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Indoor Waterfall Water Feature Fountain - Features / Waterfalls / Fountains
Indoor waterfalls dramatically improve ambiance by bringing the sights and sounds of a modern waterfall into your home or office. The sound of indoor fountains are associated with beautiful nature settings, peaceful vacations and meditative tranquility. An indoor waterfall can provide many health benefits as well. The flow of water captures airborne particles and dust from the air. The slow evaporation of water releases beneficial negative ions into the air and acts as a natural humidifier. For more sensitive environments or healthcare settings we offer a line of indoor fountains incorporating specialized precautions against bacteria and microorganisms. These options include Saniguard coatings, ultraviolet light sterilization systems and reverse osmosis systems.
Due to its features of non-gravity, precision and intuitiveness, convenient operation, safety and efficiency, "balance crane" is widely used in material transfer, high-frequency handling, precise positioning, component assembly and other occasions in modern industry.
From the beginning of receiving raw materials and materials to every link in the material flow process such as processing, production, storage and distribution, the role of the balance crane manual transfer system is eye-catching.
Correct use of the corresponding material transfer methods and means, for the health and safety of operators in various industries, the transfer of heavy objects and the handling of the site, and the rationality of their operations, labor savings, improvement of production efficiency, and product quality There will be great improvements in many aspects such as the protection of the country.
System composition
A complete set of balance crane equipment is mainly composed of three parts: balance crane main unit, grabbing fixture (or manipulator) and suspension device.
The balance crane is the main device that realizes the non-gravity floating state of materials (or workpieces) in the air.
The manipulator is a device that realizes the grasping of the workpiece and completes the corresponding handling and assembly requirements of the user.
The suspension device is a mechanism that supports the entire set of equipment according to the user's service area and site conditions.
Product Series
In order to realize the labor-saving operation of material transfer, our company has launched a wealth of balance crane models to meet the handling needs of different materials and different process requirements in different industries.
According to the working principle, there are arm rod type and soft cable type. Depending on the power source, there are pneumatic and electric, etc.
In addition, according to the different bases used in the system, there are floor-mounted fixed type, floor-mounted mobile type, suspended fixed type, suspended mobile type, attached wall type and so on.
This album features pictures taken by Sara Cuff at one of the Diocesan Civic Services giving thanks for the life of Her Late Majesty The Queen in September 2022. This and other services on our flickr feed took place on the weekend immediately prior to the State Funeral on September 19.
Product Features
Cloud H.264 Pan/Tilt Network Cameras
*Standard H.264 video compression algorithm to meet on narrow bandwidth in network transmit high-definition video
*Low code stream, local HD videos, watch more smooth and no ghosting
*Supports IE, Chrome, Firefox, Safari and Opera
*High definition: 1280x720p, clear image quality
*P2P technology, plug-and-play: no need any settings, can realize remote watching
*Using intelligent transmission technology: adaptive bandwidth, dynamic code rate adjustment, voice first and jitter buffer
*Supports 2-way voice intercom, apply telecommunication level of signal processing, echo cancellation, noise suppression, comfort noise and quiet suppression
*Supports Android smartphone/iPhone/iPad equipment remote real-time watching (25 frames image transmission, watch 720p HD images)
*Supports for multiple platforms, terminal and network
*Supports remote firmware upgrade
*Supports multiple-users access and multiple users
*Motion detecting/external sensor alarm and linkage photo/video, App alert notifications
*Infrared lamp night vision lighting, night vision distance of 10m, 24 hours/day and night monitoring, IR-switch cut, unbiased color during the day and night vision more clearly
*Supports for cloud storage technology and micro SD card (maximum supports 32GB) storage
*Supports Wi-Fi (IEEE802.11 b/g/n), flexible form wireless monitoring environment
*Supports pan and tilt (level: 320° and vertical: 90)° Includes MY-view cam software for multiple camera monitoring and management
*Supports P2P technology, Plug-and-play function (without port mapping set, DNS, IP address setting)
*Easy-to-install wizard, only 3 steps
*5V2A
*Nickname instead of ID design
*Log in, password management, account password level 3 safety management
*Online change his password security measures in a timely manne
Tasks, Emails, Leads, Reminders, Opportunities, Mailbox keep track of all your sales activities, making your workflow better and faster than ever before.
Gill's Corner (acrylics painting on canvas) by Howard Turner (1934-2017). Features T. Gill Newsagent shop. The knock-kneed gentleman seen outside the newsagents was known as Clogger Kennedy.
