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L Sayer…………………………….Private
Name: SAYER, LEWIS
Rank: Private Regiment/Service: Norfolk Regiment Unit Text: 1st Bn.
Age: 22 Date of Death: 04/09/1916 Service No: 43333
Additional information: Son of Lewis John and Emily Sayer, of 38, Bury St., Norwich. Grave/Memorial Reference: Pier and Face 1 C and 1 D. Memorial: THIEPVAL MEMORIAL
www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=811410
Private Sayer can be seen here
norlink.norfolk.gov.uk/02_Catalogue/02_013_PictureTitleIn...
The accompanying notes read
“Private Sayer was born at 178, Newmarket Street, Norwich, on 25th June 1894. He was educated at Avenue Road School. In September 1914 he enlisted, and was killed in action on the Somme on 4th September 1916”
There is no Lewis Sayer of the right age appearing on the 1901 census, however, there is a 7 year old Louis Sayer from Norwich recorded as resident in the Norwich Isolation Hospital.
Parents “Louis E” and Emily J were living at 38 Bury Street. Louis was a 32 year old Post Office stamper, originally from Bergh Apton. Emily was also 32, and came originally from Costessey.
The battalion's attack on Falfemont Farm on this day turned into one of the mini-tragedies of the Great War. The attack was held up and casualties were being caused by bombing and small arms fire before they eventually took the objective only to come under friendly artillery fire that caused serious casualties. According to the Regimental casualty book 56 all ranks were killed, 219 wounded and 94 missing, believed killed, a total of 369. The battalion was relieved the next day.
1914-1918.invisionzone.com/forums/lofiversion/index.php/t...
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C C Sennitt………………………………2nd Lieutenant
Name: SENNITT, CLAUDE CUSHING
Rank: Sub-Lieutenant
Regiment/Service: Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve Unit Text: Hood Bn. R.N. Div.
Age: 25 Date of Death: 23/04/1917
Additional information: Son of Ebenezer Charles and Sarah Ann Sennitt, of 422, Unthank Rd., Norwich.
Grave/Memorial Reference: VI. C. 9. Cemetery: AUBIGNY COMMUNAL CEMETERY EXTENSION
www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=996418
Sub.Lt Sennitt can be seen here
norlink.norfolk.gov.uk/02_Catalogue/02_013_PictureTitleIn...
The accompanying notes read
“Sub-Lieutenant Sennitt was the eldest son of Mr. and Mrs. Sennitt of Brundall. He left for the front at the beginning of April 1917 and died on the front on 23rd April 1917.”
The attack on Gavrelle was commenced on 23 April and was carried out by the 189th and 190th Brigades. At 4.45 a.m. Nelson and Drake battalions went over the top under cover of an artillery barrage. The first line of German trenches was quickly taken, and an hour later the attack was ceased at the edge of the village.
The artillery barrage was relocated across the village, which was reduced to rubble. Other battalions from the brigade were moved forward. House to house fighting led to the taking of Gavrelle, at the cost of 1,500 casualties.
The fighting at Gavrelle had claimed 3,000 casualties from the Royal Naval Division. Virtually all the remaining reservists of the original Royal Naval Division lost their lives at Gavrelle. They were the veterans who had survived the fighting at Gallipoli and at the Ancre.
www.wereldoorlog1418.nl/RND-Royal-Naval-Division/index.html
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W H Shearing…………………………..Private
Most likely,
www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=1466122
Name: SHEARING, WILLIAM
Rank: Private Regiment/Service: Norfolk Regiment Unit Text: 2nd Bn.
Date of Death: 04/10/1918 Service No: 15527
Additional information: Buried in Bangalore (Hosur Road) Cemetery.
Grave/Memorial Reference: Face 9. Memorial: MADRAS 1914-1918 WAR MEMORIAL, CHENNAI
But could be
www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=143185
No match on Norlink.
The 2nd Battalion served in Mesopotamia so I can only assume had been evacuated for medical treatment.
The most likely match on the 1901 Census is an 11 year old who was born in Norwich and who at the time of the census was living at 2 Rupert Street, Norwich, with his parents, William, (aged 44 and a fishmonger from Gt Yarmouth) and Maria, (aged 42 and a shop-keeper from Norwich). Also resident were siblings, Albert, (aged 6), Ernest, (aged 4), Florence, (aged 13), and Maria, (aged 9).
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S W Sheen………………………………..Private
Name: SHEEN, SYDNEY
Rank: Private Regiment/Service: Royal Army Medical Corps Unit Text: 88th Field Amb Age: 21 Date of Death: 12/07/1917 Service No: 475077
Additional information: Son of William Sheen, of 20, Dover St., Unthank Rd., Norwich. Grave/Memorial Reference: I. C. 8. Cemetery: CANADA FARM CEMETERY
www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=436116
No match on Norlink
The 1901 Census has only one Sydney Sheen, who was born and was still resident in Glamorganshire. However, there is a Sidney W. Sheen, born Norwich and resident at 85 Gloucester Street, Norwich, with his parents, William (age 30, from Norwich and described as what looks like Yard Foreman \ Packer on the scan of the original document, or “Florence Packer” according to Genes Re-united !) and Alice, (age 29 and from Norwich). Sidney’s sisters Kathleen D. (age 6) and Ethel M, (age 2) completed the household.
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W C Skoulding………………………….Corporal..MM
Name: SKOULDING, WILLIAM CHARLES
Rank: Lance Corporal Regiment: Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)
Unit Text: "D" Coy. 10th Bn.
Age: 23 Date of Death: 26/04/1917 Service No: 19593 Awards: M M
Additional information: Son of Harry 0. Skoulding and Emily E. Skoulding, of 8, Leopold Rd., Unthank Rd., Norwich.
Grave/Memorial Reference: Bay 6. Memorial: ARRAS MEMORIAL
www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=1653225
Private Skoulding can be seen here
norlink.norfolk.gov.uk/02_Catalogue/02_013_PictureTitleIn...
The accompanying notes read
“Private Skoulding was born at Bluebell Road, Eaton, Norwich, on 18th January 1895. He was educated at the Eaton and the Model schools in Norwich. On 2nd May 1915 he enlisted, and killed in action near Arras on 23rd April 1917”
William gets a mention on the Roll Of Honour for the Norwich Boys Model School
www.roll-of-honour.com/Norfolk/NorwichBoysModelSchool.html
The 10th Cameronians had been engaged a few days earlier in the second Battle of the Scarpe, (part of the bigger Battle of Arras) but this had been called of in the face of heavy casualties and fierce resistance.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)
There is no obvious match for William or his parents on the 1901 Census.
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D C Smith……………………………….....2nd Lieutenant
Name: SMITH, DONALD CLAUDE
Rank: Second Lieutenant Regiment/Service: Suffolk Regiment Unit Text: 7th Bn.
Age: 30 Date of Death: 13/10/1915
Additional information: Son of the late Edwin and Mary Smith. Prior to taking a commission was despatch rider with Indian Cavalry Corps.
Grave/Memorial Reference: Panel 37 and 38. Memorial: LOOS MEMORIAL
www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=1769178
2nd Lt Smith can be seen here
norlink.norfolk.gov.uk/02_Catalogue/02_013_PictureTitleIn...
The accompanying notes read
“Second-Lieutenant Smith was the seventh son of Edwin and Mary Smith. He was born 29th July 1885. He joined the 6th Battalion, Suffolk Regiment on the outbreak of war and went to France in October 1914. He was given a commission in September 1915 and attached to the 7th Battalion, Suffolk Regiment. He died of wounds in France, 1915.”
This was obviously not a good day to be a junior officer in this Battalion - for on the same day Captain Charles Sorley was killed by a sniper during the Battle of Loos. Charles has been acclaimed as one of the great war poets on the basis of his work, which was published posthumously.
www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=8752194
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sorley
During the Battle of Loos in an attempt to strike before the winter rains set in, the British attempted a final offensive on October 13, which failed due to a lack of hand grenades.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Loos
The 12th Division (of which 7th Suffolks were part) were involved in attacks on the Hohenzollern Redoubt in early October and are usually described as being involved in the attack on the 13th. However it was the 46th Midlands Division that was virtually wiped out in the attack on the Redoubt on this day - 7th Suffolks according to at least one account were in an attack on the nearby Quarries in support of the attack on the Redoubt.
battlefields1418.50megs.com/loos_tour.htm
yourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php?title=46th...
There are two main candidates on the 1901 Census - a 15 year old born in Norwich and a 17 year old born in Wymondham. However the 15 year old is in an orphanage \ boys home and the 17 year old is a “boy” soldier, currently garrisoned in Colchester. Therefore it is possible Donald is either one of the others of the right age, of which at least four are boarders or possibly not on the Census for England and Wales at all.
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R Spicer…………………………2nd Lieutenant
Name: SPICER, RONALD MURRAY
Rank: Second Lieutenant Regiment/Service: East Riding Yeomanry
Age: 19 Date of Death: 31/05/1916
Additional information: Son of Robert Charles and Lizzie Hannah Spicer, of Eaton Hill, Norwich.
Grave/Memorial Reference: H. 1/1377. Cemetery: NORWICH (THE ROSARY) CEMETERY
www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2803383
No match on Norlink
There is a small picture of Lt Spicer and a note that he was killed accidentally, here
www.aviva.com/index.asp?pageid=1435&letter=s
On the 1901 Census, the 4 year old Ronald Murray Spicer was living at 115 Magdalen Road, Norwich. This was the household of his parents Robert Charles Spicer, a 28 year old Chartered Accountants Clerk from Norwich, and Lizzie Hannah Spicer, 29 and from Scotland. The Spicer’s have one live in servant.
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P J Stone………………………..Lance Corporal
Name: STONE, PERCIVAL JAMES
Rank: Lance Corporal Regiment/Service: Norfolk Regiment Unit Text: 8th Bn.
Age: 21 Date of Death: 01/07/1916 Service No: 15686
Additional information: Son of Mrs. E. E. Stone, of 28, Eaton St., Eaton, Norwich. Grave/Memorial Reference: Pier and Face 1 C and 1 D. Memorial: THIEPVAL MEMORIAL
www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=1554836
No match on Norlink
The 1901 Census has a 6 year old Percival Stone who was born at Intwood, and who was now living at The Common, Swardeston. This was the household of his parents, James, a 33 year old Bricklayer from London, and Edith, 26 and from East Dereham. Also resident is Percivals sister Daisy, (aged 4) and Gladys, (aged 2)
The 6th Battalion, Royal Berks went over the top alongside the 8th Norfolks on the first day of the Somme. The story of what happened to the two units can be read here,
www.6throyalberks.co.uk/1stJuly/default.html
France
The 8th Battalion as part of the 18th (Eastern) Division was present on the first day of the Battle of the Somme on 1 July 1916. They got beyond their initial target and had by 5.00pm reached the German trenches known as "Montauban Alley". Over one hundred men and three officers had been killed.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Norfolk_Regiment
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W Stone………………………..2nd Lieutenant… MM
Name: STONE, WILLIAM
Rank: Second Lieutenant Regiment/Service: Norfolk Regiment Unit Text: 12th Bn.
Age: 33 Date of Death: 18/08/1918 Awards: M M
Additional information: Son of Mr. F. A. and Deborah Stone, of Norwich. Husband of Mrs. M. Stone, of 1, Bury Street, Norwich.
Grave/Memorial Reference: Plot 1. Row F. Grave 1. Cemetery: LE GRAND HASARD MILITARY CEMETERY, MORBECQUE
www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=68748
No match on Norlink
There are 104 potential William Stones on the Census for England & Wales born between 1884 and 1886. Only one is from Norwich, but other family names don’t match. No other obvious Norfolk connections.
Outtersteene was captured by the III Corps on the 13th October, 1914.The hamlet was captured by the Germans on the 12th April, 1918, and retaken by the 9th, 29th and 31st Divisions, with the ridge beyond it, on the 18th and 19th August;
(12th Norfolks were part of the 31st Division)
www.webmatters.net/cwgc/outtersteene_com.htm
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C A Thompson…………………Lieutenant
Possibly
Name: THOMPSON, CYPRIAN ALFRED
Rank: Lieutenant Regiment/Service: Royal Canadian Regiment Unit Text: "D" Coy.
Age: 22 Date of Death: 08/04/1917
Additional information: Son of Alice G. C. and the late Herbert H. Thompson, of England.
Grave/Memorial Reference: V. E. 9. Cemetery: ECOIVRES MILITARY CEMETERY, MONT-ST. ELOI
www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=66234
No match on Norlink
No obvious match on the 1901 Census for either Cyprian or Alice Thompson.
The Canadian Archives have him down as born on the 18/04/1893 and his regimental number is 23071
On his attestation papers he gives his occupation as Bank Clerk and place of birth as Halifax, Nova Scotia. The scanned version is poor, but Lt Thompson is definitely not married and his next of kin looks like a Mrs A Thompson at an indecipherable address in Canada. However, I later found he was commemorated on the war memorial at Frederiction in Canada, and that could definitely be part of the address.
He had already served 2+ years in the Territorials and enlisted on the 27th September 1914. On the medical part of the form he is described as 5ft 10 ins tall, with fair hair and fair complexion and light blue eyes.
collectionscanada.ca/databases/cef/001042-119.02-e.php?im...
collectionscanada.ca/databases/cef/001042-119.02-e.php?im...
From a handwritten note on the attestation papers it looks like he was initially assigned to the Machine Gun detachment of the 12th Battalion.
A small picture of Lt Thompson can be seen here.
www.kingandempire.com/v_time4.html
The accompanying notes read :”On April 8, 1917, he was killed in the Vimy sector during an operation carried out preparatory to the main attack on Vimy Ridge. “
Extract from the unit war diary
9.4.17. - QUARRIES LINE.
See appendix No. 3. Lieuts. THOMPSON, BLOTT, CHURCHILL, BOLE, BECK, and ROOKS were Killed in Action. Lieuts. BARKER, DAVIES, Captain MUNN, Lieuts. GRAY, ROBINSON and LEWIS were Wounded in Action. The following numbers of Other Ranks were casualties. Killed in Action 50, Wounded in Action 159, Missing 65. It is presumed that the majority of missing will be found in Field Ambulance or will return from Other Units.
Lieut. FOSTER wounded, at duty.
regimentalrogue.com/rcr_great_war/1917_04_apr.html
Service:
Prior service; 2 years 6 months, 38th Dufferin Rifles, Brantford, Ontario
Attested for overseas service in the ranks 27 Sep 1914, regimental number 23071
Private., Aug 1914 to 21 Aug 1916
Machine Gunner, 12th Canadian Infantry Battalion
Appointed Lieut., 22 Aug 1916
Posted to The R.C.R., 27 Nov 1916
Killed in action, 8 Apr 1917
The same source notes he was wounded with shell-shock, 19-1-15 whilst serving with the 4th Battalion.
regimentalrogue.com/rcr_great_war_officers/rcr_offr_thomp...
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S J Tillyard…………………………….2nd Lieutenant
Name: TILLYARD, SYDNEY JOSEPH
Rank: Second Lieutenant Regiment: Machine Gun Corps (Infantry) Unit Text: 35th Coy. Age: 34 Date of Death: 02/03/1916
Additional information: Son of John Joseph and Mary Ann Frances Tillyard, of Thorpe, Norwich.
Grave/Memorial Reference: II. F. 9. Cemetery: VERMELLES BRITISH CEMETERY
www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=252636
No match on Norlink
The 1901 Census has the 19 year old Sydney J. living at 43 Thorpe Road, Norwich. This was the household of Jno(?).J.Tillyard, aged 59 and from Norwich, living on own means, and Mary A Falso from Norwich and aged 49. In the household are Sydney’s brothers Frederick E, (aged 16), Godfrey C, (aged 18) and Robert J, (aged 20). The Tillyards had one live in domestic servant.
The 35th had only formed on the 1st February 1916 and had been attached to the 12th (E.astern) Division.
A plan was evolved that required 4 mines to be blown under the enemy positions, which would be followed by an infantry assault aimed at capturing the enemy front trench called "The Chord". 36th Brigade made the attack after 170 Tunnelling Company RE detonated the mines at 5.45pm on 2 March 1916, successfully capturing the craters and gaining important observation over enemy lines as far as Fosse 8. Severe fighting in the crater area continued for some weeks, with the Division suffering more than 4000 casualties until being finally relieved on 26 April.
Sydney also gets a mention on the Hornsby New South Wales Australia War Memorial. The connection is his brother, Robert J, who is now Doctor Robert John Tillyard, resident in Hornsby and founding member of the War Memorial Committee.
www.hornsby.nsw.gov.au/library/index.cfm?NavigationID=2231
(Brother Robert can be seen here)
www.scienceimage.csiro.au/index.cfm?event=site.image.deta...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_John_Tillyard
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W E Upton………………………….Lieutenant
Possibly
Name: UPTON, WILLIAM EDWIN
Rank: Lieutenant (Quartermaster) Regiment/Service: Sherwood Foresters (Notts and Derby Regiment) Unit Text: 19th Bn.
Age: 51 Date of Death: 05/03/1916
Additional information: Son of the late Edwin and Emma Upton, of Halesworth, Suffolk; husband of Jane Ann Upton.
Grave/Memorial Reference: 46. 981. Cemetery: NORWICH CEMETERY, Norfolk
www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2803344
No match on Norlink
The 1901 Census has Permanent Staff Sergeant William Upton, aged 36 and from Halesworth in Suffolk, living with his wife Jane A, (age 33 and from Eppleworth in Yorkshire) at 118 Welbeck Street, Kingston upon Hull. The Upton’s had a 5 year old daughter, Elsie, whose place of birth is given as Pembroke Docks, Pembrokeshire. The high-level search on the 1911 Census site indicates that this individual was still living in the same area of Hull. Therefore, no obvious link with Norwich other than his final resting place.
Update 9th July 2020
See comment below.
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S S Wainwright……………..Lieutenant
Name: WAINWRIGHT, SAMUEL STEWART
Rank: Lieutenant Regiment/Service: Norfolk Regiment Unit Text: 6th Bn.
Age: 27 Date of Death: 12/03/1917
Additional information: Son of Samuel and Jessie Wainwright, of 97, Newmarket Rd., Norwich.
Grave/Memorial Reference: VI. C. I. Cemetery: REGINA TRENCH CEMETERY, GRANDCOURT
www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=235511
No match on Picture Norfolk although there is a picture of a Samuel Wainwright, born 1857 died 1927 who could possibly be Lt Wainwrights father.
The 1901 Census doesn’t obviously have a Samuel S Wainwright of the right age. His parents were by then living at 97 Newmarket Road, Norwich. His father Samuel was aged 44 and from Ipswich, described as a “Colonial Merchant”, and his mother Jessie was aged 33 and from Camberwell in London. The Wainwrights had three live in servants.
See Comment 2 for an update
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S R Walker……………………………Private
Name: WALKER, SAMUEL REID
Rank: Private Regiment/Service: Royal Scots Unit Text: 9th Bn.
Age: 22 Date of Death: 27/04/1915 Service No: 1876
Additional information: Son of John and Jane Walker, of 15, Camberley Rd., Norwich. Grave/Memorial Reference: I. B. 27. Cemetery: BAILLEUL COMMUNAL CEMETERY EXTENSION (NORD)
www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=202035
Private Walker can be seen here.
norlink.norfolk.gov.uk/02_Catalogue/02_013_PictureTitleIn...
The accompanying notes
“Born at St. Martin-at-Oak, Norwich in 1983, enlisted 6th August 1914. He died 27th April 1915 from wounds received four days previously during the Second Battle of Ypres. Buried in Bailleul Cemetery, France. “
The 1901 Census has the 8 year old Samuel R. living at 99 Newmarket Road, Norwich. This was the household of his parents John Walker, aged 56 and a retired Draper from Scotland and Jane Walker, aged 50 and from Norwich. Also resident were Samuel’s sisters, Ellen M, (aged 20 and from East Dereham), Florence, (aged 21 and also from East Dereham), Jean (aged 22, ditto), Margaret J, (aged 11 and from Norwich), and brothers Murray Mac Walker, (aged 17, an Insurance Clerk, born East Dereham),and Ronald J, (aged 14 and from Norwich).
The foreign policy of a state can be defined as courses of actions that a state usually undertakes in its efforts to carry out national objectives beyond the limits of its own jurisdiction. Every state, regardless of size or sphere of influence, incorporates a foreign policy to advance national interest. In the context of Bangladesh, the dominance of national interest in the formulation of foreign policy is especially prevalent. Traditionally, the main objectives of the foreign policy of Bangladesh have been self-preservation, maintenance of territorial integrity, economic advancement and augmentation of national power. Past history in foreign policy has shown the need for a dynamic and proactive model of diplomacy. The foreign policy of Bangladesh needs to be reflective of the times and energy of the nation’s people in order to improve the quality of their livelihood.
The decision-making process should invariably take into account the changing realities, both in the domestic and international scenes. Bangladesh requires a foreign policy that can actively and promptly respond to the challenges of the 21st century including poverty, terrorism, food and energy security, education, population, health, human rights, social justice, environmental degradation and disaster management. Such expanded activities would serve to broaden the scope for bilateral and multilateral relations of Bangladesh.
Bangladesh occupies a strategic position as a land bridge between South Asia and Southeast Asia and a trade corridor for landlocked countries like Nepal and Bhutan and the seven states of India’s northeast. It must therefore be strong enough to dominate its environment or risk becoming the victim of external threats, traditional or non-traditional.
Its security is also linked with the rivers flowing from the Himalayan belt on whose waters its survival depends. Although the geopolitical realities of Bangladesh portend various challenges, its strategic position and the economic rise of India can be utilized to providing transit rights to her South Asian neighbors, with the goal of becoming a regional economic hub.
Ever since achieving independence in 1971, the nature and substance of Bangladesh foreign policy has undergone comprehensive changes. The impact of globalization on Bangladesh, largely resulting from changes in information, communications and transport technologies as well as international laws and practices governing trade, commerce and investment, has had a profound impact on Bangladesh’s foreign relations and the conduct of its foreign policy.
Bangladesh's reform and opening up of the media, cable television, and rapid expansion of the cellular phone networks with a subscriber base of over 79 million and technological improvements constituted significant positive developments, as have developments in the pharmaceutical, textile and readymade garments (RMG) sectors.
Initiatives have been taken to combat corruption, undertake regulatory reforms and improve the business climate in the country. In the past two decades, with its involvement in the readymade garments industry and other export sectors, Bangladesh has become an attractive destination for trade and investment due to its excellent foreign investment opportunities.
Its substantial human resources, large amount of remittances from Bangladesh migrants working abroad, proactive civil society, the many achievements of its widespread human development program, its vast network of NGOs, and a rapidly expanding private sector, make Bangladesh a country with an extremely bright future. This has been the view of Goldman Sachs and many other financial institutions in the West.
However, Bangladesh’s economic and social potential will not be fully utilized unless a number of key foreign policy challenges are effectively addressed.
While some strong steps have been taken to counter terrorism, much needs to be done to stem the rise in religious intolerance and other forms of extremism. A major diplomatic initiative needs to be undertaken to improve cooperation with SAARC, ASEAN, OIC and the Gulf countries. Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina herself has taken a deep interest in combating terrorism.
This was evident in February 2009, when the government enacted the Money Laundering Prevention Act 2009 and Anti-Terrorism Act 2009. However, the government has yet to adopt a comprehensive national counter-terrorism strategy, or join the Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units. Therefore, it is very important for the government to seek international cooperation in combating terrorism and terrorist financing at home and in the region.
The maintenance of harmonious relationships between Bangladesh and its neighbors, particularly India, is an imperative component of Bangladesh’s foreign policy. Inequitable distribution of resources, mistrust and misunderstandings have long plagued cooperation on contentious but critical issues. Greater emphasis needs to be placed on Track II and III diplomacy as civil society and people to people contacts may play an important role in creating harmony in India-Bangladesh relationship, which has traditionally been a source of frustration for citizens of both nations.
