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Colton: Allright guys, watch your step, these old ruins are often stuffed with boobytraps and creepy crawlers filled with poison...
Falcon: I bet a months salary there will be snakes of all sorts down there as well.......
Puri is a city and a Municipality of Odisha. It is the district headquarters of Puri district, Odisha, eastern India. It is situated on the Bay of Bengal, 60 kilometres south of the state capital of Bhubaneswar. It is also known as Jagannath Puri after the 12th-century Jagannath Temple located in the city. It is one of the original Char Dham pilgrimage sites for Indian Hindus.
Puri was known by several names from the ancient times to the present, and locally called as Badadeula. Puri and the Jagannath Temple were invaded 18 times by Hindu and Muslim rulers, starting from the 4th century to the start of the 19th century with the objective of looting the treasures of the temple. Odisha, including Puri and its temple, were under the British Raj from 1803 till India attained independence in August 1947. Even though princely states do not exist in independent India, the heirs of the Gajapati Dynasty of Khurda still perform the ritual duties of the temple. The temple town has many Hindu religious maths or monasteries.
The economy of Puri town is dependent on the religious importance of the Jagannath Temple to the extent of nearly 80%. The festivals which contribute to the economy are the 24 held every year in the temple complex, including 13 major festivals; Ratha Yatra and its related festivals are the most important which are attended by millions of people every year. Sand art and applique art are some of the important crafts of the city. Puri is one of the 12 heritage cities chosen by the Government of India for holistic development.
GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE
GEOGRAPHY
Puri, located on the east coast of India on the Bay of Bengal, is in the center of the district of the same name. It is delimited by the Bay of Bengal on the south east, the Mauza Sipaurubilla on the west, Mauz Gopinathpur in the north and Mauza Balukhand in the east. It is within the 67 kilometres coastal stretch of sandy beaches that extends between Chilika Lake and the south of Puri city. However, the administrative jurisdiction of the Puri Municipality extends over an area of 16.3268 square kilometres spread over 30 wards, which includes a shore line of 5 kilometres.
Puri is in the coastal delta of the Mahanadi River on the shores of the Bay of Bengal. In the ancient days it was near to Sisupalgarh (Ashokan Tosali) when the land was drained by a tributary of the River Bhargavi, a branch of the Mahanadi River, which underwent a meandering course creating many arteries altering the estuary, and formed many sand hills. These sand hills could not be "cut through" by the streams. Because of the sand hills, the Bhargavi River flowing to the south of Puri, moved away towards the Chilika Lake. This shift also resulted in the creation of two lagoons known as Sar and Samang on the eastern and northern parts of Puri respectively. Sar lagoon has a length of 8.0 km in an east-west direction and has a width of 3.2 km in north-south direction. The river estuary has a shallow depth of 1.5 m only and the process of siltation is continuing. According to a 15th-century chronicle the stream that flowed at the base of the Blue Mountain or Neelachal was used as the foundation or high plinth of the present temple which was then known as Purushottama, the Supreme Being. A 16th century chronicle attributes filling up of the bed of the river which flowed through the present Grand Road, during the reign of King Narasimha II (1278–1308).
CLIMATE
According to the Köppen and Geiger the climate of Puri is classified Aw. The city has moderate and tropical climate. Humidity is fairly high throughout the year. The temperature during summer touches a maximum of 36 °C and during winter it is 17 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1,337 millimetres and the average annual temperature is 26.9 °C.
HISTORY
NAMES IN HISTORY
Puri, the holy land of Lord Jaganath, also known popularly as Badadeula in local usage, has many ancient names in the Hindu scriptures such as the Rigveda, Matsya purana, Brahma Purana, Narada Purana, Padma Purana, Skanda Purana, Kapila samhita and Niladrimahodaya. In the Rigveda, in particular, it is mentioned as a place called Purushamandama-grama meaning the place where the Creator deity of the world – Supreme Divinity deified on altar or mandapa was venerated near the coast and prayers offered with vedic hymns. Over time the name got changed to Purushottama Puri and further shortened to Puri and the Purusha became Jagannatha. Close to this place sages like Bhrigu, Atri and Markandeya had their hermitage. Its name is mentioned, conforming to the deity worshipped, as Srikshetra, Purusottama Dhāma, Purusottama Kshetra, Purusottama Puri and Jagannath Puri. Puri is however, a common usage now. It is also known the geographical features of its siting as Shankhakshetra (layout of the town is in the form of a conch shell.), Neelāchala ("blue mountain" a terminology used to name very large sand lagoon over which the temple was built but this name is not in vogue), Neelāchalakshetra, Neelādri, The word 'Puri' in Sanskrit means "town", or 'city' and is cognate with polis in Greek.
Another ancient name is Charita as identified by Cunningham which was later spelled as Che-li-ta-lo by Chinese traveller Hiuen Tsang.When the present temple was built by the Ganga king Chodangadev in the 11th and 12th centuries it was called Purushottamkshetra. However, the Moghuls, the Marathas and early British rulers called it Purushottama-chhatar or just Chhatar. In Akbar's Ain-i-Akbari and subsequent Muslim historical records it was known as Purushottama. In the Sanskrit drama authored by Murari Mishra in the 8th century it is referred as Purushottama only. It was only after twelfth century Puri came to be known by the shortened form of Jagannatha Puri, named after the deity or in a short form as Puri. In some records pertaining to the British rule, the word 'Jagannath' was used for Puri. It is the only shrine in India, where Radha, along with Lakshmi, Saraswati, Durga, Bhudevi, Sati, Parvati, and Shakti abodes with Krishna, also known as Jagannath.
ANCIENT PERIOD
According to the chronicle Madala Panji, in 318 the priests and servitors of the temple spirited away the idols to escape the wrath of the Rashtrakuta King Rakatavahu. The temple's ancient historical records also finds mention in the Brahma Purana and Skanda Purana as having been built by the king Indradyumna of Ujjayani.
According to W.J. Wilkinson, in Puri, Buddhism was once a well established practice but later Buddhists were persecuted and Brahmanism became the order of the religious practice in the town; the Buddha deity in now worshipped by the Hindus as Jagannatha. It is also said that some relics of Buddha were placed inside the idol of Jagannath which the Brahmins claimed were the bones of Krishna. Even during Ashoka’s reign in 240 BC Odisha was a Buddhist center and that a tribe known as Lohabahu (barbarians from outside Odisha) converted to Buddhism and built a temple with an idol of Buddha which is now worshipped as Jagannatha. It is also said that Lohabahu deposited some Buddha relics in the precincts of the temple.
Construction of the Jagannatha Temple started in 1136 and completed towards the later part of the 12th century. The King of the Ganga dynasty, Anangabhima dedicated his kingdom to the God, then known as the Purushottam-Jagannatha and resolved that from then on he and his descendants would rule under "divine order as Jagannatha's sons and vassals". Even though princely states do not exist in independent India, the heirs of the Gajapati dynasty of Khurda still perform the ritual duties of the temple; the king formally sweeps the road in front of the chariots before the start of the Rathayatra.
MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN PERIODS
History of the temple is the history of the town of Puri, which was invaded 18 times during its history to plunder the treasures of the Jagannath Puri temple. The first invasion was in the 8th century by Rastrakuta king Govinda-III (AD 798–814) and the last was in 1881 by the followers of Alekh Religion who did not recognize Jagannath worship. In between, from the 1205 onward there were many invasions of the city and its temple by Muslims of the Afghans and Moghuls descent, known as Yavanas or foreigners; they had mounted attacks to ransack the wealth of the temple rather than for religious reasons. In most of these invasions the idols were taken to safe places by the priests and the servitors of the temple. Destruction of the temple was prevented by timely resistance or surrender by the kings of the region. However, the treasures of the temple were repeatedly looted. Puri is the site of the Govardhana matha, one of the four cardinal institutions established by Adi Shankaracharya, when he visited Puri in 810 and since then it has become an important dham (divine centre) for the Hindus; the others being those at Sringeri, Dwaraka and Jyotirmath. The matha is headed by Jagatguru Shankarachrya. The significance of the four dhams is that the Lord Vishnu takes his dinner at Puri, has his bath at Rameshwaram, spends the night at Dwarka and does penance at Badrinath.
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu of Bengal who established the Bhakti movements of India in the sixteenth century, now known by the name the Hare Krishna movement, spent many years as a devotee of Jagannatha at Puri; he is said to have merged his "corporal self" with the deity. There is also a matha of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu here.
In the 17th century for the sailors sailing on the east coast of India, the landmark was the temple located in a plaza in the centre of the town which they called the "White Pagoda" while the Konark Sun Temple, 60 kilometres away to the east of Puri, was known as the "Black Pagoda".
The iconographic representation of the images in the Jagannath temple are believed to be the forms derived from the worship made by the tribal groups of Sabaras belonging to northern Odisha. These images are replaced at regular intervals as the wood deteriorates. This replacement is a special event carried out ritulistically by special group of carpenters.
The town has many Mathas (Monasteries of the various Hindu sects). Among the important mathas is the Emar Matha founded by the Tamil Vaishnav Saint Ramanujacharya in the 12th century AD. At present this matha is located in front of Simhadvara across the eastern corner of the Jagannath Temple is reported to have been built in the 16th century during the reign of Suryavamsi Gajapati. The matha was in the news recently for the large cache of 522 silver slabs unearthded from a closed room.
The British conquered Orissa in 1803 and recognizing the importance of the Jagannatha Temple in the life of the people of the state they initially placed an official to look after the temple's affairs and later declared it a district with the same name.
MODERN HISTORY
In 1906, Sri Yukteswar an exponent of Kriya Yoga, a resident of Puri, established an ashram in the sea-side town of Puri, naming it "Kararashram" as a spiritual training center. He died on 9 March 1936 and his body is buried in the garden of the ashram.
The city is the site of the former summer residence of British Raj built in 1913–14 during the era of governors, the Raj Bhavan.
For the people of Puri Lord Jagannath, visualized as Lord Krishna, is synonymous with their city. They believe that the Jagannatha looks after the welfare of the state. However, after the incident of the partial collapse of the Jagannatha Temple, the Amalaka part of the tower on 14 June 1990 people became apprehensive and thought it was not a good omen for the welfare of the State of Odisha. The replacement of the fallen stone by another of the same size and weight (seven tons) had to be done only in the an early morning hours after the gods had woken up after a good nights sleep which was done on 28 February 1991.
Puri has been chosen as one of the heritage cities for the Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana scheme of the Indian Government. It is one of 12 the heritage cities chosen with "focus on holistic development" to be implemented in 27 months by end of March 2017.
Non-Hindus are not permitted to enter the shrines but are allowed to view the temple and the proceedings from the roof of the Raghunandan library within the precincts of the temple for a small donation.
DEMOGRAPHICS
As of 2001 India census, Puri city, an urban Agglomeration governed by Municipal Corporation in Orissa state, had a population of 157,610 which increased to 200,564 in 2011. Males, 104,086, females, 96,478, children under 6 years of age, 18,471. The sex ratio is 927 females to 1000 males. Puri has an average literacy rate of 88.03 percent (91.38 percent males and 84.43 percent females). Religion-wise data is not reported.
ECONOMY
The economy of Puri is dependent on tourism to the extent of about 80%. The temple is the focal point of the entire area of the town and provides major employment to the people of the town. Agricultural production of rice, ghee, vegetables and so forth of the region meets the huge requirements of the temple, with many settlements aroiund the town exclusively catering to the other religious paraphernalia of the temple. The temple administration employs 6,000 men to perform the rituals. The temple also provides economic sustenance to 20,000 people belonging to 36 orders and 97 classes. The kitchen of the temple which is said to be the largest in the world employs 400 cooks.
CITY MANAGEMENT AND GOVERNANCE
Puri Municipality, Puri Konark Development Authority, Public Health Engineering Organisastion, Orissa Water Supply Sewerage Board are some of the principal organizations that are devolved with the responsibility of providing for all the urban needs of civic amenities such as water supply, sewerage, waste management, street lighting, and infrastructure of roads. The major activity which puts maximum presuure on these organizations is the annual event of the Ratha Yatra held for 10 days during July when more than a million people attend the grand event. This event involves to a very large extent the development activities such as infrastructure and amenities to the pilgrims, apart from security to the pilgrims.
The civic administration of Puri is the responsibility of the Puri Municipality which came into existence in 1864 in the name of Puri Improvement Trust which got converted into Puri Municipality in 1881. After India's independence in 1947, Orissa Municipal Act-1950 was promulgated entrusting the administration of the city to the Puri Municipality. This body is represented by elected representative with a Chairperson and councilors representing the 30 wards within the municipal limits.
LANDMARKS
JAGANNATH TEMPLE AT PURI
The Temple of Jagannath at Puri is one of the major Hindu temples built in the Kalinga style of architecture, in respect of its plan, front view and structural detailing. It is one of the Pancharatha (Five chariots) type consisting of two anurathas, two konakas and one ratha with well-developed pagas. Vimana or Deula is the sanctum sanctorum where the triad (three) deities are deified on the ratnavedi (Throne of Pearls), and over which is the temple tower, known as the rekha deula; the latter is built over a rectangular base of the pidha temples as its roof is made up of pidhas that are sequentially arranged horizontal platforms built in descending order forming a pyramidal shape. The mandapa in front of the sanctum sanctorum is known as Jagamohana where devotees assemble to offer worship. The temple tower with a spire rises to a height of 58 m in height and a flag is unfurled above it fixed over a wheel (chakra). Within the temple complex is the Nata Mandir, a large hall where Garuda stamba (pillar). Chaitanya Mahaprabhu used to stand here and pray. In the interior of the Bhoga Mantap, adjoining the Nata mandir, there is profusion of decorations of sculptures and paintings which narrate the story of Lord Krishna. The temple is built on an elevated platform (of about 39,000 m2 area), 20 ft above the adjoining area. The temple rises to a height of 214 ft above the road level. The temple complex covers an area of 4,3 ha. There is double walled enclosure, rectangular in shape (rising to a height of 20 ft) surrounding the temple complex of which the outer wall is known as Meghanada Prachira, measuring 200 by 192 metres. The inner walled enclosure, known as Kurmabedha. measures 126m x 95m. There are four entry gates (in four cardinal directions to the temple located at the center of the walls in the four directions of the outer circle. These are: the eastern gate called Singhadwara (Lions Gate), the southern gate known as Ashwa Dwara (Horse Gate), the western gate called the Vyaghra Dwara (Tigers Gate) or the Khanja Gate, and the northern gate called the Hathi Dwara or (elephant gate). The four gates symbolize the four fundamental principles of Dharma (right conduct), Jnana (knowledge), Vairagya (renunciation) and Aishwarya (prosperity). The gates are crowned with pyramid shapes structures. There is stone pillar in front of the Singhadwara called the Aruna Stambha {Solar Pillar}, 11 metres in height with 16 faces, made of chlorite stone, at the top of which is mounted an elegant statue of Arun (Sun) in a prayer mode. This pillar was shifted from the Konarak Sun temple. All the gates are decorated with guardian statues in the form of lion, horse mounted men, tigers and elephants in the name and order of the gates. A pillar made of fossilized wood is used for placing lamps as offering. The Lion Gate (Singhadwara) is the main gate to the temple, which guarded by two guardian deities Jaya and Vijaya. The main gates is ascended through 22 steps known as Baisi Pahaca which are revered as it is said to possess "spiritual animation". Children are made to roll down these steps from top to bottom to bring them spiritual happiness. After entering the temple on the left hand side there is huge kitchen where food is prepared in hygienic conditions in huge quantities that it is termed as "the biggest hotel of the world".
The legend says that King Indradyumma was directed by Lord Jagannath in a dream to build a temple for him and he built it as directed. However, according to historical records the temple was started some time during the 12th century by King Chodaganga of the Eastern Ganga dynasty. It was however completed by his descendant, Anangabhima Deva, in the 12th century. The wooden images of Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra were then deified here. The temple was under the control of the Hindu rulers up to 1558. Then, when Orissa was occupied by the Afghan Nawab of Bengal, it was brought under the control of the Afghan General Kalapahad. Following the defeat of the Afghan king by Raja Mansingh, the General of Mughal emperor Akbar, the temple became a part of the Mughal empire till 1751 AD. Subsequently it was under the control of the Marathas till 1803. Then, when British Raj took over Orissa, the Puri Raja was entrusted with its to management until 1947.
The triad of images in the temple are of Jagannatha, personifying Lord Krishna, Balabhadra, his older brother, and Subhadra his younger sister, which are made of wood (neem) in an unfinished form. The stumps of wood which form the images of the brothers have human arms and that of Subhadra does not have any arms. The heads are large and un-carved and are painted. The faces are made distinct with the large circular shaped eyes.
THE PANCHA TIRTHA OF PURI
Hindus consider it essential to bathe in the Pancha Tirtha or the five sacred bathing spots of Puri, India, to complete a pilgrimage to Puri. The five sacred water bodies are the Indradyumana Tank, the Rohini Kunda, the Markandeya Tank, Swetaganga Tank, and the The Sea also called the Mahodadhi is considered a sacred bathing spot in the Swargadwar area. These tanks have perennial sources of supply in the form of rain water and ground water.
GUNDICHA TEMPLE
Known as the Garden House of Jagannath, the Gundicha temple stands in the centre of a beautiful garden, surrounded by compound walls on all sides. It lies at a distance of about 3 kilometres to the north east of the Jagannath Temple. The two temples are located at the two ends of the Bada Danda (Grand Avenue) which is the pathway for the Rath Yatra. According to a legend, Gundicha was the wife of King Indradyumna who originally built the Jagannath temple.
The temple is built using light-grey sandstone and architecturally, it exemplifies typical Kalinga temple architecture in the Deula style. The complex comprises four components: vimana (tower structure containing the sanctum), jagamohana (assembly hall), nata-mandapa (festival hall) and bhoga-mandapa (hall of offerings). There is also a kitchen connected by a small passage. The temple is set within a garden, and is known as "God's Summer Garden Retreat" or garden house of Jagannath. The entire complex, including garden, is surrounded by a wall which measures 131 m × 98 m with height of 6.1 m.
Except for the 9-day Rath Yatra when triad images are worshipped in Gundicha Temple, the rest of the year it remains unoccupied. Tourists can visit the temple after paying an entry fee. Foreigners (prohibited entry in the main temple) are allowed inside this temple during this period. The temple is under the Jagannath Temple Administration, Puri – the governing body of the main temple. A small band of servitors maintain the temple.
SWARGADWAR
Swargadwar is the name given to the cremation ground or burning ghat which is located on the shores of the sea were thousands of dead bodies of Hindus are brought from faraway places to cremate. It is a belief that the Chitanya Mahaparabhu disppaeread from this Swargadwar about 500 years back.
BEACH
The beach at Puri known as the "Ballighai beach} is 8 km away at the mouth of Nunai River from the town and is fringed by casurian trees. It has golden yellow sand and has pleasant sunshine. Sunrise and sunset are pleasant scenic attractions here. Waves break in at the beach which is long and wide.
DISTRICT MUSEUM
The Puri district museum is located on the station road where the exhibits are of different types of garments worn by Lord Jagannath, local sculptures, patachitra (traditional, cloth-based scroll painting) and ancient Palm-leaf manuscripts and local craft work.
RAGHUNANDANA LIBRARY
Raghunandana Library is located in the Emmra matha complex (opposite Simhadwara or Lion gate, the main entrance gate). The Jagannatha Aitihasika Gavesana Samiti (Jagannatha Historical Center) is also located here. The library contains ancient palm leaf manuscripts of Jagannatha, His cult and the history of the city. From the roof of the library one gets a picturesque view of the temple complex.