Howard Turner specialised in colourful scenes of Keighley in the 1920s and 1930s, often featuring well-known local eccentrics from the period. He had worked as a hospital administrator and he began painting during his working life as relaxation after the challenges of the working day. He took up painting full-time in the 1980s after moving to Ickornshaw where he lived with his wife, artist Sheila Turner. He was a member of the Yorkshire Itinerants group of artists who got together to raise money for charity.
The Keighley News' obituary of the artist can be read here:
www.keighleynews.co.uk/news/news_keighley/15441097.Keighl...
The artwork remains copyright of the Turner family and is included here for reference and research purposes only.
Galway features a number of interlocking waterways which pass through the city and they have played a major role in its development as an industrial town.
The waterway system is a bit complicated and I am still trying to determine the names of all of the streams, mill races and canals. If my description is incorrect you are invited to correct me as necessary.
The Eglington Canal in Galway was built c.1850. It follows a curving path south from inflow from River Corrib Upper and passes under five bridges which have made watercourse non-navigable.
The canal begins to north of Salmon Weir on west bank of Corrib River (upper) where a small harbour is located.
The canal then proceeds south-west splitting into two separate waterways with the main canal continuing to south-west and a shorter but but equally substantial branch proceeding south beneath a road bridge and a modern pedestrian bridge and it the past this branch would have serviced a collection of mills which are built surrounding a small harbour at end of the branch.
The main canal continues south-west before curving back around to continue south-east after passing beneath two recent concrete road bridges. The Canal at these points is narrowed by about two metres eliminating need for more complex structures.
Between these two bridges is second branch which follows a south-easterly route before re-entering the canal south of lock basin via a stone-lined channel.
The lock basin has limestone block lining with limestone coping blocks, timber lock gates and box. One set of gates has been removed and the flow of canal is now regulated by the remaining gate and sluice racks to north of lock basin. The canal then continues to south-east before splitting again with south-east branch passing under William O'Brien Bridge and into Claddagh Quay and second branch travelling roughly north-east before re-entering River Corrib (lower) after passing over stone-lined weir.
Interesting Features:
This handsome automobile was especially created tor the 1935 Paris Auto Show and was indeed one of the jewels of that show.
The accent trim line on the body is 24K Gold Plate and the rest of the exterior appointments are of German Silver.
This car has a dual ignition system.
Interior trim is of genuine pigskin and lizard.
Original Cost: $20,000.00 Plus
Horsepower: 132 HP
Speed 122 MPH
Motive Power: 6-Cylinder, water-cooled gasoline engine
Made in: Bois-Colombes (Seine), France
By. Hispana Suiza
The Capel Military Show features a variety of military exhibits from the South of England including over 400 vehicles representing the best of British, German, Russian and American machines. Ranging from the Second World War right though to modern day, the Show will transport you back in time and take you on a journey through military history.
Features a mixed abstract stripe and digital floral print, high neck and panelling through the body. Fixed waist. Invisible zip closure at back. Fully lined. Complete the look with heels.
— www.australiaqld.com — www.australiaqld.com/australia-fashion/go-floral-skater-p...
Indoor Wall Water Fountain Feature - Features / Fountains
Add ambiance to any room with beautiful indoor wall fountains. We currently have many styles to choose from in a wide variety of frame materials and waterfall face choices. Our skilled artesians are adept at metal fabrication. The metals available for the frames on your water wall have been chosen for attractiveness, durability and ease of fabrication. The most common metals used are copper and stainless steel. The unique marbled or patina finish is applied to the copper of the indoor wall sculptures one piece at a time. A clear coating is then applied to the metal to give it a high gloss finish as well as to protect the copper from naturally developing a green patina over time. On some of our most recent water wall models we will even go further and apply custom artwork or custom patina shading to the metal making your wall sculpture a true piece of unique art.
The Loeb Boathouse, one of the most famous icons of Central Park is located at the northeastern tip of the Lake and houses the Boathouse Restaurant. It is a romantic setting for dinner on a mid-summer’s evening, watching the sun sink behind the trees and maybe catching a gondola slowly poling past.
Around 1874, Calvert Vaux designed a two-story boathouse at the eastern end of the Lake. About the new Boathouse Vaux said: “In order to compensate for the interruption of the view from the walk, and better accommodate those who should wish to wait in the vicinity, the roof was made a deck to be covered with awnings furnished with seats.” The original structure served nobly for eighty years until the 1950’s, by which time it was so run down that it had to be demolished. The current Boathouse took its place in 1954 and was largely financed with a gift from investment banker Carl Loeb.
Today the Boathouse features year round dining, with overhead heating helping to compensate for the chilly winds of winter and enabling patrons to enjoy the view overlooking the lake. More informal snacks are available on the outside terrace across from the bicycle rental concession. And of course you can also rent rowboats or take a ride in an authentic Venetian gondola.
