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The Temple Church. Mother church of the Common Law
Situated in the Inner Temple between the River Thames and Fleet Street, London EC4Y 7BB.
The church was built in the mid. 12th century by the Knights Templar to be their headquarters in England. King John used it as the royal treasury, supported by the Templars in their role of bankers.
It follows a common design of Templar churches in the fact that it is round. The church is in two main parts. Firstly the original round church, which is now the nave and secondly a long rectangular building forming the chancel. The chancel was built about 50 years after.
The round church was built to byzantine designs of the 6th century based upon the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. It is 55ft in diameter and had probably the oldest surviving free-standing Purbeck Marble columns. Throughout the church there are many grotesque heads, these were probably originally painted, though there is no visual evidence of this. The church was consecrated on 10th February 1185 by Heraclius, Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem.
During the reign of Henry VIII the original chancel was demolished and a new one built. This was because Henry expressed a wish to be buried there, he later changed his mind and chose Westminster Abbey instead. However one of Henry’s infant sons was buried there.
After the destruction and abolition of the Templars, King Edward II took control of the church on behalf of the Crown.
The church escaped the ravages of the Great Fire of London however the church was refurbished by Sir Christopher Wren, modifications to the interior, a new altar screen and its first organ.
In 1841 the church underwent more regeneration. Sydney Smirke and Decimus Burton, decorated the walls and ceilings in high Victorian Gothic style in what they believed was the original aspect.
James Piers St Aubyn completed further restorations in 1862. For Essex people, he was the architect of St Mary’s Church, Widford and St Michael’s church, Galleywood. Both of these churches are in the Chelmsford area.
Incendiary bombs set the round church roof ablaze in 1941, destruction was awesome. The organ, the wooden parts of the church, the Victorian restorations, and probably worst of all the Purbeck columns were severely cracked. The renovation work was carried out by Walter Godfrey, during the work, original items of Wren’s 17th century work were discovered in storage, these items were incorporated and placed back to where they originally stood.
The church was also the setting to a book by Dan Brown “The Da Vinci Code” and had one whole scene set inside.
See more photos of this, and the Wikipedia article.
Details, quoting from Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum | Curtiss P-40E Warhawk (Kittyhawk IA):
Whether known as the Warhawk, Tomahawk, or Kittyhawk, the Curtiss P-40 proved to be a successful, versatile fighter during the first half of World War II. The shark-mouthed Tomahawks that Gen. Claire Chennault's "Flying Tigers" flew in China against the Japanese remain among the most popular airplanes of the war. P-40E pilot Lt. Boyd D. Wagner became the first American ace of World War II when he shot down six Japanese aircraft in the Philippines in mid-December 1941.
Curtiss-Wright built this airplane as Model 87-A3 and delivered it to Canada as a Kittyhawk I in 1941. It served until 1946 in No. 111 Squadron, Royal Canadian Air Force. U.S. Air Force personnel at Andrews Air Force Base restored it in 1975 to represent an aircraft of the 75th Fighter Squadron, 23rd Fighter Group, 14th Air Force.
Donated by the Exchange Club in Memory of Kellis Forbes.
Manufacturer:
Date:
1939
Country of Origin:
United States of America
Dimensions:
Overall: 330 x 970cm, 2686kg, 1140cm (10ft 9 15/16in. x 31ft 9 7/8in., 5921.6lb., 37ft 4 13/16in.)
Materials:
All-metal, semi-monocoque
Physical Description:
Single engine, single seat, fighter aircraft.
Long Description:
Whether it was the Tomahawk, Warhawk, or Kittyhawk, the Curtiss P-40 was a successful and versatile fighter aircraft during the first half of World War II. The shark-mouthed Tomahawks that General Claire Chennault led against the Japanese remain among the most popular airplanes of the war. In the Phillipines, Lt. Boyd D. Wagner became the first American ace of World War II while flying a P-40E when he shot down six Japanese aircraft during mid-December 1941. P-40s were first-line Army Air Corps fighters at the start of the war but they soon gave way to more advanced designs such as the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt and the Lockheed P-38 Lightning (see NASM collection for both aircraft). The P-40 is not ranked among the best overall fighters of the war but it was a rugged, effective design available in large numbers early in the war when America and her allies urgently required them. The P-40 remained in production from 1939 to the end of 1944 and a total of 13, 737 were built.