Some important initiatives need to be taken to improve the business and investment climate in the Bangladesh. In particular, we need to reform the existing foreign exchange regulations, in line with some of our neighbors in the region, most notably India, which could help in doubling our exports within the next two years. It is also important to improve the infrastructure in the country, not simply the supply and availability of gas and power, which of course remains of critical importance, but also the efficiency of Chittagong port, our road and railway systems and solve the ever-expanding traffic problems. Perhaps most important of all, is the need for a highly efficient, private sector- minded bureaucracy.
If domestic responses are not sufficient to effectively mitigate these issues, they may be addressed through foreign policy initiatives. Greater multilateral undertakings to improve the transport infrastructure, particularly with South Asian nations, may provide the impetus to improve the state of road, rail and maritime transport in Bangladesh.
A third major challenge is in the area of finding jobs for Bangladeshis overseas and simultaneously building a healthy and productive relationship with the Bangladeshi Diaspora all over the world.
Sensibly managed, exploitation-free movement of our workers, including in some cases permanent migration, will remain important for Bangladesh in the years ahead, given the important contribution of remittances to the growth and development of Bangladesh.
Recent studies have shown that in the next five years Bangladesh’s remittances can increase to 30 billion US dollars. If this is to be achieved then much more importance has to be given to leveraging the Bangladeshi Diaspora.
Both in the areas of attracting investment, leveraging knowledge and mobilizing the Diaspora to influence positive changes in the countries where they have moved to and also in the case of their country of origin, they can and should be encouraged to be much more proactive.
In order to drastically reduce poverty throughout the country, and become a middle-income country by 2021, Bangladesh must address these three major challenges. It is these three priority areas that must also drive the foreign policy and foreign relations of Bangladesh in the 21st century in general and during the next decade in particular. The country’s foreign relations and foreign policy will have to be seriously revamped, and it is here that the pivotal role of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MoFA) and the missions abroad must be given much greater importance than has been the case during the past four decades.
Despite the existence of major challenges, Bangladesh’s foreign policy portends great opportunities, both in the form of reaping greater benefits from current initiatives and also from undertaking innovative diplomacy in traditionally ignored regions of the world.
The RMG sector is the mainstay of the economy and accounts for more than 75% of Bangladesh’s exports. Thus concerted foreign policy and advocacy initiatives must be undertaken to get a bill through the US Congress to extend duty free access for all Least Developed Countries (LDCs) for their RMG exports. This is especially important since the United States allows duty and quota free access to all LDCs except those in Asia, whereas all other developed countries, as well as some developing countries, have extended duty free benefit to all LDCs without any exception.
Bangladesh’s diplomacy should be effectively geared towards improving Bangladesh’s image in international markets. Its focus should lie in attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), particularly for the infrastructure and energy sectors. Since access to reliable power is of prime concern for most manufacturing firms in Bangladesh, a comprehensive effort must be undertaken to accelerate the process of energy cooperation in South Asia, obtaining support for nuclear energy plants and securing foreign assistance to develop efficient and renewable energy technologies.
Despite sharing a common history, culture and ethnic roots, South Asia has been a region plagued by conflicts and remains one of the least integrated regions in the world. Bangladesh, as a non-partisan, non-aligned nation can play a key role in mitigating long-standing conflicts, facilitate confidence building measures and sensitize the notion of common security and conflict avoidance in multinational platforms such as SAARC and BIMSTEC. Elongated peace and stability in the region is the panacea from SAARC becoming a forum of regional discussion rather than an architect of regional economic policy.
As one of the founding members, Bangladesh must once again play a pivotal role in influencing the regional powerhouse India to engender SAARC as a dynamic medium of the globalized economy. As such, Bangladesh’s foreign policy should continue to focus on strengthening SAARC as a platform for peace and prosperity in the region. Apart from SAARC, energy cooperation in the region and realizing the aims of the South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) requires a strong and sustained effort on the part of all the member states and also pressure and support from the private sector, civil society and the media throughout the region.
Remittances from economic migrants play a critical role in the Bangladeshi economy. In August 2011 Bangladesh received $1,078.15 million in remittance from migrant workers, which is an 11.85 % increase in remittance from the same period a year ago. MoFA and other relevant ministries should focus on boosting foreign remittances and attracting tangible and intangible investment from the Bangladeshi diaspora. The export of human resources to the Middle East and South East Asia creates a unique opportunity not only of manpower export but also of creating multi-pronged bilateral relations with the labor importing nations. If Bangladesh wants to increase its manpower exports, whether to countries in East Asia or the Middle East, it must think beyond the realm of manpower export and bilateral relations should cover trade and investment where possible, as well as training, orientation and assistance of migrants. Bangladesh currently has diplomatic missions in only around 46 countries. More importantly, Bangladesh does not have any diplomatic missions in South America and only around three missions in the vast and economically dynamic continent of Africa. Although recent initiatives have been undertaken by MoFA to open 19 diplomatic missions in these two continents, these developments must be properly administered, funded and effectively implemented. The rising economic powerhouses in South America, especially Mexico, Brazil and the resource rich countries of Venezuela and Colombia offer opportunities of bilateral cooperation in economic trade and development, which would remain unexplored in the face of an inadequate or non-existent foreign policy. Bangladesh is also lagging behind the regional powerhouses of India and China in establishing strong diplomatic relations in Africa. A young population and a vast array of resources have made Africa the new destination for foreign investment, and Bangladesh should expand its missions in Africa to endorse trade and economic relations. Special attention should also be given to the Nordic countries, and, Central Asia. The Nordic countries have been outstanding proponents of regional cooperation on technology, research and innovation. Nordic cooperation has led to Nokia, a Finnish company, to be one of the foremost mobile technology companies in the world. This shared vision makes Nordic countries an attractive option to establish bilateral relations in the context of technology and innovation. The Nordic Chamber of Commerce and Industry (NCCI) has been established in Bangladesh to facilitate Nordic investment as well as to raise awareness of Nordic technology solutions in commerce and industry. Such initiatives should not be one way. Bangladesh must incorporate effective programs of technology sharing under its foreign services akin to the Indian Technical and Cooperation Program undertaken by the Indian Ministry of External Affairs. Such programs should have a commercial focus with the view of mutually beneficial technological initiatives as well as utilizing the local mobile phone subscriber base of 79 million to attract FDI. Active diplomacy is also required to intensify our relations with key countries and groupings, including the US, UK, France, Germany, the European Union, Russia, China, Japan, Republic of Korea, India, the member states of ASEAN, in particular Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and Myanmar, and Australia, Saudi Arabia, the Gulf states and Turkey. Bangladesh’s economic, social and political development is heavily dependent on its ability to address challenges and exploit opportunities pertaining to foreign policy. In order for this to be achieved, the country’s foreign relations and foreign policy would have to be fundamentally restructured. For this, the role of MoFA and the overseas diplomatic missions is crucial. Substantial investment must be made in upgrading the selection and training of Foreign Service officers, with special attention given to language, region and subject specialization, information technology, global security and social skills. Greater funding must be allocated to MoFA which should take a rational approach to distributing resources to diplomatic missions abroad. The whole of the Foreign Service should be doubled in size with a cadre of at least 600 professional diplomats. Globalization has rendered all fields, including the field of diplomacy to be extremely competitive. If the above mentioned challenges and opportunities are not accounted for, Bangladesh risks falling behind other nations in the competition of exporting labor, attracting FDI and getting elected to key international bodies. Since the economic development of our nation is contingent upon the effectiveness of our foreign policy, immediate action needs to be taken to revamp our foreign policy and expand and buttress our diplomatic missions. Farooq Sobhan is President of the Bangladesh Enterprise Institute (BEI) and a former Foreign Secretary of Bangladesh.
The writer is a former secretary to the Government of Bangladesh
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Independent Photos theindependentbd.com/components/com_gk3_photoslide/thumbs...
Workers are sorting out potatoes at a cold storage
Dhaka: Workers are sorting out potatoes at a cold storage at Sirajdikhan in Munshiganj on Thursday. Photo: Nabiulla Nabi See details
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Ban Ki-moon at a Special Convocation
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FERRIES FACING SHOALS
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BACK TO THE CAPITAL
DHAKA: People are returning to the city after the Eid holidays. PHOTO: NABIULLA NABI See details
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DEFYING RIVERINE DANGERS
DHAKA: Two launches leave Sadarghat launch terminal on Friday with home-going city dwellerseager to celebrate Eid with their relatives. PHOTO: TARIF RAHMAN See details
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Airport Rail Station
DHAKA: People trying to avail a train to go to their village homes to celebrate Eid-ul-Azha there with their dear and near ones. The picture was taken at Airport Rail Station in the city on Friday. PHOTO: NAYEM AHMED JULHAS See details
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Agitated people on Wednesday set fire to a train
NARASINGDI: Agitated people on Wednesday set fire to a train after the killing of the local mayor, Lokman Hossain. Independent photo See details
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The children’s park at English Road
DHAKA: The children’s park at English Road in the city has become a waste dumping place. The picture was taken on Tuesday. Photo: Tarif Rahman See details
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Cattle markets in the city
DHAKA: Cattle markets in the city began to do business as the Eid-ul-Azha is almost knocking at the door. The picture was taken at Gabtali on Tuesday. Photo: Mizanur Rahman Khan See details
.
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Sigma 10-20mm, Pentax FA 50mm 1.4, Pentax 18-50mm, Sigma 50-150mm 2,8!
Sigma ef 530 dg st into umbrella above camera
IBM and Apple introduced currently that they experienced arrived at the a hundred app milestone in their cellular app partnership.
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honestechs.com/2015/12/16/ibm-and-apple-company-partnersh...
Harry H Beck………………………………....................................................................
BECK, HARRY
Rank: Corporal
Service No: 14968
Date of Death: 20/11/1917
Age: 21
Regiment: Norfolk Regiment, 9th Bn.
Grave Reference
Sp. Mem. B. 17.
Cemetery: RIBECOURT BRITISH CEMETERY
Additional Information:
Son of John and Hannah Beck, of 4, Wroxham Rd., Tunstead, Norwich.
CWGC www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/595516/BECK,%20HARRY
SDGW has Harry down as born Aylsham, Norfolk, but with no place of residence recorded.
14968 Norfolk Regiment.
Norlink No match
The 4 year old Harry, born Aylsham, was recorded on the 1901 census at Coltishall Lane, Tunstead. This was the household of his parents, John, (aged 50 and a Railway Gate Keeper from Limpenhoe, Norfolk) and Elizabeth, (aged 46 and from Paramatter, New South Wales, Australia). Their other children are:-
Ada………………..aged 2.…………..born Aylsham
Albert……………..aged 10.………….born Aylsham
Elmyra……………aged 6.…………..born Ayslahm
Maud……………..aged 12.………….born Aylsham.
(On the previous census, John and Elizabeth were recorded at Greenwoods Lane, Aylsham, with John working as a Platelayer. Children living with them that were not recorded on the 1901 census are Millicent V, (aged 16, born Limpenhoe), Ethel M, (aged 11, born Limpenhoe), Edith, (aged 9, born Aylsham), Frederick, (aged 7, born Aylsham), Blanch, (aged 4, born Aylsham). The baby boy who would subsequently be called Albert was recorded as unnamed, aged 5 days).
I could find a reference to the baptism of an Ada Lily, daughter of John and Hannah, at Aylsham in 1899, (entry 1281), but not a reference to Harry.
The Divisional History for the 20th November 1917 reads
Battle of CambraI.
16th Infantry Brigade on right, 71st Infantry Brigade on left, 18th passed through -- broke both systems of Hindenburg Line,capturing Ribecourt and Premy Chapel Ridge -- first company into Marcoing, over 1,100 prisoners and 23 guns. All objectives gained with few casualties.
Two battalions of tanks, each of thirty-six tanks, were allotted to the Division. "B" Battalion (Lt.-Col. E. D. Bryce, D.S.O.) operated with the 16th Infantry Brigade, and "H" Battalion (Lt.-Col. Hon. C. Willoughby) with the 71st Infantry Brigade. The 18th Infantry Brigade advanced without tanks. The only points which caused anxiety, provided that the tanks functioned satisfactorily, were Couillet Wood on the right of the 16th Infantry Brigade front, in which tanks could not operate, and Ribécourt Village on the left of the 71st Infantry Brigade front.
The former was successfully cleared by the Buffs, and the latter gallantly captured by the 9th Norfolk Regiment; the 11th Essex clearing and securing it for the advance of the 18th Infantry Brigade, while the 71st Infantry Brigade attacked the second objective.
The (p. 039) 18th Infantry Brigade pushed through the 71st Infantry Brigade and secured Premy Chapel Ridge in good time, and rendered great assistance to the 51st Division on our left, who were held up at Flesquières by guns in the valley picking off the tanks one by one as they breasted the ridge. The West Yorks and the 2nd D.L.I. each charged over the Premy Ridge spur and captured a battery at the point of the bayonet.
At 3.15 p.m. the cavalry, who would have been of the greatest assistance in capturing the enemy guns holding up the 51st Division, reported that they could not advance owing to snipers in Ribécourt. The village had been in our possession since 10 a.m., and the 18th Infantry Brigade had passed through it at 11.30, and were now two miles beyond it. However, the cavalry pushed through patrols before nightfall to Nine Wood.
A company of the 9th Suffolk Regiment successfully carried out its mission of advancing without artillery or tank support, and capturing the bridge at Marcoing. The Division had a most successful day, with very light casualties (about 650), capturing 28 officers and 1,227 other ranks prisoners, 23 guns, and between 40 and 50 machine-guns and many trench-mortars, and receiving the congratulations of the Corps Commander. Everything had gone like clockwork: the artillery had pushed forward to advanced positions to cover the new front before darkness came on; the machine-guns, under Major Muller, D.M.G.O., were likewise established in their new forward positions, thanks to careful arrangements and the use of pack animals; and the 11th Leicesters, under Major Radford, were repairing and clearing the roads before the third objective had been secured. The tanks, which had made surprise possible, were most gallantly handled, and all arrangements most carefully thought out by Col. A. Courage, D.S.O.
www.gutenberg.org/files/20115/20115-h/20115-h.htm
Francis J Burton……………………………….............................................................
BURTON, FRANCIS JAMES
Rank: Lance Corporal
Service No: G/27590
Date of Death: 26/09/1916
Regiment: Middlesex Regiment, 12th Bn.
Panel Reference
Pier and Face 12 D and 13 B.
Memorial: THIEPVAL MEMORIAL
CWGC www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/762185/BURTON,%20FRAN...
SDGW has Francis down as born and resident Tunstead, Norfolk, G/27590 Middlesex Regiment.
Norlink No match
The baptism of Francis James, no date of birth recorded, took place at St Mary, Tunstead, on the 7th April 1889. Parents were recorded as Benjamin George, a Labourer, and Mary Ann Elizabeth. The family lived at Tunstead.
The 12 year old Francis is recorded simply as “James” on the 1901 census. Born at Tunstead, he was recorded at Mill Lane, Tunstead, the household of his parents, Benjamin, (aged 34 and a Stockman on Farm from Tunstead), and Marion, (aged 36 and from Skeyton, Norfolk). Their other children are:-
Gilbert see below…………aged 6.………… born Tunstead
Ivy………………………………......aged 2.…………born Tunstead
Lavinia………………………………aged 8.…………born Tunstead
Mabel……………………………….aged 10.………..born Tunstead
Reginald see below………..aged 3.………….born Tunstead.
It may be co-incidence, but the marriage of a Francis J Burton to a Lilian M Medlar took place in the Smallburgh District that covers Tunstead in the July to September 1916 quarter.
The family history has also been researched by a family member.
www.eastanglianancestors.co.uk/ind3626.html
Tuesday 26th September 1916. Day 88
Today marks the start of the Battle of Thiepval Ridge.
Thiepval
18th Div attacked in the Thiepval area with 53 and 54 Bdes.
54 Bde attacked the village of Thiepval, with 12th Bn, The Middlesex Regt capturing the village. 11th Bn, Royal Fusiliers cleared the German front line trench. 6th Northamptonshire Regt and 7th Bedfordshire Regt were in support and reserve respectively. Two tanks were also in support. The Middlesex was held up by MG fire from Thiepval Chateau until a tank destroyed the MG posts. The infantry moved on into Thiepval where the supporting tank was destroyed. The Fusiliers had a job clearing the trenches and dugouts but the village was secured by 2.30pm except for the north east corner.
forum.irishmilitaryonline.com/showthread.php?9058-The-Som...
Maxwell was a veteran of the Boer War and a hero to his men with a reputation for leading from the front. Maxwell’s battalion, the 12th Middlesex, was to take on Thiepval on the 26th September and, with the 11th Royal Fusiliers, their task was to assault some of the most heavily defended German positions such as the ruins of the Thiepval Chateau. On 26th September 1916 at 12.35pm the attack began. Just as on the 1st July it began with an artillery bombardment but this time there was a difference. Maxwell’s men were relying on a new, sophisticated artillery tactic known as ‘the creeping barrage’. This was one of the many innovations that developed during the battle of the Somme and entailed an artillery barrage which started in no-man’s land and then crept gradually over the German trenches, according to a set timetable. The British infantry soldiers followed as closely as possible the curtain of shell fire that the barrage created. This way, they could advance with constant artillery cover making it far harder for the Germans to shoot at them. The creeping barrage tactic seemed to work.
The Middlesex successfully over-ran the first German trenches with relative ease. However, once Maxwell’s men had cleared the German forward trenches, they had to then move over open ground in order to reach the Thiepval Chateau. It was then that things began to go wrong. The men were unable to keep up with the artillery timetable and, as the barrage moved on the distance between them and the infantry soldiers became greater. As the barrage advanced the German defenders of the Thiepval Chateau had time to re-man their positions before the infantry arrived. The Germans had captured Thiepval and its chateau in 1914 and their commanding officer had pledged to fight to the last man in order to maintain it. For the British troops things were beginning to look very similar to the slaughter of 1st July. But then a revolutionary new weapon made its appearance on the battlefield. This was – the armoured tank. Tanks had arrived in France just a few weeks earlier and it was on the Somme that they were used for the first time in history. Although tanks would eventually become a key weapon in breaking the deadlock of trench warfare when first employed, in September 1916, the Army had yet to figure out how best to use them. Nobody seemed to realise that for the best results the tanks should go ahead of the troops and not follow them. Also they broke down. Yet even one tank could make a huge difference.
Whilst the German Infantry Regiment 180 were battling to hold on to Thiepval Chateau, General Von Soden was dealing with a distraction that he could have done without. The Adjutant General to his Imperial Majesty the Kaiser - General Hans Von Plessen who was the German ruler’s official representative had arrived for an update on the battle. It was during this visit that Soden and Von Plessen learnt that the British forces had penetrated the Thiepval defences. Furthermore, all underground telephone cables had been destroyed and without accurate information Soden was helpless. In contrast, this time British generals were fully informed about the course of the fighting with reports that were coming through from artillery observers and also aeroplanes. Air observation had greatly improved since 1st July and this enabled headquarters to order a re-bombardment of the positions which were still in German hands. But more than anything else, the senior British command left most decisions to the men on the ground. A tactic that had been completely
ignored a short time ago on 1st July.
Lieutenant Colonel Maxwell had followed his troops onto the battlefield and set up a command post at the Thiepval Chateau. The Kaiser’s representative, General Von Plessen had stayed at Soden’s headquarters hoping for news of the battle and it wasn’t until six hours later, when reconnaissance parties finally got through to Thiepval, that the situation became clear for them. It was then that the German commanders realised that a counter-attack would be impossible to succeed.
www.hotelara.com/england/2009/11/battle-of-the-somme/
Two VC’s were won by the 12th Middlesex for their actions on this day.
Private Robert Edward Ryder
On 26 September 1916 at Thiepval, France, Private Ryder's company was held up by heavy rifle fire and all his officers had become casualties. For want of leadership the attack was flagging when Private Ryder, realising the situation and without a moment's thought for his own safety dashed, absolutely alone, at the enemy trench and by skilful handling of his Lewis gun succeeded in clearing the trench. This very gallant act inspired his comrades, made the subsequent advance possible and turned what could have been failure into success
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Edward_Ryder
www.flickr.com/photos/belowred/3304506098/
www.britishpathe.com/video/vc-hero-private-rider-returns-...
Private Frederick Jeremiah Edwards
part of the line was held up by machine-gun fire and all the officers had become casualties. There was confusion and indication of retirement. Private Edwards, grasping the situation and on his own initiative, dashed out towards the gun, which he knocked out with his bombs. This very gallant act, coupled with great presence of mind and disregard of personal danger, made further advance possible and cleared up a dangerous situation.
www.thiepvalmemoriallol1916.co.uk/Pvt_F_Edwards.htm
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Jeremiah_Edwards
Frederick W Burton……………………………….............................................................
BURTON, FREDERICK
Rank: Private
Service No: 22535
Date of Death: 15/09/1916
Regiment: Norfolk Regiment, 9th Bn.
Panel Reference
Pier and Face 1 C and 1 D.
Memorial: THIEPVAL MEMORIAL
CWGC www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/762190/BURTON,%20FRED...
SDGW has Frederick down as born Tunstead but with no place of residence recorded, 22535 Norfolk Regiment.
Norlink No match
The baptism of Frederick William, born 23rd July 1896, took place at St Mary, Tunstead on the 2nd April 1897. Parents were William, a Labourer, and Rebecca. The family lived in Tunstead.
The 5 year old Frederick W, born Tunstead, was record on the 1901 census at 3 Mill Lane, Tunstead. This was the household of his parents, William, (aged 47 and a General Labourer on Farm from Tunstead) and Rebecca, (aged 40 and from Tunstead). Their other children are:-
Joseph E………………aged 1.…………born Tunstead
Stanley H………………aged 5 months…..born Tunstead
Frederick was a cousin of the Francis, Gilbert and Reginald listed here - see the family history link under Francis. Fredericks father William and their father, Benjamin, were brothers.
15th September 1916
On September 15th the 1st Leicesters and the 9th Norfolks attacked a German strongpoint called the Quadrilateral in the region of Flers. The attack was originally planned to include 3 tanks in support but two broke down before zero hour and the third was disabled at the start of the advance.
At zero hour the leading companies ("D" & "B") moved off at a steady pace, advancing in four lines at 30 paces interval, the supporting companies ("C" & "A") following in the same formation 300 yards in the rear, and the enemy at once opened a heavy machine gun fire.
The Battalion suffered heavily from the machine gun fire and was held up by the undamaged wire in the front of a German trench, leading from the North West corner of the Quadrilateral, the existence of which was not known. Despite having dug in overnight the Battalion was forced to withdraw the next day having lost 14 officers and 410 other ranks killed, wounded or missing.
www.whitwick.org.uk/history/regulars.htm
Gilbert Burton………………………………................................................................................
BURTON, GILBERT JOHN
Rank: Private
Service No: G/14663
Date of Death: 13/11/1917
Age: 22
Regiment: Royal Sussex Regiment, 2nd Bn.
Panel Reference
Panel 86 to 88.
Memorial: TYNE COT MEMORIAL
Additional Information:
Son of Benjamin George Burton, of Mill Lane, Tunstead, Norwich; husband of Gertrude Louisa Jane Woodhouse (formerly Burton), of Gunn's Corner Smallburgh, Norwich.
CWGC www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/843839/BURTON,%20GILB...
SDGW has Gilbert John down as born Tunstead but with no place of residence recorded, G/14663 Royal Sussex Regiment.
Norlink No match
The baptism of Gilbert John, born 13th February 1895, took place at St Mary, Tunstead on the 27th October 1895. Parents are Benjamin, a Labourer, and Marian. The family live in Tunstead.
See Francis above for the family details on the 1901 census.
Another one where it may be co-incidence, but the marriage of a Gilbert J Burton to Gertrude L J Foreman took place in the Smallburgh District that covers Tunstead in the January to March 1916 quarter.
Gilbert had previously served with the Essex Regiment, serial number 4487, according to his Medal Index Card listing.