The Boathouse is also used by the dedicated group of Central Park Bird watchers who come virtually every day to record their observations of birds and other Park wildlife.
BUSAN, SOUTH KOREA - OCTOBER 31: Bilibili Gaming and Gen.G at the League of Legends World Championship 2023 Knockout Features Day on October 31, 2023 in Busan, South Korea. (Photo by Colin Young-Wolff/Riot Games)
Each Battle Castle episode stands alone.
In this special online segment we look at castle design to compare and contrast the features shared by the castles. This time we examine Arrow Slits.
Battle Castle is an action documentary series starring Dan Snow that is now airing on History Television and is scheduled to premiere on Discovery Knowledge (UK) in 2012 and on various BBC-affiliated channels in the near future.
For the latest air dates, Like us on Facebook (www.battlecastle.com/facebook) or follow us on Twitter (www.twitter.com/battlecastle)
This show brings to life mighty medieval fortifications and the epic sieges they resist: clashes that defy the limits of military technology, turn empires to dust, and transform mortals into legends.
Website: www.battlecastle.tv/
YouTube: www.youtube.com/battlecastle
Flickr: www.flicker.com/battlecastle
Features
4K UHD 30fps, HD 1080p 120fps video
12.4 Megapixel still camera
3-axis anti-vibration gimbal camera with full 360° rotation
Ultrasonic collision prevention
Integrated autonomous flight modes
ST16 All-in-one-controller with built-in 7-inch touchscreen
Retractable landing ...
epfilms.tv/yuneec-typhoon-h-drone-finally-one-can-compete...
One of the popular features in Volunteer Park is the Water Tower (built in 1906). Visitors can climb 100 steps to the top of the tower and enjoy 360 degree views of the Seattle area. It is one of the best views of Seattle at an elevation of 520 feet above Puget Sound (the top of the Space Needle is 720 feet). With your camera, you can make panoramic views of the area.
This photo shows the observation level of the water tower.
For more information and photos about exploring Seattle, please visit our web site that features over 300 web pages and 1,200 photos. The web site is at
www.dazzlingplaces.com/Seattle/MasterFiles/SeattleHomePag...
Indoor Waterfall Water Feature Fountain - Features / Waterfalls / Fountains
Indoor waterfalls dramatically improve ambiance by bringing the sights and sounds of a modern waterfall into your home or office. The sound of indoor fountains are associated with beautiful nature settings, peaceful vacations and meditative tranquility. An indoor waterfall can provide many health benefits as well. The flow of water captures airborne particles and dust from the air. The slow evaporation of water releases beneficial negative ions into the air and acts as a natural humidifier. For more sensitive environments or healthcare settings we offer a line of indoor fountains incorporating specialized precautions against bacteria and microorganisms. These options include Saniguard coatings, ultraviolet light sterilization systems and reverse osmosis systems.
Features:
* Belongs to Bentleys Collection
* Classic choice for your traditional home
* Antiqued nail head accents
* Cherry finished bun feet serve to highlight the rich brown bonded leather
* 8-Way-Hand-Tied
For further details, please check www.beyondstores.com/homelegance-bentleys-4-piece-leather...
Indoor Wall Water Fountain Feature - Features / Fountains
Add ambiance to any room with beautiful indoor wall fountains. We currently have many styles to choose from in a wide variety of frame materials and waterfall face choices. Our skilled artesians are adept at metal fabrication. The metals available for the frames on your water wall have been chosen for attractiveness, durability and ease of fabrication. The most common metals used are copper and stainless steel. The unique marbled or patina finish is applied to the copper of the indoor wall sculptures one piece at a time. A clear coating is then applied to the metal to give it a high gloss finish as well as to protect the copper from naturally developing a green patina over time. On some of our most recent water wall models we will even go further and apply custom artwork or custom patina shading to the metal making your wall sculpture a true piece of unique art.
JY-D2000 LED Light features:
Multi Color temperature
Short Press to switch between 3200K/5500K/7800K; Long Press to switch to 5500K. For other color temperatures you could use the "+" " -" and "s" button.
4 CREE Power LEDS
JY-D2000 is equipped with 4 USA CREE power leds to offer High bright and Uniform Light .
All Aluminum Alloy cover
The cover of JY-D2000 is made by Aluminum Alloy , so it's Super tough & High spead cooling.
Super Beam angle
95 degrees Beam angle to realize HD 16:9 wide shooting.
Light adjustment methods: free adjustment / button adjustment
1. free adjustment : 10%-100% (Long press to switch on)
2. button adjustment : 10 levels (Short press to switch on).