Design engineer Dr. Donovan R. Berlin layed the foundation for the P-40 in 1935 when he designed the agile, but lightly-armed, P-36 fighter equipped with a radial, air-cooled engine. The Curtiss-Wright Corporation won a production contract for 210 P-36 airplanes in 1937-the largest Army airplane contract awarded since World War I. Worldwide, fighter aircraft designs matured rapidly during the late 1930s and it was soon obvious that the P-36 was no match for newer European designs. High altitude performance in particular became a priceless commodity. Berlin attempted to improve the P-36 by redesigning it in to accommodate a turbo-supercharged Allison V-1710-11 inline, liquid-cooled engine. The new aircraft was designated the XP-37 but proved unpopular with pilots. The turbo-supercharger was not reliable and Berlin had placed the cockpit too far back on the fuselage, restricting the view to the front of the fighter. Nonetheless, when the engine was not giving trouble, the more-streamlined XP-37 was much faster than the P-36.
Curtiss tried again in 1938. Berlin had modified another P-36 with a new Allison V-1710-19 engine. It was designated the XP-40 and first flew on October 14, 1938. The XP-40 looked promising and Curtiss offered it to Army Air Corps leaders who evaluated the airplane at Wright Field, Ohio, in 1939, along with several other fighter proposals. The P-40 won the competition, after some modifications, and Curtiss received an order for 540. At this time, the armament package consisted of two .50 caliber machine guns in the fuselage and four .30 caliber machine guns in the wings.
After production began in March 1940, France ordered 140 P-40s but the British took delivery of these airplanes when Paris surrendered. The British named the aircraft Tomahawks but found they performed poorly in high-altitude combat over northern Europe and relegated them to low-altitude operations in North Africa. The Russians bought more than 2,000 P-40s but details of their operational history remain obscure.
When the United States declared war, P-40s equipped many of the Army Air Corps's front line fighter units. The plucky fighter eventually saw combat in almost every theater of operations being the most effective in the China-Burma-India (CBI) Theater. Of all the CBI groups that gained the most notoriety of the entire war, and remains to this day synonymous with the P-40, is the American Volunteer Group (AVG) or the Flying Tigers. The unit was organized after the Chinese gave former U. S. Army Air Corps Captain Claire Lee Chennault almost 9 million dollars in 1940 to buy aircraft and recruit pilots to fly against the Japanese. Chennault's most important support within the Chinese government came from Madam Chiang Kai-shek, a Lt. Colonel in the Chinese Air Force and for a time, the service's overall commander.
The money from China diverted an order placed by the British Royal Air Force for 100 Curtiss-Wright P-40B Tomahawks but buying airplanes was only one important step in creating a fighting air unit. Trained pilots were needed, and quickly, as tensions across the Pacific escalated. On April 15, 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt quietly signed an Executive Order permitting Chennault to recruit directly from the ranks of American military reserve pilots. Within a few months, 350 flyers joined from pursuit (fighter), bomber, and patrol squadrons. In all, about half the pilots in the Flying Tigers came from the U. S. Navy and Marine Corps while the Army Air Corps supplied one-third. Factory test pilots at Bell, Consolidated, and other companies, and commercial airline pilots, filled the remaining slots.
The Flying Tigers flew their first mission on December 20. The unit's name was derived from the ferocious fangs and teeth painted on the nose of AVG P-40s at either side of the distinctive, large radiator air intake. The idea is said to originate from pictures in a magazine that showed Royal Air Force Tomahawks of No. 112 Squadron, operating in the western desert of North Africa, adorned with fangs and teeth painted around their air intakes. The Flying Tigers were the first real opposition the Japanese military encountered. In less than 7 months of action, AVG pilots destroyed about 115 Japanese aircraft and lost only 11 planes in air-to-air combat. The AVG disbanded on July 4, 1942, and its assets, including a few pilots, became a part of the U. S. Army Air Forces (AAF) 23rd Fighter Group in the newly activated 14th Air Force. Chennault, now a Brigadier General, assumed command of the 14th AF and by war's end, the 23rd was one of the highest-scoring Army fighter groups.
As wartime experience in the P-40 mounted, Curtiss made many modifications. Engineers added armor plate, better self-sealing fuel tanks, and more powerful engines. They modified the cockpit to improve visibility and changed the armament package to six, wing-mounted, .50 caliber machine guns. The P-40E Kittyhawk was the first model with this gun package and it entered service in time to serve in the AVG. The last model produced in quantity was the P-40N, the lightest P-40 built in quantity, and much faster than previous models. Curtiss built a single P-40Q. It was the fastest P-40 to fly (679 kph/422 mph) but it could not match the performance of the P-47 Thunderbolt and the P-51 Mustang so Curtiss ended development of the P-40 series with this model. In addition to the AAF, many Allied nations bought and flew P-40s including England, France, China, Russia, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, South Africa, and Turkey.
