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The Members' Meeting is coming up again - these were from last year. The cockpit of a Mercedes-Benz W196
Leaf symptoms include vein yellowing or light green to yellow rings. Plums can exhibit acute symptoms, including chlorotic and necrotic ring patterns or blotches. Figure 1b in NYS IPM fact sheet Plum Pox Disease of Stone Fruits, in eCommons, Cornell University at ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/43119. Photo by M. Fuchs. More information is on nysipm.cornell.edu/agriculture/fruits and Cornell Fruit Resources fruit.cornell.edu.
I/We thank the #redsandproject for allowing us to include the voice of #sexworkersagainstsextrafficking in the effort against human trafficking. At the intersectionality of the complexity of issues are the people who have been lost to violence. We strive to find solutions, addressing stigma, de/escalating violence, and seeing how to make sex work safer. Red Sand Projects gift of inclusion with the Sand for the 2018 December 17th International Day To End Violence Against Sex Workers (IDTEVASW) in Philadelphia began the effort to communicate with sex workers of different styles about the reality of trafficking, and the desire to see all workers safe on their journey. June 2019 I/We added Sand to the outreach and decrim efforts on International Whores Day (IWD). The Sand fills the cracks, bridges divides and allows us a tool to educate on the violence faced by those in the sex trade. As I - M Dante - try to fulfill on this difficult journey: Let love live here instead of silence.
Peradeniya Botanical Gardens, near Kandy, Sri Lanka.
The garden includes more than 4000 species of plants, including orchids, spices, medicinal plants and palm trees. Attached to it is the National Herbarium of Sri Lanka. The total area of the botanical garden is 147 acres (0.59 km2), at 460 metres above sea level, and with a 200-day annual rainfall. It is managed by the Division of National Botanic Gardens of the Department of Agriculture.
From Wikipedia -
The origins of the Botanic Gardens date as far back as 1371 when King Wickramabahu III ascended the throne and kept court at Peradeniya near the Mahaweli river. This was followed by King Kirti Sri and King Rajadhi Rajasinghe. A temple was built on this location by King Wimala Dharma, but it was destroyed by the British when they were given control over the Kingdom of Kandy.
Thereafter, the groundwork for a botanical garden was formed by Alexandar Moon in 1821. He used the garden for coffee and cinnamon plants. The Botanical Garden at Peradeniya was formally established in 1843 with plants brought from Kew Garden, Slave Island, Colombo, and the Kalutara Garden in Kalutara. The Royal Botanic Garden, Peradeniya was made more independent and expanded under George Gardner as superintendent in 1844. On Gardner's death in 1849 George Henry Kendrick Thwaites became superintendent. He served until he resigned in 1879, when he was succeeded by Henry Trimen, who served until 1895.
The garden came under the administration of the Department of Agriculture when it was established in 1912.
There are avenues in the River Drive such as Cook's Pine Avenue, Palmyra Palm Avenue, Double Coconut Avenue, Cabbage Palm Avenue, and Royal Palm Avenue. The classical Avenue of Palms is in this Garden. One item with a significant history is the Cannonball Tree planted by King George V of the United Kingdom and Queen Mary in 1901. It is often laden with fruit, which are thought to resemble cannonballs.
During World War II, the Botanic Garden was used by Lord Louis Mountbatten, the supreme commander of the allied forces in the South Asia, as the headquarters of the South East Asia Command.
This Video include 20 tracks of Various Artists. Every day a new compilation of Christmas songs! Subscribe for free to stay connected to our channel and easily access our video updates! goo.gl/CLdGjC Tip: click on the time and listen your favorite song Track list: Twelve Days of Christmas music [Nine Ladies Dancing] --------------------------------- 1 | 00:00 | Lionel Hampton - Gin for Christmas 2 | 02:29 | Lawrence Welk - Adeste Fideles 3 | 04:35 | Fran Allison - Christmas in My Heart 4 | 07:28 | Nelson Eddy - God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen 5 | 09:11 | Peggy Lee - Santa Claus Is Coming To Town 6 | 11:31 | The Mormon Tabernacle Choir - Break Forth, O Beauteous Heavenly Light 7 | 13:13 | Claus Reindex Team - Let It Snow, Let It Snow, Let It Snow 8 | 17:28 | Spirit Of Gospel - (what A) Wonderful World 9 | 19:31 | Dick Emery - (All I Want for Christmas Is) My Two Front Teeth 10 | 22:13 | Percy Faith - I Saw Three Ships 11 | 24:14 | The Temple Church Choir - Christ Was Born on Christmas Day 12 | 26:29 | The Mormon Tabernacle Choir - It Came Upon a Midnight Clear 13 | 28:36 | Lester Lanin - Here Comes Santa Claus - Frosty the Snowman 14 | 31:08 | Dalida - Noel Blanc 15 | 33:49 | Nat King Cole - Deck The Halls 16 | 34:58 | Marian Anderson - Ave Maria 17 | 42:21 | Augie Rios - Ol' Fatso 18 | 44:38 | The Mormon Tabernacle Choir - Hark! the Herald Angels Sing 19 | 46:13 | Jo Ann Campbell - Happy New Year Baby 20 | 48:53 | Patti Page - Jingle Bells --------------------------------- Playlist Santa's Countdown to Christmas: goo.gl/cxNuUf --------------------------------- Subscribe Channel We cant wait for Christmas, and so we have made this the biggest and best Christmas Music Advent calendar used to count the days of Advent in anticipation of Christmas Channel for the sharing of best Christmas songs in the world. Ride your playlist and get touched with these beautiful songs about the best and blessed time of year. Happy Christmas! Subscribe for free to stay connected to our channel and easily access our video updates! Facebook: goo.gl/4cTAQs Twitter: twitter.com/Santa_ClausXmas Instagram: goo.gl/MqnnxT Tumblr: goo.gl/BgVQhr Pinterest: goo.gl/9KzAgQ Flickr: goo.gl/V4QCMr Wordpress Blog: goo.gl/6Zvoxk Blogger: goo.gl/8Uh53Z --------------------------------- ® 2018 Santa Claus Xmas Songs youtu.be/sHLNvFrt1Qo
Include some fresh water Tiger fishing in your safari vacation package. They're called "tiger" fish for good reason!
Fine and dry for the 72nd Members' Meeting at Goodwood. A mixture of racing and exhibition runs for cars of different types and eras.
www.flickr.com/photos/22310427@N08/collections/7215762620...
Ladner, BC Canada
One of the best ways to get a feeling for the Fraser Estuary is from a small boat such as a canoe or kayak. Although the Fraser River powers its way through the estuary in three main channels, there are numerous backwaters where the current is not as strong nor the wakes from passing tugboats and freighters as intimidating. Try launching at Deas Slough and explore the nearby Ladner Marsh area.