Constant Light Brightness
Built-in constant current & voltage control system ensure constant light brightness till the power almost used up
LED Indicators
JY-D2000 comes with Led Indicators that show you the current Power status.
Quick switch to MAX brightness
JY-D2000 could adjust multi color temperatures and if you need the Max Brightness, only press "S" button. It's very simple.
Compact Design
Less than 6" at its longest side .JY-D2000 is very smart and easy to take with.
Shoe Mount
The JY-D2000 comes with a shoe mount adapter that is perfect for mounting on any DV or DSLR camera such as Canon 5D,7D.
Auto Memory
JY-D2000 auto memorize your setting when turned off, that is, JY-D2000 keeps the same setting when you turn on it again.
4-ways constant current & voltage control system
JY-D2000 uses 4-ways constant current & voltage control system to ensure CONSTANT brightness. 4 lights are powered by 4 seperated power. Even if one of them was broken, the other 3 lights still work well
according to www.led-video-lights.com/jyd2000-led-video-light-w-multic...
Features free online travel Picture gallery and photos of Maharashtra India. Explore photo images gallery of Maharashtra Tourism and travel destinations, local markets, places to visit, hotels and resorts, people and culture of India
Holiday Inn Express at The Legends features a KidsSuite which includes the bears den with bunk beds and kids activity area. Complimentary breakfast. Wireless high speed internet. Business Center. Indoor pool. Meeting room- holds up to 60 people. Fitness Center. Lounge.
Visit Kansas City, KS
Pinned by
The little grey things above the nostrils are copepod parasites. The leg like features are copepod egg cases and the pink spot at the other end is the copepod eye.
I guess this moray hasn't been to it's local shrimp cleaning station as often as it should, or maybe it won't let the shrimp clean these sensitive areas.
Features
-Dinosaurs are back and roaming the earth in the 32" long Roboraptor
-Three distinct moods hunter, cautious and playfulMulti-sensory touch sensors in his tail, chin and mouth, sonic sensors
-Powerful jaws that play tug-of war games, "bite" and pullMood dependent behavior aggressive/hunting mood, nervous/cautious mood, friendly/playful mood
Evidence that the robotic dinosaur revolution is spreading, this Roboraptor comes fully assembled and ready to roam the earth with his robotic dinosaur cousins. He has movable arms, a swiveling head, a sweeping tail, and a chomping jaw full of pointy teeth. Measuring 32 inches from nose to tail, the Roboraptor is a big enough to intimidate any smaller predator that may come along. While this raptor hasn’t yet developed his full hunting skills, he’s still a lot of fun and comes with over 40 preprogrammed functions, three distinct moods, and the ability to detect things in its path with infrared vision. He also comes equipped with automatic shutoff and a demo mode. Roboraptor is steady on his feet, but works best on smooth, hard surfaces.
Dinosaurs are back and roaming the earth in the 32" long Roboraptor. With its advanced artificial intelligence personality, realistic biomorphic motions, direct control and autonomous (free-roam) modes, the Age of Dinosaurs has truly returned. Features Fluid bi-pedal motion walking, running and predatory gaits, realistic body movements: turning head and neck, whipping tail actions. Three distinct moods hunter, cautious and playful Autonomous environmental interaction responds with mood specific behaviors and sounds Mood dependent behavior aggressive/hunting mood, nervous/cautious mood, friendly/playful mood Multi-sensory touch sensors in his tail, chin and mouth, sonic sensors Infra-red vision system detects objects in his path, or approaching him Powerful jaws that play tug-of war games, "bite" and pull Visual and sonic guard mode Responds to commands from Robosapien V2 and RS Media (sold separately) Auto shut-off function Video game style controller Demonstration mode.
Features roses, lilies, forsythia, oncidium orchids, Bells of Ireland, protea, aralia and Italian ruscus. Floral design by Charles Meier, Creative Director, Paradiso Parade Floats. www.paradisoparadefloats.com
It is very important to set up your workstation by taking into consideration the Ergonomic features of your chair because it is the one that directly affects health of your body. Lots of chair manufacturers claim that their chairs are the best in the market, but are they really that good?
SpinaliS chairs are designed to initiate the so called "Active Sitting" phenomena, which strengthens your core muscles while you are sitting. No extra effort is required, but sitting!
Check out SpinaliS Ergonomic series chairs:
www.spinalis-chairs.ca/spinalis-chairs/ergonomic/
SpinaliS Canada offers "Lease to Own" financing program starting at $39/month. Choose the chair of your liking and fill out the form:
www.spinalis-chairs.ca/pictures/Commercial%20Credit%20App...