The Smithsonian P-40E did not serve in the U. S. military. Curtiss-Wright built it in Buffalo, New York, as Model 87-A3 and delivered it to Canada as a Kittyhawk IA on March 11, 1941. It served in No. 111 Squadron, Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). When the Japanese navy moved to attack Midway, they sent a diversionary battle group to menace the Aleutian Islands. Canada moved No. 111 Squadron to Alaska to help defend the region. After the Japanese threat diminished, the unit returned to Canada and eventually transferred to England without its P-40s. The RCAF declared the NASM Kittyhawk IA surplus on July 27, 1946, and the aircraft eventually returned to the United States. It had several owners before ending up with the Explorer Scouts youth group in Meridian, Mississippi. During the early 1960s, the Smithsonian began searching for a P-40 with a documented history of service in the AVG but found none. In 1964, the Exchange Club in Meridian donated the Kittyhawk IA to the National Aeronautical Collection, in memory of Mr. Kellis Forbes, a local man devoted to Boys Club activities. A U. S. Air Force Reserve crew airlifted the fighter to Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland, on March 13, 1964. Andrews personnel restored the airplane in 1975 and painted it to represent an aircraft of the 75th Fighter Squadron, 23rd Fighter Group, 14th Air Force.
• • •
Quoting from Wikipedia | Curtiss P-40 Warhawk:
The Curtiss P-40 Warhawk was an American single-engine, single-seat, all-metal fighter and ground attack aircraft that first flew in 1938. It was used by the air forces of 28 nations, including those of most Allied powers during World War II, and remained in front line service until the end of the war. It was the third most-produced American fighter, after the P-51 and P-47; by November 1944, when production of the P-40 ceased, 13,738 had been built, all at Curtiss-Wright Corporation's main production facility at Buffalo, New York.
The P-40 design was a modification of the previous Curtiss P-36; this reduced development time and enabled a rapid entry into production and operational service.
Warhawk was the name the United States Army Air Corps adopted for all models, making it the official name in the United States for all P-40s. The British Commonwealth and Soviet air forces used the name Tomahawk for models equivalent to the P-40B and P-40C, and the name Kittyhawk for models equivalent to the P-40D and all later variants.
The P-40's lack of a two-stage supercharger made it inferior to Luftwaffe fighters such as the Messerschmitt Bf 109 or the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 in high-altitude combat and it was rarely used in operations in Northwest Europe. Between 1941 and 1944, however, the P-40 played a critical role with Allied air forces in three major theaters: North Africa, the Southwest Pacific and China. It also had a significant role in the Middle East, Southeast Asia, Eastern Europe, Alaska and Italy. The P-40's performance at high altitudes was not as critical in those theaters, where it served as an air superiority fighter, bomber escort and fighter bomber.
P-40s first saw combat with the British Commonwealth squadrons of the Desert Air Force (DAF) in the Middle East and North African campaigns, during June 1941. The Royal Air Force's No. 112 Squadron was among the first to operate Tomahawks, in North Africa, and the unit was the first to feature the "shark mouth" logo, copying similar markings on some Luftwaffe Messerschmitt Bf 110 twin-engine fighters. [N 1]
Although it gained a post-war reputation as a mediocre design, suitable only for close air support, more recent research including scrutiny of the records of individual Allied squadrons indicates that the P-40 performed surprisingly well as an air superiority fighter, at times suffering severe losses, but also taking a very heavy toll on enemy aircraft. The P-40 offered the additional advantage of low cost, which kept it in production as a ground-attack fighter long after it was obsolete in the air superiority role.
As of 2008, 19 P-40s were airworthy.
Montreal's iconic Olympic Stadium….designed by French architect Roger Taillibert and built for the 1976 Olympics, has had a troubled history…. construction was not completed before the games… it was finally completed in 1987… you can ride to the top of the tower on a funicular…. another feature is the retractable roof, which always struck me as useful, but this design as unnecessarily frivolous.
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PGB Photographer & Creative - © Philip Romeyn - Phillostar Gone Ballistic 2021 - Photo may not be edited from its original form. Commercial use is prohibited without contacting me.
