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Seismic retrofitting is the modification of existing structures to make them more resistant to seismic activity, ground motion, or soil failure due to earthquakes. With better understanding of seismic demand on structures and with our recent experiences with large earthquakes near urban centers, the need of seismic retrofitting is well acknowledged. Prior to the introduction of modern seismic codes in the late 1960s for developed countries (US, Japan etc.) and late 1970s for many other parts of the world (Turkey, China etc.),[1] many structures were designed without adequate detailing and reinforcement for seismic protection. In view of the imminent problem, various research work has been carried out. State-of-the-art technical guidelines for seismic assessment, retrofit and rehabilitation have been published around the world - such as the ASCE-SEI 41[2] and the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering (NZSEE)'s guidelines.[3] These codes must be regularly updated; the 1994 Northridge earthquake brought to light the brittleness of welded steel frames, for example.[4]
The retrofit techniques outlined here are also applicable for other natural hazards such as tropical cyclones, tornadoes, and severe winds from thunderstorms. Whilst current practice of seismic retrofitting is predominantly concerned with structural improvements to reduce the seismic hazard of using the structures, it is similarly essential to reduce the hazards and losses from non-structural elements. It is also important to keep in mind that there is no such thing as an earthquake-proof structure, although seismic performance can be greatly enhanced through proper initial design or subsequent modifications.
In the past, seismic retrofit was primarily applied to achieve public safety, with engineering solutions limited by economic and political considerations. However, with the development of Performance based earthquake engineering (PBEE), several levels of performance objectives are gradually recognised:
Public safety only. The goal is to protect human life, ensuring that the structure will not collapse upon its occupants or passersby, and that the structure can be safely exited. Under severe seismic conditions the structure may be a total economic write-off, requiring tear-down and replacement.
Structure survivability. The goal is that the structure, while remaining safe for exit, may require extensive repair (but not replacement) before it is generally useful or considered safe for occupation. This is typically the lowest level of retrofit applied to bridges.
Structure functionality. Primary structure undamaged and the structure is undiminished in utility for its primary application. A high level of retrofit, this ensures that any required repairs are only "cosmetic" - for example, minor cracks in plaster, drywall and stucco. This is the minimum acceptable level of retrofit for hospitals.
Structure unaffected. This level of retrofit is preferred for historic structures of high cultural significance.
Mercedes Benz Cls Royal 2012 Wallpaper HD, 1920 x 1080, 573 KB
mercedes-benz-cls-royal-2012-wallpaper.jpg
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Modifications:
- Sanding faceplate
- Sculpture of the mouth
- Make-up faceplate
- Make-up eyelids
- Eyechips
- Gaze correction
- Boggled eyes
- Sleepy eyes
- New eyelashes
I had to cut several holes in the back of the case to fit the I/O shield-plate for the new motherboard (Asus P5Q-EM), and a full-size ATX power supply unit.
You will find this connector near the OBD Connector.
You have to press-in a tab to allow the white holding tab to release.
Do not do this with your car on, better yet, disconnect the battery.
The bar at the top of the drivers side footwell used to run straight across the car. I shortened the passenger side footwell to create more space for the engine.
We’ve become so accustomed to foreclosures on underwater homes that we forget that’s not how it used to be. Foreclosures have always been part of the system, and prior to the housing bust, foreclosures happened to people who had equity in their properties. Foreclosures happen because... at Man refuses to sell house he couldn't afford, complains about foreclosure
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Covering the outdated round white planters with exterior chalkboards... solved the problem of A-boards blowing over in the wind too! Total cost apx £60
Modify
Video stills/digital prints, variable sizes
From modification series- based on silicone female straightjacket sculpture
I feel pretty O so pretty O so pretty and witty and pierced!
16ga blue titanium ring in the helix and 8ga glass in the lobe.
helix by Tam
lobe by Dave
both from Cold Steel America
Haight st, San Francisco CA
Here you see the 3/4" female threaded PVC adapter epoxied to the original attachment point of the air tank. This provides the needed interface to attach any type of barrel that you can possibly dream up.
Unlike Gengar003's mod on the NerfHaven forums, my mod does not integrate the stock barrel and thus avoids all the blank airspace created by that mod and also decreases the overall length of the gun.