Here is why you should consider purchasing of a SpinaliS chair:
Back injuries result from damage, wear, or trauma to the bones, muscles, or other tissues of the back. Common back injuries include sprains and strains, herniated disks, and fractured vertebrae. The lumbar is often the site of back pain. The area is susceptible because of its flexibility and the amount of body weight it regularly bears. It is estimated that low-back pain may affect as much as 80 to 90 percent of the general population in Canada.
Low-back pain is often the result of incorrect lifting methods and posture. Repetitive lifting, bending, and twisting motions of the torso affect both the degree of severity and frequency of low-back pain. In addition, low-back pain may also be the result of bad lifting habits. Sedentary lifestyles most often lead to weak abdominal muscles and hamstrings. This causes the stronger muscles which have remained strong to pull the body away from its optimal anatomical form. The imbalanced muscles cause people to continue to perform these repetitive actions. This results in misplaced force application within the spine, often resulting in hemorrhage of disks within the spinal column.
For more info call 844 777 0489
or drop by any of our six stores
SpinaliS Store in Vancouver, BC
3619 West 4th Ave
Vancouver, BC V6R 1P2
SpinaliS Store in Surrey, BC
Laser Health Solutions
Chiropractic Corp.
204-15230 Hwy 10
Surrey, BC V3S 5K7
SpinaliS Store in Victoria, BC
770 Spruce Avenue
Victoria, BC V8T 5A5
SpinaliS Store in Kelowna, BC
ALIGNED CHIROPRACTIC
105-2041 Harvey Avenue
Kelowna, BC V1Y 6G7
SpinaliS Store in Toronto, ON
CMCC Supply Centre & Bookstore
6100 Leslie Street, Toronto
Toronto, ON M2H 3J1
SpinaliS Store in Squamish, BC
Elaho Medical Clinic
Chieftain Centre
1337 Pemberton Ave
Squamish, BC M2H 3J1
Financing Available! Starting at $39/month
Get your SpinaliS chair now and pay later. Choose between 12 and 36 month installments starting at $39/month. "Lease to Own" program with G Direct Finance: Simple and Safe!
Medical Device
SpinaliS chairs were developed with a help of doctors and evaluated as a Class I medical device. Clinical evaluation of the medical device was processed by multiple clinics in Europe. However, in Canada, it is not possible to claim SpinaliS chairs to write your taxes off and they are not covered by any kind of medical insurance or health plan, yet.
Abs and Back Workout
Work out while sitting on any of the SpinaliS chairs and performing your daily tasks at the office or home.
Back Pain Relief
SpinaliS Chairs will work out your core muscles for you. Just sit, do your thing and leave everything else up to SpinaliS.
Stylish Office Chairs
Design of the SpinaliS Chairs is an eye candy â your customers will definitely notice them!
Yoga Ball Alternative
It is recommended not to sit longer than 2 hours on a yoga ball, but on the SpinaliS chairs you can sit all day long.
Standing Desk Alternative
SpinaliS chairs will actually make your body to work out and get you into a great shape without the hard task of standing or exercising.
Who does use SpinaliS?
Google, Dubai Airport, SONY, IBM, DELL, Skoda Auto, CSOB Bank, Unicredit Bank, Vodafone and many more.
SpinaliS Canada
ph: 778 989 0637
Chairs for Active Sitting to Eliminate Back Pain and Improve Posture
Financing available! Starting at $39/month
#active #activesitting #healthysitting #healthy #sitting #fit #health #canada #greatposture #goodposture #life #goodlife #goals #goal #resolution #spinaliscanada #spinalis #backpaintreatment #ergonomic #ergonomicchair #ergonomicchairs #workstation #ergonomicworkstation
Indoor Tabletop Water Fountain Feature - Fountains / Features
A tabletop fountain is a great home accent and they will bring a sense of serenity to your indoor space. The water and natural elements bring a little bit of nature indoors. Our indoor tabletop fountains are made with hand thrown ceramic, copper, stainless steel and natural elements such as slate, gemstones, crystals and bamboo. The features made of semi precious stones often include a rotating object on the fountain such as a crystal sphere which rotates using water pressure, bringing movement to the table fountain which is both interesting and soothing to watch. Table fountains are ideal accents for small rooms and office desks where space is a concern. They easily fit into small spaces such as the corner of a desk, a bedroom table, mantle, around door entryways and coffee tables.
Dikes separate farmland from tideland along the Stillaguamish River, just south of the Skagit delta. Photo by John Ryan.