La Farmacia La Estrella forma parte de la historia nacional. Fue el Dr. Bernardino Rivadavia el creador de esta primera botica de la ciudad de Buenos Aires, cuando en 1834 encargó a un importante bioquímico y botánico la dirección de la misma. Con el tiempo, y ya bajo otro dominio, se sumó la droguería a la farmacia, llegando a convertirse en la más importante de Sudamérica. Fue en 1885 cuando la farmacia La Estrella inauguró este edificio con una decoración que impactaba por su valor artístico y detalles de gran nivel: cristales de murano, estanterías de nogal, mármol de carrara, y los frescos en los cielorrasos del artesano Barberis que se destacan por los simbolismos que aluden a “la salud”, “la enfermedad” y “la farmacopea”. Su fachada ostentan una herrería original en sus puertas y una cargada ornamentación, en la que tres angelitos parecen dejarse caer hacia la nada. La Estrella tuvo su fama bien ganada gracias a la oferta de prestigiosos productos originales, que aún son recordados con nostalgia: la limonada Roge, el tónico esperidina, y las píldoras para la tos Parodi, entre tantos otros. Además de su actividad comercial, en sus salones se realizaron importantes tertulias por donde pasaron las figuras más destacadas del ámbito político como Carlos Pelligrini, Julio A. Roca, y Bartolomé Mitre, entre otros. Es el comercio más antiguo de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, que aún conserva su estilo y sus detalles originales de gran valor estético, gracias a lo cual ha merecido numerosos premios y reconocimientos. Hoy sigue prestando servicios de laboratorio Homeopático y Alopático de recetas magistrales, y ofrece importantes productos de herbonistería y perfumería.
ubicación: Defensa 201, Monserrat, Buenos Aires
fuente: info.todobuenosaires.com/descripcion/descripcion_lugar.ph...
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The Florida Keys are a coral cay archipelago off the southern coast of Florida, forming the southernmost part of the continental United States. They begin at the southeastern coast of the Florida peninsula, about 15 miles (24 km) south of Miami and extend in a gentle arc south-southwest and then westward to Key West, the westernmost of the inhabited islands, and on to the uninhabited Dry Tortugas. The islands lie along the Florida Straits, dividing the Atlantic Ocean to the east from the Gulf of Mexico to the northwest, and defining one edge of Florida Bay. The southern part of Key West is 93 miles (150 km) from Cuba. The Keys are located between about 24.3 and 25.5 degrees North latitude.
More than 95% of the land area lies in Monroe County, but a small portion extends northeast into Miami-Dade County, such as Totten Key. The total land area is 137.3 square miles (356 km2). At the 2010 census the population was 73,090, with an average density of 532.34 per square mile (205.54/km2), although much of the population is concentrated in a few areas of much higher density, such as the city of Key West, which has 32% of the Keys' total population. The 2014 Census population estimate was 77,136. The 2020 Census population estimate was 82,874.
The city of Key West is the county seat of Monroe County. The county consists of a section on the mainland which is almost entirely in Everglades National Park, and the Keys islands from Key Largo to Dry Tortugas National Park.
Credit for the data above is given to the following website:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Keys
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Questo succedersi, mi sembra ormai chiaro, non lo afferriamo con la ripetizione di gambe, di braccia, di figure, come molti hanno stupidamente supposto, ma vi giungiamo attraverso la ricerca intuitiva della forma unica che dia la continuità nello spazio.
(Umberto Boccioni)
Alla Chiesa si accede attraversando un portico formato da quattro archi a tutto sesto, d'impronta rinascimentale. L'edificio attuale ha una struttura davvero singolare, frutto della fusione di tre cappelle, che erano originariamente distinte e che sono sorte in epoche differenti. Numerosi sono i cicli pittorici presenti all'esterno e internamente alla chiesa, che coprono un periodo che va dal XIV° al XIX° secolo. Arte e storia si integrano splendidamente in un quadro naturale tra i più suggestivi, quasi una balconata che si protende verso il golfo borromeo, Stresa e le isole.
Entrando nell'eremo, si incontrano dapprima il Convento meridionale (XIV°-XVII° secolo) con interessanti affreschi nella sala del camino, poi il Conventino (XIII° secolo) decorato, appena sotto le finestre del primo piano, da una lunga affrescatura secentesca ispirata alla Danza Macabra, ed infine la Chiesa, che ingloba al suo interno la cappella di Santa Caterina.
Nella parete del sottoportico è presente un altro importante ciclo di affreschi del Cinquecento, raffiguranti Santa Lucia, Santa Maddalena e Santa Caterina, così come altrettanti santi, tra cui si riconoscono Pietro da Verona e Nicola da Bari. All'interno della Chiesa, si sottolinea la presenza di un Cristo benedicente in mandorla, affiancato dai quattro simboli degli Evangelisti (Giovanni, Matteo, Luca e Marco) e che domina dall'alto l'altare della chiesa, mentre le due vele ai lati sono occupate dai Dottori della Chiesa in trono. Il cielo pittorico sembrerebbe alludere alla divulgazione della parola divina, ed è stato probabilmente eseguito da un artista identificabile con il Maestro di S. Abbondio. Sulle pareti della stessa cappella gli ultimi restauri hanno fatto riemergere i resti di un altro ciclo trecentesco di affreschi, dove spicca lo splendido frammento di una Crocifissione. Nei tre sottarchi sono invece dipinti il Re Davide con la cetra e il cartiglio, sul lato a monte, un angelo che sveglia il profeta Elia, sul lato interno, e Melchisedech sul trono, sul lato verso il lago.