The heart of the slough is equidistant from either Ferry Road or Deas Island Park. If you want to expand your journey beyond the slough, investigate the secluded channels of Ladner Marsh and the South Arm Marshes Wildlife Management Area that begins west of the Ferry Road boat launch and includes all of the delta between Deas and Westham Islands.
This image is best viewed in large screen.
Thank you for your visit and any faves or comments are always greatly appreciated!
~Sonja
Fans include (clockwise from front) Tara & sister Maddie with ball & Alaina Williams & Hannah Renner with Zach Hay and Heath Melugin. No jitters before tomorrows Sectional playoff ladies?
Ukraine’s priorities include joining NATO, implementing the decisions of the Alliance's Washington Summit, and jointly intercepting Russian missiles and drones. This was the focus of President Volodymyr Zelenskyy’s discussion with NATO Secretary General Mark Rutte during their meeting in Kyiv.
This is Mark Rutte’s first foreign visit as the leader of the North Atlantic Alliance. President Zelenskyy noted that this visit immediately clearly outlines the current priorities, indicating where the defense of shared Euro-Atlantic values is taking place right now.
“Our key goal is Ukraine’s full NATO membership. Ukraine can become the thirty-third member of NATO. Ukrainians deserve this,” said the President.
During the meeting, the parties thoroughly discussed the prospects for cooperation, the Victory Plan and the feasibility of Ukraine's approach to a just end to the war, the situation on the battlefield, and the needs of our units, including weapons and brigade staffing.
“Ukraine needs to strengthen its positions on the frontline so that we can increase pressure on Russia for the sake of fair, real diplomacy. That is why we need a sufficient quantity and quality of weapons, including long-range weapons, the provision of which, in my opinion, is being delayed by our partners,” Volodymyr Zelenskyy emphasized.
A separate focus of the discussion was Ukraine’s air defense needs. It is crucial for Ukraine that all air defense agreements, including those reached at the NATO Summit in Washington this July, are implemented before winter begins. Additionally, Volodymyr Zelenskyy and Mark Rutte discussed additional cooperation with neighboring countries, drawing on examples from the Middle East.
“Jointly intercepting Iranian missiles is no different from jointly intercepting Russian missiles, and especially "Shaheds," which link the Russian and Iranian regimes. What we need in our region is more determination from our partners to put an end to Russian terror,” the President emphasized.
Mark Rutte noted that, as NATO Secretary General, he will do everything possible to increase support for Ukraine.
“Your security matters for ours. Your fight for freedom reflects our core principles and values,” he said.
According to the NATO Secretary General, member states of the Alliance plan to boost their own defense capabilities and strengthen Ukraine’s defense industry.
“Ukraine is closer to NATO than ever before. And we will continue on this path until you become a member of our Alliance. I very much look forward to that day,” said Mark Rutte.
The 2018 Winter Olympics will be held in Pyeongchang, South Korea, from February 9, 2018 (2/9/18) to February 25, 2018 (2/25/18). Sports include figure skating, alpine skiing, sledding, curling, snowboarding and ice hockey.
This is what you need to know about the Opening Ceremony, which marks the official start of the Games:
When: Friday, February 9, 2018
Where: Pyeongchang, South Korea
Time: 8 p.m. - 11 p.m. Oriental
TV: NBC
Livestream: NBCOlympics.com (subscription required)
Winter Olympics 2018 Live Stream
2018 Winter Olympics Live Stream
PyeongChang 2018 Olympics Live
PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Winter Games
2018 Winter Olympic schedule and results. View the competition schedule by day or by sport for the PyeongChang Olympics (9-25 Feb). Find results as they happen which athletes are taking home medals for which countries.
Bowled him - hence the look of joy on the wicket keeper's face. Pity the bowler ruined the composition!
Washington Heights, Manhattan, New York City, New York, United States
The Jumel Terrace Historic District includes almost fifty row houses and one apartment house. It is located between St. Nicholas Avenue and Edgecombe Avenue and extends from the south side of West 160th Street to the north side of West 162nd Street.
The District is important in that it provides a dignified and largely homogeneous setting for one of the City's most historic buildings, the Roger-Morris Jumel Mansion, which was officially designated a Landmark on July 12, 1967. The District includes the Mansion and the surrounding Roger Morris Park within its confines.
The District is also significant in that the existing buildings represent, without exception, the original and only construction that has taken place on these sites since they were part of a large country estate.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
The history of this estate starts with the ownership of Jan Kiersen, a Dutchman, who in 1696 and 1700 obtained releases from Harlem residents and a deed from the officers of the Town of Harlem, as the property lay within the bounds of the Town patent. Kiersen had his farm here. He continued to enlarge his holding and eventually gave it, reputedly as a wedding present, to his son-in-law Jacob Dyckman.
In 1763, Jacob Dyckman and his family cold the property to James Carrol, a butcher, for 1,000 pounds. Carrol raised vegetables and fruits on the farm, and in 1765 put an advertisement in the New York Mercury of May 13th: "To be sold: Farm on the Road leading to Kings Bridge in the township of Harlem, of about 100 acres, the land runs from River to River Enquire of James Carrol."
Colonel Roger Morris bought the estate and built the present Mansion as his summer home.
The subsequent history of the house and grounds, its use by George Washington as his headquarters, the British occupation by General Sir Henry Clinton, the subsequent purchase by Stephen Jumel and the marriage of his widow to Aaron Burr are all described in designation report LP-0308.
After Madame Jumel's death in the house in 1865, the estate was tied up in litigation for the next sixteen years. Altogether, there were some twenty cases at law during this period before ownership was confirmed in one Nelson Chase. Seth Milliken bought the Mansion in 1887 and what remained of the estate was auctioned off. In 1894 the Mansion, together with what is now Roger Morris Park was sold to General F. P. Earle, who made his home here until his death. His widow sold it to the City of New York in 1903.
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
The long standing rural nature of the surroundings began changing in 1882 when the two rows of wooden houses vera constructed that still face each other across Sylvan Terrace.
This short, once private street, roughly follows the line of the carriage drive that formerly led from the Mansion to Kings Bridge Road, now St. Nicholas Avenue.
Subsequently, in 1890-91 handsome brick houses shoving the asymmetrical influence of the Queen Anne style were built along West 160th Street, to be followed in turn by the Romanesque Revival 1895-96 stone houses along Jumel Terrace and 162nd Street and the Classical Revival houses of 1902 also on 162nd Street.
The latest building in the District, and its only apartment house, is the 1909 brick and limestone structure at the corner of Jumel Terrace and 160th Street. Thus the entire development of the District, surrounding the Morris-Jumel Mansion, took place within less than thirty years, and except for the early vernacular rows of wooden houses on Sylvan Terrace, is remarkably homogeneous in material and character.