FESTIVALS OF PURI
Puri witnesses 24 festivals every year, of which 13 are major festivals. The most important of these is the Rath Yatra or the Car festival held in the month June–July which is attended by more than 1 million people.
RATH YATRA AT PURI
The Jagannath triad are usually worshiped in the sanctum of the temple at Puri, but once during the month of Asadha (Rainy Season of Orissa, usually falling in month of June or July), they are brought out onto the Bada Danda (main street of Puri) and travel 3 kilometrer to the Shri Gundicha Temple, in huge chariots (ratha), allowing the public to have darśana (Holy view). This festival is known as Rath Yatra, meaning the journey (yatra) of the chariots (ratha). The yatra starts, according to Hindu calendar Asadha Sukla Dwitiya )the second day of bright fortnight of Asadha (June–July) every year.
Historically, the ruling Ganga dynasty instituted the Rath Yatra at the completion of the great temple around 1150 AD. This festival was one of those Hindu festivals that was reported to the Western world very early. In his own account of 1321, Odoric reported how the people put the "idols" on chariots, and the King and Queen and all the people drew them from the "church" with song and music.
The Rathas are huge wheeled wooden structures, which are built anew every year and are pulled by the devotees. The chariot for Jagannath is about 14 m high and 35 feet square and takes about 2 months to construct. Th chariot is mounted with 16 wheels, each of 2.1 m diameter. The carvings in the front of the chariot has four wooden horses drawn by Maruti. On its other three faces the wooden carvings are Rama, Surya and Vishnu. The chariot is known as Nandi Ghosha. The roof of the chariot is covered with yellow and golden coloured cloth. The next chariot is that of Balabhadra which is 13 m in height fitted with 14 wheels. The chariot is carved with Satyaki as the charioteer. The carvings on this chariot also include images of Narasimha and Rudra as Jagannath's companions. The next chariot in the order is that of Subhadra, which is 13 m in height supported on 12 wheels, roof covered in black and red colour cloth and the chariot is known as Darpa-Dalaan. The charioteer carved is Arjuna. Other images carved on the chariot are that of Vana Durga, Tara Devi and Chandi Devi. The artists and painters of Puri decorate the cars and paint flower petals and other designs on the wheels, the wood-carved charioteer and horses, and the inverted lotuses on the wall behind the throne. The huge chariots of Jagannath pulled during Rath Yatra is the etymological origin of the English word Juggernaut. The Ratha-Yatra is also termed as the Shri Gundicha yatra and Ghosha yatra
CHHERA PAHARA
The Chhera Pahara is a significant ritual associated with the Ratha-Yatra. During the festival, the Gajapati King wears the outfit of a sweeper and sweeps all around the deities and chariots in the Chera Pahara (sweeping with water) ritual. The Gajapati King cleanses the road before the chariots with a gold-handled broom and sprinkles sandalwood water and powder with utmost devotion. As per the custom, although the Gajapati King has been considered the most exalted person in the Kalingan kingdom, he still renders the menial service to Jagannath. This ritual signified that under the lordship of Jagannath, there is no distinction between the powerful sovereign Gajapati King and the most humble devotee.
CHADAN YATRA
In Akshaya Tritiya every year the Chandan Yatra festival marks the commencement of the construction of the Chariots of the Rath Yatra. It also marks the celebration of the Hindu new year.
SNANA YATRA
On the Purnima day in the month of Jyestha (June) the triad images of the Jagannath temple are ceremonially bathed and decorated every year on the occasion of Snana Yatra. Water for the bath is taken in 108 pots from the Suna kuan (meaning: "golden well") located near the northern gate of the temple. Water is drawn from this well only once in a year for the sole purpose of this religious bath of the deities. After the bath the triad images are dressed in the fashion of the elephant god, Ganesha. Later during the night the original triad images are taken out in a procession back to the main temple but kept at a place known as Anasara pindi. After this the Jhulana Yatra is when proxy images of the deities are taken out in a grand procession for 21 days, cruised over boats in the Narmada tank.
ANAVASARA OR ANASARA
Anasara literally means vacation. Every year, the triad images without the Sudarshan after the holy Snana Yatra are taken to a secret altar named Anavasara Ghar Palso known as "Anasara pindi} where they remain for the next dark fortnight (Krishna paksha). Hence devotees are not allowed to view them. Instead of this devotees go to nearby place Brahmagiri to see their beloved lord in the form of four handed form Alarnath a form of Vishnu. Then people get the first glimpse of lord on the day before Rath Yatra, which is called Navayouvana. It is said that the gods suffer from fever after taking ritual detailed bath and they are treated by the special servants named, Daitapatis for 15 days. Daitapatis perform special niti (rite) known as Netrotchhaba (a rite of painting the eyes of the triad). During this period cooked food is not offered to the deities.
NAVA KALEVARA
One of the most grandiloquent events associated with the Lord Jagannath, Naba Kalabera takes place when one lunar month of Ashadha is followed by another lunar month of Aashadha, called Adhika Masa (extra month). This can take place in 8, 12 or even 18 years. Literally meaning the "New Body" (Nava = New, Kalevar = Body), the festival is witnessed by as millions of people and the budget for this event exceeds $500,000. The event involves installation of new images in the temple and burial of the old ones in the temple premises at Koili Vaikuntha. The idols that were worshipped in the temple, installed in the year 1996, were replaced by specially made new images made of neem wood during Nabakalebara 2015 ceremony held during July 2015. More than 3 million devotees were expected to visit the temple during the Nabakalebara 2015 held in July.
SUNA BESHA
Suna Bhesha also known as Raja or Rajadhiraja bhesha or Raja Bhesha, is an event when the triad images of the Jagannath Temple are adorned with gold jewelry. This event is observed 5 times during a year. It is commonly observed on Magha Purnima (January), Bahuda Ekadashi also known as Asadha Ekadashi (July), Dashahara (Vijyadashami) (October), Karthik Purnima (November), and Pousa Purnima (December). While one such Suna Bhesha event is observed on Bahuda Ekadashi during the Rath Yatra on the chariots placed at the lion's gate or the Singhdwar; the other four Bheshas' are observed inside the temple on the Ratna Singhasana (gem studded altar). On this occasion gold plates are decorated over the hands and feet of Jagannath and Balabhadra; Jagannath is also adorned with a Chakra (disc) made of gold on the right hand while a silver conch adorns the left hand. However, Balabhadra is decorated with a plough made of gold on the left hand while a golden mace adorns his right hand.
NILADRI BIJE
Celebrated on Asadha Trayodashi. It marks the end of the 12 days Ratha yatra. The large wooden images of the triad of gods are moved from the chariots and then carried to the sanctum sanctorum, swaying rhythmically, a ritual which is known as pahandi.
SAHI YATRA
Considered the world's biggest open-air theatre, the Sahi yatra is an 11 day long traditional cultural theatre festival or folk drama which begins on Ram Navami and ending in Rama avishke (Sanskrit:anointing) every year. The festival includes plays depicting various scenes from the Ramayan. The residents of various localities or Sahis are entrusted the task of performing the drama at the street corners.
TRANSPORT
Earlier when roads did not exist people walked or travelled by animal drawn vehicles or carriages along beaten tracks. Up to Calcutta travel was by riverine craft along the Ganges and then by foot or carriages to Puri. It was only during the Maratha rule that the popular Jagannath Sadak (Road) was built around 1790. The East India Company laid the rail track from Calcutta to Puri which became operational in 1898. Puri is now well connected by rail, road and air services. A broad gauge railway line of the South Eastern Railways connects with Puri and Khurda is an important Railway junction. By rail it is about 499 kilometres away from Calcutta and 468 kilometres from Vishakhapatnam. Road network includes NH 203 that links the town with Bhubaneswar, the capital of Odisha which is about 60 kilometres away. NH 203 B connects the town with Satapada via Brahmagiri. Marine drive which is part of NH 203 A connects Puri with Konark. The nearest airport is at Bhubaneswar, about 60 kilometres away from Puri. Puri railway station is among the top hundred booking stations of Indian Railways.
ARTS AND CRAFTS
SAND ART
Sand art is a special art form that is created on the beaches of the sea coast of Puri. The art form is attributed to Balaram Das, a poet who lived in the 14th century. He started crafting the sand art forms of the triad deities of the Jagannath Temple at the Puri beach. Now sculptures in sand of various gods and famous people are created by amateur artists which are temporal in nature as they get washed away by waves. This is an art form which has gained international fame in recent years. One of the well known sand artist is Sudarshan Patnaik. He has established the Golden Sand Art Institute in 1995 at the beach to provide training to students interested in this art form.
APPLIQUE ART
Applique art work, which is a stitching based craft, unlike embroidery, which was pioneered by the Hatta Maharana of Pipili is widely used in Puri, both for decoration of the deities but also for sale. His family members are employed as darjis or tailors or sebaks by the Maharaja of Puri who prepare articles for decorating the deities in the temple for various festivals and religious ceremonies. These applique works are brightly coloured and patterned fabric in the form of canopies, umbrellas, drapery, carry bags, flags, coberings of dummy horses and cows, and other household textiles which are marketed in Puri. The cloth used are in dark colours of red, black, yellow, green, blue and turquoise blue.
CULTURE
Cultural activities, apart from religiuos festivals, held annually are: The Puri Beach Festival held between 5 and 9 November and the Shreeksherta Utsav held from 20 December to 2 January where cultural programmes include unique sand art, display of local and traditional handicrafts and food festival. In addition cultural programmes are held every Saturday for two hours on in second Saturday of the moth at the district Collector's Conference Hall near Sea Beach Polic Station. Apart from Odissi dance, Odiya music, folk dances, and cultural programmes are part of this event. Odishi dance is the cultural heritage of Puri. This dance form originated in Puri in the dances performed Devadasis (Maharis) attached to the Jagannath temple who performed dances in the Natamantapa of the temple to please the deities. Though the devadadsi practice has been discontinued, the dance form has become modern and classical and is widely popular, and many of the Odishi virtuoso artists and gurus (teachers) are from Puri.
EDUCATION
SOME OF THE EDUCATIONNAL INSTITUTIONS IN PURI
- Ghanashyama Hemalata Institute of Technology and Management
- Gangadhar Mohapatra Law College, established in 1981[84]
- Extension Unit of Regional Research Institute of Homoeopathy; Puri under Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy (CCRH), New Delhi established in March 2006
- Sri Jagannath Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya, established in July 1981
- The Industrial Training Institute, a Premier Technical Institution to provide education in skilled, committed & talented technicians, established in 1966 of the Government of India
PURI PEOPLE
Gopabandhu Das
Acharya Harihar
Nilakantha Das
Kelucharan Mohapatra
Pankaj Charan Das
Manasi Pradhan
Raghunath Mohapatra
Sudarshan Patnaik
Biswanath Sahinayak
Rituraj Mohanty
WIKIPEDIA
. . . beachcomber with stranded goods
. . . my suggestion for fashion designers . . .
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Puri is a city and a Municipality of Odisha. It is the district headquarters of Puri district, Odisha, eastern India. It is situated on the Bay of Bengal, 60 kilometres south of the state capital of Bhubaneswar. It is also known as Jagannath Puri after the 12th-century Jagannath Temple located in the city. It is one of the original Char Dham pilgrimage sites for Indian Hindus.
Puri was known by several names from the ancient times to the present, and locally called as Badadeula. Puri and the Jagannath Temple were invaded 18 times by Hindu and Muslim rulers, starting from the 4th century to the start of the 19th century with the objective of looting the treasures of the temple. Odisha, including Puri and its temple, were under the British Raj from 1803 till India attained independence in August 1947. Even though princely states do not exist in independent India, the heirs of the Gajapati Dynasty of Khurda still perform the ritual duties of the temple. The temple town has many Hindu religious maths or monasteries.
The economy of Puri town is dependent on the religious importance of the Jagannath Temple to the extent of nearly 80%. The festivals which contribute to the economy are the 24 held every year in the temple complex, including 13 major festivals; Ratha Yatra and its related festivals are the most important which are attended by millions of people every year. Sand art and applique art are some of the important crafts of the city. Puri is one of the 12 heritage cities chosen by the Government of India for holistic development.
GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE
GEOGRAPHY
Puri, located on the east coast of India on the Bay of Bengal, is in the center of the district of the same name. It is delimited by the Bay of Bengal on the south east, the Mauza Sipaurubilla on the west, Mauz Gopinathpur in the north and Mauza Balukhand in the east. It is within the 67 kilometres coastal stretch of sandy beaches that extends between Chilika Lake and the south of Puri city. However, the administrative jurisdiction of the Puri Municipality extends over an area of 16.3268 square kilometres spread over 30 wards, which includes a shore line of 5 kilometres.
Puri is in the coastal delta of the Mahanadi River on the shores of the Bay of Bengal. In the ancient days it was near to Sisupalgarh (Ashokan Tosali) when the land was drained by a tributary of the River Bhargavi, a branch of the Mahanadi River, which underwent a meandering course creating many arteries altering the estuary, and formed many sand hills. These sand hills could not be "cut through" by the streams. Because of the sand hills, the Bhargavi River flowing to the south of Puri, moved away towards the Chilika Lake. This shift also resulted in the creation of two lagoons known as Sar and Samang on the eastern and northern parts of Puri respectively. Sar lagoon has a length of 8.0 km in an east-west direction and has a width of 3.2 km in north-south direction. The river estuary has a shallow depth of 1.5 m only and the process of siltation is continuing. According to a 15th-century chronicle the stream that flowed at the base of the Blue Mountain or Neelachal was used as the foundation or high plinth of the present temple which was then known as Purushottama, the Supreme Being. A 16th century chronicle attributes filling up of the bed of the river which flowed through the present Grand Road, during the reign of King Narasimha II (1278–1308).
CLIMATE
According to the Köppen and Geiger the climate of Puri is classified Aw. The city has moderate and tropical climate. Humidity is fairly high throughout the year. The temperature during summer touches a maximum of 36 °C and during winter it is 17 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1,337 millimetres and the average annual temperature is 26.9 °C.
HISTORY
NAMES IN HISTORY
Puri, the holy land of Lord Jaganath, also known popularly as Badadeula in local usage, has many ancient names in the Hindu scriptures such as the Rigveda, Matsya purana, Brahma Purana, Narada Purana, Padma Purana, Skanda Purana, Kapila samhita and Niladrimahodaya. In the Rigveda, in particular, it is mentioned as a place called Purushamandama-grama meaning the place where the Creator deity of the world – Supreme Divinity deified on altar or mandapa was venerated near the coast and prayers offered with vedic hymns. Over time the name got changed to Purushottama Puri and further shortened to Puri and the Purusha became Jagannatha. Close to this place sages like Bhrigu, Atri and Markandeya had their hermitage. Its name is mentioned, conforming to the deity worshipped, as Srikshetra, Purusottama Dhāma, Purusottama Kshetra, Purusottama Puri and Jagannath Puri. Puri is however, a common usage now. It is also known the geographical features of its siting as Shankhakshetra (layout of the town is in the form of a conch shell.), Neelāchala ("blue mountain" a terminology used to name very large sand lagoon over which the temple was built but this name is not in vogue), Neelāchalakshetra, Neelādri, The word 'Puri' in Sanskrit means "town", or 'city' and is cognate with polis in Greek.
Another ancient name is Charita as identified by Cunningham which was later spelled as Che-li-ta-lo by Chinese traveller Hiuen Tsang.When the present temple was built by the Ganga king Chodangadev in the 11th and 12th centuries it was called Purushottamkshetra. However, the Moghuls, the Marathas and early British rulers called it Purushottama-chhatar or just Chhatar. In Akbar's Ain-i-Akbari and subsequent Muslim historical records it was known as Purushottama. In the Sanskrit drama authored by Murari Mishra in the 8th century it is referred as Purushottama only. It was only after twelfth century Puri came to be known by the shortened form of Jagannatha Puri, named after the deity or in a short form as Puri. In some records pertaining to the British rule, the word 'Jagannath' was used for Puri. It is the only shrine in India, where Radha, along with Lakshmi, Saraswati, Durga, Bhudevi, Sati, Parvati, and Shakti abodes with Krishna, also known as Jagannath.
ANCIENT PERIOD
According to the chronicle Madala Panji, in 318 the priests and servitors of the temple spirited away the idols to escape the wrath of the Rashtrakuta King Rakatavahu. The temple's ancient historical records also finds mention in the Brahma Purana and Skanda Purana as having been built by the king Indradyumna of Ujjayani.
According to W.J. Wilkinson, in Puri, Buddhism was once a well established practice but later Buddhists were persecuted and Brahmanism became the order of the religious practice in the town; the Buddha deity in now worshipped by the Hindus as Jagannatha. It is also said that some relics of Buddha were placed inside the idol of Jagannath which the Brahmins claimed were the bones of Krishna. Even during Ashoka’s reign in 240 BC Odisha was a Buddhist center and that a tribe known as Lohabahu (barbarians from outside Odisha) converted to Buddhism and built a temple with an idol of Buddha which is now worshipped as Jagannatha. It is also said that Lohabahu deposited some Buddha relics in the precincts of the temple.
Construction of the Jagannatha Temple started in 1136 and completed towards the later part of the 12th century. The King of the Ganga dynasty, Anangabhima dedicated his kingdom to the God, then known as the Purushottam-Jagannatha and resolved that from then on he and his descendants would rule under "divine order as Jagannatha's sons and vassals". Even though princely states do not exist in independent India, the heirs of the Gajapati dynasty of Khurda still perform the ritual duties of the temple; the king formally sweeps the road in front of the chariots before the start of the Rathayatra.
MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN PERIODS
History of the temple is the history of the town of Puri, which was invaded 18 times during its history to plunder the treasures of the Jagannath Puri temple. The first invasion was in the 8th century by Rastrakuta king Govinda-III (AD 798–814) and the last was in 1881 by the followers of Alekh Religion who did not recognize Jagannath worship. In between, from the 1205 onward there were many invasions of the city and its temple by Muslims of the Afghans and Moghuls descent, known as Yavanas or foreigners; they had mounted attacks to ransack the wealth of the temple rather than for religious reasons. In most of these invasions the idols were taken to safe places by the priests and the servitors of the temple. Destruction of the temple was prevented by timely resistance or surrender by the kings of the region. However, the treasures of the temple were repeatedly looted. Puri is the site of the Govardhana matha, one of the four cardinal institutions established by Adi Shankaracharya, when he visited Puri in 810 and since then it has become an important dham (divine centre) for the Hindus; the others being those at Sringeri, Dwaraka and Jyotirmath. The matha is headed by Jagatguru Shankarachrya. The significance of the four dhams is that the Lord Vishnu takes his dinner at Puri, has his bath at Rameshwaram, spends the night at Dwarka and does penance at Badrinath.
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu of Bengal who established the Bhakti movements of India in the sixteenth century, now known by the name the Hare Krishna movement, spent many years as a devotee of Jagannatha at Puri; he is said to have merged his "corporal self" with the deity. There is also a matha of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu here.
In the 17th century for the sailors sailing on the east coast of India, the landmark was the temple located in a plaza in the centre of the town which they called the "White Pagoda" while the Konark Sun Temple, 60 kilometres away to the east of Puri, was known as the "Black Pagoda".
The iconographic representation of the images in the Jagannath temple are believed to be the forms derived from the worship made by the tribal groups of Sabaras belonging to northern Odisha. These images are replaced at regular intervals as the wood deteriorates. This replacement is a special event carried out ritulistically by special group of carpenters.