Kim "Peyz" Su-hwan of Gen.G Esports during MSI Bracket features day in Chengdu, China on May 04, 2024. (Photo by Lee Aiksoon/Riot Games)
Fountains Abbey is one of the largest and best preserved ruined Cistercian monasteries in England. It is located approximately 3 miles (5 kilometres) south-west of Ripon in North Yorkshire, near to the village of Aldfield. Founded in 1132, the abbey operated for 407 years becoming one of the wealthiest monasteries in England until its dissolution in 1539 under the order of Henry VIII.
The abbey is a Grade I listed building owned by the National Trust and part of the designated Studley Royal Park including the Ruins of Fountains Abbey UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Foundation
After a dispute and riot in 1132 at the Benedictine house of St Mary's Abbey, in York, 13 monks were expelled (among them Saint Robert of Newminster) and, after unsuccessful attempts to form a new monastery were taken under the protection of Thurstan, Archbishop of York. He provided them with land in the valley of the River Skell, a tributary of the Ure. The enclosed valley had all the natural features needed for the creation of a monastery, providing shelter from the weather, stone and timber for building, and a supply of running water. After enduring a harsh winter in 1133, the monks applied to join the Cistercian order which since the end of the previous century was a fast-growing reform movement that by the beginning of the 13th century was to have over 500 houses. So it was that in 1135, Fountains became the second Cistercian house in northern England, after Rievaulx. The Fountains monks became subject to Clairvaux Abbey, in Burgundy which was under the rule of St Bernard. Under the guidance of Geoffrey of Ainai, a monk sent from Clairvaux, the group learned how to celebrate the seven Canonical Hours according to Cistercian usage and were shown how to construct wooden buildings in accordance with Cistercian practice.
Consolidation
After Henry Murdac was elected abbot in 1143, the small stone church and timber claustral buildings were replaced. Within three years, an aisled nave had been added to the stone church, and the first permanent claustral buildings built in stone and roofed in tile had been completed.
In 1146 an angry mob, annoyed at Murdac for his role in opposing the election of William FitzHerbert as archbishop of York, attacked the abbey and burnt down all but the church and some surrounding buildings.The community recovered swiftly from the attack and founded four daughter houses. Henry Murdac resigned as abbot in 1147 upon becoming the Archbishop of York and was replaced first by Maurice, Abbot of Rievaulx then, on the resignation of Maurice, by Thorald. Thorald was forced by Henry Murdac to resign after two years in office. The next abbot, Richard, held the post until his death in 1170 and restored the abbey's stability and prosperity. In 20 years as abbot, he supervised a huge building programme which involved completing repairs to the damaged church and building more accommodation for the increasing number of recruits. Only the chapter house was completed before he died and the work was ably continued by his successor, Robert of Pipewell, under whose rule the abbey gained a reputation for caring for the needy.
The next abbot was William, who presided over the abbey from 1180 to 1190 and he was succeeded by Ralph Haget, who had entered Fountains at the age of 30 as a novice, after pursuing a military career. During the European famine of 1194 Haget ordered the construction of shelters in the vicinity of the abbey and provided daily food rations to the poor enhancing the abbey's reputation for caring for the poor and attracting more grants from wealthy benefactors.
In the first half of the 13th century Fountains increased in reputation and prosperity under the next three abbots, John of York (1203–1211), John of Hessle (1211–1220) and John of Kent (1220–1247). They were burdened with an inordinate amount of administrative duties and increasing demands for money in taxation and levies but managed to complete another massive expansion of the abbey's buildings. This included enlarging the church and building an infirmary.
Difficulties
In the second half of the 13th century the abbey was in more straitened circumstances. It was presided over by eleven abbots, and became financially unstable largely due to forward selling its wool crop, and the abbey was criticised for its dire material and physical state when it was visited by Archbishop John le Romeyn in 1294. The run of disasters that befell the community continued into the early 14th century when northern England was invaded by the Scots and there were further demands for taxes. The culmination of these misfortunes was the Black Death of 1348–1349. The loss of manpower and income due to the ravages of the plague was almost ruinous.
A further complication arose as a result of the Papal Schism of 1378–1409. Fountains Abbey along with other English Cistercian houses was told to break off any contact with the mother house of Citeaux, which supported a rival pope. This resulted in the abbots forming their own chapter to rule the order in England and consequently they became increasingly involved in internecine politics. In 1410, following the death of Abbot Burley of Fountains, the community was riven by several years of turmoil over the election of his successor. Contending candidates John Ripon, Abbot of Meaux, and Roger Frank, a monk of Fountains were locked in conflict until 1415 when Ripon was finally appointed, ruling until his death in 1434. Under abbots John Greenwell (1442–1471), Thomas Swinton (1471–8), John Darnton (1478–95), who undertook some much needed restoration of the fabric of the abbey, including notable work on the church, and Marmaduke Huby (1495–1526) Fountains regained stability and prosperity.