Il presbiterio è, invece, di puro stile barocco (1610-1612) con affreschi di De Advocatis, tra cui spiccano un "Matrimonio mistico" di S. Caterina, e le figure ai lati dell'altare delle beate Giuliana da Busto e Caterina da Pallanza. Un altro rilevante documento figurativo dell'Eremo è rappresentato dalla Deposizione presente nella Sala capitolare. La cromia vivace e l'energia del dipinto (apprezzabile soprattutto nel gruppo degli armigeri, interessanti anche per la puntualità descrittiva delle armature) che porta a forzare le fisionomie, ne fanno un unicum di grande interesse per l'area varesina, da situare probabilmente attorno alla metà del Trecento.
Per quanto riguarda la torre campanaria, la sua costruzione risale al Trecento, è alta 15 metri, comprese la cuspide e la croce, ed ha base rettangolare.
In origine la torre era stata costruita come campanile della chiesa di San Nicolao che aveva una sua entrata autonoma, oggi murata. Nel XVI° secolo, quando le chiese sono state conglobate nell'attuale edificio sacro, è stata aperta la porta d'ingresso che oggi permette l'accesso alla chiesa dal portico rinascimentale. Il materiale edilizio con cui è stata costruita la torre è di varia natura, per esempio negli spigoli le pietre sono più lavorate e squadrate.
La cella campanaria ha un'apertura su ciascun lato: si tratta di quattro feritoie sormontate da un'architrave di cui una (quella a nord) è stata murata, mentre le due visibili sono dotate di una colonnina che dà loro l'aspetto di bifore. Interessante è anche il sacello: è il cuore ed il primo nucleo del Santuario, la cui edificazione risale al 1195. Fu costruito su un livello più basso rispetto alle altre parti della chiesa, con le stesse dimensioni del sepolcro di Santa Caterina sul Sinai. Sulla parete esterna sopra la finestra è affrescato il trasporto del corpo di Santa Caterina sul monte Sinai da parte degli angeli; sulla facciata sono affrescate le nozze della Santa, fra S. Ambrogio, S. Gregorio Magno e S. Agostino (XVI sec.). All'interno del sacello si conservano, dal 1535, le reliquie del Beato Alberto Besozzi, e sulla volta sono affrescati una raggiera con lo Spirito Santo, sotto forma di colomba e circondato da angeli. Nel sottarco, un affresco del 1892 raffigura il Beato Alberto in preghiera. Nella sala capitolare è esposta una preziosa documentazione fotografica che illustra l'impegnativo intervento di restauro fatto dalla Provincia, la quale inaugura qui, ogni anno, il suo programma di concerti estivi.
Green Forms. © Copyright 2019 G Dan Mitchell - all rights reserved.
Green foliage in spring light.
There are two photographers in our household, and one specializes in close-up photography, especially featuring the plant world. I'm not that photographers. (She would be Patricia Emerson Mitchell, my wife.) Recently I've tagged along a few times when she went to photograph at a couple of botanical gardens, and the exercise stretching by "seeing" skills in interesting ways.
In person you might not have found this plant to be all that interesting. The light was tricky (I used a diffuser to control it) and only a small section of the plant seemed to produce a decent composition. But I moved in close, used a macro lens, and found something that focuses on the gestures of the plant's shape, and on a small, very green world.
G Dan Mitchell is a California photographer and visual opportunist. His book, "California's Fall Color: A Photographer's Guide to Autumn in the Sierra" is available from Heyday Books and Amazon.
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Macro detail of small Studio Glass perfume bottle by British Glass Artist Catherine Hough showing lined and textured front surface and internal reflections. The inspiration for this design is based on lines of quartz seen in pebbles. The precision of such lines and surface textures became the 'hallmark' of her work in the early 1980's while working at the Glasshouse in London and her small bottles, in a variety of shapes and designs were very popular. This piece was made for an exhibition in 1983.
In 1997 she set up her own company to concentrate on larger 'one-off' and limited edition pieces. More details and images of her work can be found at www.catherinehough.com
Talkin Tarn is a glacial lake and country park near Brampton, Cumbria, England. The lake is a kettle hole lake, formed 10,000 years ago by mass glacial action.