The town has many Mathas (Monasteries of the various Hindu sects). Among the important mathas is the Emar Matha founded by the Tamil Vaishnav Saint Ramanujacharya in the 12th century AD. At present this matha is located in front of Simhadvara across the eastern corner of the Jagannath Temple is reported to have been built in the 16th century during the reign of Suryavamsi Gajapati. The matha was in the news recently for the large cache of 522 silver slabs unearthded from a closed room.
The British conquered Orissa in 1803 and recognizing the importance of the Jagannatha Temple in the life of the people of the state they initially placed an official to look after the temple's affairs and later declared it a district with the same name.
MODERN HISTORY
In 1906, Sri Yukteswar an exponent of Kriya Yoga, a resident of Puri, established an ashram in the sea-side town of Puri, naming it "Kararashram" as a spiritual training center. He died on 9 March 1936 and his body is buried in the garden of the ashram.
The city is the site of the former summer residence of British Raj built in 1913–14 during the era of governors, the Raj Bhavan.
For the people of Puri Lord Jagannath, visualized as Lord Krishna, is synonymous with their city. They believe that the Jagannatha looks after the welfare of the state. However, after the incident of the partial collapse of the Jagannatha Temple, the Amalaka part of the tower on 14 June 1990 people became apprehensive and thought it was not a good omen for the welfare of the State of Odisha. The replacement of the fallen stone by another of the same size and weight (seven tons) had to be done only in the an early morning hours after the gods had woken up after a good nights sleep which was done on 28 February 1991.
Puri has been chosen as one of the heritage cities for the Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana scheme of the Indian Government. It is one of 12 the heritage cities chosen with "focus on holistic development" to be implemented in 27 months by end of March 2017.
Non-Hindus are not permitted to enter the shrines but are allowed to view the temple and the proceedings from the roof of the Raghunandan library within the precincts of the temple for a small donation.
DEMOGRAPHICS
As of 2001 India census, Puri city, an urban Agglomeration governed by Municipal Corporation in Orissa state, had a population of 157,610 which increased to 200,564 in 2011. Males, 104,086, females, 96,478, children under 6 years of age, 18,471. The sex ratio is 927 females to 1000 males. Puri has an average literacy rate of 88.03 percent (91.38 percent males and 84.43 percent females). Religion-wise data is not reported.
ECONOMY
The economy of Puri is dependent on tourism to the extent of about 80%. The temple is the focal point of the entire area of the town and provides major employment to the people of the town. Agricultural production of rice, ghee, vegetables and so forth of the region meets the huge requirements of the temple, with many settlements aroiund the town exclusively catering to the other religious paraphernalia of the temple. The temple administration employs 6,000 men to perform the rituals. The temple also provides economic sustenance to 20,000 people belonging to 36 orders and 97 classes. The kitchen of the temple which is said to be the largest in the world employs 400 cooks.
CITY MANAGEMENT AND GOVERNANCE
Puri Municipality, Puri Konark Development Authority, Public Health Engineering Organisastion, Orissa Water Supply Sewerage Board are some of the principal organizations that are devolved with the responsibility of providing for all the urban needs of civic amenities such as water supply, sewerage, waste management, street lighting, and infrastructure of roads. The major activity which puts maximum presuure on these organizations is the annual event of the Ratha Yatra held for 10 days during July when more than a million people attend the grand event. This event involves to a very large extent the development activities such as infrastructure and amenities to the pilgrims, apart from security to the pilgrims.
The civic administration of Puri is the responsibility of the Puri Municipality which came into existence in 1864 in the name of Puri Improvement Trust which got converted into Puri Municipality in 1881. After India's independence in 1947, Orissa Municipal Act-1950 was promulgated entrusting the administration of the city to the Puri Municipality. This body is represented by elected representative with a Chairperson and councilors representing the 30 wards within the municipal limits.
LANDMARKS
JAGANNATH TEMPLE AT PURI
The Temple of Jagannath at Puri is one of the major Hindu temples built in the Kalinga style of architecture, in respect of its plan, front view and structural detailing. It is one of the Pancharatha (Five chariots) type consisting of two anurathas, two konakas and one ratha with well-developed pagas. Vimana or Deula is the sanctum sanctorum where the triad (three) deities are deified on the ratnavedi (Throne of Pearls), and over which is the temple tower, known as the rekha deula; the latter is built over a rectangular base of the pidha temples as its roof is made up of pidhas that are sequentially arranged horizontal platforms built in descending order forming a pyramidal shape. The mandapa in front of the sanctum sanctorum is known as Jagamohana where devotees assemble to offer worship. The temple tower with a spire rises to a height of 58 m in height and a flag is unfurled above it fixed over a wheel (chakra). Within the temple complex is the Nata Mandir, a large hall where Garuda stamba (pillar). Chaitanya Mahaprabhu used to stand here and pray. In the interior of the Bhoga Mantap, adjoining the Nata mandir, there is profusion of decorations of sculptures and paintings which narrate the story of Lord Krishna. The temple is built on an elevated platform (of about 39,000 m2 area), 20 ft above the adjoining area. The temple rises to a height of 214 ft above the road level. The temple complex covers an area of 4,3 ha. There is double walled enclosure, rectangular in shape (rising to a height of 20 ft) surrounding the temple complex of which the outer wall is known as Meghanada Prachira, measuring 200 by 192 metres. The inner walled enclosure, known as Kurmabedha. measures 126m x 95m. There are four entry gates (in four cardinal directions to the temple located at the center of the walls in the four directions of the outer circle. These are: the eastern gate called Singhadwara (Lions Gate), the southern gate known as Ashwa Dwara (Horse Gate), the western gate called the Vyaghra Dwara (Tigers Gate) or the Khanja Gate, and the northern gate called the Hathi Dwara or (elephant gate). The four gates symbolize the four fundamental principles of Dharma (right conduct), Jnana (knowledge), Vairagya (renunciation) and Aishwarya (prosperity). The gates are crowned with pyramid shapes structures. There is stone pillar in front of the Singhadwara called the Aruna Stambha {Solar Pillar}, 11 metres in height with 16 faces, made of chlorite stone, at the top of which is mounted an elegant statue of Arun (Sun) in a prayer mode. This pillar was shifted from the Konarak Sun temple. All the gates are decorated with guardian statues in the form of lion, horse mounted men, tigers and elephants in the name and order of the gates. A pillar made of fossilized wood is used for placing lamps as offering. The Lion Gate (Singhadwara) is the main gate to the temple, which guarded by two guardian deities Jaya and Vijaya. The main gates is ascended through 22 steps known as Baisi Pahaca which are revered as it is said to possess "spiritual animation". Children are made to roll down these steps from top to bottom to bring them spiritual happiness. After entering the temple on the left hand side there is huge kitchen where food is prepared in hygienic conditions in huge quantities that it is termed as "the biggest hotel of the world".
The legend says that King Indradyumma was directed by Lord Jagannath in a dream to build a temple for him and he built it as directed. However, according to historical records the temple was started some time during the 12th century by King Chodaganga of the Eastern Ganga dynasty. It was however completed by his descendant, Anangabhima Deva, in the 12th century. The wooden images of Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra were then deified here. The temple was under the control of the Hindu rulers up to 1558. Then, when Orissa was occupied by the Afghan Nawab of Bengal, it was brought under the control of the Afghan General Kalapahad. Following the defeat of the Afghan king by Raja Mansingh, the General of Mughal emperor Akbar, the temple became a part of the Mughal empire till 1751 AD. Subsequently it was under the control of the Marathas till 1803. Then, when British Raj took over Orissa, the Puri Raja was entrusted with its to management until 1947.
The triad of images in the temple are of Jagannatha, personifying Lord Krishna, Balabhadra, his older brother, and Subhadra his younger sister, which are made of wood (neem) in an unfinished form. The stumps of wood which form the images of the brothers have human arms and that of Subhadra does not have any arms. The heads are large and un-carved and are painted. The faces are made distinct with the large circular shaped eyes.
THE PANCHA TIRTHA OF PURI
Hindus consider it essential to bathe in the Pancha Tirtha or the five sacred bathing spots of Puri, India, to complete a pilgrimage to Puri. The five sacred water bodies are the Indradyumana Tank, the Rohini Kunda, the Markandeya Tank, Swetaganga Tank, and the The Sea also called the Mahodadhi is considered a sacred bathing spot in the Swargadwar area. These tanks have perennial sources of supply in the form of rain water and ground water.
GUNDICHA TEMPLE
Known as the Garden House of Jagannath, the Gundicha temple stands in the centre of a beautiful garden, surrounded by compound walls on all sides. It lies at a distance of about 3 kilometres to the north east of the Jagannath Temple. The two temples are located at the two ends of the Bada Danda (Grand Avenue) which is the pathway for the Rath Yatra. According to a legend, Gundicha was the wife of King Indradyumna who originally built the Jagannath temple.
The temple is built using light-grey sandstone and architecturally, it exemplifies typical Kalinga temple architecture in the Deula style. The complex comprises four components: vimana (tower structure containing the sanctum), jagamohana (assembly hall), nata-mandapa (festival hall) and bhoga-mandapa (hall of offerings). There is also a kitchen connected by a small passage. The temple is set within a garden, and is known as "God's Summer Garden Retreat" or garden house of Jagannath. The entire complex, including garden, is surrounded by a wall which measures 131 m × 98 m with height of 6.1 m.
Except for the 9-day Rath Yatra when triad images are worshipped in Gundicha Temple, the rest of the year it remains unoccupied. Tourists can visit the temple after paying an entry fee. Foreigners (prohibited entry in the main temple) are allowed inside this temple during this period. The temple is under the Jagannath Temple Administration, Puri – the governing body of the main temple. A small band of servitors maintain the temple.
SWARGADWAR
Swargadwar is the name given to the cremation ground or burning ghat which is located on the shores of the sea were thousands of dead bodies of Hindus are brought from faraway places to cremate. It is a belief that the Chitanya Mahaparabhu disppaeread from this Swargadwar about 500 years back.
BEACH
The beach at Puri known as the "Ballighai beach} is 8 km away at the mouth of Nunai River from the town and is fringed by casurian trees. It has golden yellow sand and has pleasant sunshine. Sunrise and sunset are pleasant scenic attractions here. Waves break in at the beach which is long and wide.
DISTRICT MUSEUM
The Puri district museum is located on the station road where the exhibits are of different types of garments worn by Lord Jagannath, local sculptures, patachitra (traditional, cloth-based scroll painting) and ancient Palm-leaf manuscripts and local craft work.
RAGHUNANDANA LIBRARY
Raghunandana Library is located in the Emmra matha complex (opposite Simhadwara or Lion gate, the main entrance gate). The Jagannatha Aitihasika Gavesana Samiti (Jagannatha Historical Center) is also located here. The library contains ancient palm leaf manuscripts of Jagannatha, His cult and the history of the city. From the roof of the library one gets a picturesque view of the temple complex.
FESTIVALS OF PURI
Puri witnesses 24 festivals every year, of which 13 are major festivals. The most important of these is the Rath Yatra or the Car festival held in the month June–July which is attended by more than 1 million people.
RATH YATRA AT PURI
The Jagannath triad are usually worshiped in the sanctum of the temple at Puri, but once during the month of Asadha (Rainy Season of Orissa, usually falling in month of June or July), they are brought out onto the Bada Danda (main street of Puri) and travel 3 kilometrer to the Shri Gundicha Temple, in huge chariots (ratha), allowing the public to have darśana (Holy view). This festival is known as Rath Yatra, meaning the journey (yatra) of the chariots (ratha). The yatra starts, according to Hindu calendar Asadha Sukla Dwitiya )the second day of bright fortnight of Asadha (June–July) every year.
Historically, the ruling Ganga dynasty instituted the Rath Yatra at the completion of the great temple around 1150 AD. This festival was one of those Hindu festivals that was reported to the Western world very early. In his own account of 1321, Odoric reported how the people put the "idols" on chariots, and the King and Queen and all the people drew them from the "church" with song and music.
The Rathas are huge wheeled wooden structures, which are built anew every year and are pulled by the devotees. The chariot for Jagannath is about 14 m high and 35 feet square and takes about 2 months to construct. Th chariot is mounted with 16 wheels, each of 2.1 m diameter. The carvings in the front of the chariot has four wooden horses drawn by Maruti. On its other three faces the wooden carvings are Rama, Surya and Vishnu. The chariot is known as Nandi Ghosha. The roof of the chariot is covered with yellow and golden coloured cloth. The next chariot is that of Balabhadra which is 13 m in height fitted with 14 wheels. The chariot is carved with Satyaki as the charioteer. The carvings on this chariot also include images of Narasimha and Rudra as Jagannath's companions. The next chariot in the order is that of Subhadra, which is 13 m in height supported on 12 wheels, roof covered in black and red colour cloth and the chariot is known as Darpa-Dalaan. The charioteer carved is Arjuna. Other images carved on the chariot are that of Vana Durga, Tara Devi and Chandi Devi. The artists and painters of Puri decorate the cars and paint flower petals and other designs on the wheels, the wood-carved charioteer and horses, and the inverted lotuses on the wall behind the throne. The huge chariots of Jagannath pulled during Rath Yatra is the etymological origin of the English word Juggernaut. The Ratha-Yatra is also termed as the Shri Gundicha yatra and Ghosha yatra
CHHERA PAHARA
The Chhera Pahara is a significant ritual associated with the Ratha-Yatra. During the festival, the Gajapati King wears the outfit of a sweeper and sweeps all around the deities and chariots in the Chera Pahara (sweeping with water) ritual. The Gajapati King cleanses the road before the chariots with a gold-handled broom and sprinkles sandalwood water and powder with utmost devotion. As per the custom, although the Gajapati King has been considered the most exalted person in the Kalingan kingdom, he still renders the menial service to Jagannath. This ritual signified that under the lordship of Jagannath, there is no distinction between the powerful sovereign Gajapati King and the most humble devotee.
CHADAN YATRA
In Akshaya Tritiya every year the Chandan Yatra festival marks the commencement of the construction of the Chariots of the Rath Yatra. It also marks the celebration of the Hindu new year.
SNANA YATRA
On the Purnima day in the month of Jyestha (June) the triad images of the Jagannath temple are ceremonially bathed and decorated every year on the occasion of Snana Yatra. Water for the bath is taken in 108 pots from the Suna kuan (meaning: "golden well") located near the northern gate of the temple. Water is drawn from this well only once in a year for the sole purpose of this religious bath of the deities. After the bath the triad images are dressed in the fashion of the elephant god, Ganesha. Later during the night the original triad images are taken out in a procession back to the main temple but kept at a place known as Anasara pindi. After this the Jhulana Yatra is when proxy images of the deities are taken out in a grand procession for 21 days, cruised over boats in the Narmada tank.
ANAVASARA OR ANASARA
Anasara literally means vacation. Every year, the triad images without the Sudarshan after the holy Snana Yatra are taken to a secret altar named Anavasara Ghar Palso known as "Anasara pindi} where they remain for the next dark fortnight (Krishna paksha). Hence devotees are not allowed to view them. Instead of this devotees go to nearby place Brahmagiri to see their beloved lord in the form of four handed form Alarnath a form of Vishnu. Then people get the first glimpse of lord on the day before Rath Yatra, which is called Navayouvana. It is said that the gods suffer from fever after taking ritual detailed bath and they are treated by the special servants named, Daitapatis for 15 days. Daitapatis perform special niti (rite) known as Netrotchhaba (a rite of painting the eyes of the triad). During this period cooked food is not offered to the deities.
NAVA KALEVARA
One of the most grandiloquent events associated with the Lord Jagannath, Naba Kalabera takes place when one lunar month of Ashadha is followed by another lunar month of Aashadha, called Adhika Masa (extra month). This can take place in 8, 12 or even 18 years. Literally meaning the "New Body" (Nava = New, Kalevar = Body), the festival is witnessed by as millions of people and the budget for this event exceeds $500,000. The event involves installation of new images in the temple and burial of the old ones in the temple premises at Koili Vaikuntha. The idols that were worshipped in the temple, installed in the year 1996, were replaced by specially made new images made of neem wood during Nabakalebara 2015 ceremony held during July 2015. More than 3 million devotees were expected to visit the temple during the Nabakalebara 2015 held in July.
SUNA BESHA
Suna Bhesha also known as Raja or Rajadhiraja bhesha or Raja Bhesha, is an event when the triad images of the Jagannath Temple are adorned with gold jewelry. This event is observed 5 times during a year. It is commonly observed on Magha Purnima (January), Bahuda Ekadashi also known as Asadha Ekadashi (July), Dashahara (Vijyadashami) (October), Karthik Purnima (November), and Pousa Purnima (December). While one such Suna Bhesha event is observed on Bahuda Ekadashi during the Rath Yatra on the chariots placed at the lion's gate or the Singhdwar; the other four Bheshas' are observed inside the temple on the Ratna Singhasana (gem studded altar). On this occasion gold plates are decorated over the hands and feet of Jagannath and Balabhadra; Jagannath is also adorned with a Chakra (disc) made of gold on the right hand while a silver conch adorns the left hand. However, Balabhadra is decorated with a plough made of gold on the left hand while a golden mace adorns his right hand.
NILADRI BIJE
Celebrated on Asadha Trayodashi. It marks the end of the 12 days Ratha yatra. The large wooden images of the triad of gods are moved from the chariots and then carried to the sanctum sanctorum, swaying rhythmically, a ritual which is known as pahandi.
SAHI YATRA
Considered the world's biggest open-air theatre, the Sahi yatra is an 11 day long traditional cultural theatre festival or folk drama which begins on Ram Navami and ending in Rama avishke (Sanskrit:anointing) every year. The festival includes plays depicting various scenes from the Ramayan. The residents of various localities or Sahis are entrusted the task of performing the drama at the street corners.
TRANSPORT
Earlier when roads did not exist people walked or travelled by animal drawn vehicles or carriages along beaten tracks. Up to Calcutta travel was by riverine craft along the Ganges and then by foot or carriages to Puri. It was only during the Maratha rule that the popular Jagannath Sadak (Road) was built around 1790. The East India Company laid the rail track from Calcutta to Puri which became operational in 1898. Puri is now well connected by rail, road and air services. A broad gauge railway line of the South Eastern Railways connects with Puri and Khurda is an important Railway junction. By rail it is about 499 kilometres away from Calcutta and 468 kilometres from Vishakhapatnam. Road network includes NH 203 that links the town with Bhubaneswar, the capital of Odisha which is about 60 kilometres away. NH 203 B connects the town with Satapada via Brahmagiri. Marine drive which is part of NH 203 A connects Puri with Konark. The nearest airport is at Bhubaneswar, about 60 kilometres away from Puri. Puri railway station is among the top hundred booking stations of Indian Railways.
ARTS AND CRAFTS
SAND ART
Sand art is a special art form that is created on the beaches of the sea coast of Puri. The art form is attributed to Balaram Das, a poet who lived in the 14th century. He started crafting the sand art forms of the triad deities of the Jagannath Temple at the Puri beach. Now sculptures in sand of various gods and famous people are created by amateur artists which are temporal in nature as they get washed away by waves. This is an art form which has gained international fame in recent years. One of the well known sand artist is Sudarshan Patnaik. He has established the Golden Sand Art Institute in 1995 at the beach to provide training to students interested in this art form.
APPLIQUE ART
Applique art work, which is a stitching based craft, unlike embroidery, which was pioneered by the Hatta Maharana of Pipili is widely used in Puri, both for decoration of the deities but also for sale. His family members are employed as darjis or tailors or sebaks by the Maharaja of Puri who prepare articles for decorating the deities in the temple for various festivals and religious ceremonies. These applique works are brightly coloured and patterned fabric in the form of canopies, umbrellas, drapery, carry bags, flags, coberings of dummy horses and cows, and other household textiles which are marketed in Puri. The cloth used are in dark colours of red, black, yellow, green, blue and turquoise blue.
