Angeles. I visited the Getty Villa on June 20, 2015.