At Abbot Huby's death he was succeeded by William Thirsk who was accused by the royal commissioners of immorality and inadequacy and was dismissed as abbot. He was replaced by Marmaduke Bradley, a monk of the abbey who had reported Thirsk's supposed offences, testified against him and offered the authorities six hundred marks for the post of abbot. In 1539 it was Bradley who surrendered the abbey when its seizure was ordered under Henry VIII at the Dissolution of the Monasteries.
The abbey precinct covered 70 acres (28 ha) surrounded by an 11-foot (3.4 m) wall built in the 13th century, some parts of which are visible to the south and west of the abbey. The area consists of three concentric zones cut by the River Skell flowing from west to east across the site. The church and claustral buildings stand at the centre of the precinct north of the Skell, the inner court containing the domestic buildings stretches down to the river and the outer court housing the industrial and agricultural buildings lies on the river's south bank. The early abbey buildings were added to and altered over time, causing deviations from the strict Cistercian type. Outside the walls were the abbey's granges.[citation needed]
The original abbey church was built of wood and "was probably" two stories high; it was, however, quickly replaced in stone. The church was damaged in the attack on the abbey in 1146 and was rebuilt, in a larger scale, on the same site. Building work was completed c.1170.[11] This structure, completed around 1170, was 300 ft (91 m) long and had 11 bays in the side aisles. A lantern tower was added at the crossing of the church in the late 12th century. The presbytery at the eastern end of the church was much altered in the 13th century. The church's greatly lengthened choir, commenced by Abbot John of York, 1203–11, and carried on by his successor terminates, like that of Durham Cathedral, in an eastern transept, the work of Abbot John of Kent, 1220–47. The 160-foot-tall (49 m) tower, which was added not long before the dissolution, by Abbot Huby, 1494–1526, is in an unusual position at the northern end of the north transept and bears Huby's motto 'Soli Deo Honor et Gloria'. The sacristry adjoined the south transept.
The cloister, which had arcading of black marble from Nidderdale and white sandstone, is in the centre of the precinct and to the south of the church. The three-aisled chapter-house and parlour open from the eastern walk of the cloister and the refectory, with the kitchen and buttery attached, are at right angles to its southern walk. Parallel with the western walk is an immense vaulted substructure serving as cellars and store-rooms, which supported the dormitory of the conversi (lay brothers) above. This building extended across the river and at its south-west corner were the latrines, built above the swiftly flowing stream. The monks' dormitory was in its usual position above the chapter-house, to the south of the transept. Peculiarities of this arrangement include the position of the kitchen, between the refectory and calefactory, and of the infirmary above the river to the west, adjoining the guest-houses.
The abbot's house, one of the largest in all of England,is located to the east of the latrine block, where portions of it are suspended on arches over the River Skell.It was built in the mid-twelfth century as a modest single-storey structure, then, from the fourteenth century, underwent extensive expansion and remodelling to end up in the 16th century as a grand dwelling with fine bay windows and grand fireplaces. The great hall was an expansive room 52 by 21 metres (171 by 69 ft).
Among other apartments, for the designation of which see the ground-plan, was a domestic oratory or chapel,
1/2-by-23-foot (14 by 7 m), and a kitchen, 50-by-38-foot (15 by 12 m)
Medieval monasteries were sustained by landed estates that were given to them as endowments and from which they derived an income from rents. They were the gifts of the founder and subsequent patrons, but some were purchased from cash revenues. At the outset, the Cistercian order rejected gifts of mills and rents, churches with tithes and feudal manors as they did not accord with their belief in monastic purity, because they involved contact with laymen. When Archbishop Thurstan founded the abbey he gave the community 260 acres (110 ha) of land at Sutton north of the abbey and 200 acres (81 ha) at Herleshowe to provide support while the abbey became established. In the early years the abbey struggled to maintain itself because further gifts were not forthcoming and Thurstan could not help further because the lands he administered were not his own, but part of the diocesan estate. After a few years of impoverished struggle to establish the abbey, the monks were joined by Hugh, a former dean of York Minster, a rich man who brought a considerable fortune as well as furniture and books to start the library.
By 1135 the monks had acquired only another 260 acres (110 ha) at Cayton, given by Eustace fitzJohn of Knaresborough "for the building of the abbey". Shortly after the fire of 1146, the monks had established granges at Sutton, Cayton, Cowton Moor, Warsill, Dacre and Aldburgh all within 6 mi (10 km) of Fountains. In the 1140s the water mill was built on the abbey site making it possible for the grain from the granges to be brought to the abbey for milling.Tannery waste from this time has been excavated on the site.