The name is of Brittonic origin. The Brittonic dialect known as Cumbric was formerly spoken in the area. The first element, tal, means "brow" or "end" in Brittonic and modern Welsh, Cornish, and Breton. The second element is unclear. It may come from the Brittonic word which appears in Welsh and Old Cornish as can ("white") and Breton as kann ("bland, brilliant"). Talkin may be a hill-name meaning "white brow".
'Tarn' is derived from Old Norse 'tjǫrn' and then Middle English 'terne' meaning 'small mountain pool' or 'small lake'.
Talkin Tarn Country Park is owned and maintained by Carlisle City Council. It is home to the Boat House Tea Rooms, Brampton Sailing Club, and Talkin Tarn Amateur Rowing Club. The profits from the Tea Rooms and the pay and display car parking are reinvested in the up keep and improvement of the site.
Rowing is an activity at Talkin Tarn. The rowing club, Talkin Tarn Amateur Rowing Club, celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2009. Rowing races were first held on Talkin Tarn in the 1850s, and the Rowing Club was formed in 1859 by local townsfolk, several descendants of whom still live in the area. It is the oldest rowing club in the North of England, with the exception of Tyne Rowing Club, and is the 14th oldest non-university club in the country. Talkin Tarn Annual Regatta has grown considerably in recent years from a total entry of 20 in 1946 and 97 in 1988 to what it is today – very successful and one of the largest one-day regattas outside of London with total entries now in excess of 400.
On 9th November 1983 an Aerospatiale Gazelle Helicopter (reg G-SFTB) crashed into the tarn during a low level training flight from Carlisle Airport. The single occupant escaped the crash but the helicopter, once raised from the bottom, was damaged beyond repair.
Research on climate change carried out at Talkin Tarn was published in 2004.
Old buckles, stone axes, and urns have been found in the area.
#talkin #talkintarn #talkintarncountrypark
More photos of Talkin Tarn here: www.flickr.com/photos/davidambridge/albums/72157633050144969
My personal stay-at-home abstract photography project for today.
Some cheesecloth was used because it is broadly woven and it is easy to see the threads. Some slightly warm toning was added, and there is a little "glow" as well.
Copyright Stan farrow FRPS
Northern & Mid river pylon's (Form Traveller now raised to the Hammerhead on northern pylon)...............Please note ALL pictures on this Photostream are Copyright Protected
Existing outcrops of rock have been modified into similar form all within a 60km radius. These sites are currently under the category of medieval fruit press or sacrificial stone.
Left: Grandmont "pressoir" near Lodeve.
Centre: "Pierre de Sacrifice" du Causse de Lunas.
Right: Haut-Languedoc "medieval village of monoliths".
I propose to remove elements in inverted commas and group the three sites into a commonality. With granite deposits nearby and the skills to surface menhirs; and with all of the sites being in areas known for megalithic activity - or even with high adjacent megalithic activity - I am going to look at these sites from the chronological optic either side of the first age of metal, so either side of the copper age or Chalcolithic - late Neolithic to early bronze age.
If there is too much flat surface for a fruit-press, and not enough local fruit, and if the opposite edges are not aligned or showing the correct wear marks of a fruit press's weight, and if sacrificial stones might struggle to provide so much local wear and edge detail (grooves, curve wear, cups and short ledges all appearing 'episodic' rather being from repeat ritualised behaviours), the question should be asked: what was the reason behind taking the time to carve so large a surface?
Water for drinking, water for cooking and water for making.
Cisterns tend to be much deeper and in summer months, when water is most required on these mid to upper altitude sites, just such a depth would evaporate at speed. The storms of summer months could be collected in just such a structure, and distributed via the lips into large pots for reserves of fresh water - as seen in the prehistoric village of Cambous for example (a site from a similar time scale and not so far away). But, a well run croft should have leather sheeting or abutting huts with loze and gutter management for water collection - again as alluded to in Cambous, so the question remains, why make a water capture surface in stone when sheets and ground holes and managed roofs can all be repeated and replicated in a third of the time? Carving into hard sandstone (probably close to a millstone grit) is a labour intensive prospect and water collection alone does not explain the 'episodic' edge variations.
Maybe there is a detail missing. Each of the three above sites has at least one output lip, and blocking these outputs would either allow water to collect or water to be added to form a shallow pool. In summer months the stone would expose in the sun and quickly heat the water to an agreeable temperature. Removing encircling trees would allow for a simple test of experimental archaeology. Warm water in winter is simply a matter of adding river stones to a fire and then transferring them into the waiting water. If the water gets dirty then the plug can be removed and the procedure started once more.
