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why cards to body language by Body Language

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Why Body language?

More than 90% of our communication is conveyed by non-verbal means. Body language is the main factor in such communication. This is an ancient form of interaction that is even more evident in the animal world. The non-verbal messages are mostly perceived in our unconsciousness leading us to a hunch or a feeling regarding a person or a situation: “I don’t like him, I can feel he is lying” or on the positive side, “I immediately felt connected to her”.

Body language can be used to improve your negotiation skills, your presentation ability and in different social interactions, including a romantic date.

If it is a natural form of communication, why do I need to learn it?

Only a small percentage of the population perceive the non-verbal signs at the consciousness level and can use body language as a tool to “read” others and to present themselves and their messages in a reliable way. These people can create empathy, detect lies within seconds, and feel immediately when it’s the right time to close a deal. Others can learn it; many politicians practice body language techniques and use personal training for these purposes. Similarly, police and security experts are trained to understand body language as a tool to detect lies. In the corporate world, body language interpretation is a key tool in the interview and hiring process of new employees. Some companies even have a body language expert present during interviews and as part of a negotiation team for large-scale deals.

Why cards?

Mastering the secrets of the body language might be complicated. Body Language is a visual mode of communication- you cannot learn it just from reading- you need to see it. Body Language Cards do just that; they flood your consciousness with the visual gesture and connect it to its meaning.

Most important: It works!!!

Body Language Cards are used as an integral part on professional body language courses; they are practiced as an educational devise in corporations; Body Language Cards are even used in psychology courses in colleges all over the world as they were recently translated in 4 additional languages

by Mª Verónica

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Hay muchos que no tendran la necesidad de mentirme ..

U.S. Funds a New English Language Lab for Orphans in Islamabad by U.S. Embassy Islamabad

Islamabad, May 22, 2013 – U.S. Ambassador Richard Olson joined staff of the SOS Children’s Village of Islamabad to inaugurate a new English language laboratory at SOS today. Established with a grant from the U.S. Ambassador’s Fund, the new lab will enable the children living at the SOS Children’s Village to improve their English-language skills.

To furnish the lab, the U.S. government bought 22 computers, furniture, a printer, and special English-language software. “The U.S. government funds comprehensive education programs that will help millions of Pakistani children. Our funding of the new English-language lab for the SOS Children’s Village is an example of this assistance. It shows how the United States and Pakistan can work together to improve the lives of Pakistan’s children,” said Ambassador Olson at the inauguration of the English lab.

When asked about the impact of this English language lab, SOS Children’s Village of Islamabad Chairperson, Ms. Naznin Murtaza, said, “English has become the common language of business and education throughout the world. However, most of the SOS children are from backgrounds that have not afforded them the opportunities to learn English. The new U.S.-funded English Language Lab will help these children overcome that challenge and equip them with English-language skills so they can rise as far as their talent and hard work will take them.”

The SOS Children’s Village of Islamabad was established in July 2011, and is currently supporting 92 boys and girls, along with 13 mothers. Most of these children are from Azad Jammu and Kashmir, and were orphaned by the devastating 2005 earthquake.

This initiative is one part of a comprehensive U.S. education assistance program, which includes building or rehabilitating nearly 800 schools; launching new degree programs in education at 90 teacher colleges and universities; providing scholarships for 12,000 students to study in Pakistan; and operating the largest Fulbright academic exchange program in the world.

The U.S. Ambassador’s Fund is a $15 million grant program managed by USAID and implemented under a contract with the National Rural Support Program (NRSP). The fund provides opportunities for Pakistani NGOs, civil society groups, private sector organizations, and communities to apply for and receive funding assistance to improve basic economic or social conditions at the local community level and support high-impact, quick-implementation activities. Interested parties should visit NRSP’s website at sgafp.org.pk.

To learn more about many other U.S.-Pakistan initiatives that are making a positive impact on the lives of Pakistanis – in energy, economic development, and health – please visit transition.usaid.gov/pk/ or email us at uspakassistance@state.gov.

Language Movement 1952 by Muktijuddho e-Archive

একুশঃ ভাষা আন্দোলনের সচিত্র ইতিহাস (১৯৪৭-১৯৫৬) - সি এম তারেক রেজা

Language Movement 1952 by Muktijuddho e-Archive

একুশঃ ভাষা আন্দোলনের সচিত্র ইতিহাস (১৯৪৭-১৯৫৬) - সি এম তারেক রেজা

Language Movement 1952 by Muktijuddho e-Archive

একুশঃ ভাষা আন্দোলনের সচিত্র ইতিহাস (১৯৪৭-১৯৫৬) - সি এম তারেক রেজা

Language Movement 1952 by Muktijuddho e-Archive

একুশঃ ভাষা আন্দোলনের সচিত্র ইতিহাস (১৯৪৭-১৯৫৬) - সি এম তারেক রেজা

body language by lightpainter

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Blick auf Baum in Bonn-Lengsdorf (137FJAKA_4637) by Janko Hoener

Title in other languages:

English: View onto tree in Lengsdorf, Bonn, Germany

Nederlands: Zicht op boom in Bonn-Lengsdorf (Duitsland)

English:

Welcome and thank you for being here! This image forms part of a collection of photographs of moments on Planet Earth.

If you enjoy this work and want to support me financially, I’m glad to receive your donation via Paypal: paypal.me/jankohoener

If you intend to use this picture for your own purposes, please credit me with the following attribution line: Janko Hoener / CC-BY-SA-4.0. This is required by the license terms. A link back to this page and informing me about your usage via FlickrMail is appreciated.

Deutsch:

Willkommen und vielen Dank, dass Sie hier sind! Dieses Bild stellt Teil einer Sammlung von Fotografien von Augenblicken auf dem Planet Erde dar.

Wenn Ihnen diese Arbeit zusagt und Sie mich finanziell dabei unterstützen möchten, so freue ich mich über Ihre Spende via Paypal: paypal.me/jankohoener

Wenn Sie dieses Foto für eigene Zwecke nutzen möchten, geben Sie bitte Janko Hoener / CC-BY-SA-4.0 in der Bildunterschrift an. Dies ist per Lizenz gefordert. Über einen Link auf diese Seite und eine Benachrichtigung über die Nutzung via FlickrMail freue ich mich.

This image is taken from United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 18, Nos. 1-6, 1923 by Medical Heritage Library, Inc.

Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive

Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 18, Nos. 1-6, 1923

Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher:

Sponsor:

Contributor:

Date: 1923-01

Language: eng

Table of Contents

Number 1

PREFACE v

NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi

SPECIAL ARTICLES : Study of the earth sciences — its purpose and its

interrelations with medicine. By T. W. Vaughan, Geologist, U. S. Geological Survey

1

Psychometric tests for recruiting stations. By Lieutenant J. R. Poppen,

Medical Corps, U. S. N 14

Problem of malaria in marines in Haiti. By Lieutenant Commander A. H.

Allen, Medical Corps, U. S. N 25

Functions and organization of Medical Corps units serving with the

Marine Corps in the field. By Major S. N. Raynor, U. S. Marine Corps. 31

PSYCHONEUROSES AND THEIR TREATMENT. By Major W. O. Krohn, Medical

Reserve Corps, U. S. A 39

Use of chaulmoogra oil derivatives in leprosy. By Lieutenant C. B. Van

Gaasbeek, Medical Corps, U. S. N 60

Hygienic Laboratory of the Republic of Haiti. By Lieutenant R. M.

Cholsser, Medical Corps, U. S. N 56

Modelling compound impressions. By Lieutenant Commander H. E. Harvey,

Dental Corps, U. S. N 61

EDITORIAL :

Diabetes mellitus. —Treatment of hookworm infection. —Acetic acid treatment

of burns. —Serum diagnosis of syphilis. — Interest shown In pathology by

medical officers of the service. —Treatment of

leprosy 65

CLINICAL NOTES: Report of an unusual occupational injury. By Captain J.

C. Pryor, Medical Corps, U. S. N 77

Smallpox vaccination aboard the U. S. S. Mississippi. By Commander F.

G. Abeken, Medical Corps, U. S. N 79

Effect or carbol-fuchsin stain on diseases or the gingivae. By Lieutenant

H. A. Daniels, Dental Corps, U. S. N. 81

Two interesting abdominal cases. By Lieutenant Commander A. L. Clifton

and Lieutenant F. R. Hook, Medical Corps, U. S. N 82

Malnutrition. By Lieut. Commander D. Hunt, Medical Corps, U. S. N 85

Luetic perforation of the hard palate with surgical closure. By Lieutenant

F. E. Locy, Medical Corps, U. S. N 86

Removal of an organized othematoma. By Lieutenant F. E. Locy, Medical

Corps, U. S. N 87

A typical mandibular fracture. By Lieutenant E. L. Walter, Dental Corps,

U. S. N 88

Asepsis in conductive anesthesia. By Lieutenant (J. g.) W. I. Minowitz,

Dental Corps, U. S. N. 89

NOTES AND COMMENTS:

Terminal disinfection after infectious disease. —Changes made in the

manufacture and issue of triple typhoid vaccine at the Army Medical School.

—Naval medical service. —Selected works of Thomas Sydenham, M. D. —William

Dampier. — Pathological changes. — Administration of thymol for relief of

hookworm infestations. — Notes of sanitary and hygienic interest. — Sticky fly solution.