CULTURE
Cultural activities, apart from religiuos festivals, held annually are: The Puri Beach Festival held between 5 and 9 November and the Shreeksherta Utsav held from 20 December to 2 January where cultural programmes include unique sand art, display of local and traditional handicrafts and food festival. In addition cultural programmes are held every Saturday for two hours on in second Saturday of the moth at the district Collector's Conference Hall near Sea Beach Polic Station. Apart from Odissi dance, Odiya music, folk dances, and cultural programmes are part of this event. Odishi dance is the cultural heritage of Puri. This dance form originated in Puri in the dances performed Devadasis (Maharis) attached to the Jagannath temple who performed dances in the Natamantapa of the temple to please the deities. Though the devadadsi practice has been discontinued, the dance form has become modern and classical and is widely popular, and many of the Odishi virtuoso artists and gurus (teachers) are from Puri.
EDUCATION
SOME OF THE EDUCATIONNAL INSTITUTIONS IN PURI
- Ghanashyama Hemalata Institute of Technology and Management
- Gangadhar Mohapatra Law College, established in 1981[84]
- Extension Unit of Regional Research Institute of Homoeopathy; Puri under Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy (CCRH), New Delhi established in March 2006
- Sri Jagannath Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya, established in July 1981
- The Industrial Training Institute, a Premier Technical Institution to provide education in skilled, committed & talented technicians, established in 1966 of the Government of India
PURI PEOPLE
Gopabandhu Das
Acharya Harihar
Nilakantha Das
Kelucharan Mohapatra
Pankaj Charan Das
Manasi Pradhan
Raghunath Mohapatra
Sudarshan Patnaik
Biswanath Sahinayak
Rituraj Mohanty
WIKIPEDIA
Meyer was a German optics manufacturing company, founded by Hugo Meyer (1863 - 1905) in Görlitz, Germany. After WWII Meyer was the second East German lens supplier after Carl Zeiss Jena. It became a part of VEB Pentacon and a little bit later all the Meyer lenses were renamed Pentacon.
This Telefogar may be somewhat rare: I have never met it made for any other camera bodys than Altix. Neither have I seen Pentacon 3.5/90. (There are urban legends that Telefogar 3.5/90 for Exakta and M42 exist!)
Optical specification is simple: four lens anastigmat (simplified Sonnar formula). The red "V" is a sign of coating.
Telefogars are available at second/third/fourth/... hand markets. Maybe they were originally delivered with leather keepers only. This is somewhat a guarantee for tidy tubes.
My Telefogar has a very special bayonet mount which I haven't seen to be used on any other camera/objective. Neither have I seen adapters to modern cameras. A nice project for DIY fellows:) The Altix bayonet register (= flange to focal plane distance) is 42,5mm! When focused to infinity the rear lens potruded into camera is a sure target for the mirror of (D)SLR. Maybe my Telefogar serves as close-up lens or is atteched to NEX in the (not so near) future? The Son of Sun is an inventer, as far as I understood here frt5.blog94.fc2.com/blog-entry-3486.html is a Telefogar - NEX adaptation made.
Somebody has succeeded in adaptation with Canon 5D, samples worth seeing can be found here: forum.getdpi.com/forum/canon/31876-meyer-optik-g%F6rlitz-...
Some more samples: www.mflenses.com/gallery/v/german/meyer/telefogar_90mm_f3_5
Und für meine(r) freund(innen) auf Deutsch:
www.flickr.com/photos/alf_sigaro
/581859135/
und hier auch:
Pier on a Beach
Is both the process and product of planning, designing, and construction, usually of buildings and other physical structures.
Decided to make this weeks challenge a little more difficult and see what I could find in one specific area on the Island to meet the objective. Ryde seems to provide multiple target possibilities.
For those interested in the Photo Challenge details are here: plus.google.com/u/0/117783067636860808623/about
Objective Non Narrative Issue #8.
No longer on hiatus!
5.25 x 7.875 in
Edition of 100
24 pages black and white
photo curtesy of silvanie
The Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex (German Zeche Zollverein) is a large former industrial site in the city of Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The first coal mine on the premises was founded in 1847, and mining activities took place from 1851 until 23 December 1986. For decades, starting in the late 1950s, the two parts of the site, Zollverein Coal Mine and Zollverein Coking Plant (erected 1957–1961, closed on 30 June 1993), ranked among the largest of their kinds in Europe. Shaft 12, built in the New Objectivity style, was opened in 1932 and is considered an architectural and technical masterpiece, earning it a reputation as the "most beautiful coal mine in the world".
Because of its architecture and testimony to the development of heavy industry in Europe, the industrial complex was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List on 14 December 2001, and is one of the anchor points of the European Route of Industrial Heritage.
History
1847–1890
Zollverein Coal Mine was founded by Duisburg-born industrialist Franz Haniel (1779–1868), who needed coke for steel production. Test drilling in the Katernberg region had revealed a very rich seam of coal. In 1847, Haniel founded a company he named bergrechtliche Gewerkschaft Zollverein (Mining Law Labor Union Zollverein). There was a mining law (Bergrecht) in Prussia to encourage the exploitation of natural resources. The law called for the creation of a special form of corporation, designated a 'labour union' (Gewerkschaft) but in fact a capitalist company. Haniel named his after the German Customs Union (Zollverein), established in 1834. Haniel distributed the shares of the new company amongst the members of his family and the owner of the land on which the future mine would be constructed.
The sinking of Shaft 1 began on 18 February 1847, with the first coal layer being reached at a depth of 130 meters. The first mining activities started in 1851. Shaft 2, which was sunk at the same time as Shaft 1, was opened in 1852. Both shafts featured visually identical stone towers and shared a machine house. This concept was to be adapted by many later twin-shaft coal mines.
Starting in 1857, charcoal piles were used to produce coke. In 1866, these piles were replaced by a modern cokery and machine ovens.
In 1880, the sinking of another shaft, Shaft 3, began in neighboring Schonnebeck. It had a steel framework to support its winding tower and was opened in 1883. By 1890, the three shafts had already achieved an output of one million tons, making Zollverein the most productive of all German mines.
1890–1918
Since the coal, iron and steel industries of the Ruhr area flourished in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the mine was extended significantly.
Between 1891 and 1896, the twin Shafts 4 and 5 were built on the edge of Heßler (nowadays a suburb of Gelsenkirchen). These each had special lifts for the extraction of coal, and the transportation of miners, and had ventilation ducts. Another shaft, number 6, was opened in 1897.
By 1897, Zollverein had long suffered from many mining accidents due to firedamp caused by ventilation problems. To resolve these problems, additional ventilation-only shafts, close to the existing mining shafts, were opened: in 1899 Shaft 7 was opened near Shaft 3, in 1900 Shaft 8 was opened near Shafts 1 and 2, and in 1905 Shaft 9 was opened near Shaft 6.
Years of continuous renovation and further expansion followed. After the construction of ventilation shafts 7, 8, and 9, the old Shafts 1 and 2, and their cokery, were renovated, and one of their twin towers was taken down and replaced by a modern steel framework. In 1914, Shaft 10 and a new cokery were opened, and Shaft 9 was converted from a ventilation shaft to a working shaft.
By the eve of the First World War, Zollverein's output had risen to approximately 2.5 million tons per year.
1918–1932
In 1920, the Haniel family, who had been the owners of Zollverein until then, started cooperating with Phönix AG, a mining company that subsequently took over the management of the site. Under Phönix's management, several of the shafts were again modernized, and an eleventh shaft was opened by 1927. When Phönix merged into Vereinigte Stahlwerke in 1926, Zollverein came under the control of Gelsenkirchener Bergwerks-AG (GBAG) which started closing most of the now elderly coking plants.
Shaft 12
n 1928, the GBAG voted for the construction of a totally new twelfth shaft designed as a central mining facility. When the shaft opened in 1932, it had a daily output of up to 12,000 tons, combining the output of the four other existing facilities with 11 shafts.
Schacht Albert Vögler, as the highly modern shaft was named after the director general of the GBAG, was designed by the architects Fritz Schupp and Martin Kremmer and quickly gained notice for its simple, functional Bauhaus design with its mainly cubical buildings made of reinforced concrete and steel trusses.
The shaft's characteristic Doppelbock winding tower in the following years not only became the archetype of many later central mining facilities but also became a symbol of German heavy industry.
Whilst this symbol may have slowly been forgotten when German heavy industry started diminishing in the second half of the 20th century, it was this shaft and especially its characteristic winding tower that were to become a symbol of the Ruhr area's structural change.
1932–1968
In 1937, Zollverein employed 6900 people and had an output of 3.6 million tons, the majority of which was contributed by the new 12th shaft. The other shafts were not entirely closed, and some, such as Shaft 6, even received new winding towers (though in comparison to Shaft 12 they were far inferior). On the premises of the old coking plant of Shafts 1, 2 and 8, a small facility of 54 new ovens was opened with a yearly output of 200,000 tons of coke.
Zollverein survived the Second World War with only minor damage and by 1953 again placed on top of all German mines, with an output of 2.4 million tons. In 1958, Shaft 1 was replaced by a totally new building; The complete reconstruction of the 2/8/11 shaft facility from 1960 until 1964 was again planned by Fritz Schupp. However, these renovations were to last only until 1967, when 11 shafts were closed, leaving Shaft 12 the only open one.
Shaft 12 thus became the main supplier of the new central coking plant from 1961 with its 192 ovens, which was again designed by Fritz Schupp. After an expansion in the early 1970s, Zollverein placed among the most productive coking plants worldwide with around 1,000 workers and an output of up to 8,600 tons of coke a day on the so-called dark side. The white side of the plant produced side products such as ammonia, raw benzene and raw tar.
In 1968, Zollverein was handed over to Ruhrkohle AG (RAG), Germany's largest mining company.
1968–1993
RAG began a further mechanization and consolidation of mining activities. In 1974, Zollverein was joined into a Verbundbergwerk (joined mines) with nearby Bonifacius and Holland coal mines in Kray and Gelsenkirchen, respectively. In 1982, Gelsenkirchen's Nordstern coal mine also joined that Verbund.
The Flöz Sonnenschein coal layer in the north of the Zollverein territory was the last layer in which mining activities took place on Zollverein territory, starting in 1980. The output of Verbundbergwerk Nordstern-Zollverein was approximately 3.2 million tons, but this did not prove profitable enough and a complete closure of the Zollverein site was voted for in 1983.
When it closed, Zollverein was the last remaining active coal mine in Essen. Whereas the coking plant remained open until 30 June 1993, mining activities in Shaft 12 stopped on 23 December 1986. Although it is the central shaft of the Cultural Heritage site, Shaft 12 cannot be visited as it is equipped for water drainage as part of a system of managing mine water in the central Ruhr area together with Shaft 2. Pipes have been inserted into both shafts and the remaining space has been backfilled with concrete.
1993–
Zollverein is one of the settings for the 2014 Pulitzer Prize winning novel All the Light We Cannot See by Anthony Doerr.
Zollverein appeared as a "Wonder" in the video game Civilization VI, representing the Ruhr Valley.
Becoming a monument
As with most sites of the heavy industries that had been closed down, Zollverein was predicted to face a period of decay. Surprisingly, the state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) bought the coal mine territory from the RAG immediately after it had been closed down in late 1986, and declared Shaft 12 a heritage site. This went along with the obligation to preserve the site in its original state and to minimize the effects of weathering. In 1989, the city of Essen and NRW founded the Bauhütte Zollverein Schacht XII that should take care for the site and which was replaced by the Stiftung Zollverein (Zollverein Foundation) in 1998.
After it had been closed down in 1993, the coking plant was planned to be sold to China. The negotiations failed and it was subsequently threatened to be demolished. However, another project of the state of NRW set the coal mine on a list of future exhibition sites resulting in first gentle modifications and the cokery also became an official heritage site in 2000.
On its 25th session in December 2001, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) declared both the sites of Shafts 12 and 1/2 and the cokery a World Heritage Site.
Ruhr Museum
The Ruhr Museum in the former coal washery, located on the UNESCO World Heritages Site Zollverein, is the regional museum of the Ruhr Area. In its permanent exhibition the Ruhr Museum presents, with over 6,000 exhibits, the history of one of the largest industrial regions of the world, from the formation of coal 300 million years ago to the contemporary situation. The Ruhr Museum has extensive collections on the geology, archaeology, industrial and social history as well as photography of the Ruhr area. In addition to its permanent exhibition, the Ruhr Museum regularly shows special exhibitions and offers a diverse programme with workshops, guided tours, excursions, lectures, movie nights and audio guides.
(Wikipedia)
Die Zeche Zollverein war ein von 1851 bis 1986 betriebenes Steinkohlebergwerk in Essen. Benannt wurde sie nach dem 1834 gegründeten Deutschen Zollverein. Nach der Inbetriebnahme des Zentralförderschachtes 12 wies die Zeche zeitweise in der Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts die höchsten Förderquoten unter den deutschen Steinkohlenbergwerken auf. Sie ist heute ein Architektur- und Industriedenkmal. Gemeinsam mit der unmittelbar benachbarten Kokerei Zollverein gehören die Schachtanlagen 12 und 1/2/8 der Zeche seit 2001 zum Welterbe der UNESCO. Zollverein ist Ankerpunkt der Europäischen Route der Industriekultur und Standort verschiedener Kultureinrichtungen sowie der Folkwang Universität der Künste.
Lage
Das Hauptgelände der Zeche Zollverein mit den Anlagen Schacht XII und Schacht 1/2/8 liegt im nordöstlichen Essener Stadtteil Stoppenberg, unmittelbar angrenzend an die Stadtteile Katernberg und Schonnebeck. Es befindet sich zwischen den Straßen Gelsenkirchener Straße, Fritz-Schupp-Allee, Arendahls Wiese und Haldenstraße. Der Haupteingang mit dem bekannten Blick von vorne auf das Doppelbock-Fördergerüst liegt an der Gelsenkirchener Straße. Benachbart zwischen Arendahls Wiese, Köln-Mindener Straße und Großwesterkamp liegt die Kokerei Zollverein. Die drei Anlagen gehören seit 2001 zum Gesamtensemble des Welterbes.
Die Anlage Schacht 3/7/10 liegt in rund einem Kilometer Entfernung östlich davon an der Straße Am Handwerkerpark im Stadtteil Katernberg.
Die Anlage Schacht 4/5/11 befindet sich etwa zwei Kilometer nördlich vom Hauptgelände an der Katernberger Straße im Stadtteil Katernberg. Heute nutzt das Gründungs- und Unternehmenszentrum Triple Z die ehemaligen Zechengebäude.
Die Anlage Schacht 6/9 befand sich rund einen Kilometer südlich vom Hauptgelände zwischen den Straßen Gelsenkirchener Straße, Im Natt und Hallostraße. Sämtliche Gebäude und Anlagen wurden mit der Aufgabe des Südfeldes 1979 abgerissen; heute ist die Fläche von Wald und Neubausiedlungen bedeckt.
Die Halden der Zeche Zollverein befinden sich in den umliegenden Essener Stadtteilen Stoppenberg und Altenessen (Schurenbachhalde) sowie in Gelsenkirchen-Feldmark.
Geschichte
1834–1890: Frühe Phase
Die Gründung der Zeche ging von dem Industriellen Franz Haniel aus, der zur Produktion des Brennstoffs Koks, den er für die Stahlerzeugung benötigte, auf der Suche nach geeigneten Kokskohlevorkommen war. Im Jahr 1834 gelang es ihm in Essen-Schönebeck zum ersten Mal, die Mergelschicht zu durchstoßen. Auf diese Weise wurden dort die Weichen für die Zeche Zollverein gestellt. Bei Mutungsbohrungen im Raum Katernberg wurde unter anderem ein besonders ergiebiges Kohleflöz angebohrt, welches nach dem 1833 gegründeten Deutschen Zollverein benannt wurde. 1847 gründete Franz Haniel die bergrechtliche Gewerkschaft Zeche Zollverein und verteilte die Anteile, die sogenannten Kuxe, innerhalb seiner Familie. Haniel, der Miteigentümer der Hüttengewerkschaft Jacobi, Haniel & Huyssen (der späteren Gutehoffnungshütte) war, plante, die Zeche Zollverein den Sterkrader Werken anzugliedern. Zollverein wäre hierdurch die erste Hüttenzeche des Ruhrreviers geworden. Sein Vorhaben scheiterte am Veto der übrigen Teilhaber der Hüttengewerkschaft Jacobi, Haniel & Huyssen.
Bei der Wahl des Standortes spielte außerdem die Köln-Mindener Eisenbahn eine wichtige Rolle, deren Strecke ebenfalls 1847 eröffnet wurde. Die Trasse verläuft unmittelbar nördlich des Zechengeländes, wodurch eine gute Anbindung an das damals neuartige Transportmittel Eisenbahn gewährleistet wurde.
Das Grundstück für den Bau der ersten Zollverein-Schachtanlage wurde durch den ebenfalls an der Gewerkschaft beteiligten Grundbesitzer Schwartmann, gen. Bullmann, bereitgestellt. Daher wurde das Gelände der Gründungsschachtanlage bald die Bullmannaue genannt. Der heutige Straßenname der Zufahrt zur Schachtanlage 1/2/8 rührt daher.
Die Abteufarbeiten für Schacht 1 der Zeche Zollverein begannen am 18. Februar 1847 unter dem Betriebsführer Joseph Oertgen, nach dem später eine Straße in der Kolonie Ottekampshof im Stadtteil Katernberg benannt wurde. In 130 Metern Tiefe sollte das Steinkohlengebirge angefahren werden. Die Kohleförderung begann jedoch aufgrund von Wassereinbrüchen erst im Jahr 1851. Um die Wasserzuflüsse zu regulieren, wurde 1850 neben Schacht 1 ein weiterer Schacht, Schacht 2, abgeteuft, der 1852 in Betrieb genommen wurde.
Erstmals wurden zwei äußerlich gleiche Malakow-Türme über den Schächten als Förderanlage errichtet; dieses Beispiel eines Zwillingsbaus mit gemeinsamem Maschinenhaus zwischen den Schächten wurde später auf anderen Zechen beim Bau einer Doppelschachtanlage wiederholt.
Ab 1857 wurden neben der Schachtanlage 1/2 einige Meileröfen als Vorstufe einer Kokerei betrieben. Ab 1866 wurden sie durch eine moderne Kokerei mit Maschinenöfen ersetzt.
1880 wurde mit dem Abteufen einer zweiten separaten Förderanlage in Katernberg begonnen. Der Schacht 3 ging 1882 in Betrieb. Die Tagesanlagen wurden durch den Architekten Dreyer umfangreich ausgebaut. Der Schacht erhielt ein deutsches Strebengerüst der Bauart Promnitz als Förderanlage. Bereits 1890 wurde eine Million Tonnen verwertbare Steinkohle zu Tage gebracht. Damit war die Zeche Zollverein das Bergwerk mit der höchsten Jahresförderung in Deutschland.
1890–1918: Ausbau
Bedingt durch die sich im Montanbereich ergebende günstige Konjunktur wurde in den Folgejahren ein weitergehender, sehr umfangreicher Ausbau des Grubengebäudes, d. h. der unterirdischen Infrastruktur, vorgenommen. Im nördlichen Teil Katernbergs an der Grenze nach Gelsenkirchen-Heßler entstand zwischen 1891 und 1896 die Doppelschachtanlage Zollverein 4/5 mit einem Förder- und Seilfahrtschacht sowie einem rein für die Bewetterung konzipierten Schacht. Auf dieser Schachtanlage wurde gleichzeitig eine neuartige Kokerei in Betrieb genommen.