A shallow pool of warm water is attractive to mothers and babies, children and even adults, and the ludique side of being clean or bathing aching legs does not need to be explained. Late prehistoric sweat rooms and saunas are suspected in sites from Ireland to Spain. Getting up onto the flat top surface 'basin' would need a simple construction of wooden platform and step, and assuring that this does not 'sheer' and fall may be attained by carving mortise trenches into the heavily used "entrance point". These are clearly visible on two examples, with a platform not required on the above left example which is largely close to the ground.
A young toddler may still find the basin's edge too high from the upper wooden platform, and this may explain the diagonal clearly visible on the far side of the centre example.
Now, just such a shallow pool of water can be created aside a river or with an oiled leather 'sheet' wrapped into an indent, so the great effort to carve the stone is still in need of explanation and gravitas.
Riversides have fish and ease all sorts of craft production, and being near to a river is enjoyed by man (apart from, floods, insects, morning frost and less sunlight). Moving uphill to exploit resources of grazing, pigment, shrub and wood has the disadvantage of moving away from the guaranteed flows of water especially if springs are lower down the valley. Providing an upper valley community with a solid point of water may attract a larger crofting population base. Imagine a shallow pool of water and steps and see people positioned around the edge in their regular spaces, shaping their dissect of the monolith's perimeter with their idiosyncratic style and action.
Imagine now that it is not 'playtime', and although there is a baby splashing in the centre, most of the people assembled around the edge are softening sapling and reed bundles in the warm water and are busy weaving baskets, wicker toy animals, roof forms, chicken pens, masks, fish-traps and rug-wacks to keep the village clean of dust. The water is still getting warmer and was only changed late afternoon. Before that, the same "monolithic water-warmer" was being used to soak acorns that had been pounded in a smaller basin - soaked to take out some of their tannin for a future exchange of finest dried acorn flour at the local barter. Now the assembled group has a 'medium' amount of time, as there are men working aside another monolith and others who will put their goats up for the night and will all want to light an oil flame in a couple of the cups that are found around the edge, and have some quality time relaxing for a chat. Other uses of the tough monolithic space pepper their weeks - cleaning, "winnowing" and softening as the seasons come and go, and the people who took the time to convert the stone often say that it was an effort, but worth it in the long run. Now, rather than being at the end of an explanation, this may be the point of a 'dome' when the last stone of explanation is dropped into place...
Of the three sites, there is one detail that is of great interest. The central site has a 'cross bar' carved over the basin space (just visible here but clear in associated posts). It's difficult to see how this can greatly improve the basin (a shallow half basin to warm in winter sun and a specific rinse side?), and rather than being functional, the cross bar may be an example of representation.
The three sites are within a radius of 60km, but 60km of rolling hills, so far from being neighbours - and yet the function and three above examples of model seems so similar and worn into place. Used and used and used. With a solid scattering of neolithic crofts far higher than the three above sites, surely such a good idea for higher crofts away from riverbanks would be taken up elsewhere? Suitable outcrops of sandstone are not available for all crofts, and the stone carving skills of menhir workers were perhaps also a slight speciality, but more to the point, it is perhaps the case that other crofts had the same facility for pools of warm water but simply not in stone, and that the stone versions are representations of structures common at the time, but long faded from the archaeological record. Now the crossbar of the central example may come into light.
The first migrants into the hill will have been met by a landscape of cold humid winters and hot dry summers. Cold winters and big shepherds cloaks (visible in the statue menhirs) and dry summers with flocks often away from overt water. Sleeping under small semi portable leather covered tents of wood frame. In the summer months, the heavy winter cloaks may have been stuffed around the edge of the inner frame of the tent, almost by accident making a rim so that storm rain could be captured into water pots with a smile of happenstance. At this point you can almost hear the conversations: 'I don't mind you using the 'roof pool' for the babies, but I don't want the kids up there as they are too big and will damage the leather as it rubs against the frame" ... And then the same children playing when the father is out with their flock to a point where he decides to make them a stone 'tent' so that nothing can be damaged, with the cross bar being the cross bar of the tent and the lumpy edges being the cloaks stuffed under the leather tarp. "A lot of work, but when you see the smiles and the productivity it was worth it." Other water collection pools and warm water basins may have been apart from tent/huts and lower to the ground and each croft would not bother that someone in the future may need to think through their day to day.
There is an example in recent history that maps a similar visual story of copycat function-style. The very first cars looked like carts without horses as they directly emulated their adjacent world before moving away to perfect new lines apt for the greater subject.
