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Golden Features performing at Listen Out Music Festival at Centennial Park in Sydney, Australia on the 3rd October, 2015.
© Rohan Anderson Photography.
Website: www.raphotography.com.au
Facebook: www.facebook.com/RohanAndersonPhotography
Instagram: rohanandersonphotography
Do not use without permission; Protected with PIXSY.
* Stateful Packet Firewall
* Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)
* Intrusion Detection
* Multiple Public IPs
* Traffic Shaping
* VoIP/SIP support
* Portscan Detection
* DoS and DDoS Protection
* SYN/ICMP Flood Protection
* Anti-Spoofing Protection
Indoor Waterfall Water Feature Fountain - Features / Waterfalls / Fountains
Indoor waterfalls dramatically improve ambiance by bringing the sights and sounds of a modern waterfall into your home or office. The sound of indoor fountains are associated with beautiful nature settings, peaceful vacations and meditative tranquility. An indoor waterfall can provide many health benefits as well. The flow of water captures airborne particles and dust from the air. The slow evaporation of water releases beneficial negative ions into the air and acts as a natural humidifier. For more sensitive environments or healthcare settings we offer a line of indoor fountains incorporating specialized precautions against bacteria and microorganisms. These options include Saniguard coatings, ultraviolet light sterilization systems and reverse osmosis systems.
No woman can be handsome by the force of features alone, any more that she can be witty by only the help of speech.
-Langston Hughes
I was asked recently what my favorite feature was, and I said "The uvula, followed by spleen. They intrigue me by their lack of apparent function- they're like the knick-knacks of the body."
Humor is my default defense mechanism.
After thinking and re-thinking, I'm going to admit that my favorite feature would have to be these peepers.
KBN5D_24590
PS - Special recognition needs to go out to Kip- I spent over 30 minutes trying to hold reflectors, or at least attach them to fixtures in the bathroom so that I could hit the shutter (on timer) and then frantically try to properly light my face in 10 seconds. He came upstairs to see why on earth I had opened and closed the shower door 17 times, was immediately enlisted in reflector bee-yotch duty, and this was the very next shot. Thank you, hon!
Features:
Sportsman Xtreme 3-watt LED flashlight crafted from aircraft grade aluminum
Provides 80-lumens
The DC/DC regulated circuitry produces consistent light output throughout the life of the battery
Backed by lifetime warranty
Runs on 2 AA batteries
Purchased from Meijer $25.99 2011
At the time I purchased this I couldn't bring myself to spend more than $40.00 for a flashlight, so this was perfect I think it looks nice, has that Surefire look to it.
PROs:
-Super tough
-Super bright
-AAs
-Push or locked on button
-clip for using with a cap or pocket
-very strong
-shorter than Mini Mag LED
-comes with a removable strap
-won't roll when put on table
-fits most M.O.L.L.E pouches/Tactical gear made for these types of lights.
CONS:
-Beam not adjustable
-Not completely water proof
One of the prepackaged themes that will come with the Features server for Drupal.
For more on the Feature server for Drupal, check out these blog posts:
* Distributed Feature Servers in Drupal: www.developmentseed.org/blog/2009/jun/24/distributed-feat...
* A First Look at Downloading, Installing, and Updating Features from a Feature Server
* Pushing Public and Private Updates From Your Feature Server (with screencast): www.developmentseed.org/blog/2009/jun/25/pushing-public-p...
* Recipe For a Feature Server: www.developmentseed.org/blog/2009/jun/26/recipe-feature-s...
Launch Nice March 25/26
Launch: Nice March 2009
www.autotrader.co.uk/EDITORIAL/CARS/FEATURES/VOLKSWAGEN/a...
Subject for the Book and Paper Arts - Columbia College of Chicago Exhibition. Poems and Pictures: A Renaissance in the Art of the Book (1946-1981). This exhibition, originally organized for the The Center for Books Arts by Kyle Schlesinger, features books, paintings, collages, periodicals, and ephemera that explore fundamental relationships between form and content; seeing and reading; writing and drawing; and the extraordinary occasions when these things and activities fuse, introducing a third element. 03.01.2012.
I was trying out some of the EXR features on my camera. This was taken with the resolution priority setting.
Alii Drive is a very pleasant seven mile coastal drive filled with scenic vistas, natural features and recreational opportunities.
In our last post we wrote about the newly launch Moto G dual sim phone, Additionally Motorola mobility has also launched its new version of Moto X smartphone. Lets have a look on the features and specifications of this phone.