Further estates were assembled in two phases, between 1140 and 1160 then 1174 and 1175, from piecemeal acquisitions of land. Some of the lands were grants from benefactors but others were purchased from gifts of money to the abbey. Roger de Mowbray granted vast areas of Nidderdale and William de Percy and his tenants granted substantial estates in Craven which included Malham Moor and the fishery in Malham Tarn. After 1203 the abbots consolidated the abbey's lands by renting out more distant areas that the monks could not easily farm themselves, and exchanging and purchasing lands that complemented their existing estates. Fountains' holdings both in Yorkshire and beyond had reached their maximum extent by 1265, when they were an efficient and very profitable estate. Their estates were linked in a network of individual granges which provided staging posts to the most distant ones. They had urban properties in York, Yarm, Grimsby, Scarborough and Boston from which to conduct export and market trading and their other commercial interests included mining, quarrying, iron-smelting, fishing and milling.
The Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 was a factor that led to a downturn in the prosperity of the abbey in the early fourteenth century. Areas of the north of England as far south as York were looted by the Scots. Then the number of lay-brothers being recruited to the order reduced considerably. The abbey chose to take advantage of the relaxation of the edict on leasing property that had been enacted by the General Chapter of the order in 1208 and leased some of their properties. Others were staffed by hired labour and remained in hand under the supervision of bailiffs. In 1535 Fountains had an interest in 138 vills and the total taxable income of the Fountains estate was £1,115, making it the richest Cistercian monastery in England.
After the Dissolution
The Gresham family crest
The Abbey buildings and over 500 acres (200 ha) of land were sold by the Crown, on 1 October 1540, to Sir Richard Gresham, at the time a Member of Parliament and former Lord Mayor of London, the father of Sir Thomas Gresham. It was Richard Gresham who had supplied Cardinal Wolsey with the tapestries for his new house of Hampton Court and who paid for the Cardinal's funeral.
Gresham sold some of the fabric of the site, stone, timber, lead, as building materials to help to defray the cost of purchase. The site was acquired in 1597 by Sir Stephen Proctor, who used stone from the monastic complex to build Fountains Hall. Between 1627 and 1767 the estate was owned by the Messenger family who sold it to William Aislaby who was responsible for combining it with the Studley Royal Estate.
Burials
Roger de Mowbray, 1st Baron Mowbray
John de Mowbray, 2nd Baron Mowbray
Abbot Marmaduke Huby (d. 1526)
Rose (daughter of Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester), wife of Roger de Mowbray, 1st Baron Mowbray
Henry de Percy, 1st Baron Percy
William II de Percy, 3rd feudal baron of Topcliffe
Becoming a World Heritage Site
The archaeological excavation of the site was begun under the supervision of John Richard Walbran, a Ripon antiquary who, in 1846, had published a paper On the Necessity of clearing out the Conventual Church of Fountains.In 1966 the Abbey was placed in the guardianship of the Department of the Environment and the estate was purchased by the West Riding County Council who transferred ownership to the North Yorkshire County Council in 1974. The National Trust bought the 674-acre (273 ha) Fountains Abbey and Studley Royal estate from North Yorkshire County Council in 1983. In 1986 the parkland in which the abbey is situated and the abbey was designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. It was recognised for fulfilling the criteria of being a masterpiece of human creative genius, and an outstanding example of a type of building or architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates significant stages in human history. Fountains Abbey is owned by the National Trust and maintained by English Heritage. The trust owns Studley Royal Park, Fountains Hall, to which there is partial public access, and St Mary's Church, designed by William Burges and built around 1873, all of which are significant features of the World Heritage Site.
The Porter's Lodge, which was once the gatehouse to the abbey, houses a modern exhibition area with displays about the history of Fountains Abbey and how the monks lived.
In January 2010, Fountains Abbey and Studley Royal became two of the first National Trust properties to be included in Google Street View, using the Google Trike.
Film location
Fountains Abbey was used as a film location by Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark for their single "Maid of Orleans (The Waltz Joan of Arc)" during the cold winter of December 1981. In 1980, Hollywood also came to the site to film the final scenes to the film Omen III: The Final Conflict.Other productions filmed on location at the abbey are the films Life at the Top, The Secret Garden, The History Boys, TV series Flambards, A History of Britain, Terry Jones' Medieval Lives, Cathedral, Antiques Roadshow and the game show Treasure Hunt. The BBC Television series 'Gunpowder' (2017) used Fountains Abbey as a location.
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Fishing Cone is one of the most famous geothermal features in Yellowstone Lake at the West Thumb geyser area. The kayaker looks it over as he passes by.
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