The Battle of Passchendaele was subsequently deemed to have ended on the 10th November and the battle of CambraI would not start until later in November. However, the steady attrition of trench war - artillery barrage, bombing, sniping and trench raids still took a steady toll.
Reginald Burton………………………………................................................................
BURTON, R G
Rank: Private
Service No: 19201
Date of Death: 07/11/1916
Regiment: Norfolk Regiment, 2nd Bn.
Grave Reference
IV. P. 22.
Cemetery: BASRA WAR CEMETERY
CWGC www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/509478/BURTON,%20R%20G
SDGW has Reginald George down as born Tunstead but with no place of residence recorded, 19201 Norfolk Regiment
Norlink No match
See Francis above for the family details on the 1901 census.
Most of the 2nd Battalion marched into captivity following the fall of the besieged city of Kut in April 1916. A few who’d been outside the the city had initially formed a composite unit with a similar group from the Dorset Regiment, generally referred to as the “Norsets”. As the summer went on both units were rebuilt with fresh drafts from England and men who’d recovered from wounds encurred earlier in the campaign.
For all European troops disease was as much a killer as combat in this theatre.
Stephen Canham………………………………........................................................
Probably
CANHAM, STEPHEN
Rank: Rifleman
Service No: 52050
Date of Death: 10/08/1918
Age: 21
Regiment: Rifle Brigade
posted to London Regiment (Post Office Rifles)
Panel Reference
Panel 10.
Memorial: VIS-EN-ARTOIS MEMORIAL
Additional Information:
Son of William Francis Canham and Anna Maria Canham, of Heath Rd., Framlingham, Norwich, Norfolk.
CWGC www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/1740770/CANHAM,%20STE...
SDGW has Stephen as born Banningham, Norfolk and resident North Walsham, 52050 The Rifle Brigade.
Norlink No match
The baptism of a Stephen Canham, no date of birth recorded, took place at St Botolph, Banningham on the 15th March 1896. Parents were listed as William Francis, a Labourer and Sexton, and Anna Maria. The family actually reside in Colby.
The 5 year old Stephen, born Colby, was recorded on the 1901 census at a dwelling “Near Church Road, Colby”. This was the household of his parents, William F, (aged 40 and an Ordinary Agricultural Labourer from Banningham) and Annie M. (aged 39 and from Colby). Their other children are:-
Alice M…………..aged 11.……….born Colby
Fred………………aged 2.…………born Colby
Harriet E………….aged 16.……….born Banningham
James A…………..aged 9.…………born Colby
John H…………….aged 6.…………born Colby
William F…………aged 18.………..born Banningham…..Ordinary Agricultural Labourer.
Baptisms at St Botolph Banningham
William Francis…28th January 1883
Harriet Ethel…23rd November 1884
Alice Mary….9th June 1889
Janes Richard….14th June 1891
John Horace……18th February 1894
Fred…………….16th April 1899
(None of the entries records a date of birth)
By the time of the 1911 census, Stephen was recorded in the Smallburgh District which covers a number of villages, including Tunstead.
According to his medal index card, Stephen had previously served with the Norfolk Regiment, as Private 14946
I’ve come across a reference before now of a large draft of the 8th Norfolk being moved to the Post office Rifles when that Battalion was disbanded as part of the major re-organisation that took place in the British Army in February 1918.
8th – 9th August 1918
The 8th Londons part at the Battle of Amiens on 8 August 1918, (and what Ludendorff called the Black Day for the German Army); saw them attached to the 58th Division, that attacked in the north of the sector, astride the Somme Canal. The Battalion had a good day, capturing all its objectives and ending up on the western edge of Malard Wood. They took 500 prisoners, including two battalion commanders. Unfortunately, fog held up the rest of the brigade and the key objective of the Chipilly Spur remained in German hands. On 9 August the 8th Londons helped in its capture and were withdrawn into rest two days later. By then they had suffered 300 casualties, including all their HQ officers.
www.hellfire-corner.demon.co.uk/poulton.htm
9th August 1918
175th Brigade attacked at 5.30pm, the 12th and 8th London in front the 5th / R Berkshire in support and the 9th London in reserve. By 8pm the 12th London was on its objective, the 9th London behind its right flank and in touch with the 131 regt. The 8th London was stopped 100 yds short of its objective. At 11.15pm orders were sent for strong patrols to be sent out to establish if it was possible to reach the Outer Amiens defense line, this was done and some more progress made.
sites.google.com/site/landships/home/narratives/1918/100d...
Stephen Childerhouse………………………………...........................................
CHILDERHOUSE, STEPHEN EDWARD
Rank: Private
Service No: 18238
Date of Death: 01/05/1917
Age: 37
Regiment: Norfolk Regiment, 9th Bn.
Panel Reference
Panel 30 and 31.
Memorial: LOOS MEMORIAL
Additional Information:
Son of John and Martha Childerhouse, of Anchor St., Tunstead; husband of Harriet Ethel Woodrow, (formerly Childerhouse), of I, Aylsham Rd., North Walsham, Norfolk.
CWGC www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/729725/CHILDERHOUSE,%...
SDGW has Stephen as born Hingham, Norfolk but with no place of residence recorded, 18238 Norfolk Regiment.
Norlink No match
The 21 year old Stephen, born Hingham, was recorded on the 1901 census working as a Labourer on Farm and living at 6 Upper Street, Tunstead. This was the household of his parents, John, (aged 45 and a Roadman Labourer from Wymondham) and Martha, (aged 47 and from Stanfield, Norfolk). Their other children living with them are:-
Faith…………….aged 4.………born Tunstead
George………….aged 25.……..born Ketteringham, Norfolk….Labourer on Farm
Sidney………….aged 16.………born Tilfield, Norfolk (? - poss Silfield)..Labourer on Farm
The baptism of Faith Mary, born 3rd January 1897, took place at St Mary, Tunstead on the 4th April 1897. Parents were listed as John, a Labourer and Martha, the family lived in Tunstead.
The marriage of a Stephen Edward Childerhouse to a Harriet Ethel Canham took place in Smallbugh District in the October to December 1909 quarter. This is probably the Harriet Ethel Canham that is recorded above as the sister of Stephen Canham.
There is a private family history web-site here that includes details of Stephen, but you need to join to view.
www.childerhouse.org/login.php
The 9th Norfolks had taken part in a large trench raid on the 28th April, but I can find any reference to the 9th Norfolks being in action on this day.
Arthur Dack………………………………..................................................................................
DACK, A
Rank: Private
Service No: 72845
Date of Death: 17/10/1918
Regiment: Machine Gun Corps (Infantry)
Grave Reference
C. 12.
Cemetery: VAUX-ANDIGNY BRITISH CEMETERY
CWGC www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/321103/DACK,%20A
SDGW has Arthur Dack as born and resident Tunstead, 72845 Machine Gun Corps.
Norlink No match
The baptism of an Arthur Dack, no date of birth recorded, took place at St Mary, Tunstead on the 29th October 1893. Parents were Michael, a Labourer, and Alice. The family lived in Tunstead.
The 7 year old Arthur, born Tunstead, was recorded on the 1901 census at Market Street, Tunstead. This was the household of his parents, Michael, (aged 38 and a Stockman on Farm, from Hevingham, Norfolk) and Alice, (aged 36 and from Hevingham). Their other children are:-
George…………….aged 10.……..born Hevingham
Herbert…………….aged 4.………born Tunstead
John William,………aged 16.…….boen Hevingham…..Agricultural Labourer
Sidney……………..aged 1.………born Tunstead
Walter……………..aged 13.……..born Felthorpe……Agricultural Labourer
According to his Medal Index Card listing, Arthur has previously been Private 14958, Norfolk Regiment.
VAUX-ANDIGNY BRITISH CEMETERY
Location Information
Vaux-Andigny is a village in the Department of the Aisne between St Quentin and Le Cateau. The British Cemetery is a little south-east of the village on the road to Mannevret.
Historical Information
Vaux-Andigny was captured by American and British troops in October 1918.
The British Cemetery originally contained British and (in a separate plot) German graves, but after the Armistice, the German graves were removed and the 35 British graves from the Communal Cemetery Extension were brought in.
There are now over 60, 1914-18 war casualties commemorated in this site. Of these, a small number are unidentified.
CWGC www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/33105/VAUX-ANDIGNY%...
Puri is a city and a Municipality of Odisha. It is the district headquarters of Puri district, Odisha, eastern India. It is situated on the Bay of Bengal, 60 kilometres south of the state capital of Bhubaneswar. It is also known as Jagannath Puri after the 12th-century Jagannath Temple located in the city. It is one of the original Char Dham pilgrimage sites for Indian Hindus.
Puri was known by several names from the ancient times to the present, and locally called as Badadeula. Puri and the Jagannath Temple were invaded 18 times by Hindu and Muslim rulers, starting from the 4th century to the start of the 19th century with the objective of looting the treasures of the temple. Odisha, including Puri and its temple, were under the British Raj from 1803 till India attained independence in August 1947. Even though princely states do not exist in independent India, the heirs of the Gajapati Dynasty of Khurda still perform the ritual duties of the temple. The temple town has many Hindu religious maths or monasteries.
The economy of Puri town is dependent on the religious importance of the Jagannath Temple to the extent of nearly 80%. The festivals which contribute to the economy are the 24 held every year in the temple complex, including 13 major festivals; Ratha Yatra and its related festivals are the most important which are attended by millions of people every year. Sand art and applique art are some of the important crafts of the city. Puri is one of the 12 heritage cities chosen by the Government of India for holistic development.
GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE
GEOGRAPHY
Puri, located on the east coast of India on the Bay of Bengal, is in the center of the district of the same name. It is delimited by the Bay of Bengal on the south east, the Mauza Sipaurubilla on the west, Mauz Gopinathpur in the north and Mauza Balukhand in the east. It is within the 67 kilometres coastal stretch of sandy beaches that extends between Chilika Lake and the south of Puri city. However, the administrative jurisdiction of the Puri Municipality extends over an area of 16.3268 square kilometres spread over 30 wards, which includes a shore line of 5 kilometres.
Puri is in the coastal delta of the Mahanadi River on the shores of the Bay of Bengal. In the ancient days it was near to Sisupalgarh (Ashokan Tosali) when the land was drained by a tributary of the River Bhargavi, a branch of the Mahanadi River, which underwent a meandering course creating many arteries altering the estuary, and formed many sand hills. These sand hills could not be "cut through" by the streams. Because of the sand hills, the Bhargavi River flowing to the south of Puri, moved away towards the Chilika Lake. This shift also resulted in the creation of two lagoons known as Sar and Samang on the eastern and northern parts of Puri respectively. Sar lagoon has a length of 8.0 km in an east-west direction and has a width of 3.2 km in north-south direction. The river estuary has a shallow depth of 1.5 m only and the process of siltation is continuing. According to a 15th-century chronicle the stream that flowed at the base of the Blue Mountain or Neelachal was used as the foundation or high plinth of the present temple which was then known as Purushottama, the Supreme Being. A 16th century chronicle attributes filling up of the bed of the river which flowed through the present Grand Road, during the reign of King Narasimha II (1278–1308).
CLIMATE
According to the Köppen and Geiger the climate of Puri is classified Aw. The city has moderate and tropical climate. Humidity is fairly high throughout the year. The temperature during summer touches a maximum of 36 °C and during winter it is 17 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1,337 millimetres and the average annual temperature is 26.9 °C.
HISTORY
NAMES IN HISTORY
Puri, the holy land of Lord Jaganath, also known popularly as Badadeula in local usage, has many ancient names in the Hindu scriptures such as the Rigveda, Matsya purana, Brahma Purana, Narada Purana, Padma Purana, Skanda Purana, Kapila samhita and Niladrimahodaya. In the Rigveda, in particular, it is mentioned as a place called Purushamandama-grama meaning the place where the Creator deity of the world – Supreme Divinity deified on altar or mandapa was venerated near the coast and prayers offered with vedic hymns. Over time the name got changed to Purushottama Puri and further shortened to Puri and the Purusha became Jagannatha. Close to this place sages like Bhrigu, Atri and Markandeya had their hermitage. Its name is mentioned, conforming to the deity worshipped, as Srikshetra, Purusottama Dhāma, Purusottama Kshetra, Purusottama Puri and Jagannath Puri. Puri is however, a common usage now. It is also known the geographical features of its siting as Shankhakshetra (layout of the town is in the form of a conch shell.), Neelāchala ("blue mountain" a terminology used to name very large sand lagoon over which the temple was built but this name is not in vogue), Neelāchalakshetra, Neelādri, The word 'Puri' in Sanskrit means "town", or 'city' and is cognate with polis in Greek.
Another ancient name is Charita as identified by Cunningham which was later spelled as Che-li-ta-lo by Chinese traveller Hiuen Tsang.When the present temple was built by the Ganga king Chodangadev in the 11th and 12th centuries it was called Purushottamkshetra. However, the Moghuls, the Marathas and early British rulers called it Purushottama-chhatar or just Chhatar. In Akbar's Ain-i-Akbari and subsequent Muslim historical records it was known as Purushottama. In the Sanskrit drama authored by Murari Mishra in the 8th century it is referred as Purushottama only. It was only after twelfth century Puri came to be known by the shortened form of Jagannatha Puri, named after the deity or in a short form as Puri. In some records pertaining to the British rule, the word 'Jagannath' was used for Puri. It is the only shrine in India, where Radha, along with Lakshmi, Saraswati, Durga, Bhudevi, Sati, Parvati, and Shakti abodes with Krishna, also known as Jagannath.
ANCIENT PERIOD
According to the chronicle Madala Panji, in 318 the priests and servitors of the temple spirited away the idols to escape the wrath of the Rashtrakuta King Rakatavahu. The temple's ancient historical records also finds mention in the Brahma Purana and Skanda Purana as having been built by the king Indradyumna of Ujjayani.
According to W.J. Wilkinson, in Puri, Buddhism was once a well established practice but later Buddhists were persecuted and Brahmanism became the order of the religious practice in the town; the Buddha deity in now worshipped by the Hindus as Jagannatha. It is also said that some relics of Buddha were placed inside the idol of Jagannath which the Brahmins claimed were the bones of Krishna. Even during Ashoka’s reign in 240 BC Odisha was a Buddhist center and that a tribe known as Lohabahu (barbarians from outside Odisha) converted to Buddhism and built a temple with an idol of Buddha which is now worshipped as Jagannatha. It is also said that Lohabahu deposited some Buddha relics in the precincts of the temple.
Construction of the Jagannatha Temple started in 1136 and completed towards the later part of the 12th century. The King of the Ganga dynasty, Anangabhima dedicated his kingdom to the God, then known as the Purushottam-Jagannatha and resolved that from then on he and his descendants would rule under "divine order as Jagannatha's sons and vassals". Even though princely states do not exist in independent India, the heirs of the Gajapati dynasty of Khurda still perform the ritual duties of the temple; the king formally sweeps the road in front of the chariots before the start of the Rathayatra.
MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN PERIODS
History of the temple is the history of the town of Puri, which was invaded 18 times during its history to plunder the treasures of the Jagannath Puri temple. The first invasion was in the 8th century by Rastrakuta king Govinda-III (AD 798–814) and the last was in 1881 by the followers of Alekh Religion who did not recognize Jagannath worship. In between, from the 1205 onward there were many invasions of the city and its temple by Muslims of the Afghans and Moghuls descent, known as Yavanas or foreigners; they had mounted attacks to ransack the wealth of the temple rather than for religious reasons. In most of these invasions the idols were taken to safe places by the priests and the servitors of the temple. Destruction of the temple was prevented by timely resistance or surrender by the kings of the region. However, the treasures of the temple were repeatedly looted. Puri is the site of the Govardhana matha, one of the four cardinal institutions established by Adi Shankaracharya, when he visited Puri in 810 and since then it has become an important dham (divine centre) for the Hindus; the others being those at Sringeri, Dwaraka and Jyotirmath. The matha is headed by Jagatguru Shankarachrya. The significance of the four dhams is that the Lord Vishnu takes his dinner at Puri, has his bath at Rameshwaram, spends the night at Dwarka and does penance at Badrinath.
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu of Bengal who established the Bhakti movements of India in the sixteenth century, now known by the name the Hare Krishna movement, spent many years as a devotee of Jagannatha at Puri; he is said to have merged his "corporal self" with the deity. There is also a matha of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu here.
In the 17th century for the sailors sailing on the east coast of India, the landmark was the temple located in a plaza in the centre of the town which they called the "White Pagoda" while the Konark Sun Temple, 60 kilometres away to the east of Puri, was known as the "Black Pagoda".
The iconographic representation of the images in the Jagannath temple are believed to be the forms derived from the worship made by the tribal groups of Sabaras belonging to northern Odisha. These images are replaced at regular intervals as the wood deteriorates. This replacement is a special event carried out ritulistically by special group of carpenters.
The town has many Mathas (Monasteries of the various Hindu sects). Among the important mathas is the Emar Matha founded by the Tamil Vaishnav Saint Ramanujacharya in the 12th century AD. At present this matha is located in front of Simhadvara across the eastern corner of the Jagannath Temple is reported to have been built in the 16th century during the reign of Suryavamsi Gajapati. The matha was in the news recently for the large cache of 522 silver slabs unearthded from a closed room.
The British conquered Orissa in 1803 and recognizing the importance of the Jagannatha Temple in the life of the people of the state they initially placed an official to look after the temple's affairs and later declared it a district with the same name.
MODERN HISTORY
In 1906, Sri Yukteswar an exponent of Kriya Yoga, a resident of Puri, established an ashram in the sea-side town of Puri, naming it "Kararashram" as a spiritual training center. He died on 9 March 1936 and his body is buried in the garden of the ashram.
The city is the site of the former summer residence of British Raj built in 1913–14 during the era of governors, the Raj Bhavan.
For the people of Puri Lord Jagannath, visualized as Lord Krishna, is synonymous with their city. They believe that the Jagannatha looks after the welfare of the state. However, after the incident of the partial collapse of the Jagannatha Temple, the Amalaka part of the tower on 14 June 1990 people became apprehensive and thought it was not a good omen for the welfare of the State of Odisha. The replacement of the fallen stone by another of the same size and weight (seven tons) had to be done only in the an early morning hours after the gods had woken up after a good nights sleep which was done on 28 February 1991.
Puri has been chosen as one of the heritage cities for the Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana scheme of the Indian Government. It is one of 12 the heritage cities chosen with "focus on holistic development" to be implemented in 27 months by end of March 2017.
Non-Hindus are not permitted to enter the shrines but are allowed to view the temple and the proceedings from the roof of the Raghunandan library within the precincts of the temple for a small donation.
DEMOGRAPHICS
As of 2001 India census, Puri city, an urban Agglomeration governed by Municipal Corporation in Orissa state, had a population of 157,610 which increased to 200,564 in 2011. Males, 104,086, females, 96,478, children under 6 years of age, 18,471. The sex ratio is 927 females to 1000 males. Puri has an average literacy rate of 88.03 percent (91.38 percent males and 84.43 percent females). Religion-wise data is not reported.
ECONOMY
The economy of Puri is dependent on tourism to the extent of about 80%. The temple is the focal point of the entire area of the town and provides major employment to the people of the town. Agricultural production of rice, ghee, vegetables and so forth of the region meets the huge requirements of the temple, with many settlements aroiund the town exclusively catering to the other religious paraphernalia of the temple. The temple administration employs 6,000 men to perform the rituals. The temple also provides economic sustenance to 20,000 people belonging to 36 orders and 97 classes. The kitchen of the temple which is said to be the largest in the world employs 400 cooks.
CITY MANAGEMENT AND GOVERNANCE
Puri Municipality, Puri Konark Development Authority, Public Health Engineering Organisastion, Orissa Water Supply Sewerage Board are some of the principal organizations that are devolved with the responsibility of providing for all the urban needs of civic amenities such as water supply, sewerage, waste management, street lighting, and infrastructure of roads. The major activity which puts maximum presuure on these organizations is the annual event of the Ratha Yatra held for 10 days during July when more than a million people attend the grand event. This event involves to a very large extent the development activities such as infrastructure and amenities to the pilgrims, apart from security to the pilgrims.
The civic administration of Puri is the responsibility of the Puri Municipality which came into existence in 1864 in the name of Puri Improvement Trust which got converted into Puri Municipality in 1881. After India's independence in 1947, Orissa Municipal Act-1950 was promulgated entrusting the administration of the city to the Puri Municipality. This body is represented by elected representative with a Chairperson and councilors representing the 30 wards within the municipal limits.
LANDMARKS
JAGANNATH TEMPLE AT PURI
The Temple of Jagannath at Puri is one of the major Hindu temples built in the Kalinga style of architecture, in respect of its plan, front view and structural detailing. It is one of the Pancharatha (Five chariots) type consisting of two anurathas, two konakas and one ratha with well-developed pagas. Vimana or Deula is the sanctum sanctorum where the triad (three) deities are deified on the ratnavedi (Throne of Pearls), and over which is the temple tower, known as the rekha deula; the latter is built over a rectangular base of the pidha temples as its roof is made up of pidhas that are sequentially arranged horizontal platforms built in descending order forming a pyramidal shape. The mandapa in front of the sanctum sanctorum is known as Jagamohana where devotees assemble to offer worship. The temple tower with a spire rises to a height of 58 m in height and a flag is unfurled above it fixed over a wheel (chakra). Within the temple complex is the Nata Mandir, a large hall where Garuda stamba (pillar). Chaitanya Mahaprabhu used to stand here and pray. In the interior of the Bhoga Mantap, adjoining the Nata mandir, there is profusion of decorations of sculptures and paintings which narrate the story of Lord Krishna. The temple is built on an elevated platform (of about 39,000 m2 area), 20 ft above the adjoining area. The temple rises to a height of 214 ft above the road level. The temple complex covers an area of 4,3 ha. There is double walled enclosure, rectangular in shape (rising to a height of 20 ft) surrounding the temple complex of which the outer wall is known as Meghanada Prachira, measuring 200 by 192 metres. The inner walled enclosure, known as Kurmabedha. measures 126m x 95m. There are four entry gates (in four cardinal directions to the temple located at the center of the walls in the four directions of the outer circle. These are: the eastern gate called Singhadwara (Lions Gate), the southern gate known as Ashwa Dwara (Horse Gate), the western gate called the Vyaghra Dwara (Tigers Gate) or the Khanja Gate, and the northern gate called the Hathi Dwara or (elephant gate). The four gates symbolize the four fundamental principles of Dharma (right conduct), Jnana (knowledge), Vairagya (renunciation) and Aishwarya (prosperity). The gates are crowned with pyramid shapes structures. There is stone pillar in front of the Singhadwara called the Aruna Stambha {Solar Pillar}, 11 metres in height with 16 faces, made of chlorite stone, at the top of which is mounted an elegant statue of Arun (Sun) in a prayer mode. This pillar was shifted from the Konarak Sun temple. All the gates are decorated with guardian statues in the form of lion, horse mounted men, tigers and elephants in the name and order of the gates. A pillar made of fossilized wood is used for placing lamps as offering. The Lion Gate (Singhadwara) is the main gate to the temple, which guarded by two guardian deities Jaya and Vijaya. The main gates is ascended through 22 steps known as Baisi Pahaca which are revered as it is said to possess "spiritual animation". Children are made to roll down these steps from top to bottom to bring them spiritual happiness. After entering the temple on the left hand side there is huge kitchen where food is prepared in hygienic conditions in huge quantities that it is termed as "the biggest hotel of the world".
The legend says that King Indradyumma was directed by Lord Jagannath in a dream to build a temple for him and he built it as directed. However, according to historical records the temple was started some time during the 12th century by King Chodaganga of the Eastern Ganga dynasty. It was however completed by his descendant, Anangabhima Deva, in the 12th century. The wooden images of Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra were then deified here. The temple was under the control of the Hindu rulers up to 1558. Then, when Orissa was occupied by the Afghan Nawab of Bengal, it was brought under the control of the Afghan General Kalapahad. Following the defeat of the Afghan king by Raja Mansingh, the General of Mughal emperor Akbar, the temple became a part of the Mughal empire till 1751 AD. Subsequently it was under the control of the Marathas till 1803. Then, when British Raj took over Orissa, the Puri Raja was entrusted with its to management until 1947.