— Fluid extract of squills as a rat poison. —Ship fumigation. —Symposium on the

treatment of gonorrhoea. — " Notes from China." —Louls-Antoine

Ranvler.— Seasickness and atropine. — Few thoughts on keeping oneself

professionally smart 93

NURSE CORPS 119

BOOK NOTICES 131

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, STATISTICS, LETTERS, ORDERS, NEW LEGISLATION, ETC.

139

Number 2

PREFACE v

NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi

SPECIAL ARTICLES:

MILITARY SURGEON AS A SPECIALIST.

By Capt. D. N. Carpenter, Medical Corps, U. S. N 177

Equipment of transports during the World War.

By Commander J. J. Synder, Medical Corps, U. S. N 185

Plastic surgery.

By Lieut. Commander Lucius W. Johnson, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 214

Clinical value of blood chemistry in chronic nephritis.

By Lieut. Commander J. J. O'Malley, Medical Corps, U. S. N 210

Correction of occlusal stress on inlay patterns without distortion.

By Lieut. Commander H. E. Hurvey, Dental Corps, U. S. N 224

EDITORIAL:

Vomiting In acute abdominal lesions. — New treatment of diabetes by insulin.

—Treatment of fractures. —Treatment of fracture of the femur.—Mental causes of

accidents. — Treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning by means of oxygen-carbon

dioxide inhalation. —Use of stethoscope in counting the heart beats during

anesthesia 227

CLINICAL NOTES :

Acute streptococcus penile gangrene.

By Lieut. L. B. Greene, Medical Corps, U. S. N 243

Suspension apparatus for sick-bay bunks.

By Lieut. Commander Lucius W. Johnson, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 244

Multiple hernia.

By Lieut. Commander Lucius W. Johnson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 244

Observation on fifteen fractures of the mandible.

By Lieut. Commander J. L. Brown, Dental Corps, U. S. N 245

Venereal diseases treated aboard the U. S. S. “Relief " in one year's

time.

By Lieut. A. J. Cheney, Medical Corps, U. S. N 248

NOTES AND COMMENTS :

Pyrene gas Intoxication. — Bacteriology of canned meat and fish.—Activities

of the flight surgeon. — History of the preservation of food in the Royal Navy.

—Anopheline larvacide. — Arsphenamln derivative suitable for subcutaneous

administration. — Diagnosis of early syphilis 253

DIGEST OF DECISIONS 268

BOOK NOTICES 267

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE STATISTICS, LETTERS, ORDERS, COMMENTS 273

Number 3

PREFACE v

NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi

SPECIAL ARTICLES:

Mosquito Control in St. Thomas.

By Lieutenants E. Peterson and F. D. Walker, Medical Corps. U. S. Navy

291

Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastric Syphilis.

By Lieutenant W. A. Brains, Medical Corps, U. S. Naval Reserve Force,

and Dr. Edward Antoine, Paris, France 303

Scope or X-ray therapy in naval practice.

By Lieutenant E. L. Whitehead, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy 309

Composition, equipment, organization, and operation of the Medical Department

for the spring exercises of the Marine Corps Expeditionary Force.

By Lieutenant C. A. Costello, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy 330

Samoan tattooing.

By Lieutenant Commander D. Hunt, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy, and

Lieutenant L. Humphreys, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy 346

Manipulation of wax for inlay patterns.

By Lieutenant Commander H. E. Harvey, Dental Corps, U. S. Navy 348

Postoperative treatment.

By Lieutenant W. L. Martin, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy 351

EDITORIAL :

The electrocardiograph : Its uses and limitations —Exercise for the peridental

membrane — Prevention of burns —Lead poisoning —Value of X-ray in skin diseases

—Gonorrheal endocarditis 355

CLINICAL NOTES:

Fatal case of nephritis, with special reference to the nitrogen retention.

By Lieutenants G. A. Alden and C. F. Behrens, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy

365

Pappatacilike fever occurring in Cuba.

By Lieutenant E. A. Stephens, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy 368

Symptoms of motor aphasia following neoabsphenamine injection.

By Lieutenant (Junior Grade) A. J. Desautels. Medical Corps, U. S. Navy

370

NOTES AND COMMENTS :

Guppy fish—Questions necessary for accurate history taking In syphilis—Chlorination

of milk—Causes of arthritis — Surgical affections— Test for occult blood

—Diagnosis of syphilis —United States Pharmacopoeia —Court-martial order,

venereal disease 373

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE STATISTICS, LETTERS, ORDERS, COMMENTS 389

Number 4

PREFACE v

NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi

SPECIAL ARTICLES :

GLANDULAR THERAPY AND BODY GROWTH.

By Capt. D. N. Carpenter and Lieut. D. Ferguson, Medical Corps, U. S. N

417

SANITATION IN AMERICAN SAMOA.

By Lieut. Commander D. Hunt, Medical Corps, U. S. N 438

MALINGERING PRETENDED BLINDNESS.

By Jack I. Kurtz, B. S 449

DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF SYPHILIS.

By Lieut. Commander W. H. Connor, Medical Corps, U. S. N 456

MEDICAL AND OTHER ASPECTS OF THE EARTHQUAKE AND TIDAL WAVE IN CHILE.

By Lieuts. E. A. Stephens and J. F. Terrell, Medical Corps, U. S. N 462

EDITORIAL :

Concerning flat feet— On the treatment of traumatic synovitis— On the role of poisonous amines — Some

general principles of dermatological treatment —On the value of Wassermann reaction

as a control of treatment 466

NOTES AND COMMENTS:

Resistance and Immunity —The pock-marked and vaccination —Map-changing

medicine — Treatment of amebiasis — Value of art to medicine— Bismuth in the

treatment of syphilis—Chelsea Physic Garden —Annual meeting of the American

Medical Association 482

BOOK NOTICES 493

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE STATISTICS, LETTERS, ORDERS, COMMENTS 503

Number 5

PREFACE v

NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi

SPECIAL ARTICLES :

Observation on some causes of physical rejection for the service.

By Capt. D. N. Carpenter, and Lieut. D. Ferguson, Medical Corps, U. S.

Navy 545

Naval hospital at San Diego, Calif.

By Capt A W. Dunbar, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy 557

Advances made in our professional work during the past year.

By Lieut Commander W. D. Owens, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy- 560

Surgical abdomen.

By Lieut. Commander G. W. Shepard, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy. 560

Internal derangements of the knee joint.

By Dr. John Dunlop 575

Hyperthyroidism.

By Lieut. Commander J. B. Pollard, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy. 585

Chronic appendicitis.

By Lieut C. L. Andrus, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy 589

Yaws, a study based on over 2,000 cases treated in American Samoa.

By Lieut. Commander D. Hunt and Lieut A. L. Johnson, Medical Corps, U.

S. Navy 599

Eliminators.

By Lieut Commander H. E. Harvey, Dental Corps, U. S. Navy_ 608

EDITORIAL :

Naval dental school —Pilonidal cysts — Sensitization diseases —Treatment

of the diarrheas —Chronicle of tuberculosis 611

NOTES AND COMMENTS :—

The Lancet — Relation of weight to mortality— Recent work in connection

with plague —The Sofle A. Nordhoff— Jung cancer research prize —The great

imitator —Neurological examination In tabes 625

BOOK NOTICES 643

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, STATISTICS, LETTERS, ORDERS, NEW LEGISLATION, ETC

647

Number 6

PREFACE v

NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI

SPECIAL ARTICLES :

Present status of anthelmintic medication.

By Maurice C. Hall 673

Roentgenological diagnosis of bone tumors.

By Lieutenant R. W. Hutchinson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 679

HOOKWORM STUDIES IN AMERICAN SAMOA.

By Lieutenant Commander D. Hunt and Lieutenant A. L. Johnson, Medical

Corps, U. S. N 685

Pulmonary symptoms incident to infection of the accessory sinuses of

the nose.

By Lieutenant R. T. Mclntire, Medical Corps, U. S. N 688

Local anesthesia.

By Lieutenant O. D. King, Medical Corps, U. S. N 693

Diagnosis and treatment of otitis media.

By Lieutenant A. G. Wenzell, Medical Corps, U. S. N 698

EDITORIAL :

Syphilis of the lung— On safety in aviation. — Diagnosis of early pulmonary

tuberculosis. —On the symptoms of renal calculi.— Etiology of gallbladder

disease. — On the formation and re formation of renal calculi. — On the origin

of gallstones 705

NOTES AND COMMENTS :

Bilharziasis in Portugal.—Permanent effects of tonsillectomy. —A new

view of the atom. —Zinc poisoning. — The proper attitude in golf. —The danger

of the mild case of scarlet fever. —Syphilis of the lung. — Observations on

nose and throat work in Boston. —The falling death rate of tuberculosis. —

Fumigation with hydrogen cyanid. —United States Pharniacopoeia 719

BOOK NOTICES 737

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, STATISTICS, LETTERS, ORDERS, NEW LEGISLATION, ETC

743

INDEX I

If you have questions concerning reproductions, please contact the Contributing Library.

Note: The colors, contrast and appearance of these illustrations are unlikely to be true to life. They are derived from scanned images that have been enhanced for machine interpretation and have been altered from their originals.