1895 wurde ein weiterer Förderschacht (Schacht 6) auf dem Gebiet des heutigen Stadtteils Stoppenberg geteuft. Dieser ging 1897 in Betrieb und wurde erstmals mit einem Doppelstrebengerüst ausgestattet, da er für die parallele Führung von Förderung und Seilfahrt konzipiert war.
Die Grubengebäude von Zollverein waren bezüglich der Wetterführung (d. h. der Luftzirkulation unter Tage) nach wie vor problematisch. Nach mehreren Schlagwetter-Unglücken wurden die Schachtanlagen nach und nach mit kleinen Wetterschächten ausgestattet. So entstanden:
1897 bis 1899 neben Schacht 3 der Schacht 7. Er erhielt eine kleine Förderanlage.
1897 bis 1900 neben Schacht 1/2 der Schacht 8. Er erhielt zunächst keine Fördereinrichtung.
1903 bis 1905 neben Schacht 6 der Schacht 9. Er erhielt zunächst keine Fördereinrichtung.
Anschließend wurde die Schachtanlage 1/2/8 erneuert, Schacht 1 erhielt anstelle des Malakowturmes ein deutsches Strebengerüst. Weiterhin wurden die Aufbereitung, die sogenannte Kohlenwäsche, und die Kokerei grunderneuert.
1909 wurde auf der Schachtanlage 3/7 ein neuer Förderschacht niedergebracht. Nach Fertigstellung von Schacht 10 im Jahr 1914 wurden auf dieser Schachtanlage die Aufbereitungsanlagen erweitert und eine neue Kokerei in Betrieb genommen.
1914 wurde Schacht 9 der Anlage 6/9 durch Errichtung einer Förderanlage zum Seilfahrtsschacht, d. h., er wurde für den Transport von Personen und Material ausgebaut.
Die verwertbare Förderung stieg während des Ersten Weltkriegs auf 2,5 Millionen Tonnen Steinkohle.
1918–1932: Krise und Modernisierung
Ab 1920 kooperierte die Gewerkschaft Zollverein, die sich bis dahin im Familienbesitz der Industriellenfamilie Haniel befand, verstärkt mit der Phönix AG für Bergbau und Hüttenbetrieb. Die Geschäftsführung der Zeche wurde komplett in die Hände der Phönix AG gelegt und eine Interessengemeinschaft gegründet.
Unter deren Regie fanden Erneuerungs- und Reparaturmaßnahmen statt; Schacht 2 erhielt ein Fördergerüst und es wurde die Erneuerung der Schachtanlage 4/5 beschlossen. Die Abteufarbeiten zu Schacht 11 begannen 1922. 1926 waren die Arbeiten abgeschlossen. Über Tage wurden Schacht 4 und 11 mit gleichartigen Fördergerüsten ausgestattet und die Tagesanlagen 4/5/11 entsprechend erneuert. Die Kokerei auf der Schachtanlage 4/5/11 wurde im Gegenzug außer Betrieb genommen.
Bei Übernahme der Phönix AG durch die Vereinigte Stahlwerke AG 1926 wurde die Zeche Zollverein der Gelsenkirchener Bergwerks-AG (GBAG) zugeordnet und gehörte fortan zur Gruppe Gelsenkirchen. Unter deren Regie wurden die Kokereien nach und nach stillgelegt.
1928 begann die GBAG den Neubau einer kompletten, als Zentralförderanlage konzipierten Schachtanlage. Mit einer Förderkapazität von 12.000 Tonnen Kohle täglich übernahm Schacht XII die gesamte Kohlenförderung der bisherigen vier Anlagen mit insgesamt elf Schächten. Die Architekten Fritz Schupp und Martin Kremmer gestalteten die Schachtanlage, die als architektonische und technische Meisterleistung galt und richtungweisend für den sachlich-funktionalen Industriebau wurde – so folgt der Aufbau der einflussreichen Schule der Neuen Sachlichkeit. Die Schachtanlage galt als die modernste und „schönste Zeche der Welt“.
Das 1930 errichtete Doppelbockfördergerüst in Vollwandbauweise wurde zum Vorbild für viele später gebaute Zentralförderanlagen. Der Schacht nahm am 1. Februar 1932 die Förderung auf und wurde 1937 nach dem damaligen Generaldirektor der Gelsenkirchener Bergwerks-AG Albert Vögler „Schacht Albert“ (ab 1941 „Schacht Albert Vögler“) benannt.
1932–1968: Schacht XII
Die Förderleistung der Zeche Zollverein wurde durch diese Maßnahme immens gesteigert. Sie erreichte im Jahre 1937 3,6 Millionen Tonnen bei 6900 Beschäftigten. Die Kokerei bei Schacht 1/2/8 wurde als kleiner Neubau mit 54 Koksöfen im Vorjahr wieder in Betrieb genommen und erzeugte jährlich 200.000 Tonnen Koks. 1937 wurde das alte Doppelstrebengerüst über Schacht 6 durch einen Neubau eines zweigeschossigen Strebengerüstes mit nur einer Förderung ersetzt.
Den Zweiten Weltkrieg überstand die Zeche Zollverein mit relativ geringen Beschädigungen. Im Jahr 1953 wurde bereits wieder eine Jahresförderung von 2,4 Millionen Tonnen erreicht, wodurch Zollverein wiederum den Spitzenplatz unter den westdeutschen Steinkohlebergwerken einnahm.
Nach Übergang in die Rheinelbe Bergbau AG als Nachfolgegesellschaft der alten GBAG wurde eine umfangreiche Erneuerung und Rationalisierung des Betriebes aller Zollverein-Schachtanlagen vorgenommen.
Das Fördergerüst über Schacht 1 wurde 1958 durch einen vollwandigen Neubau ersetzt. Gleichzeitig wurde von 1960 bis 1964 eine komplette Neugestaltung der Schachtanlage 1/2/8 durch den Architekten Fritz Schupp durchgeführt. Schacht 2 erhielt 1964 den zuvor demontierten Förderturm von Schacht 2 der stillgelegten Zeche Friedlicher Nachbar, Bochum-Linden, als neue Förderanlage.
Ab 1961 wurde auf einem westlich gelegenen Gelände eine Zentralkokerei mit 192 Öfen betrieben, die in den 1970er Jahren auf 304 Öfen erweitert wurde. Die Kokerei galt lange als die modernste Kokerei Europas, in der täglich 10.000 Tonnen Kohle zu 8.600 Tonnen Koks veredelt wurden. Aufgrund der Stahlkrise und der damit fallenden Koksnachfrage wurde die Kokerei am 30. Juni 1993 stillgelegt.
Zwischen 1962 und 1964 wurden die vier Außenschachtanlagen zusammengefasst. Schacht 4 wurde 1962 als Förderschacht außer Betrieb gesetzt. Das Fördergerüst wurde an die Zeche Holland in Wattenscheid zum Ausbau eines neuen Zentralförderschachtes abgegeben. Die Förderanlagen Schacht 3 und 7 wurden ebenfalls rückgebaut. 1967 wurde die Förderung auf den Schachtanlagen 4/5/11 und 6/9 eingestellt. Die alleinige Förderung verblieb auf Schacht XII.
1968 wurde die Zeche Zollverein in die Bergbau AG Essen der Ruhrkohle AG überführt.
1968–1986: RAG
Nach Übernahme des Bergwerks durch die RAG Aktiengesellschaft wurde die Mechanisierung und Rationalisierung des Förderbetriebes fortgeführt. Die Förderung von Zollverein lag weiterhin bei annähernd drei Millionen Tonnen jährlich. 1974 wurde der Verbund mit der Zeche Holland in Wattenscheid durchgeführt. Schacht Holland 3/4/6 wurde als Förderstandort aufgegeben und zusammen mit einigen Schächten der Zeche Bonifacius in Essen-Kray als Seilfahrts- und Wetterschachtanlage weiterbetrieben.
Ab 1980 wurde mit dem Abbau der letzten Fettkohlevorräte im Flöz Sonnenschein die Verlagerung des Abbaus nach Norden betrieben. Die südlichen und östlichen Schächte wurden nach und nach aufgegeben. Ab 1982 wurde ein Förderverbund mit der benachbarten Zeche Nordstern betrieben. Im Gegenzug erfolgte die Aufgabe des Baufeldes Holland mit dem Jahre 1983.
Die Förderleistung dieses Verbundbergwerks Nordstern-Zollverein erreichte noch einmal 3,2 Millionen Tonnen jährlich. Nach erneuten Absatzeinbrüchen für Ruhrkohle wurde in der Kohlerunde 1983 die Aufgabe des Förderstandortes Zollverein beschlossen.
Ab 1986: Schließung und Nachnutzung
Am 23. Dezember 1986 wurden alle verbliebenen Förderanlagen von Zollverein stillgelegt. Die Kokerei wurde noch bis 1993 betrieben.
Die Schächte 2 und XII werden heute als Sicherungsstandort für die Wasserhaltung genutzt. Zuvor wurde das Grubenwasser, das hier zu Tage gepumpt wurde in die Emscher geleitet. Es stammte aus stillgelegten Zechen im Essener Norden und Nordosten, in Wattenscheid, Gelsenkirchen, Gladbeck, Bottrop, Herne, Herten, Recklinghausen, Oer-Erkenschwick und Datteln.
Im Frühjahr 2023 begannen die Arbeiten zur kompletten Verfüllung der beiden rund 1000 Meter tiefen Schächte 2 und XII. In den Schacht 2 mit einem Durchmesser von 5,5 Metern wurden 20.000 Kubikmeter Beton eingefüllt und in den Schacht XII mit einem Durchmesser von 7,5 Metern 39.000 Kubikmeter. In letzterem wurden noch drei Rohre verbaut, in Schacht 2 zwei weitere, die im Ernstfall dafür genutzt werden können, weiteres Grubenwasser abzupumpen. Die Zeche Zollverein dient damit weiterhin als Sicherungsstandort, sollte etwas beim Konzept der sogenannten Ewigkeitslasten nicht korrekt funktionieren. Am 1. April 2025 haben die Verantwortlichen von der RAG Aktiengesellschaft, der Vorstandsvorsitzende der Stiftung Zollverein Hans-Peter Noll und Oberbürgermeister Thomas Kufen den Bergbau in Essen symbolisch endgültig beendet.
Im Nachhinein werden die verbliebenen Tagesanlagen von Schacht XII, Schacht 1/2/8, Schacht 4/5/11 und Schacht 3/7/10 für eine neue Nutzung und als Industriedenkmal erhalten.
Wandel von Industriestruktur zur Industriekultur
Nach der Stilllegung 1986 kaufte das Land Nordrhein-Westfalen der Ruhrkohle AG das Gelände von Schacht XII ab, das bereits zur Stilllegung unter Denkmalschutz stand. Zur Unterschutzstellung trug Walter Buschmann maßgeblich bei.
Die Gesamtfläche der Zeche Zollverein ist das flächenmäßig größte Denkmal der Stadt Essen. In den folgenden Jahren wurde das Gelände von Schacht XII saniert. Die Bauhütte Zeche Zollverein Schacht XII GmbH beauftragte dazu 1989 den Architekten Heinrich Böll und beendete im Jahr 1999 ihre Arbeit. Von 1998 bis 2008 waren die dazu gegründete Entwicklungs-Gesellschaft Zollverein mbH (EGZ), die Stiftung Zollverein und die Stiftung Industriedenkmalpflege und Geschichtskultur für den Erhalt und die Nutzung der stillgelegten Anlagen zuständig. Seit 2008 sind diese Aufgaben in der Stiftung Zollverein gebündelt. Am 14. Dezember 2001[8] wurden die Schachtanlagen XII und 1/2/8 sowie die Kokerei Zollverein in die Liste des UNESCO – Kultur- und Naturerbes der Welt aufgenommen.
Die Ernennung zu einem Teil des deutschen UNESCO-Welterbes 2001 war der Beginn für den weiteren Ausbau des Geländes: Architekt Rem Koolhaas von OMA und Landschaftsarchitekt Henri Bava von Agence Ter entwickelten zwischen 2001 und 2002 den Masterplan für die Umgestaltung des Standortes in einen lebendigen Kultur- und Wirtschaftsstandort.
Im Herbst 2003 schrieb die Entwicklungsgesellschaft Zollverein zusammen mit der damaligen Essener Verkehrs-AG einen regionalen Designwettbewerb aus. Gesucht wurde ein entsprechendes „Zollverein-Design“ für die Straßenbahnlinie 107, die von Gelsenkirchen in den Essener Süden fährt und am Zollverein-Gelände hält. Aus den besten zehn von insgesamt 44 Einsendungen wählten die Leser des Magazins Zollverein 31/8 im Januar 2004 in Übereinstimmung mit der Jury den Entwurf des Büros Freiwild Kommunikation.
Im Sommer 2006 wurde der Umbau der Kohlenwäsche nach Entwürfen der Arbeitsgemeinschaft OMA (Projektarchitekt: Floris Alkemade) und Heinrich Böll nach knapp drei Jahren abgeschlossen. Heinrich Böll sanierte den repräsentativen Teil des Zechenensembles und übernahm die Ausführungsplanung und Bauleitung für das SANAA-Gebäude. Heinrich Böll gilt als einer der einflussreichsten Architekten im Bereich der Sanierung industrieller Anlagen im Ruhrgebiet. Heinrich Böll ist der Neffe des gleichnamigen Schriftstellers. Die umgebaute Kohlenwäsche von Schacht XII beherbergt das Besucherzentrum Ruhr der Route der Industriekultur und das Ruhrmuseum. Die authentisch erhaltenen Anlagen von Zeche und Kokerei sind heute als Denkmalpfad Zollverein erschlossen. Eine neue, gestalterisch an die bestehenden Bandbrücken angelehnte 55 m lange Gangway führt die Besucher auf 24 m Höhe in das Besucherzentrum Ruhr. Auf dem Dach der Kohlenwäsche wurde im Zuge des Umbaus der Erich-Brost-Pavillon errichtet. Hier finden Veranstaltungen jeder Art statt.
Das ehemalige Kesselhaus wurde von Norman Foster und Heinrich Böll für das Red-Dot-Design-Museum umgebaut. Auf dem angrenzenden Gelände von Schacht 1/2/8 ist die ehemalige Waschkaue heute Sitz des choreographischen Zentrums NRW (umgestaltet von Christoph Mäckler Architekten), das ehemalige Maschinenhaus beherbergt den Kunstschacht Zollverein und im ehemaligen Baulager ist seit 1987 die Keramische Werkstatt Margaretenhöhe ansässig. Auf Schacht 3/7/10 befindet sich das Phänomania-Erfahrungsfeld.
Die ehemalige Kokerei beherbergt Ausstellungsräume für Gegenwartskunst. Als Dauerausstellung wird die begehbare Rauminstallation Palace of Projects von Ilya & Emilia Kabakov gezeigt. Vom 26. August bis 3. Dezember 2006 war in der Kohlenwäsche die ENTRY2006–Wie werden wir morgen leben zu sehen. In einer großen Ausstellung wurden 300 Objekte von Designern und Architekten aus 20 Ländern gezeigt.
Im Juni 2006 wurde der Bau des Zollverein-Kubus nach Entwürfen des japanischen Architektenbüros SANAA und der Ausführung von Heinrich Böll abgeschlossen. Obwohl er nicht auf dem ursprünglichen Zechengelände, sondern an dessen Eingang steht, wird er zum Gesamtensemble gezählt.
Es gibt mehrere Restaurants und Cafés.
Kritik
Die Umnutzung der Gebäude für kulturelle Zwecke brachte erhebliche Eingriffe in den erhaltenen Bestand mit sich: Um benutzbare Flächen und klimatisierbare Räume zu schaffen und den Vorschriften des Brandschutzes zu genügen, wurden Teile der Maschineneinrichtung entfernt und verschrottet, Fassaden verändert und Einbauten vorgenommen. Dies beeinträchtigt die ästhetisch-technische Gesamtkomposition der Architekten Schupp und Kremmer. Während die Öffentlichkeit Zollverein meist als Leuchtturmprojekt der „Industriekultur“ wahrnimmt, beklagen Fachleute die mit dem Umbau verbundenen massiven Eingriffe in den Bestand, wodurch beispielsweise die Kohlenwäsche zum „potemkinschen Dorf der Denkmalpflege“ werde: die industrielle Anmutung verschleiere das Ausmaß der Verluste an Originalsubstanz.
Ruhrmuseum
Am 9. Januar 2010 eröffnete das als Dauerausstellung konzipierte neue Ruhrmuseum, bislang südlich der Essener Innenstadt als Ruhrlandmuseum ansässig, in der Kohlenwäsche. Die Ausstellungsräume wurden bereits seit August 2006 für verschiedene temporäre Ausstellungen, wie die Entry 2006 – Wie werden wir morgen leben? und Gold vor Schwarz (2008) mit den Schätzen der Essener Domschatzkammer genutzt.
Folkwang Universität der Künste
Neben Standorten in Essen-Werden, Duisburg, Bochum und Dortmund nutzt die Folkwang Universität der Künste seit 2010 als zweiten Essener Campus den Zollverein-Kubus des japanischen Architektenbüros SANAA. Zum Wintersemester 2017/2018 wurde in unmittelbarer Nachbarschaft ein neues Universitätsgebäude (Architekten: MGF-Architekten, Stuttgart) eröffnet, das den Fachbereich Gestaltung beherbergt.
Zollverein-Park
Um die Zeche und die angrenzende Kokerei für die Bevölkerung und Touristen zugänglich zu machen, wurde Ende 2012 der von der Planergruppe Oberhausen in Zusammenarbeit mit F1rstdesign, LichtKunstLicht AG und Observatorium entworfene Zollverein Park fertiggestellt. Das Konzept basiert auf dem Anspruch, vorhandene Strukturen behutsam in die Neugestaltung mit einfließen zu lassen und die Geschichte des Ortes zu berücksichtigen. So wurden neue Wege, Plätze und Pavillons angelegt sowie Installationen und ein Beleuchtungskonzept entworfen. Die Pflege der Vegetation steht weiterhin im Vordergrund.
Industrienatur
Neben den Gebäuden von Zeche und Kokerei hat sich eine enorm artenreiche Flora und Fauna entwickelt. Die künstlichen, technogenen Substrate wie Bergematerial und Gleisschotter sind meist nährstoffarm und besitzen je nach Verdichtung eine geringe Wasserspeicherfähigkeit. Solche Standorte sind ideale Lebensräume für wärmeliebende Tier- und Pflanzenarten. Je nach Flächenentwicklung und Gestaltung finden sich auf dem Gelände unterschiedliche Vegetationsstadien von schütterer Vegetation auf Rohböden (offene Bereiche auf der Halde Skulpturenwald), Pioniervegetation und Hochstaudengesellschaften (Gleisbereiche um die Kohlenwäsche) über Gebüschstadien bis zum Vorwald (Industriewald auf den Halden). Eine solche Flora und Fauna, die sich auf ehemaligen Industrie- und Gewerbeflächen entwickelt hat, wird im Ruhrgebiet Industrienatur genannt. Aufgrund des Artenreichtums besitzt sie eine enorme Bedeutung für den Erhalt der urbanen Biodiversität. Diese Industrienatur ist bundesweit einzigartig und gilt entsprechend als Alleinstellungsmerkmal für das Ruhrgebiet. Zollverein zählt neben dem Landschaftspark Duisburg-Nord zu den artenreichsten Industriebrachen im Ruhrgebiet.