WEST 162ND STREET (Nos. 430-444 & 425-45)) 3etw. St. Nicholas & Edgecombe Avenues.
This pleasant residential street displays an interesting variety of row houses. Jumel Terrace terminates at West 162nd Street, with large tree-lined Roger Morris Park on the east corner. The park tends openness to the row of houses.
Both front houses on both the south and the north side of the street provide visual unity to the block.
* SOUTH side
This row continues the character of the houses around the corner on the west side of Jumel Terrace, in height, material, and detail they are quite simitar and particularly in the contrast of rough-cut brownstone for the basement and first stories with the smooth ash tar above. Both rows of houses were designed by the same architect for the same owner.
The first five houses (Nos. 430-438) are transitional in feeling, displaying both Romanesque Revival and Classical features.
They were designed by Henry Fouchaux for William W. Watkins and built in 1896, at the same time as those on Jumel Terrace. Of special interest is the side of the corner house, No. 430, which has a bas relief set in an arch between windows.
Masonry stoops lead up the first floors which, like the basements, are of rough-cut stone. The upper two
- arteries extend outward in a curved bow supported on a broad stone corbel of basket-like form. The curved fronts are reflected in the decorated friezes below and the multi-bracketed roof cornices producing a seal toped effect against the sky.
A bas relief panel appear-below each window of these houses.
- From the 1970 NYCLPC Historic District Designation Report
Located in the Revitalization District of East 11th Street, this Vertical Mixed Use project will become unique focal point in a quickly growing neighborhood. The project includes 11 retail stores and offices, 20 residential condominiums of which 20% are affordable housing, and roof top decks accessible by all residents. The unique solar screen on the south and west facades is just one of the many aspects of the design that contributes to the 3-Star Green Building Rating. The East Village is also one of the City of Austin’s S.M.A.R.T. (Safe, Mixed-Income, Accessible, Reasonably Priced, Transit Oriented) Housing developments.
The East 11th Street neighborhood in Austin has seen considerable change since 2001. Once a largely ignored portion of Austin, E. 11th Street is now home to many different retail shops, restaurants, offices, and cultural groups. Block 19 seeks to capture this diversity by developing a dynamic and creative environment for its residents, combining retail shops and small commercial offices with residential units on the upper floors. On the fourth floor are two green roofs; each with a wonderful view into downtown.
The design of the building incorporates modest materials in creative and dynamic ways. The entire ground level is full height glass mounted in front of a steel structure. This gives the illusion of the entire building floating on cubes of glass. To further enhance the visual `lightness` of the building, the entrance to the site is under a long span steel truss that supports 2 stories of residential units across a 65 ft span. The upper south and west facades are shielded from the hot Texas sun with a multi-faceted steel panel screen which double as a shading device and guardrails for the residential balconies.
Instead of relying on expensive, high maintenance green `gadgets`, Block 19 showcases the architects’ incorporation of sustainability into the fundamentals of the building. In addition to the steel sunscreen, features such as insulated Low-E glazing, recycled and recyclable materials, no VOC paint, R-19 insulated walls, R-30 insulated roof, passive insect control, construction waste recycling, and low impact native landscaping all work together to make the East Village Lofts a healthy building for the residents and the community.
Long, adjustable necklace with large, beautiful feather!!
♠Gorgeous Pendant includes a faceted red crystal and small, round turquoise beads- the Perfect color combination!!
♦as you know, feathers are the 'must-have' accessory of the season!
MORE DETAILS:
♦open filigree work in lovely detail- and an antique-style 'ruby'
♦Beautiful shades of blues- turquoise, teal...
♦Vintage-inspired bronze metal pendant and chain
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♦total length of pendant: approx. 3.5"
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♠Pictures don't do it justice- it looks even better in person!
♣to purchase: www.facebook.com/pg/SharonnaMisha/photos/?tab=album&a...
The Lower Trout Lake Bathhouse Complex and Contact Station includes five Mid-Century Modern resources, located on
two separate land parcels, in the same section of the Bald Mountain Recreation Area in Orion Township. The Lower Trout Lake Bathhouse Complex and Contact Station was designed in the mid-1960s by internationally renowned Michigan
architect Gunnar Birkerts. The larger of the two parcels of land contains a bathhouse complex of four closely spaced circular buildings – Men’s and Women’s Bathhouses, a Concession Stand, and a Pump House – all grouped within a large
circular pad of concrete pavement set back from the beach at Lower Trout Lake. The nomination also includes a small round Contact Station or “control booth” located about 4,600 feet away on the entrance road into this southern section of
the Bald Mountain Recreation Area. The buildings are closely related by their circular forms, concrete construction, and,
before vandals stripped them, copper roofs.
The Lower Trout Lake Bathhouse Complex and Contact Station is significant under criteria A and C. It is a set of Park
Service Modern buildings inspired by the nationwide Mission 66 program. The buildings were designed by world renowned architect Gunnar Birkerts who is known for his high-style modern structures. The Lower Trout Lake Bathhouse Complex and Contact Station’s structures are examples of two complimentary forms of mid-century modern design; one, a style of park building known as Park Service Modern, made popular by the National Park Service and the Mission 66 program architects; the other, the distinctive architectural style produced by Gunnar Birkerts at the time, during the beginning of the busiest point in his career. The buildings are less than fifty years old, yet because of their unique design, association with a
nation-wide program, and were designed by a master architect; they are eligible for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places at the National level.
The Lower Trout Lake Bathhouse Complex and
Contact Station was listed in the National Register of HIstoric Places on September 3, 2013.
The sandstone carvings on Lakshmana Temple are absolutely stunning in their sheer scale, intricacy and subject matter. Sculptures include various forms of Vishnu and Shiva, griffins, snake goddesses, apsaras (celestial nymphs in Hindu mythology, typically dancers and singers) as well as the erotic sculptures - interspersed almost casually between the other sculptures - which contribute to the many amazing aspects of this temple complex.
As Kevin Standage describes in his beautifully photographed and informative blog (kevinstandagephotography.wordpress.com/2018/04/10/khajura...) “The [erotic] images are carved to a template of complex coital positions, scenes that are in fact repeated in many other temples at Khajuraho.” However “most temples built between 900 and 1300 A.D. in India contain erotic scenes of some description. The difference at Khajuraho is their placement on the main wall of the temple, in plain sight, and large in scale … in most other regions of India erotic scenes [are] tucked away somewhat, smaller in scale, below eye level, hardly attracting the attention of any visitor.”
Drawing on the excellent article by William Dalrymple (A Point of View: The sacred and sensuous in Indian art - www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-26873149) Westerners visiting India have frequently been surprised and sometimes embarrassed by a very different set of attitudes to the sensuous and its relationship to the sacred. In India it has been considered completely appropriate to cover the exterior walls of religious buildings with graphically copulating couples. Christianity, in contrast, has seen the human body as essentially sinful, lustful and shameful, something which has to be tamed and disciplined, an obstacle to salvation. To pre-colonial Indians there was no association of women with sin or temptation but instead with fertility, abundance and prosperity, and there is an open embrace of sexuality as one route to the divine.