The triad of images in the temple are of Jagannatha, personifying Lord Krishna, Balabhadra, his older brother, and Subhadra his younger sister, which are made of wood (neem) in an unfinished form. The stumps of wood which form the images of the brothers have human arms and that of Subhadra does not have any arms. The heads are large and un-carved and are painted. The faces are made distinct with the large circular shaped eyes.
THE PANCHA TIRTHA OF PURI
Hindus consider it essential to bathe in the Pancha Tirtha or the five sacred bathing spots of Puri, India, to complete a pilgrimage to Puri. The five sacred water bodies are the Indradyumana Tank, the Rohini Kunda, the Markandeya Tank, Swetaganga Tank, and the The Sea also called the Mahodadhi is considered a sacred bathing spot in the Swargadwar area. These tanks have perennial sources of supply in the form of rain water and ground water.
GUNDICHA TEMPLE
Known as the Garden House of Jagannath, the Gundicha temple stands in the centre of a beautiful garden, surrounded by compound walls on all sides. It lies at a distance of about 3 kilometres to the north east of the Jagannath Temple. The two temples are located at the two ends of the Bada Danda (Grand Avenue) which is the pathway for the Rath Yatra. According to a legend, Gundicha was the wife of King Indradyumna who originally built the Jagannath temple.
The temple is built using light-grey sandstone and architecturally, it exemplifies typical Kalinga temple architecture in the Deula style. The complex comprises four components: vimana (tower structure containing the sanctum), jagamohana (assembly hall), nata-mandapa (festival hall) and bhoga-mandapa (hall of offerings). There is also a kitchen connected by a small passage. The temple is set within a garden, and is known as "God's Summer Garden Retreat" or garden house of Jagannath. The entire complex, including garden, is surrounded by a wall which measures 131 m × 98 m with height of 6.1 m.
Except for the 9-day Rath Yatra when triad images are worshipped in Gundicha Temple, the rest of the year it remains unoccupied. Tourists can visit the temple after paying an entry fee. Foreigners (prohibited entry in the main temple) are allowed inside this temple during this period. The temple is under the Jagannath Temple Administration, Puri – the governing body of the main temple. A small band of servitors maintain the temple.
SWARGADWAR
Swargadwar is the name given to the cremation ground or burning ghat which is located on the shores of the sea were thousands of dead bodies of Hindus are brought from faraway places to cremate. It is a belief that the Chitanya Mahaparabhu disppaeread from this Swargadwar about 500 years back.
BEACH
The beach at Puri known as the "Ballighai beach} is 8 km away at the mouth of Nunai River from the town and is fringed by casurian trees. It has golden yellow sand and has pleasant sunshine. Sunrise and sunset are pleasant scenic attractions here. Waves break in at the beach which is long and wide.
DISTRICT MUSEUM
The Puri district museum is located on the station road where the exhibits are of different types of garments worn by Lord Jagannath, local sculptures, patachitra (traditional, cloth-based scroll painting) and ancient Palm-leaf manuscripts and local craft work.
RAGHUNANDANA LIBRARY
Raghunandana Library is located in the Emmra matha complex (opposite Simhadwara or Lion gate, the main entrance gate). The Jagannatha Aitihasika Gavesana Samiti (Jagannatha Historical Center) is also located here. The library contains ancient palm leaf manuscripts of Jagannatha, His cult and the history of the city. From the roof of the library one gets a picturesque view of the temple complex.
FESTIVALS OF PURI
Puri witnesses 24 festivals every year, of which 13 are major festivals. The most important of these is the Rath Yatra or the Car festival held in the month June–July which is attended by more than 1 million people.
RATH YATRA AT PURI
The Jagannath triad are usually worshiped in the sanctum of the temple at Puri, but once during the month of Asadha (Rainy Season of Orissa, usually falling in month of June or July), they are brought out onto the Bada Danda (main street of Puri) and travel 3 kilometrer to the Shri Gundicha Temple, in huge chariots (ratha), allowing the public to have darśana (Holy view). This festival is known as Rath Yatra, meaning the journey (yatra) of the chariots (ratha). The yatra starts, according to Hindu calendar Asadha Sukla Dwitiya )the second day of bright fortnight of Asadha (June–July) every year.
Historically, the ruling Ganga dynasty instituted the Rath Yatra at the completion of the great temple around 1150 AD. This festival was one of those Hindu festivals that was reported to the Western world very early. In his own account of 1321, Odoric reported how the people put the "idols" on chariots, and the King and Queen and all the people drew them from the "church" with song and music.
The Rathas are huge wheeled wooden structures, which are built anew every year and are pulled by the devotees. The chariot for Jagannath is about 14 m high and 35 feet square and takes about 2 months to construct. Th chariot is mounted with 16 wheels, each of 2.1 m diameter. The carvings in the front of the chariot has four wooden horses drawn by Maruti. On its other three faces the wooden carvings are Rama, Surya and Vishnu. The chariot is known as Nandi Ghosha. The roof of the chariot is covered with yellow and golden coloured cloth. The next chariot is that of Balabhadra which is 13 m in height fitted with 14 wheels. The chariot is carved with Satyaki as the charioteer. The carvings on this chariot also include images of Narasimha and Rudra as Jagannath's companions. The next chariot in the order is that of Subhadra, which is 13 m in height supported on 12 wheels, roof covered in black and red colour cloth and the chariot is known as Darpa-Dalaan. The charioteer carved is Arjuna. Other images carved on the chariot are that of Vana Durga, Tara Devi and Chandi Devi. The artists and painters of Puri decorate the cars and paint flower petals and other designs on the wheels, the wood-carved charioteer and horses, and the inverted lotuses on the wall behind the throne. The huge chariots of Jagannath pulled during Rath Yatra is the etymological origin of the English word Juggernaut. The Ratha-Yatra is also termed as the Shri Gundicha yatra and Ghosha yatra
CHHERA PAHARA
The Chhera Pahara is a significant ritual associated with the Ratha-Yatra. During the festival, the Gajapati King wears the outfit of a sweeper and sweeps all around the deities and chariots in the Chera Pahara (sweeping with water) ritual. The Gajapati King cleanses the road before the chariots with a gold-handled broom and sprinkles sandalwood water and powder with utmost devotion. As per the custom, although the Gajapati King has been considered the most exalted person in the Kalingan kingdom, he still renders the menial service to Jagannath. This ritual signified that under the lordship of Jagannath, there is no distinction between the powerful sovereign Gajapati King and the most humble devotee.
CHADAN YATRA
In Akshaya Tritiya every year the Chandan Yatra festival marks the commencement of the construction of the Chariots of the Rath Yatra. It also marks the celebration of the Hindu new year.
SNANA YATRA
On the Purnima day in the month of Jyestha (June) the triad images of the Jagannath temple are ceremonially bathed and decorated every year on the occasion of Snana Yatra. Water for the bath is taken in 108 pots from the Suna kuan (meaning: "golden well") located near the northern gate of the temple. Water is drawn from this well only once in a year for the sole purpose of this religious bath of the deities. After the bath the triad images are dressed in the fashion of the elephant god, Ganesha. Later during the night the original triad images are taken out in a procession back to the main temple but kept at a place known as Anasara pindi. After this the Jhulana Yatra is when proxy images of the deities are taken out in a grand procession for 21 days, cruised over boats in the Narmada tank.
ANAVASARA OR ANASARA
Anasara literally means vacation. Every year, the triad images without the Sudarshan after the holy Snana Yatra are taken to a secret altar named Anavasara Ghar Palso known as "Anasara pindi} where they remain for the next dark fortnight (Krishna paksha). Hence devotees are not allowed to view them. Instead of this devotees go to nearby place Brahmagiri to see their beloved lord in the form of four handed form Alarnath a form of Vishnu. Then people get the first glimpse of lord on the day before Rath Yatra, which is called Navayouvana. It is said that the gods suffer from fever after taking ritual detailed bath and they are treated by the special servants named, Daitapatis for 15 days. Daitapatis perform special niti (rite) known as Netrotchhaba (a rite of painting the eyes of the triad). During this period cooked food is not offered to the deities.
NAVA KALEVARA
One of the most grandiloquent events associated with the Lord Jagannath, Naba Kalabera takes place when one lunar month of Ashadha is followed by another lunar month of Aashadha, called Adhika Masa (extra month). This can take place in 8, 12 or even 18 years. Literally meaning the "New Body" (Nava = New, Kalevar = Body), the festival is witnessed by as millions of people and the budget for this event exceeds $500,000. The event involves installation of new images in the temple and burial of the old ones in the temple premises at Koili Vaikuntha. The idols that were worshipped in the temple, installed in the year 1996, were replaced by specially made new images made of neem wood during Nabakalebara 2015 ceremony held during July 2015. More than 3 million devotees were expected to visit the temple during the Nabakalebara 2015 held in July.
SUNA BESHA
Suna Bhesha also known as Raja or Rajadhiraja bhesha or Raja Bhesha, is an event when the triad images of the Jagannath Temple are adorned with gold jewelry. This event is observed 5 times during a year. It is commonly observed on Magha Purnima (January), Bahuda Ekadashi also known as Asadha Ekadashi (July), Dashahara (Vijyadashami) (October), Karthik Purnima (November), and Pousa Purnima (December). While one such Suna Bhesha event is observed on Bahuda Ekadashi during the Rath Yatra on the chariots placed at the lion's gate or the Singhdwar; the other four Bheshas' are observed inside the temple on the Ratna Singhasana (gem studded altar). On this occasion gold plates are decorated over the hands and feet of Jagannath and Balabhadra; Jagannath is also adorned with a Chakra (disc) made of gold on the right hand while a silver conch adorns the left hand. However, Balabhadra is decorated with a plough made of gold on the left hand while a golden mace adorns his right hand.
NILADRI BIJE
Celebrated on Asadha Trayodashi. It marks the end of the 12 days Ratha yatra. The large wooden images of the triad of gods are moved from the chariots and then carried to the sanctum sanctorum, swaying rhythmically, a ritual which is known as pahandi.
SAHI YATRA
Considered the world's biggest open-air theatre, the Sahi yatra is an 11 day long traditional cultural theatre festival or folk drama which begins on Ram Navami and ending in Rama avishke (Sanskrit:anointing) every year. The festival includes plays depicting various scenes from the Ramayan. The residents of various localities or Sahis are entrusted the task of performing the drama at the street corners.
TRANSPORT
Earlier when roads did not exist people walked or travelled by animal drawn vehicles or carriages along beaten tracks. Up to Calcutta travel was by riverine craft along the Ganges and then by foot or carriages to Puri. It was only during the Maratha rule that the popular Jagannath Sadak (Road) was built around 1790. The East India Company laid the rail track from Calcutta to Puri which became operational in 1898. Puri is now well connected by rail, road and air services. A broad gauge railway line of the South Eastern Railways connects with Puri and Khurda is an important Railway junction. By rail it is about 499 kilometres away from Calcutta and 468 kilometres from Vishakhapatnam. Road network includes NH 203 that links the town with Bhubaneswar, the capital of Odisha which is about 60 kilometres away. NH 203 B connects the town with Satapada via Brahmagiri. Marine drive which is part of NH 203 A connects Puri with Konark. The nearest airport is at Bhubaneswar, about 60 kilometres away from Puri. Puri railway station is among the top hundred booking stations of Indian Railways.
ARTS AND CRAFTS
SAND ART
Sand art is a special art form that is created on the beaches of the sea coast of Puri. The art form is attributed to Balaram Das, a poet who lived in the 14th century. He started crafting the sand art forms of the triad deities of the Jagannath Temple at the Puri beach. Now sculptures in sand of various gods and famous people are created by amateur artists which are temporal in nature as they get washed away by waves. This is an art form which has gained international fame in recent years. One of the well known sand artist is Sudarshan Patnaik. He has established the Golden Sand Art Institute in 1995 at the beach to provide training to students interested in this art form.
APPLIQUE ART
Applique art work, which is a stitching based craft, unlike embroidery, which was pioneered by the Hatta Maharana of Pipili is widely used in Puri, both for decoration of the deities but also for sale. His family members are employed as darjis or tailors or sebaks by the Maharaja of Puri who prepare articles for decorating the deities in the temple for various festivals and religious ceremonies. These applique works are brightly coloured and patterned fabric in the form of canopies, umbrellas, drapery, carry bags, flags, coberings of dummy horses and cows, and other household textiles which are marketed in Puri. The cloth used are in dark colours of red, black, yellow, green, blue and turquoise blue.
CULTURE
Cultural activities, apart from religiuos festivals, held annually are: The Puri Beach Festival held between 5 and 9 November and the Shreeksherta Utsav held from 20 December to 2 January where cultural programmes include unique sand art, display of local and traditional handicrafts and food festival. In addition cultural programmes are held every Saturday for two hours on in second Saturday of the moth at the district Collector's Conference Hall near Sea Beach Polic Station. Apart from Odissi dance, Odiya music, folk dances, and cultural programmes are part of this event. Odishi dance is the cultural heritage of Puri. This dance form originated in Puri in the dances performed Devadasis (Maharis) attached to the Jagannath temple who performed dances in the Natamantapa of the temple to please the deities. Though the devadadsi practice has been discontinued, the dance form has become modern and classical and is widely popular, and many of the Odishi virtuoso artists and gurus (teachers) are from Puri.
EDUCATION
SOME OF THE EDUCATIONNAL INSTITUTIONS IN PURI
- Ghanashyama Hemalata Institute of Technology and Management
- Gangadhar Mohapatra Law College, established in 1981[84]
- Extension Unit of Regional Research Institute of Homoeopathy; Puri under Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy (CCRH), New Delhi established in March 2006
- Sri Jagannath Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya, established in July 1981
- The Industrial Training Institute, a Premier Technical Institution to provide education in skilled, committed & talented technicians, established in 1966 of the Government of India
PURI PEOPLE
Gopabandhu Das
Acharya Harihar
Nilakantha Das
Kelucharan Mohapatra
Pankaj Charan Das
Manasi Pradhan
Raghunath Mohapatra
Sudarshan Patnaik
Biswanath Sahinayak
Rituraj Mohanty
WIKIPEDIA
The Flash Gordon serials are remembered for being the science fiction predecessors to everything the fifties and beyond would bring. They are believed to be the influence behind the "Star Wars" series and the "Indiana Jones" trilogy. This chapter, which features Flash with his ever ready raygun, and Ming, the Merciless with his army.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZ2HUfD0QSw&feature=share&...
Universal, 15 Chapters, 1938. Starring Larry “Buster” Crabbe, Jean Rogers, Charles Middleton, Frank Shannon, Beatrice Roberts, Richard Alexander, Donald Kerr, C. Montague Shaw, Wheeler Oakman.
Flash Gordon’s Trip to Mars picks up almost exactly where Flash Gordon left off, with our courageous trio of interplanetary adventurers–Flash Gordon (Larry “Buster” Crabbe), Dale Arden (Jean Rogers), and Dr. Zarkov (Frank Shannon)–returning to Earth from the planet Mongo. They are greeted to a royal welcome, since their voyage has saved the Earth from being destroyed by the late Emperor Ming of Mongo. Zarkov, however, attempts to curb the Earthlings’ ebullience by cautioning them that the defeat and death of Ming does not mean that their planet is free from other threats of extraterrestrial invasion. As usual, Zarkov is correct; shortly after his warning speech, the Martian Queen Azura (Beatrice Roberts) begins an operation designed to siphon off the “nitron” (aka nitrogen) in the Earth’s atmosphere. Azura’s primary goal is to create nitron-powered weapons with which to wage a war against her mortal foes, the Clay People of Mars. She’s indifferent to the devastating effect that it will have on the Earth, while her chief adviser and military consultant regards the destruction of Earth as the main attraction of the plan. That adviser is none other than Ming (Charles Middleton), still very much alive and longing for revenge on Flash and Zarkov for toppling him from his throne and driving him into exile on Mars.
As the Earth begins to experience catastrophic floods and storms, due to the effects of Azura’s “Nitron Lamp,” Zarkov, Flash, and Dale launch another interplanetary trip to discover the cause of the catastrophes, which Zarkov has determined are due to a beam that emanates from outer space. They discover an unexpected stowaway aboard after takeoff–reporter “Happy” Hapgood (Donald Kerr), who had set out to track down Zarkov and get his opinion of the world-wide disasters. Not long after arriving on Mars, our quartet of Earth adventurers find themselves embroiled in the war between Azura and the Clay People. The latter are one-time rivals of the Queen, who have been transformed into living clay by Azura’s magical powers and banished to underground caverns from whence they carry on a guerilla war against Azura’s forces. The Clay People’s king enlists the aid of Flash and his party, as both of them want to stop Azura’s nitron-collecting plans, and, with additional aid from Prince Barin (Richard Alexander)–who arrives on Mars to try to convince the Martians to expel Ming–Flash and his party pit themselves against Azura’s magic, Ming’s machinations, Ming’s savage allies the Forest People, and many other hazards, in their quest to save the Earth.
Flash Gordon’s Trip to Mars is fully as good as the first Flash Gordon serial, although its strengths are in slightly different areas. While Trip to Mars doesn’t measure up to Flash Gordon when it comes to colorful characters and fantastic monsters, its focused plotline surpasses the episodic story of the earlier serial. In Flash Gordon, the protagonists merely responded to the perpetual perils that were hurled at them by Ming, King Vultan, and King Kala, while Ming’s own plans for destroying the Earth were largely abandoned after the first chapter in favor of his attempts to marry Dale and destroy Flash. In Trip to Mars, Flash, Dale, and Zarkov initiate events instead of just coping with them, and Ming’s new grand design drives the plot far more strongly than his earlier one, giving the good guys a clear-cut objective (the destruction of the Nitron Lamp) beyond simple escape from Mongo.
While Trip to Mars has no characters to rival Flash Gordon’s King Vultan and no bizarre beasts like the Orangopoid or the Fire Dragon, it still has excellent other-worldly atmosphere. The sets are not as varied and intricate as in the first serial, but still surpass the backdrops of almost any other chapterplay. Especially striking are Ming’s “powerhouse,” with its laboratory equipment and its disintegration room, Azura’s massive palace with its unique architectural design (particularly the futuristic pocket doors), the Clay People’s eerie caves, and the wonderfully-designed realm of the Forest People, with its twisted trees, climbing vines, hidden tunnels amid tree roots, and treehouse-like observation platforms.
In addition to the big sets, there are dozens of other major and minor props and special effects that make Trips to Mars memorably atmospheric; there’s the the Martians’ flying capes, the Martian televiewer screens (which are cleverly incorporated into the recap sequences at the beginning of each chapter), the Clay People’s vapor-healing chamber, and the bridge of light that connects Azura’s rocket tower to the rest of her palace and is powered by a simple switch like any Earthling lamp (the scene where Flash and Zarkov are first forced to cross the unsafe-looking thing is quite funny), to name but a few. I also appreciate the fact that Azura’s spaceship squadrons–her “stratosleds”–are designed differently than any of the ships in the first Flash Gordon serial; one would expect the aerial fleets of differing planets to differ in appearance. Another neat touch of internal consistency is the use of three completely different forms of salute by the three principal Martian races–Queen Azura’s subjects, the Clay People, and the Forest People.
The serial’s screenplay maintains good continuity with the previous Flash outing, despite being the work of a completely different team of writers–Ray Trampe, Norman S. Hall, Wyndham Gittens, and Herbert Dalmas. The new writing team avoids any of the clunky lines that occasionally crept into Flash Gordon’s dialogue exchanges; they also, despite having to resort to a few flashbacks to the first serial for padding purposes, manage to make their plot fit its fifteen-chapter length quite nicely. The major plot thread of the heroes’ attempts to destroy Ming and Azura’s Nitron Lamp is skillfully interwoven with several subplots–the Clay People’s efforts to regain their natural shape, the attempts by both Flash and Ming to get hold of the Black Sapphire of Kalu (a talisman that can neutralize Azura’s magic), and Ming’s plot to undermine Azura and seize the Martian throne.
Trip to Mars’ script wisely spreads its plot developments over the course of the serial, instead of introducing all its ideas in the first chapter and letting them tread water until the final one: the Clay People aren’t introduced till the second chapter or the Forest People until the sixth, while Prince Barin first arrives in Chapter Seven. The Nitron Lamp is destroyed in Chapter Nine and rebuilt over the course of the following chapters until it must be destroyed again at the climax, and one of the principal villains is killed off in Chapter Thirteen.
The cliffhangers aren’t quite as varied as in the first Flash serial, due to the lack of the various monsters that frequently attacked Flash for chapter-ending purposes in the earlier outing. However, writers still manage to avoid excessive repetition; for instance, while there are three chapter endings involving stratosled crashes, each one is set up differently–the first has Flash crashing a stratosled into another stratosled to stop it from bombing Dale and Happy, the second has a stratosled crashing on top of Flash and Zarkov, and the third has Flash and the pilots of a ’sled grapping for the controls as it soars towards yet another crash. There’s also an excellent cliffhanger in which Flash, Dale, Happy, and Zarkov are surrounded by an ever-narrowing ring of fire in the Forest People’s kingdom, and a memorably unusual one that has a hypnotized Dale stabbing an unsuspecting Flash in the back.
Though Trip to Mars has no swordfights or wrestling matches corresponding to those in Flash Gordon, it still features a nice variety of action scenes–including stratosled dogfights, fights among the vines and treetops of the Forest Kingdom, and chases through Azura’s big palace; the palace sequence in Chapter Five, which has the nimble Flash vaulting through windows to avoid the guards, is a particular standout. Directors Ford Beebe (a Universal serial veteran) and Robert Hill (a talented director who rarely escaped from low-budget independent serials and B-films) do a fine job of orchestrating these action scenes, assisted by stuntmen Eddie Parker (doubling Buster Crabbe), George DeNormand, Tom Steele, Bud Wolfe, and Jerry Frank. All of the aforementioned stuntmen, except Parker, also pop up in minor acting roles.
The performances in Trip to Mars are all first-rate; the returning actors from the first serial are all just as good as they were in Flash Gordon, while the new major players fit in smoothly. Buster Crabbe’s Flash is just as tough, chipper, athletic, and likable as in the first serial–and a good deal more wise and resourceful than before, improvising strategy and coming up with plans in tough situations instead of just trying to batter his way out. Frank Shannon’s Zarkov, as consequence of Flash’s new-found intelligence, has a reduced part, not guiding the good guys’ actions as he did in the first serial; he still functions as the scientific brains of the group, though, and is still as intense, serious, and sincere as before.
Jean Rogers, with her long blonde hair bobbed and dyed brown to better match the comic-strip version of Dale Arden (she’s also dressed in less arresting fashion), isn’t as stunning as in Flash Gordon, but is still a warm, welcome, and lovely presence. Her part here is smaller than in the first serial, though, since Ming is not romantically interested in her this time out (Ming, though no gentleman, evidently prefers blondes). Richard Alexander’s Prince Barin is a lot more self-assured when it comes to delivering dialogue this time around (helped, no doubt, by the absence of any overly high-flown lines), while his convincingly royal bearing and his commanding size are as effective as before.
Charles Middleton’s Ming is even more entertainingly sinister here than he was in Flash Gordon, getting a good deal more screen time and given a more devilish appearance by a notably forked beard. Though still given opportunities to break into tyrannical and bloodthirsty rages (particularly in his insane rant in the final chapter), Middleton spends much of the serial displaying duplicity and sly subtlety instead, since his Ming must pretend to friendship with Azura even while plotting against her. Middleton carries off this slightly more multi-faceted version of Ming masterfully, winning a few laughs with his crafty cynicism while remaining thoroughly sinister and hateful.