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See all images from this book

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No matter what happens, I love you & ... by Kimberly Watson

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I never realized how important words are... they can make you or break you. That's why I love photographing words. Language/communication is so important... words have the power to tell people you you are; they can represent or misrepresent. Lack of words can leave people in the dark or searching; too many words can leave people feeling overwhelmed. Words can be daggers to your heart or they can uplift your soul. It's important to tell people whom you care about how important they are in your lives and to effectively express to them specifically just what they mean to you.. always communicate to the fullest extent. Ask the important questions and also learn to listen and try not to hurt the ones you love with ugly words. Otherwise you might find that you lose the people who are most important in your life. I have learned this the hard way and it was not fun. Treat people the way you would want to be treated and at the end of the day --- hello, we are all only human, so forgive, forgive, forgive. Life is too short to do otherwise.

Language Day 2011 by Presidio of Monterey

PRESIDIO OF MONTEREY, Calif. – More than 3,000 students from across California visited the Presidio of Monterey on May 13 for DLIFLC’s Language Day. Students, educators and other participants were treated to stage performances, classroom displays and ethnic cuisine, highlighting the cultures of the many foreign languages taught here.

Official Presidio of Monterey Web site

Official Presidio of Monterey Facebook

PHOTO by Steven L. Shepard, Presidio of Monterey Public Affairs.

Aran language map. by P. A. Zetler

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A map of languages and language families from notes for a conspecies I've been working on for a while. You can see the full version here.

language exchange, language learning by exchangelanguages

www.exchangelanguages.org/ french language learning, french language software, french learning, french lessons, french lessons online, french study, german language, german language courses

Pattadakal tower by Ashok Saravanan .Ay

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Pattadakal (Pattadakallu in local language ) in the Indian state of Karnataka is renowned for the group of the 8th century CE monuments. These are listed in the UNESCO’s list of World Heritage Sites.

Located on the banks of the river Malaprabha, Pattadakal is the capital of the Chalukya rulers. Packed with a dozen or so temples of varying sizes and antiquity, Pattadakal is one of the unique places to see that many temples of the early Chalukyan architecture. Also it is a rare place where the south Indian & north Indian style temples share the same landscape.

The oldest of them all is the Sangamesvara Temple built by king Vijayaditya during the 8 century AD. Though not the biggest of the temples in Paddatdakal this temple dedicated to lord Siva is one of the fine examples of the high architectural standards maintained by the Chaluykan architecture. Almost all the temples are carved with dramatic themes from the Hindu mythology. A great majority of them is on lord Siva, especially the dancing aspects. The oldest of them all are the Mallikarjuna and the Virupaksha Temples.

Other major temples in Pattadakal include the Kadasiddheshvara Temple, Jambulings Temple, Galaganatha Temple, Chandrashekara Temple, Papanatha Temple, Kashivishvanatha Temple and the Jain Temple.

Every year during the first quarter (January or February) Pattadakal celebrates the annual dance festival also called the Chalukya Utsava. Apart from Pattadakal the venues includes the nearby ancient sites Badami and Aihole too. This three days extravaganza of dance and music attracts hordes of art lovers. The majestic temple backdrops and the performance by renowned artists brings alive the magic of the bygone era.

P.S.

Clicked almost just before the Sun Set, with the help of PS only I got the Details of the Human elements in the frame

View On Black

Hmong children in school 2 by Ari Vitikainen

It is often difficult for ethnic minority children in Laos to start their school because they do not understand Lao and because government teachers seldom speak ethnic minority languages.

2013 Memorial Day Ceremony by Presidio of Monterey

PRESIDIO OF MONTEREY, Calif. - Service members, civilian personnel and family members of the Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center and Army Garrison Presidio of Monterey paid tribute to those who have died serving our Nation during the DLIFLC and POM Memorial Day Ceremony held on Soldier Field, May 23.

Official Presidio of Monterey Web site

Official Presidio of Monterey Facebook

PHOTO by Steven L. Shepard, Presidio of Monterey Public Affairs.

Santa Cruz Warriors Military Appreciation Night 2014 by Presidio of Monterey

SANTA CRUZ, Calif. --

Military service members of the color guard from the Presidio of Monterey march into position to display the colors during the playing of the national anthem at the Santa Cruz Warriors Basketball Team's Military Appreciation Night April 1, 2014, at the Kaiser Permanente Arena in Santa Cruz. The service members who make up the color guard are students at the Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center, located on the Presidio of Monterey. The evening was coordinated by the Presidio of Monterey Family Morale, Welfare and Recreation Office and the Santa Cruz Warriors, a popular NBA affiliate who plays in its development league. Working together, the two organizations regularly provide free tickets to military members stationed at the Presidio to honor and thank them for their military service. To learn more about the people and facilities of the Presidio of Monterey visit www.monterey.army.mil

Photo by Michael Beaton, Presidio of Monterey Public Affairs.

Off-Campus Programs 2014 Photo Contest by Dartmouth College

The 11th Hour, the 11th Day, the 11th Month

London, UK

The photo was taken during Armistice Day activities in London. While the majority of men lined up in the photo are male military personnel, the “Women of World War II” monument rises above the crowd, and reminds the audience that both genders played an equally important role both world wars. (Photo by Tina Meng '14 – Government FSP, London, UK, fall 2012)

Stay connected to Dartmouth:

Facebook | Twitter | YouTube | Google+ | Instagram

Garage Girl Pin-Up by Dana

3 4

After a rock hard drunkin night at Coyote Ugly Chicago. Love this shot. I messed with the colors a bit, but the chaos in the backround looks great against my legs. In my opinion.

My amazing sister took this picture, Janessa

Afrikaans Language Monument by Stephen Harper

063 by Dabls369

Dabls:Body Language two

"Language transcends us and yet we speak." -Maurice Merleau-Ponty by DeepEndoftheSpool

Language Day by Presidio of Monterey

Photo by Hiro Chang, Presidio of Monterey Public Affairs

The Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center opened its doors to the public on May 15 for its annual Language Day event.

The event showcased the cultures of the different departmental languages being taught here through dance, skits and fashion shows.

Exhibits were also presented throughout the school grounds with local Monterey ethnic vendors selling their local cuisines to the customers.

Nearly 2,000 high school students and teachers attended Language Day.

Official Presidio of Monterey Web site

Official Presidio of Monterey Facebook

Cat - Domestic Cat - House Cat (Felis Catus) by PHOTOGRAPHY by DM & DBM.

The cat (Felis catus), commonly referred to as the domestic cat or house cat, is the only domesticated species in the family Felidae. Recent advances in archaeology and genetics have shown that the domestication of the cat occurred in the Near East around 7500 BC. It is commonly kept as a house pet and farm cat, but also ranges freely as a feral cat avoiding human contact. It is valued by humans for companionship and its ability to kill vermin. Because of its retractable claws it is adapted to killing small prey like mice and rats. It has a strong flexible body, quick reflexes, sharp teeth, and its night vision and sense of smell are well developed. It is a social species, but a solitary hunter and a crepuscular predator. Cat communication includes vocalizations like meowing, purring, trilling, hissing, growling, and grunting as well as cat body language. It can hear sounds too faint or too high in frequency for human ears, such as those made by small mammals. It also secretes and perceives pheromones.

Female domestic cats can have kittens from spring to late autumn in temperate zones and throughout the year in equatorial regions, with litter sizes often ranging from two to five kittens. Domestic cats are bred and shown at events as registered pedigreed cats, a hobby known as cat fancy. Animal population control of cats may be achieved by spaying and neutering, but their proliferation and the abandonment of pets has resulted in large numbers of feral cats worldwide, contributing to the extinction of bird, mammal and reptile species.

As of 2017, the domestic cat was the second most popular pet in the United States, with 95.6 million cats owned and around 42 million households owning at least one cat. In the United Kingdom, 26% of adults have a cat, with an estimated population of 10.9 million pet cats as of 2020. As of 2021, there were an estimated 220 million owned and 480 million stray cats in the world.

Etymology and naming

The origin of the English word cat, Old English catt, is thought to be the Late Latin word cattus, which was first used at the beginning of the 6th century. The Late Latin word may be derived from an unidentified African language. The Nubian word kaddîska 'wildcat' and Nobiin kadīs are possible sources or cognates. The Nubian word may be a loan from Arabic قَطّ‎ qaṭṭ ~ قِطّ qiṭṭ.

The forms might also have derived from an ancient Germanic word that was imported into Latin and then into Greek, Syriac, and Arabic. The word may be derived from Germanic and Northern European languages, and ultimately be borrowed from Uralic, cf. Northern Sámi gáđfi, 'female stoat', and Hungarian hölgy, 'lady, female stoat'; from Proto-Uralic *käďwä, 'female (of a furred animal)'.

The English puss, extended as pussy and pussycat, is attested from the 16th century and may have been introduced from Dutch poes or from Low German puuskatte, related to Swedish kattepus, or Norwegian pus, pusekatt. Similar forms exist in Lithuanian puižė and Irish puisín or puiscín. The etymology of this word is unknown, but it may have arisen from a sound used to attract a cat.

A male cat is called a tom or tomcat (or a gib, if neutered). A female is called a queen or a molly, if spayed, especially in a cat-breeding context. A juvenile cat is referred to as a kitten. In Early Modern English, the word kitten was interchangeable with the now-obsolete word catling.

A group of cats can be referred to as a clowder or a glaring.

Taxonomy

The scientific name Felis catus was proposed by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 for a domestic cat. Felis catus domesticus was proposed by Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben in 1777. Felis daemon proposed by Konstantin Satunin in 1904 was a black cat from the Transcaucasus, later identified as a domestic cat.