Film und Fernsehen
Bilder der Zeche Zollverein sind seit September 2006 regelmäßig fester Bestandteil als Szenenübergang bei der in Essen spielenden RTL-Daily-Soap Alles was zählt.
Im Film Superstau kommt am Anfang des Films Ralf Richter von der Arbeit auf Zeche Zollverein (obwohl die Zeche zum Zeitpunkt der Dreharbeiten längst geschlossen war).
Im Film Das Wunder von Bern ist am Anfang die Zeche Zollverein im Hintergrund zu sehen.
Im Musikvideo In Town des deutschen Rappers Favorite ist die Zeche Zollverein deutlich zu erkennen.
Der Spielfilm Die Frühreifen handelt vom Leben im Ruhrgebiet der 1950er-Jahre und zeigt viele Szenen rund um die Zeche Zollverein.
Im Schimanski-Tatort Der Pott wird das Opfer vom Förderturm der Zeche Zollverein gestürzt.
Auch im Kölner Tatort Klassentreffen (752) ist die Zeche zu sehen.
Einige Szenen u. a. eine Verfolgungsjagd der RTL-Serie Die Klempnerin wurden auf dem Zechen- und Kokereigelände gedreht.
Für die RTL-Live-Show Die Passion wurde 2022 ein Musikvideo an der Kohlenwäsche erstellt.
Bei der Sendung Joko & Klaas gegen ProSieben mussten Joko & Klaas 45 Minuten auf der Rolltreppe zum Ruhrmuseum bleiben.
Postwertzeichen
Am 10. Juli 2003 gab die Deutsche Post AG eine Briefmarke mit dem Zollvereinmotiv aus. Heinz Schillinger gestaltete die Sondermarke.
Mit dem Erstausgabetag 5. Januar 2023 gab die Deutsche Post AG in der Serie Sehenswürdigkeiten in Deutschland ein Postwertzeichen im Nennwert von 110 Eurocent mit dem Motiv Zeche Zollverein heraus. Der Entwurf stammt von der Grafikerin Jennifer Dengler aus Bonn.
(Wikipedia)
The Bicycle Chronicles by Charlie Gregory
Chapter Five Part III…CCM Flyte Coming Home
Many months later I think about this trip to Quebec City the objective of which was to purchase the CCM Flyte. Buying things, bikes, whatever is a cold and calculated venture. During the ten years I have been buying and selling bikes, this was the only Flyte I had seen and it wasn’t even listed for sale. Had I not seen the photo of it on a Facebook page British Bikes UK it may still be parked there, along the black wrought iron fence of the Church of St Jean. Instead it found a new home. I wonder how that bike was found to be there, I wonder if it was true that its last owner/rider was a priest, I wonder what he looked like, was he short or tall, did he have a beard, did he wear a priests frock and white collar along with a chapeau. I wonder where that bike took him, perhaps to homes of seniors with incurable illnesses, or to the funerals of parishioners, if that is the case the bicycle served a noble purpose. I too think about the war, the last war and wonder if this bicycle was bright and shiny then as it would have been fairly new and if by chance a soldier once rode it, perhaps after the Victory in a celebration parade. Articles this old carry their history into the future, it is important to recognize the abstract life of these objects to understand the patina of life that they have endured and to know that this particular bicycle may have witnessed the love of many people in its unchartered course through time.
As I set the GPS on the phone to direct me back towards Ontario there was a sense of pride in what I had done that morning. In the back of the truck there was a beat up old hulk of a bike that to many would look better in a steel trash bin. But I knew different, I knew of its potential beauty and I was keen to help make it beautiful again, I was also proud that I had done this that my knowledge of the bike trade was such that I knew this was the right thing to do. We have bought a lot of fine bikes over the years, both modern and vintage. The nice ones hang above the office desk for periods of varying time. Some for six months, a few a year or so as they give me great joy to see their technical perfections. One bike in particular stands out, it was an odd shaped thing made by Rocky Mountain bikes of Canada in 1995. It was called a Road Wedge. I can describe it as resembling a Praying Mantis as it had a soft blue powder coated steel frame and from the top tube a device held a long carbon section on which a seat was mounted as if in suspension. This type of bike is somewhat hard to find and typically called a Softride. Complimenting the look were a pair of antennae like arm rests attached to the yellow taped half bars that thrust the riders arms forward creating a very aero dynamic position for the rider to gain the most streamlined advance to gain speed in the pursuit of a time trial victory. The front rim had bladed spokes, the rear rim was covered in a plastic material to create an aerodynamic air flow, with that yellow bar tape and black accents it was looked like no other that I had set eyes on. That bike had been purchased from a serious collector named John Swart who was in the business of arranging bicycle trips he lived in Fonthill Ontario. He was selling off his decades old collection of special bikes and I happened to see that one listed on kijiji, I liked it in particular because it was different, it had a style to it like, well, like modern art. Truth be told it was a work of Industrial Art. My friend Jeff Heximer paid for and brought the bike to me in Toronto as he and his family had a second home in Niagara not far from where the bike was located. I remember Jeff telling me that the seller was a bit mysterious as to when he could pick it up which annoyed me as we tend to try to be as accommodating as possible in order to facilitate sales and good will amongst each other in the bike world. I was actually surprised at the sellers behaviour. In any case I met Jeff at his garden home in Toronto’s East York area and had a pleasant visit admiring the gardens and sipping on an excellent cup of coffee. This took place in fall a few years back, the bike was quickly risen to the mounting hooks above the desk, the bike which had been there prior to the Road Wedge had been removed and sold earlier in the season, I believe that bike was a red and pearl white Columbus tubing Miele with a full Campagnolo Record grouppo, a lovely bike. Art, works on folks in different ways, for myself I am comforted by nice things, I can’t afford a Picasso or a Chagall though I would like to have one, I think I compensate for this by having wonderful bikes.
The winter passed, I was pleased to look at the bike, every day, to sit under it for hours each day. When spring came I thought it was time to replace that bike with another being confident I could put something worthy up there in its place. My ad on the Kijiji site was not up for long when a friend Dave Sharp, a good customer as well dropped over in the early spring and asked to ride the Wedge. He was happy with it and paid me a good sum for the bike, perhaps a little more than I had invested. I know he had an issue with the tires and spent good money having them and the tubes replaced, they were a difficult tire to acquire as they measured 650C in comparison to the more popular 700C size, Wildrock a local shop provided them. It was kind of Dave to shop with us at Lumpy Bikes, I was pleased he bought the bike, he would use it, and he did, that summer he put somewhere over 2,200 KMs on the bike, driving all over the countryside from his home in Peterborough, to Millbrook, to Hiawatha and all parts in between, I never once saw him out riding, well usually in the season I am quite busy, too busy some say to do much other than tend to my shop. The following winter Dave came by the shop with the Rocky Mountain Road Wedge and gifted it to me. He said, “I want you to have this Wilbur (aka Charlie aka Lumpy aka CTuna) as you are the only person I know who knows what it is. We are moving to Nanaimo, we sold our house here in town, we feel like a change”. So I had the bike back! It rested in the outdoor shop for some time until its replacement sold a very rare and fine technical mountain bike in a anodized orange colour an Ellsworth Id, the only one I had ever seen never mind owned. That bike sold for a huge profit, it too was bought as Industrial Art. Then I put the Wedge back up above the desk and enjoyed it for a few months until spring at which time I placed another ad for it on Kijiji. Within a few days I got a call from someone saying, “I hear you have a Rocky Mountain Road Wedge for sale?” I replied that I did and made an appointment for the caller to come see the bike the next day after lunch. I was surprised when a van full of sharply dressed men pulled up to our humble shop, almost in unison they said, “We are here to see the Road Wedge” I came in the house and took it down and brought it outside to show the men. Within a minute they said ‘we’ll take it’ at that point I asked who these guys were and I learned they were staff from the Shimano Canada warehouse/sales depot located here in Peterborough. I also learned they were going to give the bike back to the manufacturer Rocky Mountain Canada on the west coast for their museum! There was no bickering over the price, just one small hitch, they could only pay me with a wholesale credit at Shimano Canada, I could have anything I wanted at a wholesale price from their inventory and that’s how I got $500 Shimano dollars to apply to a sale down the road of a nice Raleigh Tekoa electric bike at the Wildrock Store during their fantastic annual swap sale. Thanks Dave!
There is a similarity between the great bike manufacturer CCM and the Rocky Mountain bike manufacturer they are both Canadian. Back in the day CCM sold hundreds of thousands of bikes yearly, today, they exist in name only having been liquidated after numerous owners drove the company into the ground, their demise is a lesson for others to learn from. The CCM brand is still sold in box stores but as a bicycle mechanic I can tell you that the quality just isn’t there. Yet we carry on this love of CCM bicycles, I think because they are a link to our past to many of our young days stretching back to the turn of the century. In England, many would think about the British brands in particular Raleigh. While in the United States we would find this same cherishing given to the Schwinn brand. New interest in these brands is spread by social media sites the likes of Facebook where avid bike groups attract new members who share their love of bikes to a vast crowd of bike lovers.
By eleven AM I was heading out of Quebec City heading west towards my hometown of Peterborough. In the back of the utility vehicle the Flyte lay on the floor, she fit in without removing the wheels. It was a sunny day, good for driving, I made one pit stop before Montreal to take a leak and fill up with gasoline. When I got near Montreal I accidentally took a wrong turn and ended up on an expressway with a toll booth that required me to use a credit card to pay the $3.75 fee. I could not read the signs which were in French only that stated, “this lane only for cash fares”. A reluctant attendant came over and took my change and pushed a button to open the gate for me. Surprisingly I had bypassed the city of Montreal entirely as the road joined the Trans Canada about ten miles away from the Ontario border. I thought that was a good deal to pay some money to avoid the traffic rushes that occur in that city at peak hours.
There were still a pair of sandwiches in the cooler which I ate on the way washing them down with a semi warm fruit drink as much of the ice had melted by this time. I was quite familiar with the route as I had worked the Toronto to Montreal corridor in the 90s in a far different capacity, one I don’t often write about. Long distance driving takes a lot of attention and creates a lot of stress as the muscles are tense from holding the wheel, the eyes are strained from looking ahead and to the sides, one must be careful to stay at a reasonable speed even though the vehicle wants to go faster. It is much safer to drive near the speed limit in order to be prepared to handle an unforeseen emergency. You end up getting to your destination a bit later than others might but you do get there. On this day the traffic was sparse I pulled over for gas again near Napanee and decided to head north on highway number 41 which would intersect with highway number 7 thirty or so miles north. I pulled into a rest area picnic ground on Beaver Lake in the town of Errinsville where I chewed on a bag of licorice, all that was left of my provisions. I stretched my legs by the waters edge and noticed local people pulling out a tin boat after a days fishing. Heading out again rested up I thought I was making good time, I was less than three hours away from our home.
Not to far further up the highway I was reminded of my trip down Flanagan Road to take photos of an old timer Harold Flanagan at his rural farm quite some distance in from the highway. Harold lived along and on more than one occasion I had seen him hitchhiking over the years, one time he was heading south towards Napanee another time in 2009 I saw him in Tweed and I swore to myself that I would get a better photo of him at some time. It seemed to me that Harold was like some other old timers I have documented over the years, they all have one thing in common, the lack or need of a bath from time to time, the other two characters are Fred Maybee and Bert Fraser. As far as I know old Fred is still alive and kicking while living at a retirement home in Peterborough.
I passed familiar places along the route, the small road that led to small Donahue Lake where Vern’s young son Phillip and I lost the big Muskie on the gold and brown eight inch long floating Rapala, the fish was too big for the net, or we were too scared, after the twenty five pound fish shook itself loose it surfaced about twenty feet from the boat near some reeds and stared at us. This was in the 80s when we ran a restaurant called Gregorys Diner near Northbrook. If we had landed that fish I would have displayed its carcass on the counter top of the Diner for all to see as if we had captured a fire eating dragon, other local fishermen and guides were of the habit of bringing their catch to the Diner to display to be photographed, photos like this would light the fishing fire of those who would stop in the foyer of our little place on their way to their cabin for a weeks rest, some drinks and fishing.
It is always an emotional journey travelling by old areas we have lived in. As I passed the OPP station in Kaladar I marvelled that my new friend Dale a bike mechanic as well and his wife Cindy were stationed there just before we moved to the restaurant and how we never met then but are now friends. I thought of old Clare Sequin who drove a classy two door 70s something Oldsmobile and wore a Rolex watch, he would have passed and many of the other characters we knew from the Diner, people who took to us regardless of our background. I thought about the character Ron Racoon and his family, I would tell people that Ron Racoon was one quarter Frenchman, one quarter east coaster, one quarter New Brunswicker and one quarter Beaver, he had the ugliest children they could have been in the movie Deliverance. One time Ronnie invited my beloved brother Kevin to his girlfriends home in Flinton, they were using my boat and motor to fish on obscure lakes, afterwards his lady friend a member of the Woods family cooked them a spaghetti dinner, I laughed my heart out when Kevin told me they opened two big tins of Heinz Spaghetti, a feast! I wondered how my old fishing friend Paul Dennis the volunteer firefighter was doing who worked across the street at Bill Heads bait and tackle, Bill was long dead. I thought about closing up at 7PM on weeknights which seems early for a restaurant to close but I can tell you if you had been behind that grill since 7AM you could not wait to put the CLOSED sign up on the door. At nights back then we would hop in the truck, we had a fairly new GMC brown coloured pick up that we bought from Bence Motors. Glenda Bence came to the restaurant one day and had me fill out an application for financing, she was the owner of Bence Ford in Kaladar. One question gets me laughing to this day. She asked how much do you make in a year, we had only been there three months, I come up with the figure “I guess we should make about fifty thousand a year if the business stays the same as it has for this first three months”, she wrote that down on the application, and that was it, the next day I went and picked up the new truck, we needed a truck to take the garbage away and things like that. Christine was about five years old, to entertain her we would drive north to the road Joe Meeks lived on who we later found out was a bit too friendly with children, old Joe would sit on his front porch with his side kick Elwood who was missing a few pieces to the puzzle, we made a right into a forested area, headed towards Harlowe where we would get an ice cream or popsicle at the general store, the owner Tommy he was some sharp, he owned the building/store next door and sold it, then opened up right beside it the next day. We then cut through some heavily forested roads on our way home, slowing down to look for witches in the trees, that would give Christine a bit of a hair raising, I wonder if she remembers those Witches Forests. That summer one of the guys Laverne Scott replaced the back panels on our spare vehicle an International Scout with a removable fiberglass back section that was easily removed. He spray painted the whole thing jet black. I don’t know why I bought that unit from a lady professor at Queens University, I think in the back of my mind I would use it to plow the snow from the Diner pavement as I did not like the idea of any local thinking this was their lot to plow because they had always done it. At this nodescript garage in Kaladar a mechanic named Paul who liked whiskey more than he should of installed a manually operated snow plow that had one lever set inside the cab that could lift the blade using a simple hydraulic device poorly mounted to the frame. I took a look at the work and agreed to the sum of $350 for the blade and the installation which was mighty darn cheap. We would take that Jeep like vehicle on rides with Julie and Christine and her friend Naomi up to a rough stretch of road that followed a hydro line towards Cloyne. When we got to the furthest navigable point on the hydro line we would turn around and let it rip coming back down the hilly terrain, through deep puddles and pot holes the girls were yelling and screaming with joy at our home made amusement. Like I said, there wasn’t much to do up there. It was not unusual to hear kids say, ‘all we have to do around here is fish, fuck, chew tobacco and smoke pot’, knowing that information, when we tired of being worker bees and sold the Diner we re-located to a more civil area of Ontario.
After the nostalgia of that part of the drive I noticed the sky full of heavy clouds on highway seven as I neared the Flinton turnoff, it was getting dark, by the time I pulled into the driveway at this house it was darn close to 9PM. I crawled out of the truck, leaving the CCM Flyte to rest there overnight. We were home, safe and sound no worse the wear. The expenses of the trip are worth noting, gas to go and return, $160.00, parking in Quebec City $3.00, tip for the building concierge at Levis $2,00, Coffee old city Quebec $ 2.10.
Objectives of School Health Programs : lnkd.in/efkvxNV
To partner for health/CSR Initiatives, Write to us - support@trinitycarefoundation.org
Taken from Monir Shahroudy Farmanfarmaian: Infinite Possibility
[March-June 2015]
The Guggenheim (officially the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum). Founded by the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation in 1937 as the Museum of Non-Objective Painting, it was renamed after it's founder's death in 1952.
The current building was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959) and built in 1959.
Objective: put the four pieces inside the box
Origami version of a classic wooden puzzle
Pieces
Designer: Francesco Mancini
Folder: Francesco Mancini
Paper: Copy
Unit size: Rectangle
Container
Designer: Francesco Decio
Folder: Francesco Mancini
Paper: Copy
Unit size: Square
SPOILER ALERT
Solution black box
Solution yellow box
Icon we're using on our new ictcpd4free site for teachers. Thanks to Lanx1983 www.flickr.com/photos/lanx/ for creating it and making it available under a Creative Common Licence.
This photo was taken on the southeast corner of Broadway and 72nd Street
It speaks for itself...
Note: I chose this as my "photo of the day" for Aug 7, 2013.
***************
This set of photos is based on a very simple concept: walk every block of Manhattan with a camera, and see what happens. To avoid missing anything, walk both sides of the street.
That's all there is to it …
Of course, if you wanted to be more ambitious, you could also walk the streets of Brooklyn, Queens, Staten Island, and the Bronx. But that's more than I'm willing to commit to at this point, and I'll leave the remaining boroughs of New York City to other, more adventurous photographers.
Oh, actually, there's one more small detail: leave the photos alone for a month -- unedited, untouched, and unviewed. By the time I actually focus on the first of these "every-block" photos, I will have taken more than 8,000 images on the nearby streets of the Upper West Side -- plus another several thousand in Rome, Coney Island, and the various spots in NYC where I traditionally take photos. So I don't expect to be emotionally attached to any of the "every-block" photos, and hope that I'll be able to make an objective selection of the ones worth looking at.
As for the criteria that I've used to select the small subset of every-block photos that get uploaded to Flickr: there are three. First, I'll upload any photo that I think is "great," and where I hope the reaction of my Flickr-friends will be, "I have no idea when or where that photo was taken, but it's really a terrific picture!"
A second criterion has to do with place, and the third involves time. I'm hoping that I'll take some photos that clearly say, "This is New York!" to anyone who looks at it. Obviously, certain landscape icons like the Empire State Building or the Statue of Liberty would satisfy that criterion; but I'm hoping that I'll find other, more unexpected examples. I hope that I'll be able to take some shots that will make a "local" viewer say, "Well, even if that's not recognizable to someone from another part of the country, or another part of the world, I know that that's New York!" And there might be some photos where a "non-local" viewer might say, "I had no idea that there was anyplace in New York City that was so interesting/beautiful/ugly/spectacular."
As for the sense of time: I remember wandering around my neighborhood in 2005, photographing various shops, stores, restaurants, and business establishments -- and then casually looking at the photos about five years later, and being stunned by how much had changed. Little by little, store by store, day by day, things change … and when you've been around as long as I have, it's even more amazing to go back and look at the photos you took thirty or forty years ago, and ask yourself, "Was it really like that back then? Seriously, did people really wear bell-bottom jeans?"
So, with the expectation that I'll be looking at these every-block photos five or ten years from now (and maybe you will be, too), I'm going to be doing my best to capture scenes that convey the sense that they were taken in the year 2013 … or at least sometime in the decade of the 2010's (I have no idea what we're calling this decade yet). Or maybe they'll just say to us, "This is what it was like a dozen years after 9-11".