Beatrice Roberts does a fine job as Queen Azura, eschewing the sneering, aggressive demeanor of other serial villainesses for a regal, dignified manner (with a wryly humorous undercurrent) that contrasts interestingly with her often cruel behavior. Her Azura comes off as selfish and ruthless, but not an abusive tyrant like Ming. Donald Kerr as reporter Happy Hapgood, the other principal new character, is as controversial among fans as most other serial comedy-relief characters are. Speaking for myself, though, I found him quite likable and entertaining; he provides an amusingly commonplace point-of-view towards the fantastic world of Mars and is never obtrusive, gratingly stupid, or obnoxious. Additionally, his character is allowed to be quite heroic and helpful when the chips are down, a far cry from one-dimensional cowardly “comic” pests like Sonny Ray in Perils of Pauline or Lee Ford in SOS Coast Guard.
Wheeler Oakman is very good as Tarnak, Ming’s wily lab assistant and co-conspirator against Azura. C. Montague Shaw, concealed under heavy makeup for most of the serial, conveys an impressive air of ruined dignity as the King of the Clay People and manages to seem both sinister and sympathetic at different times. Usual hero Kane Richmond brings appropriate depth of characterization to his key role as a Martian pilot, who proves instrumental in helping Flash overthrow Ming in the later chapters. Anthony Warde has a small part as Toran, king of the Forest People, but extracts as much snarling nastiness as possible from the role. Future director Thomas Carr is his second-in-command, Kenne Duncan is the officer in charge of Azura’s airdrome, Lane Chandler and Jack Mulhall both appear as pilots of her Death Squadron, and Warner Richmond has a small role as one of Ming’s palace cohorts.
Hooper Atchley and James Blaine pop up as self-important Earth scientists, propounding ingenious and inaccurate theories as to the causes of the damage brought about by the Nitron Lamp, while Edwin Stanley is the general presiding over a council comprised of these two and additional savants. Louis Merrill (a radio actor who played character roles in several feature films) has a brief but memorable turn as the blunt and slightly uncouth Dr. Metz, who alone among the scientists has the humility to admit that Zarkov is the only one capable of unravelling the riddle of the disasters. Merrill’s characterization is so vivid that one wishes the actor had taken a larger part in this chapterplay or in other serials.
Flash Gordon’s Trip to Mars is a nearly ideal sequel, in that it manages to preserve the basic strengths of its predecessor while deviating from it in some areas and improving on it in others. It’s also a nearly ideal serial, independent of its relation to the earlier Flash Gordon; it balances good acting, atmosphere, action, and plotting in such fine style that it would still be a notable achievement if it were the sole entry in the Flash Gordon series.
Flash, Dale, and Dr. Zarkov return from their former space adventures only to find that their enemy, Ming the Merciless of planet Mongo, has a new weapon: a deadly ray that crosses space to wreak havoc on earth. Earth's only hope is for our heroes to take off again and stop the ray at its source on Mars, where they (and a stowaway) familiar to sci-fi serial fans as Happy Hapgood the space traveling reporter). Must battle Ming's ally, Queen Azura, who turns her enemies into lumpish clay people.With the aid of the Clay People and Prince Barin, Flash and his friends are triumphant in destroying the ray and putting an end to the scheme of Ming the Merciless. Can they survive 15 chapters of deadly perils? Find out next week...
The Deadly Ray From Mars was an edited version of the 1938 Universal serial "Flash Gordon's Trip to Mars" that was released to TV in a syndication package in 1966.
Mars Attacks the World was the feature version of the 1938 serial titled Flash Gordon's Trip to Mars. aka "Space Soldiers' Trip to Mars" - USA (TV title)
Mars Attacks the World is the feature compilation version of the serial Flash Gordon's Trip to Mars, while Rocket Ship is the the feature compilation of the serial Flash Gordon.
Jean Rogers as Dale Arden
Charles Middelton as Emperor Ming
Frank Shannon as Dr. Zarkov
Beatrice Roberts as Queen Azura
Richard Alexander as Prince Barin
Montague Shaw as The Clay King
Donald Kerr as Happy Hapgood the space traveling reporter.
The title of this serial was originally going to be "Flash Gordon and the Witch Queen of Mongo." It was changed so that Universal could save money by shooting the outdoor scenes on the back lot and not have to build costly sets, and by reusing the set for Emperor Ming's palace.
In the stock footage from Flash Gordon, shown in this film, as Flash is telling The Clay People about his previous encounter with Emperor Ming, Ming is bald and Dale Arden has blond hair. In this sequel, Ming has "pasted on" hair and Dale is a brunette. It has been reported that Jean Rogers (Dale Arden) had many other film roles pending at that time (1938) which had called for her to portray a brunette.
King Features Syndicate released the 3 Flash Gordon serials as well as "Buck Rogers," Red Barry", "Ace Drummond" and other comic strip cliffhangers to US TV in 1951. Because the television show Flash Gordon, starring Steve Holland as Flash, was in syndication in late 1953, the three Universal Pictures Flash Gordon theatrical serials were retitled for TV broadcast. Flash Gordon became "Space Soldiers", Flash Gordon's Trip to Mars became "Space Soldiers' Trip to Mars", and Flash Gordon Conquers the Universe became "Space Soldiers Conquer the Universe". To this day both the 3 original "Flash Gordon" serial titles and the 3 "Space Soldiers" titles are used.
Chapter Titles:
1. New Worlds To Conquer
2. The Living Dead
3. Queen of Magic
4. Ancient Enemies
5. The Boomerang
6. Treemen of Mars
7. Prisoner of Monga
8. Black Sapphire of Kalu
9. Symbol of Death
10. Incense of Forgetfulness
11. Human Bait
12. Ming the Merciless
13. Miracle of Magic
14. Beasts at Bay
15. An Eyes For An Eye
Romanian soldiers execute a live-fire drill with rocket-propelled grenades during exercise Steadfast Defender 2021.
Steadfast Defender 2021 is a NATO-led exercise involving over 9,000 troops from more than 20 NATO Allies and partners. The objective is to ensure that NATO forces are trained, able to operate together and ready to respond to any threat from any direction.
Letter to the UN Human Rights &
This is a revolutionary epoch.
Across the globe men are revolting against old systems of exploitation and oppression and the wounds of a frail world new systems of justice and equality are being born.
The wretched of the earth rise up like never before. Those who lived in darkness have seen a great light. We, the West must support these revolutions.
It is sad to realize that due to conformism, complacency, a morbid fear of communism and our proneness to adjust to injustice, the Western nations that led to the revolutionary spirit of the modern world have now become the bastion of anti-revolutionary.
This led many to believe that Marxism has the revolutionary spirit.
Therefore, communism is a verdict against our failure to make democracy a reality and faithful follow the revolutions we initiated. Our only hope today lies in our ability to take up the revolutionary spirit and go out into a world often hostile declaring eternal hostility to poverty, racism, militarism.
With this strong commitment, boldly defy the status and unfair practices, and so anteciparemos the day "when every valley shall be alteado and the whole hill, down, that the plan will be rough and crooked, right."
A genuine revolution of values means in the final analysis that our loyalties must become more ecumenical. Ages must now develop a supreme loyalty to mankind as a whole, in order to preserve the best of each particular society.
This called for a universal fellowship that lifts up the fraternal respect of tribes, races, classes and nations is in reality a call for humanity to experience an all-embracing and unconditional love. This concept often misunderstood, so often misunderstood, so readily dismissed by the Nazis of the world as a weak and cowardly force, around now an absolute necessity for the survival of mankind on our planet. When I speak of love I am not speaking of some sentimental and weak response. I'm not talking about a force that is just a silly sentimental.
I'm talking about a force that all great religions have taken as the supreme unifying principle of life. Love is somehow the key that opens the door to ultimate reality.This belief Hindu-Moslem-Christian-Jewish-Buddhist about ultimate reality is beautifully summed up in the first letter of John :-) "Let us love each other-we, for God is love. It is he who loves is born of God and known by Him.
He that loveth not knoweth not God, for God is love ... If we love one another, God dwelleth in us and His love is perfected in us. "No longer will we worship the god of hate or bow before the altar of retaliation. The oceans of history are made turbulent by the ever-growing tide of resentment. History is cluttered with wrecks of nations and individuals who followed the path of self-destructive hatred. Love is the force that is responsible for final choice redemptive life and good against the destructive choice of death and evil. Therefore, in our list of esperença, the first must be that love has the last word.
Now let's face the fact, my brothers and sisters, that tomorrow is today.
Defrantamos us with the fierce urgency of now. In this mysterious enigma of life and history, sometimes it's too late.
Procrastination is a thief of time.
Life often paralyzes us and we were poor, naked and slaughtered before a missed opportunity. The tide in the affairs of men does not remain in the flow-it ebbs ... We may cry out desperately for time to pause to its passage, but time is adamant to every strict and keeps running. On the ruins and debris piles of numerous civilizations are the pathetic words: "Too late." There is an invisible book of life that faithfully records our vigilance or our neglect.
We still have a choice today: nonviolent coexistence or violent annihilation.
We must move from indecision to action.
We must find new ways to speak for peace in the world and justice throughout the developing world, a world that does not make borders. Unless we act, we certainly dragged through the long dark and shameful corridors of time reserved for those who possess power without compassion, without morality and strength without sight.
Let's start now!
We re-dedicate the long and bitter but beautiful struggle for a New World.
This is called the sons of God and our brothers eagerly await our response. We say that the difficulties are too great? We say that the struggle is too hard? We need to explain the forces of American life as well as Europe conspire to keep our dreams come true.
The choice is ours, and though perhaps wish it were different, we must make our choice at this crucial moment in human history. Every man or nation has to decide one day. Between the false and true, if the good or evil allies.
If we make the right choice, we can transform the cries dessomantes of our world into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. If we make the right choice, we will be able to anticipate the day around the world, where justice will flow like water, and the result will be a powerful current.
So we were repeatedly confronted with the cruel irony of watching television for young blacks and whites to die side by side.
I could not mute before such cruel manipulation of the poor.
"Oh, yes, I speak with clarity!
America and Israel has never been to me, America or Israel.
The nation can not be saved while destroying the deepest hopes of men around the world.
Above the call of race, nation or creed, I recognize the fatherhood of God and brotherhood among men.
Since I believe that the Father is deeply compromised, especially with their children who suffer without help and protection, come on their behalf.
I think this is the privilege and the burden of all of us who consider ourselves bound by fidelity and loyalty which are larger and deeper than nationalism and which go beyond the objectives and positions of the self called United. We are called to speak for the weak, for the voiceless, for victims of the nation, for our brothers in the Middle East and Africar, for no document written by human hands can prevent these men are our brothers and sisters. I speak for them is to explain this lack of confidence in Western words, and especially their disbelief in the current American intentions in the Middle East and Africar. While we're on the side of wealth and security, we create hell for the poor. Perhaps only his sense of humor and irony can save them when he hears the most powerful nation in the world speaking of aggression as a spawning millions of bombs on the weak and poor nations of the Middle East and Africar. Somehow this madness must cease.It must end now.
I speak as a child of God and brothers and sisters of the poor sufferers in the world.
I speak for those whose lands are being destroyed, whose culture is being subverted.
I speak for the poor of the world are paying double, with the hopes crushed in their homes and the death and corruption in the world.
I speak as a citizen of the world on behalf of the world is horrified by the way we choose. Each new day of war, hatred grows in the hearts of men on earth and in the hearts of those with humanitarian intent.
"Americans like the Europeans and Israelis are forcing even their friends become your enemies"
Those who make peaceful revolution impossible make revolution inevitable viotenta. Increasingly, pro choice or chance, this was the role played by the biggest and most powerful nation in the world, the role of those who make peaceful revolution impossible by refusing to give up the privileges and pleasures that come from the immense profits of investments weapons.
I am convinced that if we are to move to the right side of the world revolution, we as a people of God, must undergo a radical revolution of values, we must begin immediately transsição a materialistic society to another humanist.
When machines, computers, profit and property rights are considered more important than people, the giants of racism, extreme materialism and militarism become invincible.
True compassion is more than toss a coin to a beggar.
A true revolution of values will soon look embarrassed for the stark contrast between poverty and affluence. With righteous indignation contemplate beyond the seas and see individualistic capitalist investing large sums of money in Asia, Africa and South America only to obtain profits without any concern with the improvement of social conditions of those continents, and say, "That's not fair "
The Western arrogance of feeling that everything has to teach others and nothing to learn from them is not fair.
A true revolution of values will take the reins of orgem world about the war and say: This way of establishing a difference is not fair.
This practice of burning human rights of injecting the poison of hatred in the veins of ordinary human beings, sending the dark and bloody battlefields back home physically and mentally unbalanced can not concilar with wisdom, justice and love.
All nations year after year spends more money on military defense than social programs goes toward death.
I mean that in all our actions, we must remain united. Unity is the great need of this hour.
If we are united, we will reach a lot of what not only want, but they justly deserve.We, the disinherited of this land, oppressed us for so long, we are tired of going through the long nights in captivity. And now we want to reach the dawn of freedom, justice and equality. Love is one of the pillars of faith, but there is another side called justice. It's justice is in fact the weight of love. Justice is correct with what you love rebels against love.
God is one, is not a God who remains motionless. He is also the God who stands before the nation and says: Be still and acknowledge that I am God, who does not obey me, I will break the backbone of your power and I will pluck them out of the orbit of their relations and national international.
Beside the love is always justice, and we're just using the tools of justice. Do not just use the tools of persuasion, but we realize that we need to use the tools of coercion. This is not just an educational process, but a process of spiritual liberation. There are a people, a people black ... A people who had the moral courage to fight for their rights. And therefore, injected new meaning into the veins of history and civilization.
And we'll do that God allows us to do it sooner rather than later. It would be fatal for the world to ignore the urgency of the moment.
The storms of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of the earth, until the bright morning flower of Justice.
But there's something I tell my people, we can not condemn criminal acts.
We must not quench our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred.
We must always conduct our struggle on the highest level of dignity and discipline.
We can not allow our protest to degenerate into physical violence. Must rise to the majestic heights to confront physical force with soul force. Civilization and violence are antithetical concepts. Sooner or later all the peoples of the world will discover the path to peaceful coexistence. For this achievement to happen, humanity will be developed for all human conflict, a methadone to repudiate revenge, aggression and retaliation. The basis of methadone is love. I refuse to accept the idea that man is a mere bundle of spoil dumped in the river of life unable to influence the events surrounding it. I refuse to accept the view that mankind is so tragically bound to racism and war that the bright daybreak of peace and brotherhood can never become a reality. I refuse to accept the cynical notion that, one after another, the nations should solar below by a militaristic stairway into the hell of nuclear annihilation.
I believe that unarmed truth and unconditional love will have the final word in reality.
That is why good, temporarialmente defeated, is stronger than evil triunfonte.
I really believe that even amid the explosions of cannon and the humming of bullets today, there is still hope for a brighter tomorrow.
I believe that justice battered and prostrate on the bloody streets of our nations, can get up this dust of shame to reign supreme among the children of men. I dare to hope that people, everywhere, can have three meals a day for their bodies, education and culture for their minds, and dignity, equality and freedom for their spirits.
I believe that what self-centered destroyed, philanthropists can reergue.
I also believe that one day mankind is to bow before the altars of God and be crowned with triumph over war and bloodshed, and nonviolent goodwill and redemptive, proclaim His power on earth. The lion and the lamb shall be laid side by side and each man to sit in the shade of his or heck Figueira and no longer afraid.
I also believe that triumph.
This faith will give us the courage to face the uncertainties of the future. Give renewed strength to our weary feet as we follow in our journey to the city of Liberty.
When our days become dark with threatening clouds and the nights become darker than a thousand nights, we know that we are in the midst of a fertile maelstrom of authenticating civilization struggling to be born.
Today, as a renewed dedication to humanity that inspires me. Yet when years have passed and when the blazing light of truth focus this was wonderful that we live, men and women will know and be taught to children who have a more beautiful land, a people more worthy, more noble civilization, because humbleGod's children sacrificed in the name of virtue. While men are not in search of its essence and not comprenderem what you came to this world, nothing will change, because it is more comfortable to stay as it is. Violence breeds more violence.And a power can only be overturned by a higher power. But if this new power and strong enough to wipe out the old, what guarantee is there that it is not as bad as the other, just changing the direction of aggression.!?
Walk humbly with God, but with certain joie de vivre and that justice will come from the Father.
If the Moon tell all that ... Watch the moon moon friend who goes to heaven always tells me the moon ... how we should act to transform the hard hearts of men ... Moon sovereign creation of the Father, send a message by your moonlight, mess with my water, that you move with the tides, moon ... We are nothing, we are insignificant in the face of great work of God, Oh moon ... why is there so much ignorance? Why so much fighting vain if everything is reduced to dust! I know I must fulfill my destiny ... Moon, something tells me that I was not born to be one more, my heart can not tolerate an unjust world ... I must do something ... something different ... moon moon, the moon that kind of fight I Emprender. Tell the moon? (In Love)
Authors ;-) Maria Leticia Oliveira de Almeida Or Leka040484 & Samuel Levi Seales
(Selah)
Objective lens: Schneider-Kreutznach Componon f;5.6 / 180mm
Printed on Cotman water colour B5 sized paper / exposed for 8hrs
Sensitizer: Jacquard cyanotype kit (Potassium Ferricyanide & Ferric Ammonium Citrate)
Toning: Jasmine tea (thick)
Enlarger: LPL Model 7451 large format enlarger
Negative: image on a Duobond 6 inch 2k monochrome LCD (original picture: a picture scanned from postcard)
Light source: High power (50w) UV LED unit (SMD=surface mounted LED modules)
The condenser unit (= a unit in which two 16cm diameter convex lenses are set facing each other) was removed from my old Hansa patent enlarger for use in LPL Model 7451.
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DSCN4438
I am an extremely claustrophobic person ,and the idea of going under the long narrow passage gave me the cringe . I was holding the separate entry ticket of the Pyramid , whilst strongly battling my fears to close spaces .Perhaps I could have stayed outside and leave my family to do it ,but I would probably keep thinking and regretting it to much for a long time .I tried to be objective over my fears . As I'm only a visitor of Cairo , chances are I wouldn't be near this monument again , took it as my very last opportunity .
I do hate the idea being down under a dark passage . It gave me the feeling I was almost buried alive ,breathless , suffocating .
As petite as myself , I have to I bend down following the slopping steps going to the interior .It must be a hurdle for anyone over six feet tall unless the body is supple .
Photography isn't allowed and bringing along big bags , perhaps with speculation they contain big camera equipment e.g., DSLR +lenses and what have you . This is when a tiny photo and shoot camera gets so useful when you carry it discreetly ,well anyway , it was only a P&S what I've got at that time .I took few shots ,there was no on looking guard along the passage ,even in the interior but there were what looks like a monitoring camera . I was reassured of the idea photography without a flash wouldn't do technical damage to the interior's surface of this few thousand yrs monument , hence it didn't give me the feeling I am doing it completely wrong not abiding the rules ( and be in jail /penalized ? ) . Not a good behaviour , it was an opportunistic act in such circumstances ,driven by overpowering passion to take photos . I only took few photographs .:)
Actually there were few of us inside taking photos ; some even come with a video camera . It's a lifetime experience to be inside so it's easy to justify why people have to be daring and take the chance . I am not encouraging for people to do the same .Use your judgement and objectivity ,do what is right . If you feel it's totally wrong and will haunt your for a life time ,never do it .
As far as I am concern , I don't regret it ...that will be my first and last seeing the Pyramids and so be it .
They only issue 300 tickets for entry ( inside ) of the Pyramids daily .Let this be clear you have to get a different ticket to get near the Pyramids . For the Pyramid interior tickets ,they issue 150 tickets in the morning and 150 in the afternoon . So with over a thousand visitors of this monument daily and perhaps half of them would like entry inside ,there's a big competition , and it's always a pot luck if you get the interior entry tickets . My best advise come as early as possible and cue up .
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17-11-10
To irradicate or reduced to a minumum level of illegal / oppotunistic photography ,could it not be better if the system relaxed the rules that inhibits taking photos in the interior, rather make it easier for the visitors ,where photography be allowed in exchange for a minimal fee for every camera that gets in and would apply to any historic monuments like tombs. As it is free to photograph outside the monuments ; with people jumping ,climbing ,walking over and around those pyramid stones which can potentially erode the surface, then why can't it be no-flash photography be allowed inside ?
This day and age when air travel is easier and every tourists has access to cameras - everyone loves to take photos ....
A peaceful arrangement of a fee for every camera / photography in the interior will be an added bulk of revenue for the tourism industry , everyone will be happier .
Check out these sites with great photos inside the Pyramid :) you can google for more :
Great photos inside the Pyramid
Nicely standing beside the sarcophagus inside the Great Pyramid
The objective of the exercise. To compare the real thing with the model bought in February. Despite reports that 37025 would either be leading (a top & tail arrangement) or be leading a double header it is, in railway terminology, the train (i.e. 2nd) as opposed to the pilot (i.e. 1st or leading) locomotive making it harder to get a clean shot of it. Apparently this was due to a lack of fuel in its tank so 116 was doing most if not all the work! The locomotive, currently on hire to Colas, belongs to the Scottish ThirtySeven Group based at Bo’ness.
Academic High School (Vienna)
(Pictures you can see by clicking on the link at the end of page!)
Beethovenplatz
school form - general secondary school (high school humanistic)
Founded in 1553
♁ coordinates 48 ° 12 '5 " N, 16 ° 22 ' 34" OKoordinaten : 48 ° 12 '5 " N, 16 ° 22' 34" E | |
Support public
About 610 students (4 April 2010)
About 60 teachers (4 April 2010)
Website www.akg -wien.at
The Academic Gymnasium in Vienna was founded in 1553 and is the oldest high school in Vienna. The school orientation is humanistic and compared with other traditional high schools of the city rather liberal. The current number of students is about 610 students, divided on 24 classes.
History
16th and 17th Century
At the time of the foundation of the high school, the University of Vienna had the privilege to decide about the estabilishment of educational institutions. In March of 1553, the Jesuits received permission from the university to the founding of the Academic Gymnasium.
The primary objectives of the exclusively Jesuit teaching corps was the provision of religious instruction, the practice of the Catholic faith and the strengthening of the religious attitude of the students. The Academic Gymnasium was located at the time of its inception in the Dominican monastery opposite the then university. The former language was Latin.
18th and 19 Century
The dissolution of the Jesuit order in 1773 by Pope Clement XIV led to a conversion of the teaching staff and educational goals. The new focus was on history, mathematics, German, literature and geography. The management of the school was transferred to the Piarist. Subsequently the school was somewhat cosmopolitan conducted and the spirit of the Enlightenment prevailed both among teachers and among the students. Likewise, new didactic and educational measures, and later the school fees were introduced.
As a result of high school reform in 1849, the eight-year school with the final matriculation examination was developed. The humanistic aspects crystallized out more and more, the focus of the lesson were mainly linguistic-historical, mathematical and scientific aspects not being neglected. The first high school graduates made their final exams at the end of the school year 1850 /51.
Academic High School before the vaulting of the Vienna River (Wienfluß - as small as possible)
Since 1866 the building of the Academic Gymnasium is located on Beethoven place in the first district of Vienna. It was built by Friedrich von Schmidt, who also designed the City Hall, in his typical neo-Gothic style.
The first students (female ones) gratuated in 1886 and 1887 (every year an external student), since the school year 1896/97 there were almost every year high school graduates, a general admission of girls there since 1949 /50.
20th Century
The years following the First World War were extremely distressing for the high school, because there was a very narrow escape for not being closed, the cause was a sharp decline in students. The educational institution was menaced from losing its good reputation and attractiveness.