Quoting the local plaque “The erotic figures have given us the finest sculptural compositions which vibrate with a rare sensitiveness and warmth of emotion and remarkable for their sculptural quality.”
nyc loft living project: includes below floor layout
Rendering, Interior design: A. Golden, eyewash design, NYC, c. 2008
NC3 Conference – Gateway Technical College – July 18-22, 2022 Events & Workshops include NC3 Presentation Speaker - Networking Sessions - Copeland Compression Training - Handtool Identification and TPMS5 and Leadership Awards Ceremony.
Ahead of the Piazza Italia proper, some of the cars went on a tour from Horsham to Henfield via Storrington and Steyning. Before parking up, A classic Lancia rumbling down Steyning High Street
Kochi is a city in the Indian state of Kerala. Kochi is located in the district of Ernakulam. Old Kochi loosely refers to a group of islands including Willingdon Island, Fort Kochi and Mattancherry. Today Kochi includes Ernakulam, old parts of Kochi, Kumbalangi, and outlying islands.
For many centuries up to and during the British Raj, the city of Kochi was the seat of the eponymous princely state. Kochi traces its history back many centuries, when it was the centre of Indian spice trade for hundreds of years, and was known to the Yavanas (Greeks and Romans), Jews, Arabs and Chinese since ancient times. Kochi earned a significant position on the world trading map after the port at Kodungallur (Cranganore) was destroyed by massive flooding of the river Periyar in 1341.
The earliest documented references to Kochi occur in the books written by Chinese voyager Ma Huan, during his visit to Kochi in the 15th century as part of the treasure fleet of Admiral Zheng He. There are also references to Kochi in accounts written by Italian traveller Niccolò Da Conti, who visited Cochin in 1440 . Today, Kochi is the commercial hub of Kerala, and one of the fastest growing second-tier metros in India.
PREHISTORY
Not much is known about the prehistory of Kochi. There has been no clear evidence of Stone Age inhabitation. Quite ironically, Kochi forms the central part of the Megalithic belt of Kerala. The only trace of prehistoric life in the region is the menhir found in Tripunithura.
Princely rule
PRINCELY RULE
The history of Kochi prior to the Portuguese is not well documented. Though places north and south of Kochi are mentioned in quite detail in many accounts by ancient travellers, even a mention of Kochi is absent prior to the arrival of the Portuguese. Kochi's prominence as a trading port grew after the collapse of the port at Kodungallur in 1341 AD.
The Cochin State came into existence in 1102 AD after the breaking up of the Kulasekhara empire.
FOREIGN RULE
Kochi was under the rule of many foreign empires, during which the Raja of Kochi still remained the titular head.
PORTUGUESE PERIOD (1503-1663)
Kochi was the scene of the first European settlement in India. In the year 1500, Portuguese Admiral Pedro Álvares Cabral, landed at Cochin after being repelled from Calicut. The King of rival Kochi welcomed his guests and a treaty of friendship was signed. Promising his support in the conquest of Calicut, the admiral coaxed the king into allowing them to build a factory at Cochin. Assured by the support, the king called war with the Zamorins of Calicut. However, the admiral retreated in panic on seeing the powers of the Zamorin. The Zamorins, on the other hand, eager to win the favor of the Portuguese, left without a war. Another captain, João da Nova was sent in place of Cabral. However, he too faltered at the sight of the Zamorin. The consecutive retreats made the King of Portugal indignant. The king sent Vasco Da Gama, who bombed Calicut and destroyed the Arab trading posts. This invited the anger of the Zamorin, who declared a war against the Kochi Raja.
The war between Calicut and Cochin began on 1 March 1503. However, the oncoming monsoons and the arrival of a small Portuguese fleet under Francisco and Afonso de Albuquerque alarmed the Zamorin, and he called back his army. The Zamorin resorted to a retreat also because the revered festival of Onam was near, and the Zamorin intended to keep the auspicious day holy. This led to a triumph for the king of Kochi, who was later re-established in the possession of his kingdom. However, much of the kingdom was burnt and destroyed by the Zamorins.
After securing the king in his throne, the Portuguese got permission to build a fort – Fort Kochi (Fort Emmanuel) (after the reigning king of Portugal) - surrounding the Portuguese factory, in order to protect it from any further attacks. The entire work was commissioned by the Cochin Raja, who supplied workers and material. The Raja continued to rule with the help of the Portuguese. Meanwhile, the Portuguese secretly tried to enter into an alliance with the Zamorins. A few later attempts by the Zamorin at conquering the Kochi port was thwarted by the Cochin Raja with the help of the Portuguese. Slowly, the Portuguese armory at Kochi was increased, with the presumed notion of helping the raja protect Kochi. However, the measured led to decrease in the power of the Cochin Raja, and an increase in the Portuguese influence. From 1503 to 1663, Kochi was ruled by Portugal through the namesake Cochin Raja. Kochi remained the capital of Portuguese India till 1510. In 1530, Saint Francis Xavier arrived and founded a Christian mission. This Portuguese period was difficult for the Jews installed in the region, since the Inquisition was active in Portuguese India. Kochi hosted the grave of Vasco da Gama, the Portuguese viceroy, who was buried at St. Francis Church until his remains were returned to Portugal in 1539. Soon after the time of Albuquerque, the Portuguese rule in Kerala declined. The failure is attributed to several factors like intermarriages, forcible conversions, religious persecution etc.
DUTCH PERIOD (1663-1773)
The Portuguese rule was followed by that of the Dutch, who had by then conquered Quilon, after various encounters with the Portuguese and their allies. Discontented members of the Cochin Royal family called on the assistance of the Dutch for help in overthrowing the Cochin Raja. The Dutch successfully landed at Njarakal and headed on to capture the fort at Pallippuram, which they handed over to the Zamorin.
MYSORE INVASION
The 1773 conquest of the Mysore King Hyder Ali in the Malabar region descended to Kochi. The Kochi Raja had to pay a subsidy of one hundred thousand of Ikkeri Pagodas (equalling 400,000 modern rupees). Later on, in 1776, Haider captured Trichur, which was under the Kingdom of Kochi. Thus, the Raja was forced to become a tributary of Mysore and to pay a nuzzar of 100,000 of pagodas and 4 elephants and annual tribute of 30,000 pagodas. The hereditary Prime Ministership of Cochin came to an end during this period.