Perhaps second; third, fourth... generation of new rural crofters made this monolithic innovation, which would take the date right back into the neolithic and prior to ideas of Gaul and Celt and in parallel with adjacent menhir and dolmen culture and cups and canals witnessed on the central example.
Rites associated with the site can sit aside the day to day functionality, in the flexible and yet serious way that a school entrance hall can have a jumble sale, an election booth, an art show, an assembly and an informal meeting of parents. One of the rites may include the sacrifice of an animal to a God (although special stones on overlooking hills may have been more adapted). My own feeling is that this 'potential' sub element would give the wrong impression of a years activity, which is why I prefer to call this idea "warm water forms" (a term wide enough to include projected summer hut design and lower tarp models) rather than "Pierre des Sacrifices".
AJM 14.05.20
Here is a little taster of a series I'm editing at the moment, went for a Sin City / Noir theme!
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Photo by Sean Crotty
De pequeño me gustaba escribir lo que iba aprendiendo, las salidas a la memoria siempre ha sido lo mío, sea desde la fotografía o la escritura. La salida no es a olvidar, es a retratar de otra forma, en otro lugar y con otros personajes lo que la memoria me ofrece.
Crecí en un bosque en el que aprendí a escribir, luego a jugar y luego a escribir jugando, crecí entre musgo, plantas y animales, crecí escribiendo para no olvidar de donde venia.
Groundbreaking for Miami-Dade College's Wolfson Building 1 occurred in 1971, and the building was completed in 1973. The campus itself first opened in 1970, with classes initially held in downtown storefronts while its permanent facility was being constructed.
Hilario Candela was the architect of Miami-Dade College's Wolfson Building 1. As a Cuban-born American architect, he designed key Brutalist-style buildings for several of the college's campuses, including Wolfson.
Candela was a key member of the architectural firm Pancoast, Ferendino, Grafton & Skeels, which designed the initial buildings for the North and Kendall campuses in the 1960s.
His signature "tropical Brutalist" style, with its use of raw concrete, is a defining feature of the Wolfson Campus architecture.
In addition to his work for Miami-Dade College, Candela is also known for designing the iconic Miami Marine Stadium.
Miami-Dade College's Wolfson Building 1 was designed in the Brutalist style, specifically a regional variant referred to as "tropical Brutalism".
Elements of this architectural style as seen in the Wolfson Campus include:
Raw concrete: The buildings prominently feature exposed concrete, emphasizing the material's raw, unadorned nature.
Massive, geometric forms: Brutalist buildings are known for their blocky and monolithic appearance. Architect Hilario Candela, who designed the Wolfson Campus, referred to his vision as "a small city of interconnected geometric masses".
Function over form: In keeping with Brutalist ethos, the building's design emphasizes its function as a modern educational institution.
Adaptation to the Miami climate: In this "tropical Brutalist" interpretation, the buildings use covered walkways and strategically placed open spaces to provide constant shade and cover from the rain.
Credit for the data above is given to the following websites:
apps.miamidadepa.gov/PropertySearch/#/?address=300%20ne%2...
www.google.com/search?q=who+was+the+architect+of+the+miam...
www.google.com/search?q=who+was+the+architect+of+the+miam...
www.google.com/search?q=who+was+the+architect+of+the+miam...
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#abfav_spring
forming a flower-carpet, they are out, for sale now, all waiting for the transplant in someone’s much loved garden.
It is still early in the year, and they tremble in the chilly wind. The flowers still quite hidden, frightened to come out.
The word primula is the Latin feminine diminutive of primus, meaning first (prime), applied to flowers that are among the first to open in Spring.
Hope this brings a bit of joy again, have a good day and thanx for your visit, so very much appreciated, Magda, (*_*)
For more of my work, visit here: www.indigo2photography.com
Please do not use this image on websites, blogs or any other media without my explicit permission. © All rights reserved
formed during an under water volcanic eruption 1 km west of Ponta dos Capelinhos September 1957 to October 1958
Use of this image on websites, blogs, magazines, calendars or any other forms of media without the expressed permission of the photographer is illegal.
© Lyubov Love Photography. All rights reserved.
Laura New Myers is an expressive artist who describes her collaboration with photographers "...to gratify a new flourishing requisition that I had come to find existed in this new age of chaos emerging personal expression... to persuede and promote divine intervention in the sense of ones "higher self", independent thinking, moral/ethical consideration, and scholastics through the art of silent, expressive, and allegorical story telling and last but not least to connect Arists from far and wide." Model, Makeup, Wardrobe: Laura New Myers.