GuentherZ 2007-02-22 2707 Wr Akad Gym plaque Jewish students and Lehrer.jpg
After the "Anschluss" of Austria in 1938, the Jewish students had to leave the school, they were 28 April 1938 transfered, some of the students but had logged off before this date. The total loss amounted to nearly 50 percent of the students because the school from all Viennese schools was attended most of all of children of Jewish families. Today, several plaques remember on the outer facade of the high school the transfer and the horrors of Nazism. A known victim of that action was the future Nobel laureate Walter Kohn, he had to leave school in the 5th class.
Wolfgang Wolfring (1925-2001) popularized the high school from 1960 as the site of classical Greek drama performances in ancient Greek original language. Annually took place performances of the classical Greek dramatic literature, among them, King Oedipus, Oedipus at Colonus and Philoctetes of Sophocles, the Oresteia of Aeschylus and The Trojan Women and Alcestis of Euripides. Protagonists of these performances were later Lawyers Josef and Eduard Wegrostek, Liliana Nelska, Doris Dornetshuber, Gerhard Tötschinger, but also in smaller roles Gabriel Barylli, Paulus Manker, Konstantin Schenk and others.
Over the years the school acquired the old reputation back and enjoyed high access rates. More and more emphasis has been placed on humanistic education, which has been demonstrated mainly by the wide range of languages, school theater performances at a high level and numerous musical events of the school choir the public in general as well.
21th Century
The focus are still on a broad linguistic foundation, which also includes training in languages such as Latin or Greek. The school offers both French and English from the first grade. The other of the two languages begins as early as the 2nd class.
In addition to this a wide range of projects are organized and voluntary activities offered. The goal of the Academic Gymnasium is the general education, which in turn should prepare for a subsequent university study.
One problem is the shortage of space of the school. Since there's a large demand for school places, the school house for financial reasons and such the monument preservation not expandable, not for all admission solicitors school places are available.
Known students and graduates
The Academic High School has produced a large number of public figures in its history:
Birth year before 1800
Ignaz Franz Castelli (1781-1862), writer
Wilhelm Ritter von Haidinger (1795-1871), geologist
Stanislaus Kostka (1550-1568), Catholic saint
Leopold Kupelwieser (1796-1862), painter
Joseph Othmar Rauscher (1797-1875), Archbishop of Vienna
Franz Schubert (1797-1828), Composer
Johann Carl Smirsch (1793-1869), painter
Birth year 1800-1849
Alexander Freiherr von Bach (1813-1893), lawyer and politician
Moritz Benedikt (1835-1920), a neurologist
Nikolaus Dumba (1830-1900), industrialist and art patron
Franz Serafin Exner (1802-1853), philosopher
Cajetan Felder (1814-1894), Mayor of Vienna
Adolf Ficker (1816-1880), statistician
Anton Josef Gruscha (1820-1911), Archbishop of Vienna
Christoph Hartung von Hartungen (1849-1917), physician
Carl Haslinger (1816-1868), music publisher
Gustav Heider (1819-1897), Art History
Joseph Hellmesberger (1828-1893), Kapellmeister (chapel master)
Hyrtl Joseph (1810-1894), anatomist
Friedrich Kaiser (1814-1874), actor
Theodor von Karajan (1810-1873), German scholar
Alfred von Kremer (1828-1889), orientalist and politician
Kürnberger Ferdinand (1821-1879), writer
Henry of Levitschnigg (1810-1862), writer and journalist
Robert von Lieben (1848-1913), physicist and inventor
Karl Ludwig von Littrow (1811-1877), Astronomer
Titu Maiorescu (1840-1917), Romanian Prime Minister
Johann Nestroy (1801-1862), actor, poet
Ignaz von Plener (1810-1908), Prime Minister of Austria
Johann Nepomuk Prix (1836-1894), Mayor of Vienna
Benedict Randhartinger (1802-1893), Kapellmeister (conductor)
Friedrich Rochleder (1819-1874), chemist
Wilhelm Scherer (1841-1886), German scholar
Anton Schmerling (1805-1893), lawyer and politician
Leopold Schrötter, Ritter von Kristelli (1837-1908) , doctor (laryngologist) and social medicine
Johann Gabriel Seidl (1804-1875), lyricist of the Austrian imperial anthem "God save, God defend our Emperor, our country!" ("may God save and protect our good Emperor Francis")
Daniel Spitzer (1835-1893), author
Eduard Strauss (1835-1916), composer and conductor
Franz von Thun und Hohenstein (1847-1916), Prime Minister of Cisleithania
Joseph Unger (1828-1913), lawyer and politician
Otto Wagner (1841-1918), architect
Birth year 1850-1899
Othenio Abel (1875-1946), biologist
Ludwig Adamovich, senior (1890-1955), President of the Constitutional Court
Guido Adler (1855-1941), musicologist
Plaque for Altenberg, Beer-Hofmann, Hofmannsthal and Schnitzler
Peter Altenberg (1859-1919), "literary cafe"
Max Wladimir von Beck (1854-1943), Austrian Prime Minister
Richard Beer-Hofmann (1866-1945), writer
Julius Bittner (1874-1939), composer
Robert Dannenberg (1885-1942), lawyer and politician
Konstantin Dumba (1856-1947), diplomat
August Fournier (1850-1920), historian and politician
Erich Frauwallner (1898-1974), Indologist
Dagobert Frey (1883-1962), art historian
Albert Gessmann (1852-1920), librarian and politician
Raimund Gruebl (1847-1898), Mayor of Vienna
Michael Hainisch (1858-1940), President of the Republic of Austria
Edmund Hauler (1859-1941), classical scholar
Hugo von Hofmannsthal (1874-1929), playwright
Karl Kautsky (1854-1938), philosopher and politician
Hans Kelsen (1881-1973), lawyer, co-designer of the Austrian Federal Constitution
Franz Klein (1854-1926), lawyer and politician
Arthur Krupp (1856-1938), industrialist
Wilhelm Kubitschek (1858-1936), archaeologist and numismatist
Edward Leisching (1858-1938), director of the Museum of Applied Arts in Vienna
Felix from Luschan (1854-1924), doctor, anthropologist, explorer, archaeologist and ethnographer
Eugene Margaretha (1885-1963), lawyer and politician
Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (1850-1937), founder and president of Czechoslovakia
Alexius Meinong (1853-1920), philosopher
Lise Meitner (1878-1968), nuclear physicist
Ludwig von Mises (1881-1973), economist
Paul Morgan (1886-1938), actor
Max von Oberleithner (1868-1935), composer and conductor
Paul Pisk Amadeus (1893-1990), Composer
Gabriele Possanner (1860-1940), physician
Przibram Hans Leo (1874-1944), zoologist
Przibram Karl (1878-1973), physicist
Josef Redlich (1869-1936), lawyer and politician
Elise Richter (1865-1943), Romance languages
Joseph Baron Schey of Koromla (1853-1938), legal scholar
Arthur Schnitzler (1862-1931), writer, playwright
Julius Schnitzler (1865-1939), physician
Erwin Schrödinger (1887-1961), physicist, 1933 Nobel Prize for Physics
Birth year 1900-1949
Ludwig Adamovich, Jr. ( born 1932 ), President of the Austrian Constitutional Court
Christian Broda (1916-1987), lawyer and politician
Engelbert Broda (1910-1983), physicist, chemist
Thomas Chorherr (*1932), journalist and newspaper editor
Magic Christian ( born 1945 ), magic artist and designer
Felix Czeike (1926-2006), historian
Albert Drach (1902-1995), writer
Paul Edwards (1923-2004), philosopher
Caspar Einem (born 1948), Austrian Minister of Interior, Minister of Transport
Ernst Federn (1914-2007), psychoanalyst
Friedrich Heer (1916-1983), writer, historian
Georg Knepler (1906-2003), musicologist
Walter Kohn (b. 1923), physicist, 1998 Nobel Prize for Chemistry
Paul Felix Lazarsfeld (1901-1976), sociologist
Lucian O. Meysels (1925-2012), journalist and nonfiction author
Liliana Nelska (born 1946 ), actress
Erwin Ringel (1921-1994), physician, advocate of Individual Psychology
Ernst Topitsch (1919-2003), philosopher and sociologist
Milan Turković (*1939), Austrian-Croatian wind blower and conductor
Hans Weigel (1908-1991), writer
Erich Wilhelm (1912-2005), Protestant superintendent in Vienna
Year of birth from 1950
Gabriel Barylli (*1957 ), writer and actor
Christiane Druml (b. 1955), lawyer and bioethicist
Paul Chaim Eisenberg (born 1950), Chief Rabbi of the Jewish Community Vienna
Paul Gulda (b. 1961), pianist
Martin Haselboeck (born 1954), organist
Peter Stephan Jungk (*1952), writer
Markus Kupferblum (b. 1964), director
Niki List (1956 - 2009) , film director
Miki Malör (born 1957), theater maker and performer
Paulus Manker (born 1958), actor and director
Andreas Mailath-Pokorny (* 1959), Vienna Councillor for Culture and Science
Doron Rabinovici (*1961), writer
Clemens Unterreiner (born 1977), opera singer, soloist and ensemble member of the Vienna State Opera
A farmer at work weeding in a maize field close to the Pusa site of the Borlaug Institute for South Asia (BISA), in the Indian state of Bihar.
BISA is a non-profit research institute dedicated to the improvement of food security and reduction of hunger in South Asia. It is a collaborative effort between the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), The Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR), and the Government of India. BISA’s objective is to harness the latest technology in agriculture to improve farming productivity and sustainably meet the demands of the future. More than just a bricks-and-mortar institute, BISA is a commitment to the people of India. It is co-located in three Indian states—Punjab, Bihar, and Madhya Pradesh—each of which contains varied agro-ecological zones, representing many of the environments of South Asia.
In Bihar, the current major constraints to maize production are low seed replacement rates, late sowing, and low levels of farm mechanization. Foliar blight disease is also a growing concern among Bihar’s farmers. Both hybrids and traditional maize varieties are grown throughout Bihar and maize productivity is currently 2.5 tons per hectare, higher than the national average of 1.9.
Areas of future development for BISA Pusa include the development of climate-resilient cultivars, innovative maize genotypes, diverse wheat cultivars, disease resistance, farmer information technologies, and new irrigation technologies. Initial trials have indicated that the implementation of zero tillage on 1.5 million hectares has the potential to increase soil moisture and enhance wheat production by 0.45 million tons. The promotion of quality protein maize to address malnutrition rates as well as long-term conservation agricultural trials is also a priority for the site.
For more about BISA, see: bisa.cimmyt.org/.
Photo credit: M. DeFreese/CIMMYT.
The German Army murdered about 450 civilians (including 35 children) and prisoners of war in August 1942. They are still buried here.
The Battle of Voronezh, or First Battle of Voronezh, was a battle on the Eastern Front of World War II, fought in and around the strategically important city of Voronezh on the Don river, 450 km (280 mi) south of Moscow, from 28 June-24 July 1942, as opening move of the German summer offensive in 1942.
The battle was marked by heavy urban fighting, and ferocious street-fighting, showing what was to come at the Battle of Stalingrad.
The German attack had two objectives. One was to seed confusion about the ultimate goals of the overall campaign. There was widespread feeling by almost all observers, especially Soviet high command, that the Germans would reopen their attack on Moscow that summer. By strongly attacking toward Voronezh, near the site of the German's deepest penetration the year before, it would hide the nature of the real action taking place far to the south. Soviet forces sent to the area to shore up the defenses would not be able to move with the same speed as the Germans, who would then turn south and leave them behind. The other purpose was to provide an easily defended front line along the river, providing a strong left flank that could be protected with relatively light forces.
The plan involved forces of Army Group South, at this time far north of their ultimate area of responsibility. The attack would be spearheaded by the 4th Panzer Army under the command of General Hermann Hoth. Hoth's highly mobile forces would move rapidly eastward to Voronezh and then turn southeast to follow the Don to Stalingrad. As the 4th moved out of the city, the slower infantry forces of the Second Army following behind them would take up defensive positions along the river. The plan called for the 2nd to arrive just as the 4th had cleared the city, and Hoth was under orders to avoid any street-to-street fighting that might bog down their progress.
The city was defended by the troops of the 40th Army as part of the Valuiki-Rossosh Defensive Operation (28 June-24 July 1942) of General of Army Nikolai Fyodorovich Vatutin's Southwestern Front. Hoth's powerful armored forces moved forward with little delay and the only natural barrier before the city was the Devitsa River, an arm of the Don running through Semiluki, a short distance to the west. For reasons that are unclear, the bridge over the Devitsa was not destroyed, and Hoth's forces were able to sweep aside the defensive forces placed there and reach the outskirts of Voronezh on 7 July. Soviet forces then mounted a successful counterattack that tied up Hoth's forces.
At this point they should have been relieved by the infantry forces, but they were still far from the city. Intense house-to-house fighting broke out, and Hoth continued to push forward while he waited. At one point the 3rd Motorized Division broke across the Don, but turned back. The Soviet command poured reserves into the city and a situation not unlike what would be seen at Stalingrad a few months later broke out, with the German troops clearing the city street by street with flamethrowers while tanks gave fire support.
The 2nd did not arrive for another two days, by which time the 4th was heavily engaged and took some time to remove from the line. The 2nd continued the battle until 24 July, when the final Soviet forces west of the Don were defeated and the fighting ended. Adolf Hitler later came to believe that these two days, when combined with other avoidable delays on the drive south, allowed Marshal Semyon Timoshenko to reinforce the forces in Stalingrad before the 4th Panzer Army could arrive to allow taking of Stalingrad.
The Soviet forces recaptured the city in the Battle of Voronezh of 1943.
We've currently got a painting competition going in our club to make objective markers. This is one that I put together as an example for the students.
I managed to build it entirely out of stuff in my bits box - so it was effectively free!
Junagarh Fort (Rajasthani: जुनाग्द क़िला) is a fort in the city of Bikaner, Rajasthan, India. The fort was originally called Chintamani and was renamed Junagarh or "Old Fort" in the early 20th century when the ruling family moved to Lalgarh Palace outside the fort limits. It is one of the few major forts in Rajasthan which is not built on a hilltop. The modern city of Bikaner has developed around the fort.
The fort complex was built under the supervision of Karan Chand, the Prime Minister of Raja Rai Singh, the sixth ruler of Bikaner, who ruled from 1571 to 1611 AD. Construction of the walls and associated moat commenced in 1589 and was completed in 1594. It was built outside the original fort of the city, about 1.5 kilometres from the city centre. Some remnants of the old fort are preserved near the Lakshmi Narayan temple.
Historical records reveal that despite the repeated attacks by enemies to capture the fort, it was not taken, except for a lone one-day occupation by Kamran Mirza. Kamran was the second son of the Mughal Emperor Babur who attacked Bikaner in 1534, which was then ruled by Rao Jait Singh. In the battle, the Mughals were defeated by Rathors. Kamran then returned to Lahore.
The 5.28 hectares large fort precinct is studded with palaces, temples and pavilions. These buildings depict a composite culture, manifest in the mix of architectural styles.
GEOGRAPHY
Junagarh fort is located in the arid region of the Thar desert of Rajasthan bordered on the northwest by the Aravalli range, a range of mountains in western India. Part of the desert area is in Bikaner city, which is one of the three desert triangle cities; the other two cities are Jaisalmer and Jodhpur. The name of the place where Bikaner city with its forts was established was then known as Jungladesh.
HISTORY
Before the present Junagarh Fort was built, an old stone fort existed in the city. This fort was built in 1478 by Rao Bika who established the city of Bikaner in 1472. Rao Bika was the second son of Maharaja Rao Jodha of the Rathor clan, the founder of Jodhpur city. He conquered the large arid lands to the northern region of Rajasthan to set up his domain. As the second son of Jodha he had no chance of inheriting his father’s territory of Jodhpur or to the title of Maharaja. He, therefore, reconciled and decided to build his own kingdom at Bikaner at the place then called "Jungladesh". Bikaner, though a partly of the Thar Desert, was considered an oasis on the trade route between Central Asia and the Gujarat coast since it had adequate spring water sources. Bika’s name was thus tagged to the Bikaner city as well as to the then state of Bikaner (“the settlement of Bika”) that he established. The history of Bikaner and the fort within it thus start with Bika. It was only about 100 years later that Bikaner’s fortunes flourished under Raja Rai Singhji, the sixth ruler of Bikaner, who ruled from 1571 to 1611. During the Mughal Empire’s rule in the country, he accepted the suzerainty of the Mughals and held a high position of an army general in the court of Emperor Akbar and his son Emperor Jahangir. His successful war exploits by way of winning half of Mewar kingdom won him accolades and rewards from the Mughal emperors. He was gifted the jagirs (lands) of Gujarat and Burhanpur. With the large revenue earned from these jagirs, he built the Junagarh fort on a plain land, which has an average elevation of 230 m. The formal foundation ceremony for the fort was held on 17 February 1589 and the fort was completed on 17 January 1594. Raja Rai Singhji, was an expert in arts and architecture and the knowledge that he acquired during his several sojourns to several countries are amply reflected in the numerous monuments he built in the Junagarh fort. Thus the fort, a composite structure, became an outstanding example of architecture and a unique centre of art, amidst the Thar desert.
Karan Singh who ruled from 1631 to 1639, under the suzerainty of the Mughals, built the Karan Mahal palace. Later rulers added more floors and decorations to this Mahal. Anup Singh, who ruled from 1669–98, made substantial additions to the fort complex, with new palaces and the Zenana quarter (royal dwelling for females). He refurbished the Karan Mahal with a Diwan-i-Am (public audience hall) and called it the Anup Mahal. Gaj Singh who ruled from 1746 to 1787 refurbished the Chandra Mahal (the Moon palace). Following him, Surat Singh ruled from 1787 to 1828 and he lavishly decorated the audience hall (see picture in info box) with glass and lively paintwork. Dungar Singh who reigned from 1872 to 1887 built the Badal Mahal (the weather palace) named so in view of a painting of falling rain and clouds (a rare event in arid Bikaner). Ganga Singh who ruled from 1887 to 1943 built the Ganga Niwas Palace, which has towers at the entrance patio. This palace was designed by Sir Samuel Swinton Jacob.[10] Ganga Singh’s son Sadul Singh succeeded his father in 1943 but acceded to the Union of India in 1949. He died in 1950.
Bikaner came under the suzerainty of the British Raj under a treaty of paramountcy signed in 1818, where after the Maharajas of Bikaner invested heavily on refurbishing their Junagarh fort. However, during the 18th century, before this treaty was signed, there was internecine war between rulers of Bikaner and Jodhpur and also amongst other Thakur, which was put down by the British troops. It is reported that during the attack by Jodhpur army, of the two entrances to the fort (one in the east and the other in the west), the eastern entrance and the southern rampart were damaged; marks of cannonballs fired are seen on the southern façade of the fort.
Ganga Singh was the best-known king among the Rajasthan princes. A favourite of the British Raj, he earned the title of Knight Commander of the Star of India. He served as a member of the Imperial War Cabinet, represented the country at the Imperial First World War Conferences and the British Empire at the Versailles Peace Conference and was aware of the shift of fortunes in the World War II but died in 1943, before the war was won by the allies. His contribution to the building activity in Junagarh involved separate halls for public and private audience in the Ganga Mahal and a durbar hall for formal functions. The hall where he held his Golden Jubilee as a ruler of Bikaner is now a museum. He also got a new palace - north of Junagarh fort - designed and built by Swinton, the third of the new palaces built in Bikaner and named it Lalgarh Palace in the name of his father and shifted his residence from Junagarh fort to this palace in 1902. The royal family still lives in a special suite in the Lalbagh palace, which they have converted into a heritage hotel.
STRUCTURES
The structures built within the Junagarh fort are the palaces and temples, which are made of red sandstone (Dulmera) and marble. The palaces are described as picturesque with their assortment of courtyards, balconies, kiosks and windows. The fort, the temples and the palaces are preserved as museums and provide insight into the grandiose living style of the past Maharanas of Rajasthan. The fort is called “a paradox between medieval military architecture and beautiful interior decoration”.
OVERVIEW
The massive fort built in the plains of Bikaner has a rectangular (quadrangular) layout with a peripheral length of 986 m. The fort walls are 4.4 m wide and 12 m in height. It encompasses an area of 5.28 ha. It was surrounded by a moat which was 6.1–7.6 m deep with a base width of 4.6 m and top width of 9.1 m. However, the moat no longer exists. The fort is well fortified with 37 bastions (‘burj’ in local language) and seven gates (two are main gates) to counter enemy attacks. The fort was built as a “new stronghold” outside of the ruins of an old fort built by Rao Bika and on the periphery of the Bikaner city walls (1.5 kilometres from the city centre); the old fort was demolished a century after it was built.
The fort with seven gates contains several palaces, pavilions and many temples of Hindu and Jain religions - the earliest dated to the 16th century. A major feature of the fort is the stone carving done in red and gold coloured sandstones. The interiors of the palaces are decorated and painted in traditional Rajasthani style. The Junagarh palaces have a large number of rooms, as every king built his own separate set of rooms, not wanting to live in his predecessors’ rooms. These structures were considered as “at par with those of Louis’s France or of Imperial Russia”. Several types of architectural style are discerned in the fort complex and hence it is called a true depiction of composite culture. The earliest style is of Rajput architecture, defined by Gujarati and Mughal architectural influence reflecting the association with Mughal rulers, the second type is of semi-western architecture reflecting British influence, and finally the revivalists Rajput architecture that evolved particularly during the rule of Maharaja Ganga Singh. Only the most representative of all these architectural styles are on display for visitors. Thus, the unique monuments on display in the Junagarh Fort represent sixteen successive generations of the rulers of Bikaner, starting from the end of the 16th century.
GATES
While the main entry gate was Karan Pol or Parole, facing east, the current gate of entry is called Suraj Pol (meaning the Sun gate), 'pol' also colloquially spelt prol, built in gold coloured or yellow sandstone, unlike the other gates and buildings built in red sandstone. It is the east facing gate permitting the rising Sun’s rays to fall on the gate, which is considered a good omen. The doors of this gate are strengthened with iron spikes and studs to prevent ramming by elephants during an attack. At the entrance to the gate, two red stone statues of elephants with mahouts stand as sentinels. The gate was also the location for announcing the arrival and departure of royalty by musicians playing the trumpet from a gallery in the gate. The other gates are Karan Pol, Daulat Pol, Chand Pol (a double gate) and Fateh Pol; these provided access to various monuments in the fort. The Karan Pol gate is also braced with iron spikes to prevent battering of the gate by elephants. To the right of this gate is Daulat Pol. Forty-one hand imprints are seen on the Daulat Pol gate wall, in red colour, of the wives of the Maharajas of Bikaner, who committed sati (self immolation) on the funeral pyres of their husbands who died in battle.
Between the main gate and the palace, there is a quadrangle, and then another gate called the Tripolia gate (triple gateway) before accessing the royal chambers. Next to this gate is a small temple called the Har Mandir, where the Royal family used to offer worship. In the quadrangle, which houses a large pavilion with a water pool built in Carrara Italian marble. The Karan Mahal, where public audience was held in the Diwan-i-Am by Karan Singh (1631–39) and his successors till the 20th century, can also be seen in the same quadrangle.
TEMPLES
Har Mandir temple was the royal chapel - private temple of the royal family. The royal family celebrated the Hindu festival of Dussera and Gangaur here, apart from celebrating other family functions such as birthdays and marriages. In the Dussera celebrations, weapons and horses were worshipped here. The main deities worshipped in this temple are the Hindu deities Lakshmi Narayan, a combined representation of god Vishnu and his consort Lakshmi.
The Ratan Behari temple located near the Junagarh Fort, was built in 1846 by the 18th ruler of Bikaner. It was built in Indo-Mughal architectural style using white marble. The Hindu god Krishna is deified in this temple.
PALACES
Karan mahal (Public Audience Hall) was built by Karan Singh in c.1680 to mark his victory over the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. It is considered as one of the most exquisite palaces built with gardens, which displays the aesthetic sensibilities of the royalty of Rajasthan. It has stained glass windows and intricately carved balconies built in stone and wood fluted columns. Later Rajas, Anup Singh and Surat Singh, also added lot of glitter to this palace with inlaid polychrome glass, intricate mirror patterns, and red and gold paint. In the coronation chamber, there is a shored up alcove, which was used as a throne.