BRITISH PERIOD (1814–1947)
In 1814 according to the Anglo-Dutch Treaty, the islands of Kochi, including Fort Kochi and its territory were ceded to the United Kingdom in exchange for the island of Banca. Even prior to the signing of the treaty, there are evidence of English residents in Kochi. Towards the early 20th century, trade at the port had increased substantially, and the need to develop the port was greatly felt. Harbour Engineer Robert Bristow, was thus brought to Cochin in 1920 under the direction of Lord Willingdon, then the Governor of Madras. In a span of 21 years, he had transformed Cochin as the safest harbour in the peninsula, where ships berthed alongside the newly reclaimed inner harbour equipped with a long array of steam cranes. Meanwhile, in 1866, Fort Cochin was made a municipality, and its first Municipal Council election to a board of 18 members was conducted in 1883. The Maharajah of Cochin, in 1896 initiated local administration, by forming town councils in Mattancherry and Ernakulam. In 1925, Kochi legislative assembly was constituted due to public pressure on the state. The assembly consisted of 45 members, 10 of who were officially nominated. Thottakkattu Madhaviamma became the first woman to be a member of any legislature in India.
POST INDEPENDENCE ERA
In 1947, India gained independence from the British colonial rule. Cochin was the first princely state to join the Indian Union willingly. Post independence, E. Ikkanda Warrier became the first Prime Minister of Kochi. K. P. Madhavan Nair, P.T Jacob, C. Achutha Menon, Panampilly Govinda Menon were few of the other stalwarts who were in the forefront of the democratic movements. Then in 1949, Travancore-Cochin state came into being by the merger of Cochin and Travancore, with Parur T. K. Narayana Pillai as the first chief minister. Travancore-Cochin, was in turn merged with the Malabar district of the Madras State. Finally, the Government of India's 1 November 1956 States Reorganisation Act inaugurated a new state – Kerala – incorporating Travancore-Cochin, Malabar District, and the taluk of Kasargod, South Kanara. On 9 July 1960, the Mattancherry council passed a resolution that was forwarded to the government, requesting the formation of a Municipal Corporation by combining the existing municipalities of Fort Kochi, Mattancherry and Ernakulam. The proposal was condemned by the Fort Kochi municipality. However, the Ernakulam municipality welcomed the proposal, suggesting the inclusion of more suburban areas in the amalgamated Corporation. Major Balagangadhara Menon, the then Director of Local Bodies was appointed by the government to study the feasibility of the suggested merger. And based on the report submitted by him, the Kerala Legislative Assembly approved the formation of the Corporation. Thus, on 1 November 1967, exactly 11 years since the conception of the state of Kerala, the corporation of Cochin came into existence, by the merger of the municipalities of Ernakulam, Mattancherry and Fort Kochi, along with that of the Willingdon Island and four panchayats viz. Palluruthy, Vennala, Vyttila and Edappally and the small islands of Gundu and Ramanthuruth.
WIKIPEDIA
Includes an illustration of the Cornelian published in Motor Age magazine.
KPL catalog number P-1223
Kirin Company, Limited (キリン株式会社 Kirin Kabushiki-gaisha) is an integrated beverages company. It is a subsidiary of Kirin Holdings Company, Limited. Its major operating units include Kirin Brewery Company, Limited, Mercian Corporation and Kirin Beverages Company, Limited. Kirin is a member of the Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group (MUFG) keiretsu.
Kirin Brewery sells two of the most popular beers in Japan: Kirin Lager, one of the country's oldest beer brands which started brewing in 1888; and Ichiban Shibori. Within the happoshu (low-malt) category, Kirin Tanrei is the top seller. Kirin handles domestic distribution for several foreign brands, including Budweiser and Heineken.
Kirin's brewery operations also extend overseas, through strategic alliances, subsidiaries, and affiliates, to China, Taiwan, Australia, the Philippines, Europe, New Zealand and the United States. The company holds a 100%[4] stake in Lion Nathan Limited, a consolidated subsidiary that is based in Australia but has particularly important operations in China. Kirin has a 48%[5] stake in San Miguel Brewery, the dominant brewer in the Philippines. Kirin now applies its fermentation technology to areas such as plant genetics, pharmaceuticals, and bioengineering. Although brewing and related businesses remain the core of Kirin's activities, the company is also involved in several other sectors: hard liquor, wine, soft drinks, and food products.
In Japanese, "kirin" can refer to giraffes, or to Qilin, the mythical hooved Chinese chimerical creatures. Kirin Brewery is named after the latter.
On 14 July 2009, Kirin announced that it was in negotiations with Suntory on a merger.[6] On 8 February 2010, it was announced that negotiations between the two had been terminated.[7]
In early 2010 Kirin's Agribio business was sold to Dutch H2 Equity Partners; now it's part of Dümmen Orange.[8]
In 2010, 23.4 percent of Kirin's sales were made overseas, the highest overseas revenue among all Japanese breweries.[9]
In October 2011, the court decided that Kirin could buy a majority stake in family-run Brazilian beer Schincariol. Kirin bought a 50.45 percent stake in 2011, valued at $2.6 billion.[10]
In November 2011, Kirin Holdings Company agreed to buy out the shareholders in Brazilian beermaker Schincariol Participacoes e Representacoes, completing its biggest acquisition as it seeks growth in emerging markets ($1.35 billion was paid for the 49.54 percent stake, giving it control of all outstanding shares).[11]
In November 2012, Kirin changed Schincariol's name to Brasil Kirin.[12]
In 2013 Kirin joined leading alcohol producers as part of a producers' commitments to reducing harmful drinking.[13]
In February 2013, Charoen Sirivadhanabhakdi bought the 15% stake of Singapore’s Fraser & Neave (F&N), a property-to-drinks conglomerate, from Kirin for USD $1.6 billion.[14]
In July 2014, Kirin announced its intention to revive the Spring Valley Brewery brand as a wholly owned subsidiary company to focus on producing and retailing microbrewery style beers produced using traditional ingredients and brewing methods.[15]
On January 20, 2017, Heineken NV and Kirin Holdings confirmed they were in negotiations for Heineken to acquire Kirin's beer operations in Brazil.[16]
Wisdom includes being in one's garden when the town is oveeflowing with Memorial Weekend extravaganza outdoors exploitations, with the sounds of blaring horns of cars whose owners haven't figured out how to stop them yet, and rock climbers, beer drinkers, kitsch buyers etc. etc. so the advice I was given is: make your yard your refuge. design it so in summer you can't see your neighbor's houses, avoid straight line, grow bird friendly bushes, lots of berries, and a cherry tree to drool over everey year...i't really hard to leave this Garden of Eden, as there's always something to pick , to plant, to trim, to separate, and with all, I play the creator, the decider...no time for Memorial Day Parties.