In 2003, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature ruled that the domestic cat is a distinct species, namely Felis catus. In 2007, it was considered a subspecies, F. silvestris catus, of the European wildcat (F. silvestris) following results of phylogenetic research. In 2017, the IUCN Cat Classification Taskforce followed the recommendation of the ICZN in regarding the domestic cat as a distinct species, Felis catus.

Evolution

Main article: Cat evolution

The domestic cat is a member of the Felidae, a family that had a common ancestor about 10 to 15 million years ago. The evolutionary radiation of the Felidae began in Asia during the Miocene around 8.38 to 14.45 million years ago. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA of all Felidae species indicates a radiation at 6.46 to 16.76 million years ago. The genus Felis genetically diverged from other Felidae around 6 to 7 million years ago. Results of phylogenetic research shows that the wild members of this genus evolved through sympatric or parapatric speciation, whereas the domestic cat evolved through artificial selection. The domestic cat and its closest wild ancestor are diploid and both possess 38 chromosomes and roughly 20,000 genes.

Domestication

See also: Domestication of the cat and Cats in ancient Egypt

It was long thought that the domestication of the cat began in ancient Egypt, where cats were venerated from around 3100 BC, However, the earliest known indication for the taming of an African wildcat was excavated close by a human Neolithic grave in Shillourokambos, southern Cyprus, dating to about 7500–7200 BC. Since there is no evidence of native mammalian fauna on Cyprus, the inhabitants of this Neolithic village most likely brought the cat and other wild mammals to the island from the Middle Eastern mainland. Scientists therefore assume that African wildcats were attracted to early human settlements in the Fertile Crescent by rodents, in particular the house mouse (Mus musculus), and were tamed by Neolithic farmers. This mutual relationship between early farmers and tamed cats lasted thousands of years. As agricultural practices spread, so did tame and domesticated cats. Wildcats of Egypt contributed to the maternal gene pool of the domestic cat at a later time.

The earliest known evidence for the occurrence of the domestic cat in Greece dates to around 1200 BC. Greek, Phoenician, Carthaginian and Etruscan traders introduced domestic cats to southern Europe. During the Roman Empire they were introduced to Corsica and Sardinia before the beginning of the 1st millennium. By the 5th century BC, they were familiar animals around settlements in Magna Graecia and Etruria. By the end of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, the Egyptian domestic cat lineage had arrived in a Baltic Sea port in northern Germany.

The leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) was tamed independently in China around 5500 BC. This line of partially domesticated cats leaves no trace in the domestic cat populations of today.

During domestication, cats have undergone only minor changes in anatomy and behavior, and they are still capable of surviving in the wild. Several natural behaviors and characteristics of wildcats may have pre-adapted them for domestication as pets. These traits include their small size, social nature, obvious body language, love of play, and high intelligence. Captive Leopardus cats may also display affectionate behavior toward humans but were not domesticated. House cats often mate with feral cats. Hybridisation between domestic and other Felinae species is also possible, producing hybrids such as the Kellas cat in Scotland.

Development of cat breeds started in the mid 19th century. An analysis of the domestic cat genome revealed that the ancestral wildcat genome was significantly altered in the process of domestication, as specific mutations were selected to develop cat breeds. Most breeds are founded on random-bred domestic cats. Genetic diversity of these breeds varies between regions, and is lowest in purebred populations, which show more than 20 deleterious genetic disorders.

Characteristics

Main article: Cat anatomy

Size

The domestic cat has a smaller skull and shorter bones than the European wildcat. It averages about 46 cm (18 in) in head-to-body length and 23–25 cm (9.1–9.8 in) in height, with about 30 cm (12 in) long tails. Males are larger than females. Adult domestic cats typically weigh 4–5 kg (8.8–11.0 lb).

Skeleton

Cats have seven cervical vertebrae (as do most mammals); 13 thoracic vertebrae (humans have 12); seven lumbar vertebrae (humans have five); three sacral vertebrae (as do most mammals, but humans have five); and a variable number of caudal vertebrae in the tail (humans have only three to five vestigial caudal vertebrae, fused into an internal coccyx). The extra lumbar and thoracic vertebrae account for the cat's spinal mobility and flexibility. Attached to the spine are 13 ribs, the shoulder, and the pelvis. Unlike human arms, cat forelimbs are attached to the shoulder by free-floating clavicle bones which allow them to pass their body through any space into which they can fit their head.

Skull

The cat skull is unusual among mammals in having very large eye sockets and a powerful specialized jaw. Within the jaw, cats have teeth adapted for killing prey and tearing meat. When it overpowers its prey, a cat delivers a lethal neck bite with its two long canine teeth, inserting them between two of the prey's vertebrae and severing its spinal cord, causing irreversible paralysis and death. Compared to other felines, domestic cats have narrowly spaced canine teeth relative to the size of their jaw, which is an adaptation to their preferred prey of small rodents, which have small vertebrae.

The premolar and first molar together compose the carnassial pair on each side of the mouth, which efficiently shears meat into small pieces, like a pair of scissors. These are vital in feeding, since cats' small molars cannot chew food effectively, and cats are largely incapable of mastication.: Cats tend to have better teeth than most humans, with decay generally less likely because of a thicker protective layer of enamel, a less damaging saliva, less retention of food particles between teeth, and a diet mostly devoid of sugar. Nonetheless, they are subject to occasional tooth loss and infection.

Claws

Cats have protractible and retractable claws. In their normal, relaxed position, the claws are sheathed with the skin and fur around the paw's toe pads. This keeps the claws sharp by preventing wear from contact with the ground and allows for the silent stalking of prey. The claws on the forefeet are typically sharper than those on the hindfeet. Cats can voluntarily extend their claws on one or more paws. They may extend their claws in hunting or self-defense, climbing, kneading, or for extra traction on soft surfaces. Cats shed the outside layer of their claw sheaths when scratching rough surfaces.

Most cats have five claws on their front paws and four on their rear paws. The dewclaw is proximal to the other claws. More proximally is a protrusion which appears to be a sixth "finger". This special feature of the front paws on the inside of the wrists has no function in normal walking but is thought to be an antiskidding device used while jumping. Some cat breeds are prone to having extra digits ("polydactyly"). Polydactylous cats occur along North America's northeast coast and in Great Britain.

Ambulation

The cat is digitigrade. It walks on the toes, with the bones of the feet making up the lower part of the visible leg. Unlike most mammals, it uses a "pacing" gait and moves both legs on one side of the body before the legs on the other side. It registers directly by placing each hind paw close to the track of the corresponding fore paw, minimizing noise and visible tracks. This also provides sure footing for hind paws when navigating rough terrain. As it speeds up from walking to trotting, its gait changes to a "diagonal" gait: The diagonally opposite hind and fore legs move simultaneously.

Balance

Cats are generally fond of sitting in high places or perching. A higher place may serve as a concealed site from which to hunt; domestic cats strike prey by pouncing from a perch such as a tree branch. Another possible explanation is that height gives the cat a better observation point, allowing it to survey its territory. A cat falling from heights of up to 3 m (9.8 ft) can right itself and land on its paws.

During a fall from a high place, a cat reflexively twists its body and rights itself to land on its feet using its acute sense of balance and flexibility. This reflex is known as the cat righting reflex. A cat always rights itself in the same way during a fall, if it has enough time to do so, which is the case in falls of 90 cm (3.0 ft) or more. How cats are able to right themselves when falling has been investigated as the "falling cat problem".

Coats

Main article: Cat coat genetics

The cat family (Felidae) can pass down many colors and patterns to their offspring. The domestic cat genes MC1R and ASIP allow for the variety of color in coats. The feline ASIP gene consists of three coding exons. Three novel microsatellite markers linked to ASIP were isolated from a domestic cat BAC clone containing this gene and were used to perform linkage analysis in a pedigree of 89 domestic cats that segregated for melanism.[citation needed]

Senses

Main article: Cat senses

Vision

A cat's nictitating membrane shown as it blinks

Cats have excellent night vision and can see at only one-sixth the light level required for human vision. This is partly the result of cat eyes having a tapetum lucidum, which reflects any light that passes through the retina back into the eye, thereby increasing the eye's sensitivity to dim light. Large pupils are an adaptation to dim light. The domestic cat has slit pupils, which allow it to focus bright light without chromatic aberration. At low light, a cat's pupils expand to cover most of the exposed surface of its eyes. The domestic cat has rather poor color vision and only two types of cone cells, optimized for sensitivity to blue and yellowish green; its ability to distinguish between red and green is limited. A response to middle wavelengths from a system other than the rod cells might be due to a third type of cone. This appears to be an adaptation to low light levels rather than representing true trichromatic vision. Cats also have a nictitating membrane, allowing them to blink without hindering their vision.

Hearing

The domestic cat's hearing is most acute in the range of 500 Hz to 32 kHz. It can detect an extremely broad range of frequencies ranging from 55 Hz to 79 kHz, whereas humans can only detect frequencies between 20 Hz and 20 kHz. It can hear a range of 10.5 octaves, while humans and dogs can hear ranges of about 9 octaves. Its hearing sensitivity is enhanced by its large movable outer ears, the pinnae, which amplify sounds and help detect the location of a noise. It can detect ultrasound, which enables it to detect ultrasonic calls made by rodent prey. Recent research has shown that cats have socio-spatial cognitive abilities to create mental maps of owners' locations based on hearing owners' voices.