Phool Mahal ("Flower Palace") is the oldest part of the palace and was built by king Raja Rai Singh of Bikaner, who ruled between 1571-1668.
Anup Mahal is a multi-storey structure, which functioned as the administrative headquarters of the kingdom. It has ornate wooden ceilings with inlaid mirrors, Italian tiles, and fine lattice windows and balconies. It has some gold leaf paintings. It is considered as one of the “grandest construction”.
Chandra Mahal has the most luxurious room in the palace, which houses gold plated deities and paintings inlaid with precious stones. In the royal bedroom, mirrors have been strategically placed so that the Maharaja could see from his bed, any intruder entering his room.
Ganga Mahal was built in the 20th century by Ganga Singh who reigned for 56 years from 1887 to 1943, has a large durbar hall known as the Ganga Singh Hall that houses the Museum. The museum has exhibits of war weaponry and also a World War I aeroplane (biplane), which is stated to be well maintained.
Badal Mahal (The weather palace) is part of the Anup Mahal extensions. It has paintings of Shekhawati Dundlod chiefs paying respects to the Maharaja of Bikaner in different types of turbans. Photos of people standing on nails, wood, swords and saws are also depicted here – a display of faith and endurance. The walls in this palace depict fresco paintings of the Hindu god Krishna and his consort Radha amidst the rain clouds.
Bikaneri Havelies located both within and outside the fort in the Bikaner city’s by lanes are also of unique architectural style in home architecture. Aldous Huxley who visited these havelis reportedly said “They are the pride of Bikaner.”
FORT MUSEUM
The museum within the fort called the Junagarh Fort Museum was established in 1961 by Maharaja Dr.Karni Singhji under the control of "Maharaja Rai Singhji Trust". The Museum exhibits Sanskrit and Persian manuscripts, miniature paintings, jewels, royal costumes, farmans (royal orders), portrait galleries, costumes, headgear and dresses of gods’ idols, enamelware, silver, palanquins, howdahs and war drums. The museum also displays armoury that consists of one of the assorted collection of post medieval arms.
MAHARAJA RAI SINGHJI TRUST
Maharaja Rai Singhji Trust has been set up by the 'Royal family of Bikaner' with the basic objective to showcase the fort with professional inputs in various areas and to improve the experience for visitors. Another objective is to promote education and research scholarships, cultural activities, setting up of libraries and integration with other such trusts.
WIKIPEDIA
Bonnie Jeanne Dunbar (born March 3, 1949) is a former NASA astronaut. She retired from NASA in September 2005 then served as president and CEO of The Museum of Flight until April 2010. From January 2013 - December 2015, Dr. Dunbar lead the University of Houston's STEM Center (science, technology, engineering and math) and was a faculty member in the Cullen College of Engineering.[1] Currently, she is a professor of aerospace engineering at Texas A&M University and serves as Director of the Institute for Engineering Education and Innovation (IEEI), a joint entity in the Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station (TEES) and the Dwight Look College of Engineering at Texas A&M University.
Contents
1 Early life
2 NASA career
3 Spaceflight experience
4 Education
5 Organizations
6 Awards and honors
7 References
Early life
Dunbar was born in Sunnyside, Washington. In 1967, she graduated from Sunnyside High School, Sunnyside, Washington. Following graduation in 1971 from the University of Washington, Dunbar worked for Boeing Computer Services for two years as a systems analyst. From 1973 to 1975, she conducted research for her master's thesis in the field of mechanisms and kinetics of ionic diffusion in sodium beta-alumina. She is a member of Kappa Delta sorority.
In 1975, she was invited to participate in research at the Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell near Oxford, England, as a visiting scientist. Her work there involved the wetting behavior of liquids on solid substrates. Following her work in England, she accepted a senior research engineer position with Rockwell International Space Division in Downey, California. Her responsibilities there included developing equipment and processes for the manufacture of the Space Shuttle thermal protection system in Palmdale, California. She also represented Rockwell International as a member of the Dr. Kraft Ehricke evaluation committee on prospective space industrialization concepts. Dunbar completed her doctorate at the University of Houston in Houston, Texas. Her multi-disciplinary dissertation (materials science and physiology) involved evaluating the effects of simulated space flight on bone strength and fracture toughness. These results were correlated to alterations in hormonal and metabolic activity. Dr. Dunbar has served as an adjunct assistant professor in Mechanical Engineering at the University of Houston.
Dunbar is a private pilot with over 200 hours in single engine land aircraft, has logged more than 700 hours flying time in T-38 jets as a back-seater, and has over 100 hours as co-pilot in a Cessna Citation jet. She was married to fellow astronaut Ronald M. Sega.[2]
NASA career
Dunbar accepted a position as a payload officer/flight controller at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in 1978. She served as a guidance and navigation officer/flight controller for the Skylab reentry mission in 1979 and was subsequently designated project officer/payload officer for the integration of several Space Shuttle payloads.[3][4]
Dunbar became a NASA astronaut in August 1981. Her technical assignments have included assisting in the verification of Shuttle flight software at the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL), serving as a member of the Flight Crew Equipment Control Board, participation as a member of the Astronaut Office Science Support Group, supporting operational development of the remote manipulator system (RMS). She has served as chief of the Mission Development Branch, as the Astronaut Office interface for "secondary" payloads, and as lead for the Science Support Group. In 1993, Dr. Dunbar served as Deputy Associate Administrator, Office of Life and Microgravity Sciences, NASA Headquarters, Washington, D.C. In February 1994, she traveled to Star City, Russia, where she spent 13-months training as a back-up crew member for a 3-month flight on the Russian Space Station, Mir. In March 1995, she was certified by the Russian Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center as qualified to fly on long duration Mir Space Station flights. From October 1995 to November 1996, she was detailed to the NASA JSC Mission Operations Directorate as Assistant Director where she was responsible for chairing the International Space Station Training Readiness Reviews, and facilitating Russian/American operations and training strategies.
A veteran of five space flights, Dunbar has logged more than 1,208 hours (50 days) in space. She served as a mission specialist on STS-61-A in 1985, STS-32 in 1990, and STS-71 in 1995, and was the Payload Commander on STS-50 in 1992, and STS-89 in 1998.
Spaceflight experience
STS-61-A Challenger (October 30-November 6, 1985), was the West German D-1 Spacelab mission. It was the first to carry eight crew members, the largest to fly in space, and was also the first in which payload activities were controlled from outside the United States. More than 75 scientific experiments were completed in the areas of physiological sciences, materials science, biology, and navigation. During the flight, Dunbar was responsible for operating Spacelab and its subsystems and performing a variety of experiments. Her mission training included six months of experiment training in Germany, France, Switzerland, and The Netherlands. STS-61-A launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, and returned to land at Edwards Air Force Base, California. Mission duration was 7 days, 44 minutes 51 seconds, traveling 2.5 million miles in 111 orbits of the Earth.
STS-32 Columbia (January 9–20, 1990), launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, and returned to a night landing at Edwards Air Base in California. During the flight, the crew successfully deployed the Syncom IV-F5 satellite, and retrieved the 21,400-pound Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) using the RMS. They also operated a variety of middeck experiments including the Microgravity Disturbance Experiment (MDE) using the Fluids Experiment Apparatus (FEA), Protein Crystal Growth (PCG), American Flight Echocardiograph (AFE), Latitude/Longitude Locator (L3), Mesoscale Lightning Experiment (MLE), Characterization of Neurospora Circadian Rhythms (CNCR), and the IMAX Camera. Dunbar was principal investigator for the MDE/FEA Experiment. Additionally, numerous medical test objectives, including in-flight lower body negative pressure (LBNP), in-flight aerobic exercise and muscle performance were conducted to evaluate human adaptation to extended duration missions. Mission duration was 10 days, 21 hours, 01 minute, 38 seconds, traveling 4.5 million miles in 173 orbits of the Earth.
STS-50 Columbia (June 25 to July 9, 1992). Dunbar was the Payload Commander on STS-50, the United States Microgravity Lab-1 mission which was dedicated to microgravity fluid physics and materials science. Over 30 experiments sponsored by over 100 investigators were housed in the Spacelab in the Shuttle's Payload Bay. A payload crew of four operated around-the-clock for 13 days performing experiments in scientific disciplines such as protein crystal growth, electronic and infrared detector crystal growth, surface tension physics, zeolite crystal growth, and human physiology. Mission duration was 13 days, 19 hours, 30 minutes and 4 seconds, traveling 5.7 million miles in 221 orbits of the Earth.
STS-71 Atlantis (June 27 to July 7, 1995), was the first Space Shuttle mission to dock with the Russian Space Station Mir, and involved an exchange of crews. The Atlantis was modified to carry a docking system compatible with the Russian Mir Space Station. Dunbar served as MS-3 on this flight which also carried a Spacelab module in the payload bay in which the crew performed medical evaluations on the returning Mir crew. These evaluations included ascertaining the effects of weightlessness on the cardio/vascular system, the bone/muscle system, the immune system, and the cardio/pulmonary system. Mission duration was 9 days, 19 hours, 23 minutes and 8 seconds, traveling 4.1 million miles in 153 orbits of the earth.
STS-89 Endeavour (January 22–31, 1998), was the eighth Shuttle-Mir docking mission during which the crew transferred more than 9,000 pounds of scientific equipment, logistical hardware and water from Space Shuttle Endeavour to Mir. In the fifth and last exchange of a U.S. astronaut, STS-89 delivered Andy Thomas to Mir and returned with David Wolf. Mission duration was 8 days, 19 hours and 47 seconds, traveling 3.6 million miles in 138 orbits of the Earth. Dunbar was the Payload Commander, responsible for all payload activities including the conduct of 23 technology and science experiments.
Education
1971: B.S. Ceramic Engineering, University of Washington
1975: M.S. Ceramic Engineering, University of Washington
1983: Ph.D. Mechanical/Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston
Organizations
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
The American Ceramic Society (ACerS)
National Institute of Ceramic Engineers (NICE)
Keramos Honorary
Society of Biomedical Engineering
American Association for the Advancement of Science
Tau Beta Pi
Materials Research Society (MRS)
Board of Directors, Arnold Air Society and Angel Flight
Board of Trustees Silver Wings (service organization) (SW)
International Academy of Astronautics (IAF)
Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA)
Society of Women Engineers (SWE)
Association of Space Explorers (ASE)
Awards and honors
Honorary Doctorate from Heritage University in 2016
Kappa Delta sorority
Honorary Doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 2000 [5]
The American Ceramic Society (ACerS) James I. Mueller Award, Cocoa Beach, Florida (2000)
Inducted into the Women in Technology International Hall of Fame (2000), one of five women in the world so honored annually
Selected as one of the top 20 women in technology in Houston, Texas (2000)
NASA Space Flight Medals (1985, 1990, 1992, 1995 and 1998)
NASA Superior Accomplishment Award (1997)
Member, National Science Foundation (NSF) Engineering Advisory Board, 1993–present
NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal (1996)
NASA Outstanding Leadership Award (1993)
Fellow of American Ceramic Society (1993)
Design News Engineering Achievement Award (1993)
IEEE Judith A. Resnik Award (1993)[6]
Society of Women Engineers Resnik Challenger Medal (1993)
Museum of Flight Pathfinder Award (1992)
AAES National Engineering Award (1992)
NASA Exceptional Service Award (1991)
University of Houston Distinguished Engineering Alumna (1991)
M.R.S. President's Award (1990)
The American Ceramic Society (ACerS) Schwaltzwalder P.A.C.E. Award (1990)
University of Washington Engineering Alumni Achievement (1989)
NASA Exceptional Service Medal (1988)
The American Ceramic Society (ACerS) Life Membership (1986)
General Jimmy Doolittle Fellow of the Aerospace Education Foundation (1986)
Evergreen Safety Council Public Service in Space Award (1986)
The American Ceramic Society (ACerS) Greaves-Walker Award (1985)
Rockwell International Engineer of the Year (1978)
Graduated Cum Laude from the University of Washington in 1975
On 12 October 1917, an offensive by New Zealanders at Passchendaele (Flanders, Belgium) cost the lives of 845 men, and left more than 2700 wounded. As nzhistory.govt.nz notes, in terms of lives lost on a single day, it was the greatest disaster in New Zealand history.
Archives New Zealand Reference: WA 76 5/1
More on the Battle of Passchendaele can be found at www.nzhistory.net.nz/845-nz-soldiers-die-in-botched-attac...
Material from Archives New Zealand Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga
A U.S. Marine Corps CH-53E Super Stallion aircraft, assigned to Marine Aviation Weapons and Tactics Squadron One, carries an M777 155mm howitzer in an artillery live-fire range during Assault Support Tactics 2 as part of Weapons and Tactics Instructor course 2-24, at Fire Base Burt, near Chocolate Mountain Aerial Gunnery Range, California. April 10, 2024. WTI is an advanced graduate-level course that provides advanced tactical training to enhance and employ advanced aviation weapons and tactics. AST-2 provides prospective WTIs the opportunity to plan, brief, and execute a daytime, battalion-sized, live-fire air assault mission to multiple objective areas, while integrating combined arms and the six functions of Marine Aviation within an expeditionary advanced base operations scenario. (U.S. Marine Corps photo by Lance Cpl. Maurion Moore)
Junagarh Fort (Rajasthani: जुनाग्द क़िला) is a fort in the city of Bikaner, Rajasthan, India. The fort was originally called Chintamani and was renamed Junagarh or "Old Fort" in the early 20th century when the ruling family moved to Lalgarh Palace outside the fort limits. It is one of the few major forts in Rajasthan which is not built on a hilltop. The modern city of Bikaner has developed around the fort.
The fort complex was built under the supervision of Karan Chand, the Prime Minister of Raja Rai Singh, the sixth ruler of Bikaner, who ruled from 1571 to 1611 AD. Construction of the walls and associated moat commenced in 1589 and was completed in 1594. It was built outside the original fort of the city, about 1.5 kilometres from the city centre. Some remnants of the old fort are preserved near the Lakshmi Narayan temple.
Historical records reveal that despite the repeated attacks by enemies to capture the fort, it was not taken, except for a lone one-day occupation by Kamran Mirza. Kamran was the second son of the Mughal Emperor Babur who attacked Bikaner in 1534, which was then ruled by Rao Jait Singh. In the battle, the Mughals were defeated by Rathors. Kamran then returned to Lahore.
The 5.28 hectares large fort precinct is studded with palaces, temples and pavilions. These buildings depict a composite culture, manifest in the mix of architectural styles.
GEOGRAPHY
Junagarh fort is located in the arid region of the Thar desert of Rajasthan bordered on the northwest by the Aravalli range, a range of mountains in western India. Part of the desert area is in Bikaner city, which is one of the three desert triangle cities; the other two cities are Jaisalmer and Jodhpur. The name of the place where Bikaner city with its forts was established was then known as Jungladesh.
HISTORY
Before the present Junagarh Fort was built, an old stone fort existed in the city. This fort was built in 1478 by Rao Bika who established the city of Bikaner in 1472. Rao Bika was the second son of Maharaja Rao Jodha of the Rathor clan, the founder of Jodhpur city. He conquered the large arid lands to the northern region of Rajasthan to set up his domain. As the second son of Jodha he had no chance of inheriting his father’s territory of Jodhpur or to the title of Maharaja. He, therefore, reconciled and decided to build his own kingdom at Bikaner at the place then called "Jungladesh". Bikaner, though a partly of the Thar Desert, was considered an oasis on the trade route between Central Asia and the Gujarat coast since it had adequate spring water sources. Bika’s name was thus tagged to the Bikaner city as well as to the then state of Bikaner (“the settlement of Bika”) that he established. The history of Bikaner and the fort within it thus start with Bika. It was only about 100 years later that Bikaner’s fortunes flourished under Raja Rai Singhji, the sixth ruler of Bikaner, who ruled from 1571 to 1611. During the Mughal Empire’s rule in the country, he accepted the suzerainty of the Mughals and held a high position of an army general in the court of Emperor Akbar and his son Emperor Jahangir. His successful war exploits by way of winning half of Mewar kingdom won him accolades and rewards from the Mughal emperors. He was gifted the jagirs (lands) of Gujarat and Burhanpur. With the large revenue earned from these jagirs, he built the Junagarh fort on a plain land, which has an average elevation of 230 m. The formal foundation ceremony for the fort was held on 17 February 1589 and the fort was completed on 17 January 1594. Raja Rai Singhji, was an expert in arts and architecture and the knowledge that he acquired during his several sojourns to several countries are amply reflected in the numerous monuments he built in the Junagarh fort. Thus the fort, a composite structure, became an outstanding example of architecture and a unique centre of art, amidst the Thar desert.
Karan Singh who ruled from 1631 to 1639, under the suzerainty of the Mughals, built the Karan Mahal palace. Later rulers added more floors and decorations to this Mahal. Anup Singh, who ruled from 1669–98, made substantial additions to the fort complex, with new palaces and the Zenana quarter (royal dwelling for females). He refurbished the Karan Mahal with a Diwan-i-Am (public audience hall) and called it the Anup Mahal. Gaj Singh who ruled from 1746 to 1787 refurbished the Chandra Mahal (the Moon palace). Following him, Surat Singh ruled from 1787 to 1828 and he lavishly decorated the audience hall (see picture in info box) with glass and lively paintwork. Dungar Singh who reigned from 1872 to 1887 built the Badal Mahal (the weather palace) named so in view of a painting of falling rain and clouds (a rare event in arid Bikaner). Ganga Singh who ruled from 1887 to 1943 built the Ganga Niwas Palace, which has towers at the entrance patio. This palace was designed by Sir Samuel Swinton Jacob. Ganga Singh’s son Sadul Singh succeeded his father in 1943 but acceded to the Union of India in 1949. He died in 1950.
Bikaner came under the suzerainty of the British Raj under a treaty of paramountcy signed in 1818, where after the Maharajas of Bikaner invested heavily on refurbishing their Junagarh fort. However, during the 18th century, before this treaty was signed, there was internecine war between rulers of Bikaner and Jodhpur and also amongst other Thakur, which was put down by the British troops. It is reported that during the attack by Jodhpur army, of the two entrances to the fort (one in the east and the other in the west), the eastern entrance and the southern rampart were damaged; marks of cannonballs fired are seen on the southern façade of the fort.
Ganga Singh was the best-known king among the Rajasthan princes. A favourite of the British Raj, he earned the title of Knight Commander of the Star of India. He served as a member of the Imperial War Cabinet, represented the country at the Imperial First World War Conferences and the British Empire at the Versailles Peace Conference and was aware of the shift of fortunes in the World War II but died in 1943, before the war was won by the allies. His contribution to the building activity in Junagarh involved separate halls for public and private audience in the Ganga Mahal and a durbar hall for formal functions. The hall where he held his Golden Jubilee as a ruler of Bikaner is now a museum. He also got a new palace - north of Junagarh fort - designed and built by Swinton, the third of the new palaces built in Bikaner and named it Lalgarh Palace in the name of his father and shifted his residence from Junagarh fort to this palace in 1902. The royal family still lives in a special suite in the Lalbagh palace, which they have converted into a heritage hotel.
STRUCTURES
The structures built within the Junagarh fort are the palaces and temples, which are made of red sandstone (Dulmera) and marble. The palaces are described as picturesque with their assortment of courtyards, balconies, kiosks and windows. The fort, the temples and the palaces are preserved as museums and provide insight into the grandiose living style of the past Maharanas of Rajasthan. The fort is called “a paradox between medieval military architecture and beautiful interior decoration”.
OVERVIEW
The massive fort built in the plains of Bikaner has a rectangular (quadrangular) layout with a peripheral length of 986 m. The fort walls are 4.4 m wide and 12 m in height. It encompasses an area of 5.28 ha. It was surrounded by a moat which was 6.1–7.6 m deep with a base width of 4.6 m and top width of 9.1 m. However, the moat no longer exists. The fort is well fortified with 37 bastions (‘burj’ in local language) and seven gates (two are main gates) to counter enemy attacks. The fort was built as a “new stronghold” outside of the ruins of an old fort built by Rao Bika and on the periphery of the Bikaner city walls (1.5 kilometres from the city centre); the old fort was demolished a century after it was built.
The fort with seven gates contains several palaces, pavilions and many temples of Hindu and Jain religions - the earliest dated to the 16th century. A major feature of the fort is the stone carving done in red and gold coloured sandstones. The interiors of the palaces are decorated and painted in traditional Rajasthani style. The Junagarh palaces have a large number of rooms, as every king built his own separate set of rooms, not wanting to live in his predecessors’ rooms. These structures were considered as “at par with those of Louis’s France or of Imperial Russia”. Several types of architectural style are discerned in the fort complex and hence it is called a true depiction of composite culture. The earliest style is of Rajput architecture, defined by Gujarati and Mughal architectural influence reflecting the association with Mughal rulers, the second type is of semi-western architecture reflecting British influence, and finally the revivalists Rajput architecture that evolved particularly during the rule of Maharaja Ganga Singh. Only the most representative of all these architectural styles are on display for visitors. Thus, the unique monuments on display in the Junagarh Fort represent sixteen successive generations of the rulers of Bikaner, starting from the end of the 16th century.
GATES
While the main entry gate was Karan Pol or Parole, facing east, the current gate of entry is called Suraj Pol (meaning the Sun gate), 'pol' also colloquially spelt prol, built in gold coloured or yellow sandstone, unlike the other gates and buildings built in red sandstone. It is the east facing gate permitting the rising Sun’s rays to fall on the gate, which is considered a good omen. The doors of this gate are strengthened with iron spikes and studs to prevent ramming by elephants during an attack. At the entrance to the gate, two red stone statues of elephants with mahouts stand as sentinels. The gate was also the location for announcing the arrival and departure of royalty by musicians playing the trumpet from a gallery in the gate. The other gates are Karan Pol, Daulat Pol, Chand Pol (a double gate) and Fateh Pol; these provided access to various monuments in the fort. The Karan Pol gate is also braced with iron spikes to prevent battering of the gate by elephants. To the right of this gate is Daulat Pol. Forty-one hand imprints are seen on the Daulat Pol gate wall, in red colour, of the wives of the Maharajas of Bikaner, who committed sati (self immolation) on the funeral pyres of their husbands who died in battle.
Between the main gate and the palace, there is a quadrangle, and then another gate called the Tripolia gate (triple gateway) before accessing the royal chambers. Next to this gate is a small temple called the Har Mandir, where the Royal family used to offer worship. In the quadrangle, which houses a large pavilion with a water pool built in Carrara Italian marble. The Karan Mahal, where public audience was held in the Diwan-i-Am by Karan Singh (1631–39) and his successors till the 20th century, can also be seen in the same quadrangle.
TEMPLES
Har Mandir temple was the royal chapel - private temple of the royal family. The royal family celebrated the Hindu festival of Dussera and Gangaur here, apart from celebrating other family functions such as birthdays and marriages. In the Dussera celebrations, weapons and horses were worshipped here. The main deities worshipped in this temple are the Hindu deities Lakshmi Narayan, a combined representation of god Vishnu and his consort Lakshmi.
The Ratan Behari temple located near the Junagarh Fort, was built in 1846 by the 18th ruler of Bikaner. It was built in Indo-Mughal architectural style using white marble. The Hindu god Krishna is deified in this temple.
PALACES
Karan mahal (Public Audience Hall) was built by Karan Singh in c.1680 to mark his victory over the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. It is considered as one of the most exquisite palaces built with gardens, which displays the aesthetic sensibilities of the royalty of Rajasthan. It has stained glass windows and intricately carved balconies built in stone and wood fluted columns. Later Rajas, Anup Singh and Surat Singh, also added lot of glitter to this palace with inlaid polychrome glass, intricate mirror patterns, and red and gold paint. In the coronation chamber, there is a shored up alcove, which was used as a throne.