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Image Rights Notice:
Documents published without copyright notice in the United States before January 1st, 1978 are in public domain in that country.[1]
They are also in public domain in the European Union, where the "shorter term" rule applies to foreign works, and foreign documents which are already in public domain in their home country are not further protected.[2]
The advertising material inserted by a company in a magazine usually does not have a copyright notice. It is sincerely believed by the Camera-wiki members who discussed this question that the copyright notice which might appear on the magazine itself, on behalf of its publisher, does not extend to the advertisements, on which the publishing company owns no right and which would be the property of the advertising company if it wanted to claim its rights.
[1] Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States, 1 January 2007, by Peter B. Hirtle.
Further reading on US copyright law: Circular 1:Copyright Basics (1.1Mb PDF) from United States Copyright office
A blog post that includes these photos lives here: likeafishinwater.com/2014/06/10/asagaya-pearl-center-shot...
My company: www.thirdplacemedia.com - Research, content development and communications strategy focused on transit, walkability, placemaking and environment issues
My blog: likeafishinwater.com
State Highway 20 (SH20) extension. Mt Roskill to Waterview. Area includes tunnel entrance and landscaping of existing creek network. Photographed in Alan Wood Reserve. 30 October 2012
DX340LC
Each house includes a DuPont StormRoom. It is comprised of a sandwich of foam, Kevlar, and plywood. It's rated to survive a Cat 5 hurricane, and I think the feller installing it said they can withstand an EF5 tornado as well. The ones in Joplin survived.
The logo on the rooms was covered during filming. Even though the rooms were donated, DuPont didn't pay for advertising, so they don't get product placement rights.
Ivan Misko’s cosmic scope
Exhibition of works by well-known sculptor and People’s Artist of Belarus hosted by National Art Museum
By Victor Mikhailov
More than 40 works by the artist are on show, including sculptural portraits of such distinguished cosmonauts as Yury Gagarin, Piotr Klimuk, Vladimir Kovalenok, Valentina Tereshkova and their colleagues from France, Bulgaria, Syria, Japan and other countries. The exhibition includes pencil sketches depicting images of cosmonauts and a number of photos portraying sculptures mounted and stored in Mr. Misko’s studio.
Belarusian-Russian cosmonaut Colonel Oleg Novitsky, of the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Centre, attended the opening. Since 2012, he has participated in a six-month expedition to the International Space Station, on the crew of the ‘Soyuz TMA-06M’, returning to Earth in March of this year.
Ivan Misko has been working on the theme of space since the first-ever cosmonaut Yury Gagarin entered orbit. “The flight of a cosmonaut is an act of knowing the unknown. My aspiration is to know the soul of a cosmonaut,” the artist explains, adding that he finds cosmonauts like everyone else, but ‘a little bit kinder’ and ‘with stronger nerves’!
At a press conference before the exhibition opening, the sculptor announced his plans for a new project on the capital’s Kosmonavtov Street, saying, “It will be a huge bas-relief devoted to space. There will be three figures placed before the stars: Piotr Klimuk, Vladimir Kovalenok and Vladimir Novitsky.”
He added that he is preparing for a much bigger exhibition at the Museum of Minsk History — planned to open by next Cosmonautics Day, on April 12th, 2014.
An album devoted to the life and work of Ivan Misko was presented at the opening of the exhibition, containing biographical details as well as various pictures of his works.
Of course, it’s always preferable to see a sculptor’s works life-sized, so the latest exhibition is not to be missed. His studio has a rich history, being housed in a 19th century former stable, in which he took residence 40 years ago. The first Belarusian cosmonaut, Piotr Klimuk, became the sculptor’s first model in this studio and was the first to sign a mirror brought by the sculptor from his house. Each member of the Star City space crew has signed it over the years, since Mr. Misko was once a constant guest at Star City, being its resident sculptor. Like a real secret-service agent, he was sworn to secrecy.
Ivan Misko is the most famous space sculptor across post-Soviet territory, having created likenesses of every Soviet cosmonaut — and others besides. His studio boasts a door of cosmonauts’ autographs, as at Baikonur cosmodrome.
A sculptural portrait of Gagarin was Misko’s first in his space series, which he began to sculpt on the day of the cosmonaut’s death. He worked on the portrait in his old studio, situated in the art museum. Today, this first bust of Gagarin is mounted in the legend’s home country.
In fact, Mr. Misko began to sculpt while in the army. He gained a place at art school, with painting as his specialty, but failed to take up his place, lacking accommodation. After serving in a tank regiment, he began studying under Andrey Bembel, a master of sculpture; he has been in love with the genre now for 55 years.
Ivan Misko headed the Republican Monumental Council for 12 years. Now, he is responsible for town planning in the Minsk Region and manages the Regional Monumental-expert Council. He donates all his works to the country and his studio is likely to become a museum, with himself as its first employee! He is unique in having dedicated his artistic life to the space theme, using not only sculpture but sketching and photography to capture the character of each brave cosmonaut. Among them are Piotr Klimuk, Vladimir Kovalenok, Alexey Leonov and Valentina Tereshkova. He has even depicted Anna Timofeevna Gagarina, with whom he enjoyed a great friendship.
All cosmonauts arriving in Minsk have visited Ivan Misko’s studio: Georgy Beregovoy and Valery Ryumin, Vitaly Sevastianov and Victor Savinykh, Yury Romanenko and Yury Glazkov, Tamayo Mйndez from Cuba and Mirosław Hermaszewski from Poland. An especially great friendship has united the sculptor with Piotr Klimuk and Vladimir Kovalenok: his fellow citizens.
Georgy Beregovoy once joked that, since Baikonur had a door where all cosmonauts placed their signatures, Mr. Misko should do the same. The joke became a reality and the door is now on show alongside the sculptures, photographs, memorable souvenirs and other artefacts, at the National Art Museum.
Over the years, other guests started adding their signatures, including Alexander Lukashenko, during his time as a deputy of the Supreme Soviet.
As a young boy, Ivan Misko heard the name Star City and yearned to visit. Of course, his dream later came true. Within a few decades, the sculptor was an annual visitor to his second studio, where he created his portraits of cosmonauts and learnt about their training schedules and personal lives. He once obtained a permit to try out the training simulators, which left him feeling drunk for two days. One simulator imposed the illusion of flying around the globe. Following his experience, he chatted with American astronauts, who admitted that it’s easy to become depressed or irritable during space missions; accordingly, selection is conducted carefully.
Ivan even took saunas with the cosmonauts, who were able to spend whole days in the heat. Of course, it was part of their training to endure high temperatures. While working in Star City, the sculptor made a great number of masks of cosmonauts’ faces, before their flights. Each was surprised on afterwards viewing the results, which seem to capture a moment in time and revive their memories of each mission.
Naturally, Mr. Misko’s depiction of Yury Gagarin is among his most prized. On hearing a radio announcement of his tragic death, Mr. Misko surrounded himself with photos of the first cosmonaut and began a sculpture of the heroic pilot. He later left it outside to dry and, on returning home after an hour, was met by fire-engines extinguishing his burning barn. The sculpture was damaged (harking to Yuri’s own death during a fighter jet crash) but later restored, and resides still in his studio.