Smell

Cats have an acute sense of smell, due in part to their well-developed olfactory bulb and a large surface of olfactory mucosa, about 5.8 cm2 (0.90 in2) in area, which is about twice that of humans. Cats and many other animals have a Jacobson's organ in their mouths that is used in the behavioral process of flehmening. It allows them to sense certain aromas in a way that humans cannot. Cats are sensitive to pheromones such as 3-mercapto-3-methylbutan-1-ol, which they use to communicate through urine spraying and marking with scent glands. Many cats also respond strongly to plants that contain nepetalactone, especially catnip, as they can detect that substance at less than one part per billion. About 70–80% of cats are affected by nepetalactone. This response is also produced by other plants, such as silver vine (Actinidia polygama) and the herb valerian; it may be caused by the smell of these plants mimicking a pheromone and stimulating cats' social or sexual behaviors.

Taste

Cats have relatively few taste buds compared to humans (470 or so versus more than 9,000 on the human tongue). Domestic and wild cats share a taste receptor gene mutation that keeps their sweet taste buds from binding to sugary molecules, leaving them with no ability to taste sweetness. They, however, possess taste bud receptors specialized for acids, amino acids like protein, and bitter tastes. Their taste buds possess the receptors needed to detect umami. However, these receptors contain molecular changes that make the cat taste of umami different from that of humans. In humans, they detect the amino acids of glutamic acid and aspartic acid, but in cats they instead detect nucleotides, in this case inosine monophosphate and l-Histidine. These nucleotides are particularly enriched in tuna. This has been argued is why cats find tuna so palatable: as put by researchers into cat taste, "the specific combination of the high IMP and free l-Histidine contents of tuna" .. "produces a strong umami taste synergy that is highly preferred by cats". One of the researchers involved in this research has further claimed, "I think umami is as important for cats as sweet is for humans".[87]

Cats also have a distinct temperature preference for their food, preferring food with a temperature around 38 °C (100 °F) which is similar to that of a fresh kill; some cats reject cold food (which would signal to the cat that the "prey" item is long dead and therefore possibly toxic or decomposing).

Whiskers

To aid with navigation and sensation, cats have dozens of movable whiskers (vibrissae) over their body, especially their faces. These provide information on the width of gaps and on the location of objects in the dark, both by touching objects directly and by sensing air currents; they also trigger protective blink reflexes to protect the eyes from damage.: 47

Behavior

See also: Kitten

The cat secretes and perceives pheromones. Female cats, called queens, are polyestrous with several estrus cycles during a year, lasting usually 21 days. They are usually ready to mate between early February and August in northern temperate zones and throughout the year in equatorial regions.

Several males, called tomcats, are attracted to a female in heat. They fight over her, and the victor wins the right to mate. At first, the female rejects the male, but eventually, the female allows the male to mate. The female utters a loud yowl as the male pulls out of her because a male cat's penis has a band of about 120–150 backward-pointing penile spines, which are about 1 mm (0.039 in) long; upon withdrawal of the penis, the spines may provide the female with increased sexual stimulation, which acts to induce ovulation.

After mating, the female cleans her vulva thoroughly. If a male attempts to mate with her at this point, the female attacks him. After about 20 to 30 minutes, once the female is finished grooming, the cycle will repeat. Because ovulation is not always triggered by a single mating, females may not be impregnated by the first male with which they mate. Furthermore, cats are superfecund; that is, a female may mate with more than one male when she is in heat, with the result that different kittens in a litter may have different fathers.

The morula forms 124 hours after conception. At 148 hours, early blastocysts form. At 10–12 days, implantation occurs. The gestation of queens lasts between 64 and 67 days, with an average of 65 days.

Data on the reproductive capacity of more than 2,300 free-ranging queens were collected during a study between May 1998 and October 2000. They had one to six kittens per litter, with an average of three kittens. They produced a mean of 1.4 litters per year, but a maximum of three litters in a year. Of 169 kittens, 127 died before they were six months old due to a trauma caused in most cases by dog attacks and road accidents. The first litter is usually smaller than subsequent litters. Kittens are weaned between six and seven weeks of age. Queens normally reach sexual maturity at 5–10 months, and males at 5–7 months. This varies depending on breed. Kittens reach puberty at the age of 9–10 months.

Cats are ready to go to new homes at about 12 weeks of age, when they are ready to leave their mother. They can be surgically sterilized (spayed or castrated) as early as seven weeks to limit unwanted reproduction. This surgery also prevents undesirable sex-related behavior, such as aggression, territory marking (spraying urine) in males and yowling (calling) in females. Traditionally, this surgery was performed at around six to nine months of age, but it is increasingly being performed before puberty, at about three to six months. In the United States, about 80% of household cats are neutered.

Lifespan and health

Main articles: Cat health and Aging in cats

The average lifespan of pet cats has risen in recent decades. In the early 1980s, it was about seven years,: 33 rising to 9.4 years in 1995: 33 and an average of about 13 years as of 2014 and 2023. Some cats have been reported as surviving into their 30s, with the oldest known cat dying at a verified age of 38.

Neutering increases life expectancy: one study found castrated male cats live twice as long as intact males, while spayed female cats live 62% longer than intact females.: 35 Having a cat neutered confers health benefits, because castrated males cannot develop testicular cancer, spayed females cannot develop uterine or ovarian cancer, and both have a reduced risk of mammary cancer.

Disease

Main article: List of feline diseases

About 250 heritable genetic disorders have been identified in cats, many similar to human inborn errors of metabolism. The high level of similarity among the metabolism of mammals allows many of these feline diseases to be diagnosed using genetic tests that were originally developed for use in humans, as well as the use of cats as animal models in the study of the human diseases. Diseases affecting domestic cats include acute infections, parasitic infestations, injuries, and chronic diseases such as kidney disease, thyroid disease, and arthritis. Vaccinations are available for many infectious diseases, as are treatments to eliminate parasites such as worms, ticks, and fleas.

Ecology

Habitats

The domestic cat is a cosmopolitan species and occurs across much of the world. It is adaptable and now present on all continents except Antarctica, and on 118 of the 131 main groups of islands, even on the isolated Kerguelen Islands. Due to its ability to thrive in almost any terrestrial habitat, it is among the world's most invasive species. It lives on small islands with no human inhabitants. Feral cats can live in forests, grasslands, tundra, coastal areas, agricultural land, scrublands, urban areas, and wetlands.

The unwantedness that leads to the domestic cat being treated as an invasive species is twofold. On one hand, as it is little altered from the wildcat, it can readily interbreed with the wildcat. This hybridization poses a danger to the genetic distinctiveness of some wildcat populations, particularly in Scotland and Hungary, possibly also the Iberian Peninsula, and where protected natural areas are close to human-dominated landscapes, such as Kruger National Park in South Africa. However, its introduction to places where no native felines are present also contributes to the decline of native species.

Ferality

Main article: Feral cat

Feral cats are domestic cats that were born in or have reverted to a wild state. They are unfamiliar with and wary of humans and roam freely in urban and rural areas. The numbers of feral cats is not known, but estimates of the United States feral population range from 25 to 60 million. Feral cats may live alone, but most are found in large colonies, which occupy a specific territory and are usually associated with a source of food. Famous feral cat colonies are found in Rome around the Colosseum and Forum Romanum, with cats at some of these sites being fed and given medical attention by volunteers.

Public attitudes toward feral cats vary widely, from seeing them as free-ranging pets to regarding them as vermin.

Some feral cats can be successfully socialized and 're-tamed' for adoption; young cats, especially kittens and cats that have had prior experience and contact with humans are the most receptive to these efforts.

Impact on wildlife

Main article: Cat predation on wildlife

On islands, birds can contribute as much as 60% of a cat's diet. In nearly all cases, the cat cannot be identified as the sole cause for reducing the numbers of island birds, and in some instances, eradication of cats has caused a "mesopredator release" effect; where the suppression of top carnivores creates an abundance of smaller predators that cause a severe decline in their shared prey. Domestic cats are a contributing factor to the decline of many species, a factor that has ultimately led, in some cases, to extinction. The South Island piopio, Chatham rail, and the New Zealand merganser are a few from a long list, with the most extreme case being the flightless Lyall's wren, which was driven to extinction only a few years after its discovery. One feral cat in New Zealand killed 102 New Zealand lesser short-tailed bats in seven days. In the US, feral and free-ranging domestic cats kill an estimated 6.3 – 22.3 billion mammals annually.

In Australia, the impact of cats on mammal populations is even greater than the impact of habitat loss. More than one million reptiles are killed by feral cats each day, representing 258 species. Cats have contributed to the extinction of the Navassa curly-tailed lizard and Chioninia coctei.

Interaction with humans

Main article: Human interaction with cats

Cats are common pets throughout the world, and their worldwide population as of 2007 exceeded 500 million. As of 2017, the domestic cat was the second most popular pet in the United States, with 95.6 million cats owned and around 42 million households owning at least one cat. In the United Kingdom, 26% of adults have a cat, with an estimated population of 10.9 million pet cats as of 2020. As of 2021, there were an estimated 220 million owned and 480 million stray cats in the world.

Cats have been used for millennia to control rodents, notably around grain stores and aboard ships, and both uses extend to the present day.

As well as being kept as pets, cats are also used in the international fur trade and leather industries for making coats, hats, blankets, stuffed toys, shoes, gloves, and musical instruments. About 24 cats are needed to make a cat-fur coat. This use has been outlawed in the United States since 2000 and in the European Union (as well as the United Kingdom) since 2007.