Phool Mahal ("Flower Palace") is the oldest part of the palace and was built by king Raja Rai Singh of Bikaner, who ruled between 1571-1668.
Anup Mahal is a multi-storey structure, which functioned as the administrative headquarters of the kingdom. It has ornate wooden ceilings with inlaid mirrors, Italian tiles, and fine lattice windows and balconies. It has some gold leaf paintings. It is considered as one of the “grandest construction”.
Chandra Mahal has the most luxurious room in the palace, which houses gold plated deities and paintings inlaid with precious stones. In the royal bedroom, mirrors have been strategically placed so that the Maharaja could see from his bed, any intruder entering his room.
Ganga Mahal was built in the 20th century by Ganga Singh who reigned for 56 years from 1887 to 1943, has a large durbar hall known as the Ganga Singh Hall that houses the Museum. The museum has exhibits of war weaponry and also a World War I aeroplane (biplane), which is stated to be well maintained.
Badal Mahal (The weather palace) is part of the Anup Mahal extensions. It has paintings of Shekhawati Dundlod chiefs paying respects to the Maharaja of Bikaner in different types of turbans. Photos of people standing on nails, wood, swords and saws are also depicted here – a display of faith and endurance. The walls in this palace depict fresco paintings of the Hindu god Krishna and his consort Radha amidst the rain clouds.
Bikaneri Havelies located both within and outside the fort in the Bikaner city’s by lanes are also of unique architectural style in home architecture. Aldous Huxley who visited these havelis reportedly said “They are the pride of Bikaner.”
FORT MUSEUM
The museum within the fort called the Junagarh Fort Museum was established in 1961 by Maharaja Dr.Karni Singhji under the control of "Maharaja Rai Singhji Trust". The Museum exhibits Sanskrit and Persian manuscripts, miniature paintings, jewels, royal costumes, farmans (royal orders), portrait galleries, costumes, headgear and dresses of gods’ idols, enamelware, silver, palanquins, howdahs and war drums. The museum also displays armoury that consists of one of the assorted collection of post medieval arms.
MAHARAJA RAI SINGHJI TRUST
Maharaja Rai Singhji Trust has been set up by the 'Royal family of Bikaner' with the basic objective to showcase the fort with professional inputs in various areas and to improve the experience for visitors. Another objective is to promote education and research scholarships, cultural activities, setting up of libraries and integration with other such trusts.
WIKIPEDIA
Photo #1
Objective 3:
1. Rule of Thirds: This photo shows good rule of thirds because the heart lays exactly in the crossing of the horizontal and vertical crossing of the thirds lines. This is where the eye naturally goes and makes for a more interesting stronger picture.
2. Perspective and depth: The perspective is low down to the book and this is an angle we don’t normally see. Because of this low angle the heart looks and lot bigger than it actually is compared to the book making the heart the center of attention.
4. Backgrounds: What background there is, is simple and black and contrasts with the picture. The simple no distracting background keeps the eyes from wandering away from the heart, this keeps the main subject in focus.
5. Leading Lines: The text in the books leads to the heart and brings the eyes attention back to the heart. The edge of the book also leads the focus and attention back to the main subject. This makes for a more interesting picture.
Objective 4: Lighting (side, back, soft, hard, fill)
Types of lighting and how they contribute to the image: This image has hard side lighting. It makes a nice crisp shadow which is what I was going for and it really defines the edges of the heart this makes for a little bit of an edgy look.
Objective 5: Post Production (resize, contrast, sharpening, and others you have done)
Corrections/adjustments made: I added sharpen, contrast, resized and changed it to black and white. The sharpen made the image look crisper, the contrast really helped bring out the shadow from the book, resized to go on flickr and black and white to add a unique look. These helped make this image much stronger.
Objective 6: Critique
Strength: I think this is a really unique shot with good rule of thirds.
Area for growth:I think including words from the text would make this image a lot more interesting.
objectivity: judgment based on observable phenomena and uninfluenced by emotions or personal prejudices.
Microscopic photo showing tumor cells and vessels are diffusely positive for CD34. IHC stain. 20X objective magnification. Jian-Hua Qiao, MD, FCAP, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Note: This is also known as the Chosin Reservoir, where LTC Donald C. Faith was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor with the 1st Battalion, 32nd Infantry Regiment.
The display reads:
D Battery, 15th AAA (AW) Battalion, Changjin Reservoir, Nov – Dec 1950
By late Fall 1950, UN forces had retaken nearly the entire Korean Peninsula, pushing the North Korean Army northwards, almost to the Yalu River separating the peninsula from China.
Diplomatic relations with China had been severed in 1949 after the Chinese takeover, and therefore Chinese warnings to the US through third party channels went mostly unheeded.
The first Chinese attack on US forces occurred on 1 November when the 1st Cavalry Division’s 8th Cavalry Regiment was largely overwhelmed by massed Chinese infantry assaults. Intense combat resulted in nearly 800 US and an untold amount of Chinese losses. However, by 6 November, the line was quiet again and the Chinese attack was written off as an anomaly.
To the 1st Cavalry’s right, the US X Corps (1st Marine Division and US 7th Infantry Division) pressed its advance northwards later in the month with the Yalu River as its ultimate objective. However, on the night of the 27th, the Chinese People’s Liberation Army struck X Corps on both sides of the Changjin Reservoir, cutting off the two US Divisions and forcing a fighting withdrawal that has become one of the epic battles in US military history.
D Battery, 15th AAA Battalion, under Captain James McClymont was a key part of the 31st Regimental Combat Team, the 7th Infantry Division’s lead element. Tasked with providing air defense support for the 57th Artillery, D / 15 AAA brought heavy firepower that could be used in the direct-fire role as well. Aware of the 8th Cavalry’s fight earlier in the month and expecting enemy contact, Captain McClymont ordered his crews to draw double their standard ammunition load prior to moving out with the 31st RCT.
From 27 November through 2 December 1950, D Battery’s M16 Halftracks and M19 Gun Motor Carriages repulsed numerous attacks on friendly positions with .50 caliber and 40mm fire. The Battery was instrumental in affecting the withdrawal of the remnants of the 31st RCT back to friendly lines. For their valorous actions during the Battle of the Changjin Reservoir, D Battery personnel were awarded two posthumous Distinguished Service Crosses and more than a dozen Silver Stars, making D Battery the most highly decorated AAA unit of the Korean War.
M19 40mm Gun Motor Carriage
Manufacturer: Cadillac Motor Car Division of GM
Number Produced: 300
Armament: Two M2A1 40mm automatic AA guns, one .30 caliber machine gun
Crew: 6 (Commander, Driver, two Gunners and two Loaders)
Speed: 35mph on roads
Unrefueled Range: 100 miles
Length: 19 feet
Width: 9.6 feet
Height: 10 feet
Weight: 39,000lbs
Ammunition: 353 rounds 40mm, 352 additional 40mm rounds in M23 ammunition trailer and 1,000 rounds .30 cal
Powerplant: Two 110hp Cadillac 44T4 V8 gasoline engines
Citation:
The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Silver Star to Captain (Coast Artillery Corps) James R. McClymont (ASN: 0-1059196), United States Army, for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action against the enemy while Serving as Commanding Officer, Battery A, 15th Anti-Aircraft Artillery (Automatic Weapons) Battalion (Self Propelled), 7th Infantry Division, in action near the Chosin Reservoir, North Korea, on 28 November 1950. On this date, the Battery Captain McClymont commanded was providing close support fires for infantry and field artillery units in positions east of the reservoir. From his location at the Battery Command Post, Captain McClymont learned that the Command Post of his first platoon was under exceedingly heavy enemy fire and was in grave danger. Captain McClymont called for volunteers to form a patrol to go to the rescue of the platoon headquarters and then led the patrol to the vicinity of the action. He saw that his patrol was far outnumbered by the enemy attacking force, which was firing automatic weapons, small arms, and mortars and was throwing hand grenades. With complete disregard for his personal safety, Captain McClymont exposed himself to almost certain injury or death by leading his patrol of one officer and six enlisted men quickly into close combat with the enemy. Under his cool and aggressive leadership, the patrol killed or dispersed all of the enemy in the vicinity. Captain McClymont himself killed a number of the enemy. As a result of Captain McClymont's personal daring and resourceful leadership, the patrol rescued one officer and six enlisted men who were still alive, and recovered the bodies of one officer and four enlisted men who had been killed. Captain McClymont's display of gallantry on this occasion was in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflects great credit upon himself, his unit, and the United States Army.
Citation:
The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Silver Star to Sergeant First Class Robert M. Slater (ASN: RA-34929995), United States Army, for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action against the enemy while serving with Battery D, 15th Anti-Aircraft Artillery (Anti-Aircraft) Battalion (Self Propelled), 7th Infantry Division, in action at the Chosin Reservoir, North Korea, on 28 November 1950. On this date the gun section of which Sergeant Slater was the leader was in close support of two field artillery units at a point on a defense perimeter. Sergeant Slater emplaced his two self-propelled weapons so as best to cover the routes of approach being used by the enemy to attack the perimeter at that point. Between the hours of 0030 to 0730 on this date the enemy attempted to pierce the perimeter by repeated rushes with small arms, hand grenades and Bangalore torpedoes, in an effort to knock our Sergeant Slater's weapons. Although he could have exercised command of his section from the comparative safety of a foxhole or inside one of the armored vehicles, Sergeant Slater, with undaunted courage, voluntarily exposed himself to intense enemy fire by going constantly back and forth between the weapons, directing the fire, passing ammunition, encouraging the gun crews, assigning and instructing replacements for casualties, until he himself was wounded in the face by shell fragments, although this did not stop him. As a result of his high devotion to duty and his extreme personal bravery, his section killed at least one hundred enemy and the integrity of the defense in that vicinity was maintained. Sergeant Slater's heroism, without regard for his own life, were in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit upon himself, his unit, and the United States Army.
Citation:
The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Silver Star to Sergeant Grantford R. Brown (ASN: RA-16249353), United States Army, for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action against the enemy while serving with the Battery D, 15th Anti-Aircraft Artillery (Automatic Weapons) Battalion (Self Propelled), 7th Infantry Division, in action near the Chosin Reservoir, North Korea, on 29 November 1950. On this date, the M-19 gun carriage which Sergeant Brown commanded was defending a sector of the defense perimeter established to protect elements of the 37th Field Artillery Battalion. Between the hours of 0030 and 0730 the enemy made repeated attacks against Sergeant Brown's position. In spite of very heavy enemy mortar, automatic weapons, and small-arms fire, Sergeant Brown exposed himself without regard for his own personal safety in order to direct the fire of his weapons more accurately. By courageously moving on the ground to various positions of vantage he was able to direct the fire to enemy targets which were most dangerous. After being hit in the leg by a mortar shell fragment, Sergeant Brown valiantly stayed at his post until the attacks by the enemy ceased. His outstanding and devoted leadership caused the enemy to be killed in large numbers and forced them to abandon the attack. Sergeant Brown's display of gallantry on this occasion was in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflects great credit upon himself, his unit, and the United States Army.
Taken December 13th, 2013.
Not so seldom it happens at flea markets that the seller doesn't know what (s)he is selling. So the price can be 10 euros...
This tube is with common M42 mount. So adapting to DSLR cameras is easy.
This is an objective 'Made in Nowhere' but there are many common features with the GDR Zeiss Jena's 2.8/135mm. The built in hood is, however, a missing feature here.
Read rewievs by viser men:
www.pentaxforums.com/userreviews/revuenon-auto-revuenon-1...
(somewhat different version)
and
forum.mflenses.com/auto-revuenon-135mm-f2-8-t2094.html
It is evident that Auto Revuenon 2.8/135mm exists in two versions, from GDR and Japan.
See sample photos at Flickr:
American Soldiers of Company D, 2nd Battalion, 7th Infantry Regiment, 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 3rd Infantry Division and Danish soldiers of Dragoon Regiment, 1st Armored Battalion, 1st Danish Tank Squadron, participated in a Combined Arms Live Fire Exercise at the Drawsko Pomorskie Training Area, Poland June 16, 2015. The Soldiers are participating in Saber Strike 15, a long-standing U.S. Army Europe-led cooperative training exercise. This year’s exercise objectives facilitate cooperation amongst the U.S., Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland to improve joint operational capability in a range of missions as well as preparing the participating nations and units to support multinational contingency operations. There are more than 6,000 participants from 13 different nations. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. Brandon Anderson, 13th Public Affairs Detachment/Released.)
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COMM 335 Photojournalism in COMM 335 - Fall 2013 Photojournalism Benedictine University, Springfield, “We decide what is real and what is an illusion”
Class Objectives:
In today’s media landscape, an understanding of photography is crucial to most jobs. Copy editors, page designers, web designers and photographers have to create and evaluate images on a daily basis. The purpose of this class is to give you those skills.This class will stress many different skills. Learning the technical tools and software of a photographer will be covered at the start. We will focus on the creation of the highest quality still images. The class will focus on storytelling, since this is the primary purpose of professional photojournalism and many other specialized areas of photography. Anyone seeking employment in media must possess the ability to create and discern quality images and effective content. This class will stress actual production of photojournalistic material. Instructor Information:
Instructor: Gerald SchneiderOffice: lower level of Becker Library, extension 245 /Capital Area Career Center 2201 Toronto Road room 206 phone 529-5431 ext.162Email: jschneider@caccschool.org gschneider@ben.edu Office hours: 11:30 am - 3:00 pm M-F at the CACC office photography lab (217) 529-5431 ext 162 or by appointment MTW 8am-9amClass website: www.classes.
Required Material:
Text: Photojournalism6th Editionby Ken KobreISBN: 978-0-7506-8593-1
SLR or equivalent camera (digital preferred). The university does have a few cameras that can be checked out.USB Device with min. 2gb capacity, Proper Memory card.
Grades:
•Portrait photo - 100 points•Coverage photo - 200 points•Photo essay - 150 points•Shoot off - 50 points•Final - 85 points•Attendance - 15 points Photojournalist -50 points
Total: 500 points
Grading scale
500 - 450 A449 - 400 B399 - 350C349 - 300 D299 - 0 F
There is no rounding up of pointsAttendance policy:• Two or less classes missed - 15 points• Three classes missed - 7 points• Four or more classes missed - 0 points
I do not differentiate between excused and unexcused absences. Save your two “free” days for when you really need them.
There will be an attendance sheet for you to sign every day. The sheet is the arbiter on missed classes, so don’t forget to sign in.
Assignments
Benedictine Magazine - This will be a semester long project which will use photographs the class has created about our University.Cover design, articles about students and staff, sports, activities and school architecture will be the content to be published at the end of the semester. This will become a regular publication for the University with proper funding as generated by the class marketing activities. Most assignments will contribute to this final publication project. The students will learn from the actual production of a photojournalistic publication.
Portrait photo(s) - This is an image of a person that conveys something about that person. The photo should be done as an environmental portrait, not a canned one (like your senior photo). Proper lighting, composition, focus and exposure are part of the grade as well. An accurate cutline should also be included.This assignment will be one of our first in order to identify with each other and will be repeated for other University staff and students. You will also present your photo(s) to the class; it will count towards the grade.
Coverage photo(s) - This can be photos from a news event or a sporting event. Benedictine events are fine, as are any other venues (community activities, intramural sports, etc.) The key moment(s) should be presented as well as good lighting, composition, focus and exposure. An accurate cutline should also be included. You will have several of these assignments with multiple subjects or themes. You will also present your photo(s) to the class; it will count towards the grade.
Architecture - This project will capture the rich historical building on campus. You will also present your photo(s) to the class; it will count towards the grade.
Seasonal - This project will have a theme relative to a season or celebration. October, November and December are times when seasonal atmosphere can really effect the creative process. You will also present your photo(s) to the class; it will count towards the grade.
Photo essay - Each student will choose an event or person and record an in-depth photographic story. This assignment should contain quality images. It should be between ten and fifteen frames, effective lighting, composition, and editing (enhancement) are part of the grade as well. You will also present your photo essay to the class; it will count towards the grade.
Shoot today - Student will be assigned a topic at the start of class and then have the rest of the period to wander around campus to fulfill that assignment. The following class period, students will edit their shoot and present their images to the class. There will be several of these assignments when conditions allow. You will also present your photo(s) to the class; it will count towards the grade.
Photo Journalist research - This assignment each student will research a specific photojournalist and discuss his best photograph with the class
Quiz - Multiple choice, fill in the blank and short answer questions, which will cover the material from class as well as the material in the textbook. The quiz will be open book.
- Students need to have a decent camera; a SLR or equivalent. The university does have a few that can be checked out. Film cameras are OK, but processing costs are the student’s responsibility. All projects must be turned in as digital files, as well as all photos from a student’s shoot. Most film processors can burn you a CD with digital copies of your prints. You may also use the darkrooms at the Capital Area Career Center under the direction of lab assistants. See your instructor for details.
- All photos can be uploaded to the class Flickr site: www.flickr.com/groups/benedictinephotojournalism335/ (click to join the group) this is so we can learn from each other and get the experience of actually producing something. We will spend class time examining everyone’s projects. This website will be live to the world; anybody will be able to see your work. Being able to critique other photographers work and to benefit from others who critique your work is most critical. You must also have your original projects and photographs available for critique during class on your camera media card or USB device. The quality of your work and your participation during critiques is the most import part of this class.
About your instructor
Mr. Schneider has been a photographer for 35 years. He has served on the faculty at Southern Illinois University, University of Illinois, District 186 Springfield,Lincoln Land Community College, The Lincoln Institute, Lincoln Scholars, the Capital Area Career Center and the Springfield Art Association. He has administered a private photography business for 35 years. He has attended Southern Illinois University, University of Illinois, Illinois StateUniversity, Chicago State University, Royal Academy London, University ofNotre Dame . University Policies1. The search for truth and the dissemination of knowledge are the central missions of a university. Benedictine University pursues these missions in an environment guided by our Roman Catholic tradition and our Benedictine heritage. Integrity and honesty are therefore expected of all members of the University community, including students, faculty members, administration, and staff.Actions such as cheating, plagiarism, collusion, fabrication, forgery, falsification, destruction, multiple submission, solicitation, and misrepresentation, are violations of these expectations and constitute unacceptable behavior in the University community. The penalties for such actions can range from a private verbal warning, all the way to expulsion from the University. The University’s Academic Honesty Policy is available at http:/www.ben.edu/AHP and students are expected to read it.2. A student whose religious obligation conflicts with a course requirement may request an academic accommodation from the instructor.Students must make such requests in writing by theend of the first week of the class.
3. Benedictine University at Springfield strives to provide individuals with disabilities reasonable accommodations to participate in educational programs, activities and services. Students with a documented permanent or temporary disability requiring accommodations should contact Disability Services as early in the semester as possible. Disability Services works with students, faculty and other campus personnel in a cooperative and confidential effort to find appropriate solutions to each individual’s special needs.
To request an appointment or for further information please contact Disability Services at 217-525-1420 X 3306 or email springaccess@ben.edu. If you need help Email me jschneider@caccschool.org or gschneider@ben.edu Class Policies•All assignments must be turned in on the day they are due and at the beginning of class. Late work will not be accepted and there are no extra credit assignments. Assignments notturned in when they are due will result in a score of zero points for that assignment.
•Turn OFF all cell phones, beepers,.mp3 players, etc. If you are waiting for an emergency phone call, see me before class. Do not check messages during class time, but before class is fine.
•Please do not bring laptops/netbooks into class unless we are working with photoshop.Do not surf the Internet during class time. If you need to take notes on a computer, please clearit with me first.
•Respect your fellow students and teacher.Disruptions (such as talking with friends during class, doing homework during class, reading newspapers during class, etc.) will not be tolerated. • Do not be tardy to class. If you cannot make the start of class regularly, see me. There will be an attendance sheet for you to sign. Remember to sign in each class period.
•You are responsible for the material if you miss a class; either get the notes from a fellow student or see me during office hours. Do not email me something like: “Did I miss anything important?”
•Your campus email address will be the official way I contact you with course and/or academic performance information. Check your email often. “I didn’t get your email,” is not an excuse for missed work and/or information.
•Check D2L, the Twitter feed and the class website often. Your grades will be posted on D2L.
•Feedback on your projects will be during critique sessions.
Class schedule - COMM 335 MW 9:00 am - 10:15 am (3) (3105) room D 220
Week 1Aug. 26: Intro, class expectationsAug. 28: Camera basics / Photo gear/check out procedures/-Chapter 1
Week 2Sept. 2: Labor Day, no classSept. 4: 35mm SLR basics /Picture editing workshop/Chapter 2/research a photojournalist choose his best photograph and be prepared to discuss it at next class
Week 3Sept. 9: Quiz on camera operation and care/discuss photojournalistSept. 11: Project # 1 Shoot a portrait of someone in the class and write a brief biography about that student./-Chapter 3/research a photojournalist choose his best photograph and be prepared to discuss it at next class
Week 4Sept. 16: Basic composition and lighting - critique project 1/Chapter 4/discuss photojournalistSept. 18: Basic composition and lighting - Project # 2 Coverage of an event, activity, Benedictine staff or student story, Historical building on or off campus/research a photojournalist choose his best photograph and be prepared to discuss it at next class
Week 5Sept. 23: PhotoShop basics - critique project 2 /-Chapter 5/discuss photojournalistSept. 25: PhotoShop basics-Project # 3 Coverage of an event, activity, Benedictine staff or student story, Historical building on or off campus/research a photojournalist choose his best photograph and be prepared to discuss it at next class
Week 6Sept. 30: Portrait - Chapter 5/critique project #3/photoShop basics cont./-Chapter 6/discuss photojournalistOct. 2: In-class: Portraits / Photoshop / Project # 4 Coverage of an event, activity, Benedictine staff or student story, Historical building on or off campus/research a photojournalist choose his best photograph and be prepared to discuss it at next class
Week 7Oct. 7: Fall break, no class Oct. 9: Portrait photo due/critique project # 4/photoshop practice/-Chapter 7/research a photojournalist choose his best photograph and be prepared to discuss it at next class/discuss photojournalist
Week 8Oct. 14:Midsemester Break Oct. 16: Event coverage — Sports - Chapter 6 /Project # 5 Coverage of an event, activity, Benedictine staff or student story, Historical building on or off campus/photoShop practice/discuss photojournalistcritique project # 4/PhotoShop practice/-Chapter 8/research a photojournalist choose his best photograph and be prepared to discuss it at next class
Week 9 Oct. 21: Seasonal project #6 /Chapter 9/critique project # 5 /PhotoShop practice /research a photojournalist choose his best photograph and be prepared to discuss it at next class//discuss photojournalist Oct. 23: No class,
Week 10 Oct. 28: PhotoShop practice / Critique project # 6 /discuss photojournalist Oct. 30: Photo essay - Chapter 10/photoShop practice/research a photojournalist choose his best photograph and be prepared to discuss it at next class Week 11 Nov. 4: Shoot-today, project #7 / Chapter 11//discuss photojournalist Nov. 6: Shoot-today , photoshop project #7
Week 12 Nov. 11:Critique Project #7 / Chapter 12 Nov. 13: Final project presentation and discussion
Week 13 Nov. 18: Photo essay of seasonal activity/-Chapter 13 Nov. 20: In-class: write cut lines for photo essay
Week 14 Nov. 25: Photoshop lab/- Chapter 14 Nov. 27: Photoshop lab
Week 15 Dec. 2: Career Day Dec. 4: Open day (work on make up assignments) photoshop lab/-Chapter 15&16/Final Exam presentation Week 16 : Dec. 9 : Final Exam presentation Dec.11: Final Exam due
*Note: Changes to the schedule may occur during the semester, depending on access to labs and equipment.
Grading scale
500 - 450 A449 - 400 B399 - 350C349 - 300 D299 - 0 F•Portrait photo/pohtojournalist discussions - 100 points•Coverage photo - 250 points•Shoot off - 50 points•Final Exam - 85 points•Attendance - 15 points
Total: 500 points