In due time, the sculptor met Yury’s mother, Anna Timofeevna Gagarina, who visited his studio more than once. One of his portraits of Anna, cast in bronze, is mounted in the homeland of the first cosmonaut. He recollects, “Her kind, clever eyes are still in my memory.” The great lady was always warmly welcomed by cosmonauts.
Yury’s mother presented Mr. Misko with some of her son’s photos, one bearing the inscription: ‘For Ivan Yakimovich, with wishes for success. July, 1979 A. Gagarina’. He also met the mothers of Pyotr Klimuk and Vladimir Kovalenok, embodying them in his Mothers of Heroes.
Sculptural portraits and compositions devoted to cosmonauts can be found not only in Ivan Misko’s studio and Star City but in each of the brave crew members’ homeland and, often, further abroad.
Mr. Misko’s passion has driven his lifelong love affair with space, having been rarely compensated for his frequent trips, with their associated costs. Many of his works were made without having been ordered and with no guaranteed payment. Sadly, it’s been three years since his last visit to Star City, leaving some works unfinished and, frustratingly, preventing him from meeting the cosmonauts training for their new flights. In fact, his next dream is not to take his exhibition to Star City but to allow it to tour the native countries of his cosmonaut subjects.
More than once, museums have asked to buy particular works but he refuses, being reluctant to see his collection broken up. However, for many years, he has been hoping for a sponsor to come forward, willing to take the whole collection. It would certainly create a unique feature, drawing visitors from far and wide.
The sculptor is currently working on a bust of Oleg Novitsky, the third Belarusian in space, who helped crew the ISS. “I find it easy to work with Oleg; time passes quickly while we’re chatting,” smiles Mr. Misko. “In honour of the exhibition opening, Oleg gave me a photo of Minsk, taken as the space station flew over Belarus.”
Ivan has worked not only with Belarusians and Russians but with cosmonauts from Poland, Cuba, Romania, Mongolia, France, Germany, Bulgaria, Syria, Great Britain, Vietnam, Austria, Japan, Afghanistan and India, creating works which are well-known far beyond the borders of Belarus.
ROCKTROPOLIS is a progressive rock band that is like a volcano ready to explode upon your ears. Members include guitarist ROCKTROPOLIS, Bassist and Keyboardist Sam Metropoulos and Drummer Marc Stemmler. Influences are Dream Theater, Rush, Yngwie, Yes, Deep Purple and Iron Maiden to name a few. Guitarist ROCKTROPOLIS has worked with The Process, Gabe Gonzalez (George Clinton) and former drummer John Macaluso (Yngwie Malmsteen, ARK and VOX). Multi instrumentalist Sam Metropoulos has collaborated on several albums with The Process, played with John Macaluso and has opened for Yngwie Malmsteen. Akin to the pillars of the great Parthenon, drummer Marc Stemmler provides the foundation for which ROCKTROPOLIS bridges the hemispheres between classical and progressive rock music. ROCKTROPOLIS is a Nominee of the 2013 Detroit Music Awards.
ROCKTROPOLIS is represented by Howard Hertz/Joseph Bellanca (Hertz Schram, p.c.) Mr. Hertz’s impressive roster includes George Clinton, Sippie Wallace, The Romantics, The Bass Brothers, Eminem, Marilyn Manson, Russell Simmons, O-Town, Pantera, Marcus Belgrave, The GO, Mike Posner, Elmore Leonard, Warner Tamerlane and Atlantic Records.
ROCKTROPOLIS is currently recording/producing their debut album, with Chris Lewis as their recording engineer (Fire Hyena Studio). Projected release date is summer 2013. Be prepared to own a collection of brilliant compositions that are melodic, epic and infectious to the soul.
www.RocktropolisMusic.com (c) 2012
This house plan includes 1955 Square Foot of living space, 3 bedrooms, 2.5 bathrooms, and a Country Architectural Style. View this plan online at www.houseplangallery.com/index_files/house-plans-prod_det...
Bolton Abbey, Wharfedale, North Yorkshire, England, takes its name from the ruins of the 12th-century Augustinian monastery now known as Bolton Priory. The priory, closed in the 1539 Dissolution of the Monasteries ordered by King Henry VIII, is in the Yorkshire Dales, next to the village of Bolton Abbey. The estate is open to visitors, and includes many miles of all-weather walking routes. The Embsay & Bolton Abbey Steam Railway terminates at Bolton Abbey station one and a half miles/2.5 km from Bolton Priory.
The monastery was founded at Embsay in 1120. Led by a prior, Bolton Abbey was technically a priory, despite its name. It was founded in 1154 by the Augustinian order, on the banks of the River Wharfe. The land at Bolton, as well as other resources, were given to the order by Lady Alice de Romille of Skipton Castle in 1154. In the early 14th century Scottish raiders caused the temporary abandonment of the site and serious structural damage to the priory. The seal of the priory featured the Blessed Virgin Mary and the Child and the phrase sigillum sancte Marie de Bolton.The nave of the abbey church was in use as a parish church from about 1170 onwards, and survived the Dissolution of the Monasteries. Building work was still going on at the abbey when the Dissolution of the Monasteries resulted in the termination of the priory in January 1540. The east end remains in ruins. A tower, begun in 1520, was left half-standing, and its base was later given a bell-turret and converted into an entrance porch. Most of the remaining church is in the Gothic style of architecture, but more work was done in the Victorian era, including windows by August Pugin. It is still a working priory today, holding services on Sundays and religious holidays. Bolton Abbey churchyard contains the war grave of a Royal Flying Corps officer of the First World War.
The Craven Heifer
The Domesday Book lists Bolton Abbey as the caput manor of a multiple estate including 77 carucates of ploughland (around 9240 acres/3850 ha) belonging to Edwin, Earl of Mercia. The estate then comprised Bolton Abbey, Halton East, Embsay, Draughton; Skibeden, Skipton, Low Snaygill, Thorlby; Addingham, Beamsley, Holme, Gargrave; Stainton, Otterburn, Scosthrop, Malham, Anley; Coniston Cold, Hellifield and Hanlith. They were all laid waste in the Harrying of the North after the defeat of the rebellion of Edwin, Earl of Mercia and classified as the Clamores (disputed land) of Yorkshire until around 1090, when they were transferred to Robert de Romille, who moved its administrative centre to Skipton Castle. The Romille line died out around 1310, and Edward II granted the estates to Robert Clifford. In 1748 Baroness Clifford married William Cavendish and Bolton Abbey Estate thereafter belonged to the Dukes of Devonshire, until a trust was set up by the 11th Duke of Devonshire turning it over to the Chatsworth Settlement Trustees to steward.