Movie posters are a trivial example of such a time-specific image; I've already taken a bunch, and I don't know if I'll ultimately decide that they're worth uploading. Women's fashion/styles are another obvious example of a time-specific phenomenon; and even though I'm definitely not a fashion expert, I suspected that I'll be able to look at some images ten years from now and mutter to myself, "Did we really wear shirts like that? Did women really wear those weird skirts that are short in the front, and long in the back? Did everyone in New York have a tattoo?"
Another example: I'm fascinated by the interactions that people have with their cellphones out on the street. It seems that everyone has one, which certainly wasn't true a decade ago; and it seems that everyone walks down the street with their eyes and their entire conscious attention riveted on this little box-like gadget, utterly oblivious about anything else that might be going on (among other things, that makes it very easy for me to photograph them without their even noticing, particularly if they've also got earphones so they can listen to music or carry on a phone conversation). But I can't help wondering whether this kind of social behavior will seem bizarre a decade from now … especially if our cellphones have become so miniaturized that they're incorporated into the glasses we wear, or implanted directly into our eyeballs.
Oh, one last thing: I've created a customized Google Map to show the precise details of each day's photo-walk. I'll be updating it each day, and the most recent part of my every-block journey will be marked in red, to differentiate it from all of the older segments of the journey, which will be shown in blue. You can see the map, and peek at it each day to see where I've been, by clicking on this link
URL link to Ed's every-block progress through Manhattan
If you have any suggestions about places that I should definitely visit to get some good photos, or if you'd like me to photograph you in your little corner of New York City, please let me know. You can send me a Flickr-mail message, or you can email me directly at ed-at-yourdon-dot-com
Stay tuned as the photo-walk continues, block by block ...
Machine and objective: Canon EOS 450D, Sigma 18-200mm DC OS.
Locale: United Kingdom, London.
Photographer: F.MartínezLedesma
Press “L” Please!!
Pulsa “L” Por favor!!
Velocidad: 1/50seg.
ISO: 400
Apertura: f/7,1
Focal: 35mm
…Nunca me han interesado ni el poder ni la fortuna lo que admiro son las flores que crecen en la basura…
DERECHOS DE AUTOR:
Todas las fotografias de este sitio, estan protegidas por el real Decreto Legislativo 1/1996, de 12 de abril, por el que se aprueba el texto Refundido de la LEY DE PROPIEDAD INTELECTUAL. Queda totalmente prohibida su reproducción total o parcial sin el expreso consentimento de su autor. Si estás interesado en adquirir alguna copia, o los derechos de reproducción de alguna de las fotografias aqui publicadas, contacta con el autor. Si la finalidad de las fotografias deseadas no es con fines lucrativos, igualmente debes contactar con el autor indicando el uso que se dará a las imagenes.
COPYRIGHT:
All photographs on this site are protected by Royal Decree Law 1 / 1996 of 12 April, approving the revised text of the Copyright Law. It is strictly forbidden to reproduce in whole or in part without the express consent from the author. If you are interested in purchasing any copy or reproduction rights for any of the photographs published here, please contact the author. If the desired purpose of the photographs is not for profit, you should also contact the author indicating the use which will be the images.
Please don't use this image on websites, blogs or other media without my explicit permission. © All rights reserved.
camera: Hasselblad 500 CM
objective: Zeiss Planar 80mm f2,8 + Hasselblad 10 extension tubes
light: 2 continuous light lamp with 50x70cm soft box
light meter: Sekonic L-308B reading the incident light
exposure: f2,8 - 1/125
film: Kodak Tmax 100
film developing: Kodak Tmax Dev 1+4 - 24C° - 6:15 min
agitation: first-half minutes continuously, then 10 second every half minute
fixer: Kodak Tmax Fixier
scanner: CanoScan 8600f with SilverFast SE Plus 8
The approach to Haystacks(centre 1960ft) with High Crag right(2450ft) and Pillar left(2927ft) nice day for a stroll :-)
View in lightbox.
Sundays can be a drag. It may be a legacy of the academic week. Sunday meant you would soon go back to school with all of the attendant anxieties. It might also be that there is just less to do on a Sunday. Whatever the reason, I frequently find myself at lose ends as the weekend wraps up. Over the years I have tried to come up with strategies to combat this malaise. Often I’ll go out and photograph but most of the time this just reenforces my Sunday blues. Looking for something to take pictures of on a Sunday just reminds you of how little is going on.
Anyway, I brought out the new lens and poked around downtown for a little while. The 67mm wide aperture gives a great blur to the images it captures. One of the things I saw was a fierce little eddy of leaves and trash. The wind has been howling behind the cold front that dropped rain on us last night. This wind, channeled between the buildings downtown, was sucking all the loose debris in the streets up into a column. It was pretty but hard to photograph. I turned the lens to manual focus so the AF wouldn’t drive itself crazy, set the exposure to allow for a 1/6400 shutter and shot away. The result is sort of pretty, in an abstract way. None of the shots really got the full column of suspended leaves like I was hoping for, but I am not unhappy with the image all the same. The other shot is of some grass on the levee. The levee of the Mississippi River exhibits one of my favorite color palettes. Arsenic green, cobalt blue and generally some great rust tones or white, billowy clouds.
Set at f/2, with a subject about 10 feet away, the Canon Ef 135mm f/2 L USM still has a depth of field (follow the link for what may be the best online photographic tool, full stop) that is only about .12 feet thick or about 1 1/2 inches. The focus rapidly drops away on either side of the subject. This is really what I bought this lens for, isolating subjects in a narrow area of focus and blurring everything into a polychromatic mush. For what are basically non-objective, color and motion studies I am pretty pleased. Once I get some good subject matter then Katie, bar the door.
Tomorrow I am headed to north Louisiana, and well out of the city lights, to photograph the Geminids , one of the two major, annual meteor showers in North America. Tomorrow night is the peak. It will be about 25F but that means the atmospheric moisture will be low and so I should get some good shots, provided I don’t freeze to death. It should come as no surprise that photos will be posted here when I get finished up. Just a couple of photographs and lunch with Mom is all it took to get me right again. Watch out, flaming debris from outer space, here I come.
Check out more at my blog, Lemons and Beans, for lots of photos, recipes, travel writing and other ramblings.
GB: Determine the structure and the heat from the planet's interior to assess the activity, composition and evolution of Mars as an example of a rocky planet.
Why is Earth so special?
DE: Bestimmung des Aufbaus und des Wärmestroms aus dem Inneren des Planeten für Rückschlüsse auf Aktivität, Zusammensetzung und Entwicklung des Mars als Beispiel eines Gesteinsplaneten.
Warum ist die Erde so besonders?
More about NASA & DLR's mission on www.dlr.de/dlr/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-11031/
Credit: DLR (CC-BY 3.0)
Lente macro fabricado con un objetivo de binoculares de 7 x 50.
Lens manufactured with an objective lens of binocular of 7x50
At 4.30pm (Australian time) on 31st October 1917 the men of the Australian Lighthorse and their faithful friends their Waler horses charged at full gallop towards the wells of Beersheba.
The charge was a magnificent success and not only did those horsemen ride to take their objective they also rode into history.
To commemorate this famous feat a Beerhsheba memorial depicting battle scenes was established at Menangle, New South Wales, Australia.
Attempting some macro shot before next Tuesday's Club night ' Tabletop and Macro' Cleaned up my old microscope for a subject. ( it was covered in thick dust ) I liked the problem of dealing with the shiny parts.
Originally called The Museum of Non-Objective Painting, the Solomon R. Gugghenheim Museum, commonly referred to simply as The Guggenheim, was founded in 1937 to showcase avant-garde art by early modernists. It moved to its present location, along Museum Mile on 89th Street and Fifth Avenue, overlooking Central Park, in 1959 when Frank Lloyd Wright's design for the site was complete.
With his last major work, Wright initially polarized critics, although today his design has become widely revered. From the street, the building l ooks like a white ribbon curled into a cylindrical stack, slightly wider at the top than the bottom. Internally, the viewing gallery forms a gentle spiral fromthe ground level up to the top of the building with paintings displayed along the walls of the spiral as well as inviewing rooms found at stages along the way.
Although the rotunda is generously lit by a large skylight, there are no other windows and the niches are heavily shadowed by the walkway, leaving the art work to be lit largely by artificial light. The walls are generally concave, meaning works must be mounted proud of the wall's surface.
In 2007, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum was ranked #74 on the AIA 150 America's Favorite Architecture list.
The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum was designated a landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1990.
National Register #05000443 (2005)
objective- Replicate a master photographer
subject- sandy
approach- rearranged the lights, and had the model sit down
Objective: put the twelve pieces inside the box
Origami version of a wooden packing puzzle
Pieces
Designer: Francesco Mancini
Folder: Francesco Mancini
Paper: Copy
Unit size: Rectangle
Container
Designer: Francesco Decio
Folder: Francesco Mancini
Paper: Copy
Unit size: Square
SPOILER ALERT
Solution here
Puri is a city and a Municipality of Odisha. It is the district headquarters of Puri district, Odisha, eastern India. It is situated on the Bay of Bengal, 60 kilometres south of the state capital of Bhubaneswar. It is also known as Jagannath Puri after the 12th-century Jagannath Temple located in the city. It is one of the original Char Dham pilgrimage sites for Indian Hindus.
Puri was known by several names from the ancient times to the present, and locally called as Badadeula. Puri and the Jagannath Temple were invaded 18 times by Hindu and Muslim rulers, starting from the 4th century to the start of the 19th century with the objective of looting the treasures of the temple. Odisha, including Puri and its temple, were under the British Raj from 1803 till India attained independence in August 1947. Even though princely states do not exist in independent India, the heirs of the Gajapati Dynasty of Khurda still perform the ritual duties of the temple. The temple town has many Hindu religious maths or monasteries.
The economy of Puri town is dependent on the religious importance of the Jagannath Temple to the extent of nearly 80%. The festivals which contribute to the economy are the 24 held every year in the temple complex, including 13 major festivals; Ratha Yatra and its related festivals are the most important which are attended by millions of people every year. Sand art and applique art are some of the important crafts of the city. Puri is one of the 12 heritage cities chosen by the Government of India for holistic development.
GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE
GEOGRAPHY
Puri, located on the east coast of India on the Bay of Bengal, is in the center of the district of the same name. It is delimited by the Bay of Bengal on the south east, the Mauza Sipaurubilla on the west, Mauz Gopinathpur in the north and Mauza Balukhand in the east. It is within the 67 kilometres coastal stretch of sandy beaches that extends between Chilika Lake and the south of Puri city. However, the administrative jurisdiction of the Puri Municipality extends over an area of 16.3268 square kilometres spread over 30 wards, which includes a shore line of 5 kilometres.
Puri is in the coastal delta of the Mahanadi River on the shores of the Bay of Bengal. In the ancient days it was near to Sisupalgarh (Ashokan Tosali) when the land was drained by a tributary of the River Bhargavi, a branch of the Mahanadi River, which underwent a meandering course creating many arteries altering the estuary, and formed many sand hills. These sand hills could not be "cut through" by the streams. Because of the sand hills, the Bhargavi River flowing to the south of Puri, moved away towards the Chilika Lake. This shift also resulted in the creation of two lagoons known as Sar and Samang on the eastern and northern parts of Puri respectively. Sar lagoon has a length of 8.0 km in an east-west direction and has a width of 3.2 km in north-south direction. The river estuary has a shallow depth of 1.5 m only and the process of siltation is continuing. According to a 15th-century chronicle the stream that flowed at the base of the Blue Mountain or Neelachal was used as the foundation or high plinth of the present temple which was then known as Purushottama, the Supreme Being. A 16th century chronicle attributes filling up of the bed of the river which flowed through the present Grand Road, during the reign of King Narasimha II (1278–1308).
CLIMATE
According to the Köppen and Geiger the climate of Puri is classified Aw. The city has moderate and tropical climate. Humidity is fairly high throughout the year. The temperature during summer touches a maximum of 36 °C and during winter it is 17 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1,337 millimetres and the average annual temperature is 26.9 °C.
HISTORY
NAMES IN HISTORY
Puri, the holy land of Lord Jaganath, also known popularly as Badadeula in local usage, has many ancient names in the Hindu scriptures such as the Rigveda, Matsya purana, Brahma Purana, Narada Purana, Padma Purana, Skanda Purana, Kapila samhita and Niladrimahodaya. In the Rigveda, in particular, it is mentioned as a place called Purushamandama-grama meaning the place where the Creator deity of the world – Supreme Divinity deified on altar or mandapa was venerated near the coast and prayers offered with vedic hymns. Over time the name got changed to Purushottama Puri and further shortened to Puri and the Purusha became Jagannatha. Close to this place sages like Bhrigu, Atri and Markandeya had their hermitage. Its name is mentioned, conforming to the deity worshipped, as Srikshetra, Purusottama Dhāma, Purusottama Kshetra, Purusottama Puri and Jagannath Puri. Puri is however, a common usage now. It is also known the geographical features of its siting as Shankhakshetra (layout of the town is in the form of a conch shell.), Neelāchala ("blue mountain" a terminology used to name very large sand lagoon over which the temple was built but this name is not in vogue), Neelāchalakshetra, Neelādri, The word 'Puri' in Sanskrit means "town", or 'city' and is cognate with polis in Greek.
Another ancient name is Charita as identified by Cunningham which was later spelled as Che-li-ta-lo by Chinese traveller Hiuen Tsang.When the present temple was built by the Ganga king Chodangadev in the 11th and 12th centuries it was called Purushottamkshetra. However, the Moghuls, the Marathas and early British rulers called it Purushottama-chhatar or just Chhatar. In Akbar's Ain-i-Akbari and subsequent Muslim historical records it was known as Purushottama. In the Sanskrit drama authored by Murari Mishra in the 8th century it is referred as Purushottama only. It was only after twelfth century Puri came to be known by the shortened form of Jagannatha Puri, named after the deity or in a short form as Puri. In some records pertaining to the British rule, the word 'Jagannath' was used for Puri. It is the only shrine in India, where Radha, along with Lakshmi, Saraswati, Durga, Bhudevi, Sati, Parvati, and Shakti abodes with Krishna, also known as Jagannath.
ANCIENT PERIOD
According to the chronicle Madala Panji, in 318 the priests and servitors of the temple spirited away the idols to escape the wrath of the Rashtrakuta King Rakatavahu. The temple's ancient historical records also finds mention in the Brahma Purana and Skanda Purana as having been built by the king Indradyumna of Ujjayani.
According to W.J. Wilkinson, in Puri, Buddhism was once a well established practice but later Buddhists were persecuted and Brahmanism became the order of the religious practice in the town; the Buddha deity in now worshipped by the Hindus as Jagannatha. It is also said that some relics of Buddha were placed inside the idol of Jagannath which the Brahmins claimed were the bones of Krishna. Even during Ashoka’s reign in 240 BC Odisha was a Buddhist center and that a tribe known as Lohabahu (barbarians from outside Odisha) converted to Buddhism and built a temple with an idol of Buddha which is now worshipped as Jagannatha. It is also said that Lohabahu deposited some Buddha relics in the precincts of the temple.
Construction of the Jagannatha Temple started in 1136 and completed towards the later part of the 12th century. The King of the Ganga dynasty, Anangabhima dedicated his kingdom to the God, then known as the Purushottam-Jagannatha and resolved that from then on he and his descendants would rule under "divine order as Jagannatha's sons and vassals". Even though princely states do not exist in independent India, the heirs of the Gajapati dynasty of Khurda still perform the ritual duties of the temple; the king formally sweeps the road in front of the chariots before the start of the Rathayatra.
MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN PERIODS
History of the temple is the history of the town of Puri, which was invaded 18 times during its history to plunder the treasures of the Jagannath Puri temple. The first invasion was in the 8th century by Rastrakuta king Govinda-III (AD 798–814) and the last was in 1881 by the followers of Alekh Religion who did not recognize Jagannath worship. In between, from the 1205 onward there were many invasions of the city and its temple by Muslims of the Afghans and Moghuls descent, known as Yavanas or foreigners; they had mounted attacks to ransack the wealth of the temple rather than for religious reasons. In most of these invasions the idols were taken to safe places by the priests and the servitors of the temple. Destruction of the temple was prevented by timely resistance or surrender by the kings of the region. However, the treasures of the temple were repeatedly looted. Puri is the site of the Govardhana matha, one of the four cardinal institutions established by Adi Shankaracharya, when he visited Puri in 810 and since then it has become an important dham (divine centre) for the Hindus; the others being those at Sringeri, Dwaraka and Jyotirmath. The matha is headed by Jagatguru Shankarachrya. The significance of the four dhams is that the Lord Vishnu takes his dinner at Puri, has his bath at Rameshwaram, spends the night at Dwarka and does penance at Badrinath.
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu of Bengal who established the Bhakti movements of India in the sixteenth century, now known by the name the Hare Krishna movement, spent many years as a devotee of Jagannatha at Puri; he is said to have merged his "corporal self" with the deity. There is also a matha of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu here.
In the 17th century for the sailors sailing on the east coast of India, the landmark was the temple located in a plaza in the centre of the town which they called the "White Pagoda" while the Konark Sun Temple, 60 kilometres away to the east of Puri, was known as the "Black Pagoda".
The iconographic representation of the images in the Jagannath temple are believed to be the forms derived from the worship made by the tribal groups of Sabaras belonging to northern Odisha. These images are replaced at regular intervals as the wood deteriorates. This replacement is a special event carried out ritulistically by special group of carpenters.
The town has many Mathas (Monasteries of the various Hindu sects). Among the important mathas is the Emar Matha founded by the Tamil Vaishnav Saint Ramanujacharya in the 12th century AD. At present this matha is located in front of Simhadvara across the eastern corner of the Jagannath Temple is reported to have been built in the 16th century during the reign of Suryavamsi Gajapati. The matha was in the news recently for the large cache of 522 silver slabs unearthded from a closed room.
The British conquered Orissa in 1803 and recognizing the importance of the Jagannatha Temple in the life of the people of the state they initially placed an official to look after the temple's affairs and later declared it a district with the same name.
MODERN HISTORY
In 1906, Sri Yukteswar an exponent of Kriya Yoga, a resident of Puri, established an ashram in the sea-side town of Puri, naming it "Kararashram" as a spiritual training center. He died on 9 March 1936 and his body is buried in the garden of the ashram.
The city is the site of the former summer residence of British Raj built in 1913–14 during the era of governors, the Raj Bhavan.
For the people of Puri Lord Jagannath, visualized as Lord Krishna, is synonymous with their city. They believe that the Jagannatha looks after the welfare of the state. However, after the incident of the partial collapse of the Jagannatha Temple, the Amalaka part of the tower on 14 June 1990 people became apprehensive and thought it was not a good omen for the welfare of the State of Odisha. The replacement of the fallen stone by another of the same size and weight (seven tons) had to be done only in the an early morning hours after the gods had woken up after a good nights sleep which was done on 28 February 1991.
Puri has been chosen as one of the heritage cities for the Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana scheme of the Indian Government. It is one of 12 the heritage cities chosen with "focus on holistic development" to be implemented in 27 months by end of March 2017.
Non-Hindus are not permitted to enter the shrines but are allowed to view the temple and the proceedings from the roof of the Raghunandan library within the precincts of the temple for a small donation.