Cat pelts have been used for superstitious purposes as part of the practice of witchcraft, and are still made into blankets in Switzerland as traditional medicine thought to cure rheumatism.

A few attempts to build a cat census have been made over the years, both through associations or national and international organizations (such as that of the Canadian Federation of Humane Societies) and over the Internet, but such a task does not seem simple to achieve. General estimates for the global population of domestic cats range widely from anywhere between 200 million to 600 million. Walter Chandoha made his career photographing cats after his 1949 images of Loco, an especially charming stray taken in, were published around the world. He is reported to have photographed 90,000 cats during his career and maintained an archive of 225,000 images that he drew from for publications during his lifetime.

Shows

Main article: Cat show

A cat show is a judged event in which the owners of cats compete to win titles in various cat-registering organizations by entering their cats to be judged after a breed standard. It is often required that a cat must be healthy and vaccinated in order to participate in a cat show. Both pedigreed and non-purebred companion ("moggy") cats are admissible, although the rules differ depending on the organization. Competing cats are compared to the applicable breed standard, and assessed for temperament.

Infection

Main article: Feline zoonosis

Cats can be infected or infested with viruses, bacteria, fungus, protozoans, arthropods or worms that can transmit diseases to humans. In some cases, the cat exhibits no symptoms of the disease. The same disease can then become evident in a human. The likelihood that a person will become diseased depends on the age and immune status of the person. Humans who have cats living in their home or in close association are more likely to become infected. Others might also acquire infections from cat feces and parasites exiting the cat's body. Some of the infections of most concern include salmonella, cat-scratch disease and toxoplasmosis.

History and mythology

Main articles: Cultural depictions of cats and Cats in ancient Egypt

In ancient Egypt, cats were worshipped, and the goddess Bastet often depicted in cat form, sometimes taking on the war-like aspect of a lioness. The Greek historian Herodotus reported that killing a cat was forbidden, and when a household cat died, the entire family mourned and shaved their eyebrows. Families took their dead cats to the sacred city of Bubastis, where they were embalmed and buried in sacred repositories. Herodotus expressed astonishment at the domestic cats in Egypt, because he had only ever seen wildcats.

Ancient Greeks and Romans kept weasels as pets, which were seen as the ideal rodent-killers. The earliest unmistakable evidence of the Greeks having domestic cats comes from two coins from Magna Graecia dating to the mid-fifth century BC showing Iokastos and Phalanthos, the legendary founders of Rhegion and Taras respectively, playing with their pet cats. The usual ancient Greek word for 'cat' was ailouros, meaning 'thing with the waving tail'. Cats are rarely mentioned in ancient Greek literature. Aristotle remarked in his History of Animals that "female cats are naturally lecherous." The Greeks later syncretized their own goddess Artemis with the Egyptian goddess Bastet, adopting Bastet's associations with cats and ascribing them to Artemis. In Ovid's Metamorphoses, when the deities flee to Egypt and take animal forms, the goddess Diana turns into a cat.

Cats eventually displaced weasels as the pest control of choice because they were more pleasant to have around the house and were more enthusiastic hunters of mice. During the Middle Ages, many of Artemis's associations with cats were grafted onto the Virgin Mary. Cats are often shown in icons of Annunciation and of the Holy Family and, according to Italian folklore, on the same night that Mary gave birth to Jesus, a cat in Bethlehem gave birth to a kitten. Domestic cats were spread throughout much of the rest of the world during the Age of Discovery, as ships' cats were carried on sailing ships to control shipboard rodents and as good-luck charms.

Several ancient religions believed cats are exalted souls, companions or guides for humans, that are all-knowing but mute so they cannot influence decisions made by humans. In Japan, the maneki neko cat is a symbol of good fortune. In Norse mythology, Freyja, the goddess of love, beauty, and fertility, is depicted as riding a chariot drawn by cats. In Jewish legend, the first cat was living in the house of the first man Adam as a pet that got rid of mice. The cat was once partnering with the first dog before the latter broke an oath they had made which resulted in enmity between the descendants of these two animals. It is also written that neither cats nor foxes are represented in the water, while every other animal has an incarnation species in the water. Although no species are sacred in Islam, cats are revered by Muslims. Some Western writers have stated Muhammad had a favorite cat, Muezza. He is reported to have loved cats so much, "he would do without his cloak rather than disturb one that was sleeping on it". The story has no origin in early Muslim writers, and seems to confuse a story of a later Sufi saint, Ahmed ar-Rifa'i, centuries after Muhammad. One of the companions of Muhammad was known as Abu Hurayrah ("father of the kitten"), in reference to his documented affection to cats.

Superstitions and rituals

Many cultures have negative superstitions about cats. An example would be the belief that encountering a black cat ("crossing one's path") leads to bad luck, or that cats are witches' familiars used to augment a witch's powers and skills. The killing of cats in Medieval Ypres, Belgium, is commemorated in the innocuous present-day Kattenstoet (cat parade). In mid-16th century France, cats would be burnt alive as a form of entertainment, particularly during midsummer festivals. According to Norman Davies, the assembled people "shrieked with laughter as the animals, howling with pain, were singed, roasted, and finally carbonized". The remaining ashes were sometimes taken back home by the people for good luck.

According to a myth in many cultures, cats have multiple lives. In many countries, they are believed to have nine lives, but in Italy, Germany, Greece, Brazil and some Spanish-speaking regions, they are said to have seven lives, while in Arabic traditions, the number of lives is six. An early mention of the myth can be found in John Heywood's The Proverbs of John Heywood (1546)

Husband, (quoth she), ye studie, be merrie now,

And even as ye thinke now, so come to yow.

Nay not so, (quoth he), for my thought to tell right,

I thinke how you lay groning, wife, all last night.

Husband, a groning horse and a groning wife

Never faile their master, (quoth she), for my life.

No wife, a woman hath nine lives like a cat.

The myth is attributed to the natural suppleness and swiftness cats exhibit to escape life-threatening situations. Also lending credence to this myth is the fact that falling cats often land on their feet, using an instinctive righting reflex to twist their bodies around. Nonetheless, cats can still be injured or killed by a high fall.

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India - Tamil Nadu - Tiruvannamalai - Annamalaiyar Temple - Nandi Shrine - 68 by Manfred Sommer

Nandi is the name for the bull which serves as the mount (Sanskrit: Vahana) of the god Shiva and as the gatekeeper of Shiva and Parvati. In Hindu Religion, he is the chief guru of eighteen masters (18 Siddhar ) including Patanjali and Thirumular. Temples venerating Shiva display stone images of a seated Nandi, generally facing the main shrine. There are also a number of temples dedicated solely to Nandi.

The application of the name Nandi to the bull (Sanskrit: vṛṣabha) is in fact a development of recent centuries, as Gouriswar Bhattacharya has documented in an illustrated article entitled "Nandin and Vṛṣabha". The name Nandi was earlier widely used instead for an anthropomorphic deity who was one of Shiva’s two door-keepers, the other being Mahākāla. The doorways of pre-tenth-century North Indian temples are frequently flanked by images of Mahākāla and Nandi, and it is in this role of Shiva’s watchman that Nandi figures in Kālidāsa’s poem the Kumārasambhava.

ETYMOLOGY

The word “Nandi” is derived from the ancient Indian Language of Sanskrit. The Sanskrit word 'Nandi' in English translates as Happy, Joyous or Happy Person.

BIRTH OF NANDI

There was a sage named Shilada who underwent severe penance to have a boon — a child with immortality. Lord Indra pleased of the austerities of Shilada appeared in front of him to offer a boon. After hearing the request of Shilada and his desire to have an immortal child, Lord Indra suggested he pray to Lord Shiva: nobody else could provide such a boon. Sage Shilada continued his penance for 1,000 years. He was totally immovable for many years, so the termites settled on his body and slowly started to build up their nest. Finally, his whole body was covered up by them. The insects started to eat his flesh and imbibed his blood. At last, only bones remained.

Lord Shiva appeared in front of him and provided the boon for the child. Moreover, Lord Shiva provided Sage Shilada his old form with a single touch. Sage Shilada performed Yagna and a child appeared from the sacrificial fire. His body was clad in armour made out of diamonds. The celestial dancers and singers performed on this auspicious occasion and the deities showered flowers on the child. The boy was named ’Nandi’ — who brings joy. Shilada brought the child home. Immediately the boy lost his divine appearance to an ordinary child. The child completely forgot all about his birth. Sage Shilada was worried about the sudden change. He devoted his time for Nandi's upbringing his education etc. By the age of seven, the boy was well versed in Veda and all sacred texts.

One day the deities Mitra and Varuna visited Sage Shilada. At the first sight of the boy, they commented: Though the boy had all auspicious signs, he would have a very short life. He would not live after the age of eight. Sage Shilada was mortified at this remark. Nandi could not bear his father's sorrow; he began to pray to Lord Shiva. Lord Shiva appeared before him and blessed him. Lord Shiva adorned the boy with a necklace and made him immortal. Lord Shiva blessed the child and declared that he would be worshiped along with Him and become his vahana (vehicle). Immediately the boy got all the divine powers and transformed into half bull-half human. He and Shilada went to Lord Shiva's abode to live.

IN HINDUISM

Bulls appear on the Indus Valley seals, including the 'Pasupati Seal', which depicts a seated figure and, according to some scholars, is similar to Shiva. However, most scholars agree that the horned bull on the Indus Valley seals is not identical to Nandi.