Today, the 33,000 acre (134 km2) estate contains six areas designated as Sites of Special Scientific Interest, including Strid Wood, an ancient woodland (mainly oak), which contains the length of the River Wharfe known as The Strid, and a marine fossil quarry. The estate encompasses 8 miles (13 km) of river, 84 farms, 84 buildings of architectural interest, and four Grade I listed buildings; and is currently home to 27 businesses from tearooms to bookshops. The iconic stepping stones cross the River Wharfe near the Abbey ruins. The estate includes extensive grouse moors, including Barden Moor on the west side of Wharfedale and Barden Fell on the east side of the dale. There is also a pheasant shoot. Apart from people employed within these businesses, the estate employs about 120 staff to work on the upkeep of the estate. Much of the estate is open to the public. A charge is made for car parking. The Dales Way passes through the estate on a permissive path. Barden Moor and Barden Fell, which includes the prominent crag of Simon's Seat, are on access land, and permissive paths lead up to the moors. Access to the moors may be closed to the public during the shooting season.
Bolton Abbey Hall, originally the gatehouse of the priory, was converted into a house by the Cavendish family. The hall is a Grade II* listed building.As well as Bolton Abbey, the Cavendish family also own the Chatsworth (Derbyshire, England) and Lismore Castle (Waterford, in the Republic of Ireland) estates. In the early nineteenth century, a cow known as the Craven Heifer was bred on the Bolton Abbey estate. Weighing 312 stone (1.98 tonnes), and measuring 11 ft 4ins in length and over 7 ft in height, she to this day remains Britain's largest ever cow.
This now includes all the weather sensors except for the anemometer. Check out the notes on the page for a description.
The park includes a conservatory (a designated city landmark), completed in 1912; a water tower with an observation deck, built by the Water Department in 1906, a fenced-off reservoir; the dramatic Art Deco building of the Seattle Asian Art Museum (a designated city landmark[6]); a statue of William Henry Seward; and a sculpture, Black Sun, by Isamu Noguchi (colloquially referred to as "The Doughnut") around which a scenic view of the Seattle skyline that prominently includes the Space Needle can be seen, as well as several meadows and picnic tables. The wading pool is operational in the summer months and operated daily from 11 a.m. to 8 p.m.
This pack includes great resources for teaching, practicing and testing on the four types of sentences: declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory.
Unit includes posters for each type of sentence (two sizes each) and multiple worksheets! Students will be asked to fill in the correct answer, create specific types of sentences as well as marking multiple choice answers.
Download Club members can download @ www.christianhomeschoolhub.com/pt/Grammar-Resources-4th-8... (or) can be purchased @ www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Sentence-Types-Learni...
Sutton Panoramic camera with water-filled lens, about 1861. Includes a Silvy roll-holder back and a water-filled integral spirit level. No manufacturer's plate but probably Thomas Ross of London.
Info from the Science Museum London:
Thomas Sutton (1819-1875) graduated twenty-seventh Wrangler at Cambridge University in 1846. The following year he moved to Jersey where he opened a well-known photographic studio under the patronage of Prince Albert. In 1856 he founded the magazine Photographic Notes. Apart from his liquid lens, Sutton invented the first reflex camera in 1861 and also worked on the development of dry photographic plates, an innovation often associated with Richard Leach Maddox. He returned to England in 1874 and died at Pwllheli in Wales in the following year.
For his panoramic lens, Sutton was initially inspired by one of the ‘snowstorm’ souvenirs popular with the Victorian tourist. With one brought home from Paris, he observed how images were projected onto the curved glass surface by light passing through the water-filled sphere. This led to his discovery that a sphere of glass filled with water could be made into a wide-angle lens.
In order to make it more suited to photography, Sutton introduced into the centre of his lens a butterfly-shaped diaphragm to equalize the exposure over the whole angular field. The field of view could be up to 120°, but was reduced somewhat to cut down on distortion caused by spherical and chromatic aberrations.
The London camera maker, Frederick Cox, began the manufacture of Sutton’s lens and a camera for use with it in January 1860. By November Cox was advertising the camera as being available in four sizes, of which the most expensive, using curved photographic plates of 6 × 15 inches, cost £26. However, the manufacture of the water-filled lenses gave Cox many difficulties and he sold very few cameras, perhaps not more than half a dozen.
In January 1861 Sutton announced that the manufacture of his lens would be taken over by Thomas Ross, one of the earliest members of the Royal Photographic Society, operating at that time from the Featherstone Buildings in High Holborn. Ross had his first panoramic camera ready by the beginning of May 1861, with a considerably improved lens.
Ross purchased Sutton’s lens patent from him in August and by November was advertising the camera in a total of three different sizes. He was evidently proud of his achievement, choosing to describe the camera in a lecture to the Royal Photographic Society on the 3rd December, but his sales may not have been much better than Cox’s. The London firm of Bland & Co subsequently advertised the camera and kit, but they ceased business in 1864, when their entire stock of photographic material and optical and meteorological instruments was taken over by Negretti and Zambra.
The panoramic camera in the Museum’s collection is signed ‘Sutton’s Patent Panoramic Lens, made by T. ROSS, London. N1 234’. Apart from its curved back, with curved focusing screen, plate holder and glass plate, it is essentially just a conventional mahogany box camera, 250 × 270 × 210 mm in size. This was the smallest in Ross’s range and sold for £22.
The lens is fitted with a central stop of f12 and the shutter is of a very simple construction, consisting of a mahogany flap that hinges in front of the lens. Focusing is by means of a screw situated at the back, and there are spirit levels to ensure that the camera is horizontal. The kit supplied by Ross included a tripod and carrying case, curved sensitizing baths and twelve glass plates. Panoramic prints on paper were made from the glass negatives by using a curved printing frame.
One of Ross’s first customers was Camille Silvy, aristocrat, diplomat and keen amateur photographer turned professional. While on diplomatic service in London in 1859, Silvy bought a grand house in Porchester Terrace which he turned into a fashionable portrait studio, becoming one of the most sought-after society photographers. Cecil Beaton gave him the title the ‘Gainsborough of commercial photographers’ and high society vied to be among his sitters.
Silvy was noted for his use of innovative techniques, not just in portrait work but in landscape photography. One technique that he exploited was to combine different negatives for the sky and the ground in the creation of artistic scenes. Panoramic photography was therefore a natural choice for him to experiment with.
Although little is currently known about the work Silvy undertook, he must have viewed it as having some promise, since in 1867 he patented a roll film holder for the Ross camera, an example of which is preserved in the collections of the National Museum of Science and Industry. By using roll film he would have been able to circumvent many of the problems inherent in curved glass plates and thus open up fully the creative possibilities that Sutton’s panoramic lens had to offer.