DEMOGRAPHICS
As of 2001 India census, Puri city, an urban Agglomeration governed by Municipal Corporation in Orissa state, had a population of 157,610 which increased to 200,564 in 2011. Males, 104,086, females, 96,478, children under 6 years of age, 18,471. The sex ratio is 927 females to 1000 males. Puri has an average literacy rate of 88.03 percent (91.38 percent males and 84.43 percent females). Religion-wise data is not reported.
ECONOMY
The economy of Puri is dependent on tourism to the extent of about 80%. The temple is the focal point of the entire area of the town and provides major employment to the people of the town. Agricultural production of rice, ghee, vegetables and so forth of the region meets the huge requirements of the temple, with many settlements aroiund the town exclusively catering to the other religious paraphernalia of the temple. The temple administration employs 6,000 men to perform the rituals. The temple also provides economic sustenance to 20,000 people belonging to 36 orders and 97 classes. The kitchen of the temple which is said to be the largest in the world employs 400 cooks.
CITY MANAGEMENT AND GOVERNANCE
Puri Municipality, Puri Konark Development Authority, Public Health Engineering Organisastion, Orissa Water Supply Sewerage Board are some of the principal organizations that are devolved with the responsibility of providing for all the urban needs of civic amenities such as water supply, sewerage, waste management, street lighting, and infrastructure of roads. The major activity which puts maximum presuure on these organizations is the annual event of the Ratha Yatra held for 10 days during July when more than a million people attend the grand event. This event involves to a very large extent the development activities such as infrastructure and amenities to the pilgrims, apart from security to the pilgrims.
The civic administration of Puri is the responsibility of the Puri Municipality which came into existence in 1864 in the name of Puri Improvement Trust which got converted into Puri Municipality in 1881. After India's independence in 1947, Orissa Municipal Act-1950 was promulgated entrusting the administration of the city to the Puri Municipality. This body is represented by elected representative with a Chairperson and councilors representing the 30 wards within the municipal limits.
LANDMARKS
JAGANNATH TEMPLE AT PURI
The Temple of Jagannath at Puri is one of the major Hindu temples built in the Kalinga style of architecture, in respect of its plan, front view and structural detailing. It is one of the Pancharatha (Five chariots) type consisting of two anurathas, two konakas and one ratha with well-developed pagas. Vimana or Deula is the sanctum sanctorum where the triad (three) deities are deified on the ratnavedi (Throne of Pearls), and over which is the temple tower, known as the rekha deula; the latter is built over a rectangular base of the pidha temples as its roof is made up of pidhas that are sequentially arranged horizontal platforms built in descending order forming a pyramidal shape. The mandapa in front of the sanctum sanctorum is known as Jagamohana where devotees assemble to offer worship. The temple tower with a spire rises to a height of 58 m in height and a flag is unfurled above it fixed over a wheel (chakra). Within the temple complex is the Nata Mandir, a large hall where Garuda stamba (pillar). Chaitanya Mahaprabhu used to stand here and pray. In the interior of the Bhoga Mantap, adjoining the Nata mandir, there is profusion of decorations of sculptures and paintings which narrate the story of Lord Krishna. The temple is built on an elevated platform (of about 39,000 m2 area), 20 ft above the adjoining area. The temple rises to a height of 214 ft above the road level. The temple complex covers an area of 4,3 ha. There is double walled enclosure, rectangular in shape (rising to a height of 20 ft) surrounding the temple complex of which the outer wall is known as Meghanada Prachira, measuring 200 by 192 metres. The inner walled enclosure, known as Kurmabedha. measures 126m x 95m. There are four entry gates (in four cardinal directions to the temple located at the center of the walls in the four directions of the outer circle. These are: the eastern gate called Singhadwara (Lions Gate), the southern gate known as Ashwa Dwara (Horse Gate), the western gate called the Vyaghra Dwara (Tigers Gate) or the Khanja Gate, and the northern gate called the Hathi Dwara or (elephant gate). The four gates symbolize the four fundamental principles of Dharma (right conduct), Jnana (knowledge), Vairagya (renunciation) and Aishwarya (prosperity). The gates are crowned with pyramid shapes structures. There is stone pillar in front of the Singhadwara called the Aruna Stambha {Solar Pillar}, 11 metres in height with 16 faces, made of chlorite stone, at the top of which is mounted an elegant statue of Arun (Sun) in a prayer mode. This pillar was shifted from the Konarak Sun temple. All the gates are decorated with guardian statues in the form of lion, horse mounted men, tigers and elephants in the name and order of the gates. A pillar made of fossilized wood is used for placing lamps as offering. The Lion Gate (Singhadwara) is the main gate to the temple, which guarded by two guardian deities Jaya and Vijaya. The main gates is ascended through 22 steps known as Baisi Pahaca which are revered as it is said to possess "spiritual animation". Children are made to roll down these steps from top to bottom to bring them spiritual happiness. After entering the temple on the left hand side there is huge kitchen where food is prepared in hygienic conditions in huge quantities that it is termed as "the biggest hotel of the world".
The legend says that King Indradyumma was directed by Lord Jagannath in a dream to build a temple for him and he built it as directed. However, according to historical records the temple was started some time during the 12th century by King Chodaganga of the Eastern Ganga dynasty. It was however completed by his descendant, Anangabhima Deva, in the 12th century. The wooden images of Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra were then deified here. The temple was under the control of the Hindu rulers up to 1558. Then, when Orissa was occupied by the Afghan Nawab of Bengal, it was brought under the control of the Afghan General Kalapahad. Following the defeat of the Afghan king by Raja Mansingh, the General of Mughal emperor Akbar, the temple became a part of the Mughal empire till 1751 AD. Subsequently it was under the control of the Marathas till 1803. Then, when British Raj took over Orissa, the Puri Raja was entrusted with its to management until 1947.
The triad of images in the temple are of Jagannatha, personifying Lord Krishna, Balabhadra, his older brother, and Subhadra his younger sister, which are made of wood (neem) in an unfinished form. The stumps of wood which form the images of the brothers have human arms and that of Subhadra does not have any arms. The heads are large and un-carved and are painted. The faces are made distinct with the large circular shaped eyes.
THE PANCHA TIRTHA OF PURI
Hindus consider it essential to bathe in the Pancha Tirtha or the five sacred bathing spots of Puri, India, to complete a pilgrimage to Puri. The five sacred water bodies are the Indradyumana Tank, the Rohini Kunda, the Markandeya Tank, Swetaganga Tank, and the The Sea also called the Mahodadhi is considered a sacred bathing spot in the Swargadwar area. These tanks have perennial sources of supply in the form of rain water and ground water.
GUNDICHA TEMPLE
Known as the Garden House of Jagannath, the Gundicha temple stands in the centre of a beautiful garden, surrounded by compound walls on all sides. It lies at a distance of about 3 kilometres to the north east of the Jagannath Temple. The two temples are located at the two ends of the Bada Danda (Grand Avenue) which is the pathway for the Rath Yatra. According to a legend, Gundicha was the wife of King Indradyumna who originally built the Jagannath temple.
The temple is built using light-grey sandstone and architecturally, it exemplifies typical Kalinga temple architecture in the Deula style. The complex comprises four components: vimana (tower structure containing the sanctum), jagamohana (assembly hall), nata-mandapa (festival hall) and bhoga-mandapa (hall of offerings). There is also a kitchen connected by a small passage. The temple is set within a garden, and is known as "God's Summer Garden Retreat" or garden house of Jagannath. The entire complex, including garden, is surrounded by a wall which measures 131 m × 98 m with height of 6.1 m.
Except for the 9-day Rath Yatra when triad images are worshipped in Gundicha Temple, the rest of the year it remains unoccupied. Tourists can visit the temple after paying an entry fee. Foreigners (prohibited entry in the main temple) are allowed inside this temple during this period. The temple is under the Jagannath Temple Administration, Puri – the governing body of the main temple. A small band of servitors maintain the temple.
SWARGADWAR
Swargadwar is the name given to the cremation ground or burning ghat which is located on the shores of the sea were thousands of dead bodies of Hindus are brought from faraway places to cremate. It is a belief that the Chitanya Mahaparabhu disppaeread from this Swargadwar about 500 years back.
BEACH
The beach at Puri known as the "Ballighai beach} is 8 km away at the mouth of Nunai River from the town and is fringed by casurian trees. It has golden yellow sand and has pleasant sunshine. Sunrise and sunset are pleasant scenic attractions here. Waves break in at the beach which is long and wide.
DISTRICT MUSEUM
The Puri district museum is located on the station road where the exhibits are of different types of garments worn by Lord Jagannath, local sculptures, patachitra (traditional, cloth-based scroll painting) and ancient Palm-leaf manuscripts and local craft work.
RAGHUNANDANA LIBRARY
Raghunandana Library is located in the Emmra matha complex (opposite Simhadwara or Lion gate, the main entrance gate). The Jagannatha Aitihasika Gavesana Samiti (Jagannatha Historical Center) is also located here. The library contains ancient palm leaf manuscripts of Jagannatha, His cult and the history of the city. From the roof of the library one gets a picturesque view of the temple complex.
FESTIVALS OF PURI
Puri witnesses 24 festivals every year, of which 13 are major festivals. The most important of these is the Rath Yatra or the Car festival held in the month June–July which is attended by more than 1 million people.
RATH YATRA AT PURI
The Jagannath triad are usually worshiped in the sanctum of the temple at Puri, but once during the month of Asadha (Rainy Season of Orissa, usually falling in month of June or July), they are brought out onto the Bada Danda (main street of Puri) and travel 3 kilometrer to the Shri Gundicha Temple, in huge chariots (ratha), allowing the public to have darśana (Holy view). This festival is known as Rath Yatra, meaning the journey (yatra) of the chariots (ratha). The yatra starts, according to Hindu calendar Asadha Sukla Dwitiya )the second day of bright fortnight of Asadha (June–July) every year.
Historically, the ruling Ganga dynasty instituted the Rath Yatra at the completion of the great temple around 1150 AD. This festival was one of those Hindu festivals that was reported to the Western world very early. In his own account of 1321, Odoric reported how the people put the "idols" on chariots, and the King and Queen and all the people drew them from the "church" with song and music.
The Rathas are huge wheeled wooden structures, which are built anew every year and are pulled by the devotees. The chariot for Jagannath is about 14 m high and 35 feet square and takes about 2 months to construct. Th chariot is mounted with 16 wheels, each of 2.1 m diameter. The carvings in the front of the chariot has four wooden horses drawn by Maruti. On its other three faces the wooden carvings are Rama, Surya and Vishnu. The chariot is known as Nandi Ghosha. The roof of the chariot is covered with yellow and golden coloured cloth. The next chariot is that of Balabhadra which is 13 m in height fitted with 14 wheels. The chariot is carved with Satyaki as the charioteer. The carvings on this chariot also include images of Narasimha and Rudra as Jagannath's companions. The next chariot in the order is that of Subhadra, which is 13 m in height supported on 12 wheels, roof covered in black and red colour cloth and the chariot is known as Darpa-Dalaan. The charioteer carved is Arjuna. Other images carved on the chariot are that of Vana Durga, Tara Devi and Chandi Devi. The artists and painters of Puri decorate the cars and paint flower petals and other designs on the wheels, the wood-carved charioteer and horses, and the inverted lotuses on the wall behind the throne. The huge chariots of Jagannath pulled during Rath Yatra is the etymological origin of the English word Juggernaut. The Ratha-Yatra is also termed as the Shri Gundicha yatra and Ghosha yatra
CHHERA PAHARA
The Chhera Pahara is a significant ritual associated with the Ratha-Yatra. During the festival, the Gajapati King wears the outfit of a sweeper and sweeps all around the deities and chariots in the Chera Pahara (sweeping with water) ritual. The Gajapati King cleanses the road before the chariots with a gold-handled broom and sprinkles sandalwood water and powder with utmost devotion. As per the custom, although the Gajapati King has been considered the most exalted person in the Kalingan kingdom, he still renders the menial service to Jagannath. This ritual signified that under the lordship of Jagannath, there is no distinction between the powerful sovereign Gajapati King and the most humble devotee.
CHADAN YATRA
In Akshaya Tritiya every year the Chandan Yatra festival marks the commencement of the construction of the Chariots of the Rath Yatra. It also marks the celebration of the Hindu new year.
SNANA YATRA
On the Purnima day in the month of Jyestha (June) the triad images of the Jagannath temple are ceremonially bathed and decorated every year on the occasion of Snana Yatra. Water for the bath is taken in 108 pots from the Suna kuan (meaning: "golden well") located near the northern gate of the temple. Water is drawn from this well only once in a year for the sole purpose of this religious bath of the deities. After the bath the triad images are dressed in the fashion of the elephant god, Ganesha. Later during the night the original triad images are taken out in a procession back to the main temple but kept at a place known as Anasara pindi. After this the Jhulana Yatra is when proxy images of the deities are taken out in a grand procession for 21 days, cruised over boats in the Narmada tank.
ANAVASARA OR ANASARA
Anasara literally means vacation. Every year, the triad images without the Sudarshan after the holy Snana Yatra are taken to a secret altar named Anavasara Ghar Palso known as "Anasara pindi} where they remain for the next dark fortnight (Krishna paksha). Hence devotees are not allowed to view them. Instead of this devotees go to nearby place Brahmagiri to see their beloved lord in the form of four handed form Alarnath a form of Vishnu. Then people get the first glimpse of lord on the day before Rath Yatra, which is called Navayouvana. It is said that the gods suffer from fever after taking ritual detailed bath and they are treated by the special servants named, Daitapatis for 15 days. Daitapatis perform special niti (rite) known as Netrotchhaba (a rite of painting the eyes of the triad). During this period cooked food is not offered to the deities.
NAVA KALEVARA
One of the most grandiloquent events associated with the Lord Jagannath, Naba Kalabera takes place when one lunar month of Ashadha is followed by another lunar month of Aashadha, called Adhika Masa (extra month). This can take place in 8, 12 or even 18 years. Literally meaning the "New Body" (Nava = New, Kalevar = Body), the festival is witnessed by as millions of people and the budget for this event exceeds $500,000. The event involves installation of new images in the temple and burial of the old ones in the temple premises at Koili Vaikuntha. The idols that were worshipped in the temple, installed in the year 1996, were replaced by specially made new images made of neem wood during Nabakalebara 2015 ceremony held during July 2015. More than 3 million devotees were expected to visit the temple during the Nabakalebara 2015 held in July.
SUNA BESHA
Suna Bhesha also known as Raja or Rajadhiraja bhesha or Raja Bhesha, is an event when the triad images of the Jagannath Temple are adorned with gold jewelry. This event is observed 5 times during a year. It is commonly observed on Magha Purnima (January), Bahuda Ekadashi also known as Asadha Ekadashi (July), Dashahara (Vijyadashami) (October), Karthik Purnima (November), and Pousa Purnima (December). While one such Suna Bhesha event is observed on Bahuda Ekadashi during the Rath Yatra on the chariots placed at the lion's gate or the Singhdwar; the other four Bheshas' are observed inside the temple on the Ratna Singhasana (gem studded altar). On this occasion gold plates are decorated over the hands and feet of Jagannath and Balabhadra; Jagannath is also adorned with a Chakra (disc) made of gold on the right hand while a silver conch adorns the left hand. However, Balabhadra is decorated with a plough made of gold on the left hand while a golden mace adorns his right hand.
NILADRI BIJE
Celebrated on Asadha Trayodashi. It marks the end of the 12 days Ratha yatra. The large wooden images of the triad of gods are moved from the chariots and then carried to the sanctum sanctorum, swaying rhythmically, a ritual which is known as pahandi.
SAHI YATRA
Considered the world's biggest open-air theatre, the Sahi yatra is an 11 day long traditional cultural theatre festival or folk drama which begins on Ram Navami and ending in Rama avishke (Sanskrit:anointing) every year. The festival includes plays depicting various scenes from the Ramayan. The residents of various localities or Sahis are entrusted the task of performing the drama at the street corners.
TRANSPORT
Earlier when roads did not exist people walked or travelled by animal drawn vehicles or carriages along beaten tracks. Up to Calcutta travel was by riverine craft along the Ganges and then by foot or carriages to Puri. It was only during the Maratha rule that the popular Jagannath Sadak (Road) was built around 1790. The East India Company laid the rail track from Calcutta to Puri which became operational in 1898. Puri is now well connected by rail, road and air services. A broad gauge railway line of the South Eastern Railways connects with Puri and Khurda is an important Railway junction. By rail it is about 499 kilometres away from Calcutta and 468 kilometres from Vishakhapatnam. Road network includes NH 203 that links the town with Bhubaneswar, the capital of Odisha which is about 60 kilometres away. NH 203 B connects the town with Satapada via Brahmagiri. Marine drive which is part of NH 203 A connects Puri with Konark. The nearest airport is at Bhubaneswar, about 60 kilometres away from Puri. Puri railway station is among the top hundred booking stations of Indian Railways.
ARTS AND CRAFTS
SAND ART
Sand art is a special art form that is created on the beaches of the sea coast of Puri. The art form is attributed to Balaram Das, a poet who lived in the 14th century. He started crafting the sand art forms of the triad deities of the Jagannath Temple at the Puri beach. Now sculptures in sand of various gods and famous people are created by amateur artists which are temporal in nature as they get washed away by waves. This is an art form which has gained international fame in recent years. One of the well known sand artist is Sudarshan Patnaik. He has established the Golden Sand Art Institute in 1995 at the beach to provide training to students interested in this art form.
APPLIQUE ART
Applique art work, which is a stitching based craft, unlike embroidery, which was pioneered by the Hatta Maharana of Pipili is widely used in Puri, both for decoration of the deities but also for sale. His family members are employed as darjis or tailors or sebaks by the Maharaja of Puri who prepare articles for decorating the deities in the temple for various festivals and religious ceremonies. These applique works are brightly coloured and patterned fabric in the form of canopies, umbrellas, drapery, carry bags, flags, coberings of dummy horses and cows, and other household textiles which are marketed in Puri. The cloth used are in dark colours of red, black, yellow, green, blue and turquoise blue.
CULTURE
Cultural activities, apart from religiuos festivals, held annually are: The Puri Beach Festival held between 5 and 9 November and the Shreeksherta Utsav held from 20 December to 2 January where cultural programmes include unique sand art, display of local and traditional handicrafts and food festival. In addition cultural programmes are held every Saturday for two hours on in second Saturday of the moth at the district Collector's Conference Hall near Sea Beach Polic Station. Apart from Odissi dance, Odiya music, folk dances, and cultural programmes are part of this event. Odishi dance is the cultural heritage of Puri. This dance form originated in Puri in the dances performed Devadasis (Maharis) attached to the Jagannath temple who performed dances in the Natamantapa of the temple to please the deities. Though the devadadsi practice has been discontinued, the dance form has become modern and classical and is widely popular, and many of the Odishi virtuoso artists and gurus (teachers) are from Puri.
EDUCATION
SOME OF THE EDUCATIONNAL INSTITUTIONS IN PURI
- Ghanashyama Hemalata Institute of Technology and Management
- Gangadhar Mohapatra Law College, established in 1981[84]
- Extension Unit of Regional Research Institute of Homoeopathy; Puri under Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy (CCRH), New Delhi established in March 2006
- Sri Jagannath Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya, established in July 1981
- The Industrial Training Institute, a Premier Technical Institution to provide education in skilled, committed & talented technicians, established in 1966 of the Government of India
PURI PEOPLE
Gopabandhu Das
Acharya Harihar
Nilakantha Das
Kelucharan Mohapatra
Pankaj Charan Das
Manasi Pradhan
Raghunath Mohapatra
Sudarshan Patnaik
Biswanath Sahinayak
Rituraj Mohanty
WIKIPEDIA