DESCRIPTIONS ON NANDI IN HINDU RELIGIOUS TEXTS INCLUDE:

- Some Puranas describe Nandi or Nandikeshvara as bull face with a human body that resembles that of Shiva in proportion and aspect, although with four hands — two hands holding the Parasu (the axe) and Mruga (the antelope) and the other two hands joined together in the Anjali (obeisance). Brahma Vaivarta Purana mentions Krishna himself to have taken the form of a bull as no one else in the Universe can bear Shiva.

- Vehicle of Shiva: The bull Nandi is Shiva's primary vehicle and is the principal gana (follower) of Shiva.

- Gate keeper of Shiva's abode: The close association of Shiva and Nandi explains the presence of a statue of Nandi at the gate of many temples dedicated to Shiva. It also explains why the word "nandi" in the Tamil, Kannada and Telugu languages is used as a metaphor for a person blocking the way.[citation needed] In Sanskrit, a bull is called vrisha, which has another connotation — that of righteousness or Dharma. It is important to seek the blessings of Nandi before proceeding to worship Lord Shiva.

- Chief in Shiva's army: Some Puranas mention that Nandi lead the Shiva Ganas, Shiva's attendants.

- A Guru of Saivism: In addition to being his mount, Nandi is Shiva's foremost disciple. In the Natha/Siddhar tradition, Nandi is one of the primal gurus. He was the guru to Siddhar Thirumulanathar, Patanjalinathar and others.

- From the yogic perspective, Nandi/Nandhi/Nandikeshvara is the mind dedicated to Lord Siva, the Absolute. In other words, to understand and absorb Light, the 'experience and the wisdom' is Nandi which is the Guru within.

- Spiritually, Nandi represents an individual jiva (soul) and the message that the jiva should always be focused on the Atman (Paramatman).

LEGENDS

According to some puranas, Nandi was born to sage Shilada who got him by the grace of Shiva.

It was Nandi who cursed Ravana (the demon King of Lanka) that his kingdom would be burnt by a monkey (Vanara). And later Hanuman burnt Lanka when he went in search of Sita, who was kept prisoner by Ravana in Ashok Vatika.

In one puranic story, it is stated that once Siva and Parvathi were playing a game of dice. For any game there has to be an umpire, who has to declare who is the winner. Siva and Parvathi agreed to have Nandi (the divine bull) as the umpire. Nandi is a favorite of Siva, as he is Siva's vehicle. Although Siva lost the game, Nandi declared him the winner. It is stated that Parvathi was indignant over Nandi's partiality for Siva and cursed him that he should die from an incurable disease. Thereupon Nandi fell at the feet of Parvathi and pleaded for forgiveness. "Mother forgive me. Should I not show at least this amount of gratitude to one who is my master? Is it not humiliating for me to declare that my master has lost the game? To uphold his honor I no doubt uttered a lie. But am I to be punished with such severity for so small an offence?" Nandi prayed for forgiveness in this manner. Parvathi forgave Nandi and taught him the means to atone for his lapse. She told him. "The Chaturdasi day in the month of Bhadrapada is the day when my son's birthday is celebrated. On that day you have to offer to my son what pleases you most (green grass)". This means that one atones for one's sins when one offers to the Lord what is most pleasing and enjoyable to him. For Nandi the most enjoyable and relishing food is green grass. As directed by Parvathi Nandi worshipped Ganapathi by offering green grass. Nandi was then relieved of his dreaded disease. His health improved and by the grace of Parvathi he was redeemed.

When the positive forces, the devas, and the negative forces, the asuras, joined together on a rare occasion to churn the ocean with a mountain to obtain the nectar of immortality they utilized Vasuki, the serpent, as the rope. The devas pulled from one end and the asuras from the other. Lots of precious herbs and gems were produced during the Churning and one of them was a poison (halāhala) which became human karma. This "poison" was so dangerous that none of the devas or asuras wanted to go near it. It was extremely sticky and coming into contact with this poison, i.e., human karma, would drag the divinity down to the realms of human suffering and ego. As everyone else ran away, Lord Siva, followed by Nandi, came forward to help as he was the only one who could counteract this deadly poison. Siva took the poison into his hand and drank it, the descent of the poison was in turn stopped at His throat, by His divine consort. Siva is therefore also known as Nīlakaṇṭha (the blue-throated one) and Viṣakaṇṭha (the poison-throated one). Nandi saw some of the poison spill out of Siva's mouth and immediately drank if off the ground. The devas and asuras watching were shocked and wondered aloud what would happen to Nandi. Lord Siva calmed their fears saying, "Nandi has surrendered into me so completely that he has all my powers and my protection".

LARGEST NANDIS IN INDIA

1. Lepakshi, Andhra Pradesh

2. Brahadishwara Temple, Tamil Nadu

4. Bull Temple, Bangalore, Karnataka

5. Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu

6. Hoysaleswara Temple, Halebidu, Karnataka

7. Shanthaleswara Temple, Halebidu, Karnataka

8. Vadakkunnathan Temple, Thrissur, Kerala

9. Virupaksha Temple, Hampi, Karnataka

10. Nandi Temple, Western Group of Temples, Khajuraho,

Madhya Pradesh

11. Kedareshvara Temple at Balligavi (Karnataka)

12. Doddabasaveshvara temple, Kurugodu Bellary dist

MISCELLANEOUS

The white color of the bull symbolizes purity and justice.

Women visit images of Nandi, bringing floral offerings, and touch the stone. Their prayers are for fertility. Additionally, it is also considered a custom among some to whisper the fact of their visit, to that shrine, while requesting the faithful attendant to inform his master of the same.

WIKIPEDIA

Body Language by Glenn Harris

2 28

Beside the Columbia River in the Gorge.

Marketers Care About Language Translation by David Rainey

Modern-daylight consumers always appear to action a hurry. So much in view of that behind they admission a website they don't nonattendance to hang concerning for too long if the language of it isn't complimentary or hasn't been translated skillfully. There is this mannerism these days of speedily skimming through a website to the way of mammal if it is relevant or not. For more visit: www.dammann.com.au/blog/marketers-care-language-translation/

Language Day by Presidio of Monterey

Photo by Hiro Chang

The Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center opened its doors to the public on May 15 for its annual Language Day event.

The event showcased the cultures of the different departmental languages being taught here through dance, skits and fashion shows.

Exhibits were also presented throughout the school grounds with local Monterey ethnic vendors selling their local cuisines to the customers.

Nearly 2,000 high school students and teachers attended Language Day.

Official Presidio of Monterey Web site

Official Presidio of Monterey Facebook

Foreign Body Language by Bill Furlong

"The language of friendship is not words , but rather meanings . It is an intelligence above language." -Thoreau by rukia-san ♥♪♫ I MISS YOU FLICKR!!!!

4 23

Meet my now best buddies in Flickr.

Jeff and Vanessa.

I've known these two shutterbugs only thru Flickr early this year (Feb 2009) ...later did we know that we're bounded to be jologs (buddies) forever. Ha ha ha

Finally, we all met together in person (first time to meet Vanessa, 2nd time for Jeff since we've met in Cebu but barely over lunch haha) thru our photowalk last June 14, 2009 when Jeff came for a short vacay in Singapore.

It was an all afternoon spilled with nothing but craziness and shutter clicks of fun!

Can't wait for the nexts!! Let's do this AGAIN and AGAIN! =)

~~~

Thanks to the boyfriend, Minervs for taking this shot.

That explains my 'face' and why I don't have my camera with me. Ha ha ha

Body language by Edward Weaver-Coles

english language study London by The English Studio (London and Dublin)

Mother Tongue Students by Salman Alam

Mother Tongue Learners striking a pose

2015 Good Old Days parade by Presidio of Monterey

PRESIDIO OF MONTEREY, Calif. -- The Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center Joint Service Color Guard, along with marching units from the four service branches, once again kicked off Pacific Grove's Good Old Days festival by leading the parade along Pine St. on April 11.

The Annual Good Old Days Celebration and Music Festival started in 1957 and is a two-day event in downtown Pacific Grove with live music, parade, vendors and carnival rides.

Official Presidio of Monterey Web site

Official Presidio of Monterey Facebook

PHOTO by Steven L. Shepard, Presidio of Monterey Public Affairs.

Language Day 2017 by Presidio of Monterey

PRESIDIO OF MONTEREY, California -- The 2017 Language Day celebration was held by the Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center at the Presidio of Monterey, May 12. Language Day is open to the public and attended by schools throughout the region to promote an understanding of diverse customs and cultures from around the world. Approximately 5,000 people attended the annual event featuring cultural displays, activities and international ethnic cuisine served by local vendors on Presidio’s Soldier Field.

The event featured a Vietnam War veterans recognition ceremony. Vietnam War lapel pins authorized by Congress were individually presented by POM Garrison Commander Col. Lawrence Brown and Garrison Command Sgt. Maj. Roberto Marshall to approximately 75 Vietnam War veterans in attendance.

Official Presidio of Monterey Web site

Official Presidio of Monterey Facebook

PHOTO by Steven L. Shepard, Presidio of Monterey Public Affairs.

Languages by Special Collections at Johns Hopkins University

Photo by Eric Chen, JHU 2016

Language Day by Presidio of Monterey

Photo by Hiro Chang, Presidio of Monterey Public Affairs

The Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center opened its doors to the public on May 15 for its annual Language Day event.

The event showcased the cultures of the different departmental languages being taught here through dance, skits and fashion shows.

Exhibits were also presented throughout the school grounds with local Monterey ethnic vendors selling their local cuisines to the customers.

Nearly 2,000 high school students and teachers attended Language Day.

Official Presidio of Monterey Web site

Official Presidio of Monterey Facebook

Affective Language Learning by Jim George

Presented by Juan Uribe at Shinshu JALT, 7.12.2014

India - Karnataka - Gokarna - Temple - 26 by Manfred Sommer

Gokarna (Kannada: ಗೋಕರ್ಣ) is a small temple town located on the western coast of India in the Uttara Kannada district of the Indian state of Karnataka. Main temple and deity is Lord Shiva, who is also known as Mahabhaleshwara. This temple houses what is believed to be original image of Lord Shiva's lingam (Atmalinga). There are many other temples all over this small town. Ankola and Kumta on Highway 17 are the main towns near Gokarna.

Gokarna is historically known as one of the seven important Hindu pilgrimage centers and is located on what was once unspoiled beach near the estuary of river Aghanashini with its palm trees, other colorful tropical fruit and flower trees. Of late due to the numbers of tourists the character of this town has changed. This town is no longer just a center of pilgrimage though massive numbers of devotees still visit the town for the purposes of offering prayers and worship to Lord Shiva.

Due to its laid back unspoiled and rustic nature, many younger western tourists started visiting Gokarna about a decade ago. The beaches around Gokarna were hardly used by the locals until these mainly Western tourists started coming to undeveloped beaches around Gokarna. Many enterprising locals started stores restaurants and now fully fledged resorts cater even to the well heeled tourists.

ETYMOLOGY

Gokarna means Cow's Ear. It is believed that Lord Shiva emerged from the ear of a cow (Prithvi, the Mother Earth) here. It is also located at the ear-shaped confluence of two rivers Gangavali and Aghanashini.

MYTOLOGY

Gokarna is mentioned in the Shrimad Bhagavata Purana as being the home of the two brothers Gokarna and Dhundhakari and the Bhagawat also gives details of the differences in their temperament, nature and exploits.

The sthalapuranam of gokarna then available in Tamil as it was a part of Tamil Kingdoms during sangam times, has the following account. Inorder that Brahma who out arrogance arising out of his power to create the universe, sat penancing to redeem himself from curse of shivan, lord shiva appeared in front of him from the ears of a cow. So the place came to be known as gokarnam or ear of the cow. The sangam period writings refer to a class of chieftains going by names kocar and kilans, in charge of the region between gokarnam and present day Mumbai. Even though the Tamil saints have revered this temple, their composed hymns on the same are not available to us as of today.

HISTORY

The earliest history of the city is not known. Tamil saints like the Nayanmars Appar and Sambanthar from the 6th century CE praised the deity of Tulu Nadu in their hymn canon Tevaram. It is an established fact that Mayurvarma of the Kadamba kings brought Brahmins from Ahicchatra. A sect of Brahmins fled from the Gomantak to escape forcible conversions by the Portuguese and British and settled in and around Gokarna in the 15th century. It was part of the Sodhe and Vijayanagar kingdoms. Later, when the Konkan region - including Goa - was occupied by the Portuguese, it became part of their rule. A few temples were destroyed by the Portuguese in 1714 and then rebuilt later in the 18th century and also under the supervision of Guru H. H. Shrimat Anandashram Swamiji in 1928.

CULTURE

Gokarna is a town of contrasts, as it is a temple town and also a holiday destination. Gokarna is full of coconut, banana and other trees, blue seas and relatively clean sands. It is a laid back town with two main streets lined with shops and traditional tile-roofed brick houses. The beaches near Gokarna have shacks (huts) for rent. Kannada is the main language spoken here, however Konkani as well as Indian version of English are spoken here.

RELIGIOUS ATTRACTIONS

Gokarna is also an important centre of Sanskrit learning and houses Bhandikeri Math and Toggu Math. It is a place where Sanskrit knowledge is passed down from generations in Brahmin families. Many Hindus also perform the last rites of a person here.

- Mahabaleshwar Temple (Maha: great, bal: strength) is a famous Shiva Temple and it houses the 'Atmalinga'. Named so after Ravana referred to the linga's great strength.

It is situated at the western end of the main street. In the sanctuary is 'Athmalinga' in between the Saligrama Peethaa. The idol of Lord Mahabaleshwara is called Nagabharana. It is so named because of the Lord rests under the head of Naga (serpent). The floor of the hall in front has an intricate engraving of a giant tortoise.

- Maha Ganapathi Temple built in honour of the boy Ganapathi, who deceived the demon Ravana by keeping Atmalinga on ground before ravana returns from sandyavandanam. The deity here is two-armed, standing and at least 1500 years old.

- Uma Maheshwara Temple

- Bhadrakali Temple

- Tamra Gauri Temple

- Venkataramana Temple

- Kotitheertha is a man-made tank that is used for immersion of idols and ritual bathing. It is surrounded by temples.

- Shivaratri festival is celebrated here with great enthusiasm. The temple has two chariots - named locally as 'Dodda Ratha' (Dodda for Big in Kannada) and 'Sanna Ratha' (sanna for small in Kannada). Dodda Ratha is quite huge. While 'Sanna Ratha' is out in the open during winter and summer, the 'Dodda Ratha' is brought out and made ready only during Maha Shivaratri. On the last day of Maha Shivaratri festival the Lord Mahabaleshwara idol is carried in 'Dodda Ratha' in a procession through the town's big Car Street, while priests and pilgrims chant hymns in praise of Shiva. More than a hundred people are needed to pull the chariots with thick ropes while priests conduct religious ceremonies inside. During the nine-day Maha Shivaratri festival, the small town of Gokarna is visited by up to 20,000 pilgrims.

COMMUNITY FESTIVALS

- Mahashivaratri

- Kartika mahotsava

- suggi habba is the main cultural festival of halakki vakkaligas

BEACHES

The drive up the winding path that leads to Gokarna is scenic, with the rocky mountains and Western Ghats on one side and the Arabian Sea on the other.Gokarna is also known for the beaches. The main beaches in Gokarna are the Gokarna beach (also known as Indian Beach), Main Beach, Kuddle Beach, Om Beach, Half moon Beach, Paradise Beach (also known as Full moon)and Nirvana beach (3 km long with fine white sand). The Gokarna beach forms the coast of the town and is followed by Main beach in northern direction while the other four beaches lie to the south of Gokarna. Gokarna Beach is mainly used by Indian pilgrims. Main Beach is a long open beach, also known for surfing. Kuddle and Om are around 6 km from Gokarna town along a muddy hill; they are accessible by rickshaw or foot. Half moon and Paradise are beyond Om beach and are accessible only by foot or boat, Nirvana beach is accessible by boat and road from Kumta town. Om beach is named so because it is shaped like the auspicious ॐ [Om] symbol. Om beach is the only naturally Om shaped beach. Three other beaches - Paradise, Half Moon and Nirvana beach.

LOCATION

Gokarna is about 583 km from Bangalore, 238 km north of Mangalore and about 59 km from Karwar. It is between the Gangavali and Agnashini rivers and situated along the Karwar coast by the Arabian Sea. It is 200 km north from the college towns of Suratkal.

Gokarna can be reached by buses and maxicabs from Kumta (30 km), Ankola (26 km) and Karwar (59 km) on National Highway 17( NH-17 ). Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) also runs long-journey buses from many cities like Panaji, Bangalore and Mangalore. Private buses (Vijayanand Roadlines - VRL, Sugama, Sea Bird, etc.) operate night journeys from the capital city of Bangalore to Gokarna daily. It can be reached by train Konkan Railway on the Mumbai to Mangalore route. The railway station ( called Gokarna Road ) is 6 km away from the town. The station also has a retiring room at a nominal price. Many important trains like Matsyagandha Express have a halt here. The nearest airports are Dabolim at Goa and Mangalore International Airport at Bajpe.

WIKIPEDIA

AT&T Pebble Beach 15th hole Pin Detail 2014 by Presidio of Monterey

PEBBLE BEACH, Calif. - Keeping an annual AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am tradition, members from the Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center and Coast Guard Station-Monterey represent the military at the tournament’s 15th hole by tending a special pin adorned with the United States flag Feb. 7, 8 and 9, 2014. The 15th hole was designated as the location of the special “Support Our Troops” tent provided by tournament sponsors and organizers, providing free refreshments and a place to pause and relax for service members attending the tournament. Besides special recognition of military personnel at the 15th hole during the final three days of competition, Feb. 5 was designated as Military Appreciation Day, a special day set aside to recognize and honor the men and women of the U.S. Armed Forces during tournament week, Feb. 3 - 9.

To learn more about the people and facilities of the Presidio of Monterey (POM) visit the official garrison website at www.monterey.army.mil.

Photo by Michael Beaton, Presidio of Monterey Public Affairs

US Steel Series by Hethatis Madzo

This design language of his in the series even reached as far as Australia and Japan with elements of the Sentinel 280 appearing in the 1969 Holden Hurricane and the 1970 Toyota EX7, Francis said.

While Mead concurred that there's no proof of direct inspiration, he said the U.S. Steel books were specifically targeted to car designers, with the altruistic goal of design inspiration paired with U.S. Steel's hints that steel made for better car designs than the then-nascent-in-the-industry aluminum.

Language Day 2011 by Presidio of Monterey