Motorola Mobility has affirmed the new Moto X, the...
www.pulpybucket.com/new-motorola-moto-x-full-specificatio...
Features:
* Solid Wood Cabinetry
* Full Overlay Doors
* Raised Door Panel
* Under-mount Glide System
( Upgradeable to Soft-closing)
* 3/4" Extension Dovetail Drawers
(Upgradeable to Full Extension)
* Concealed Euro Hinges
* 5/8" Adjustable Shelves
* Plywood Construction Box
SEOUL, KOREA - March 09: Zeka of Hanwha Life Esports at First Stand Tournament 2025 Features Day on March 09, 2025 in Seoul, Korea. (Photo by Christina Oh/Riot Games)
Galway features a number of interlocking waterways which pass through the city and they have played a major role in its development as an industrial town.
The waterway system is a bit complicated and I am still trying to determine the names of all of the streams, mill races and canals. If my description is incorrect you are invited to correct me as necessary.
The Eglington Canal in Galway was built c.1850. It follows a curving path south from inflow from River Corrib Upper and passes under five bridges which have made watercourse non-navigable.
The canal begins to north of Salmon Weir on west bank of Corrib River (upper) where a small harbour is located.
The canal then proceeds south-west splitting into two separate waterways with the main canal continuing to south-west and a shorter but but equally substantial branch proceeding south beneath a road bridge and a modern pedestrian bridge and it the past this branch would have serviced a collection of mills which are built surrounding a small harbour at end of the branch.
The main canal continues south-west before curving back around to continue south-east after passing beneath two recent concrete road bridges. The Canal at these points is narrowed by about two metres eliminating need for more complex structures.
Between these two bridges is second branch which follows a south-easterly route before re-entering the canal south of lock basin via a stone-lined channel.
The lock basin has limestone block lining with limestone coping blocks, timber lock gates and box. One set of gates has been removed and the flow of canal is now regulated by the remaining gate and sluice racks to north of lock basin. The canal then continues to south-east before splitting again with south-east branch passing under William O'Brien Bridge and into Claddagh Quay and second branch travelling roughly north-east before re-entering River Corrib (lower) after passing over stone-lined weir.
Outdoor Garden Water Feature Fountain - Features / Fountains
Garden fountains are beautiful outdoor water accents. Outdoor fountains are used in public parks, gardens, yards, patios and decks. The most traditional design is a tiered waterfall with multiple levels where the water cascades down many levels of stone. A garden fountain is very dramatic and has a high degree of water noise and motion due to the water becoming airborne and crashing into the lower level pool below. The water finds it's way into the pool at the bottom and is taken back to the top again by a powerful water pump to begin it's journey anew. Some famous artists and sculptors have created garden water features which add life and elegance to their sculptures. Today craftsmen and increased knowledge have made available garden fountains for private residences.
Wallpaper features a church with planets in the background. Religion mixed with space! Awesome dude! Visit www.redandblackwallpapers.com to download the wallpaper for free. Comes in widescreen, fullscreen, iphone and mobile phone sizes.
Driving features for the 2016 Chevrolet Equinox will rely in significant part on which engine you select. The 4-cylinder Equinox may have identical output ratings to the basic engines in other compact crossovers, but it doesn't feel as effective on the road. You will have the gas pedal floored during routine merging and passing movements, which is neither reassuring nor fuel efficient. If you are searching for a more pleasant driving experience, the V6 is absolutely the way to go. With 301 hp on tap, it's one of the most competent engines in any crossover in this price range. thecarspecs.com/2016-chevrolet-equinox-review/
Photographic techniques capture electromagnetic wavelengths beyond human vision, revealing features invisible to the naked eye. These signals are processed into interpretable forms using methods like color mapping.
Pink lacks a specific electromagnetic wavelength, while grey poses a limitation due to its representation of only intensity—a blend of light and dark without spectral specificity. Imaging techniques reliant on spectral variation produce identical results for greyscale images unless non-visible data is present. Deviations from this uniformity may indicate errors, misinterpretations, or unknown phenomena.
Contention persists over analytical debates, including dismissible claims like Van Allen belt dangers and contested evidence of lunar mirrors. The precision of laser reflections targeting a moving 3x3-foot marker on the Moon highlights technical skill but often fails to resolve skepticism. For instance, a 0.1° shift moves a laser spot 670 km across the Moon's surface.
Forensic analysis (2022, 2023) of Apollo 11–17 photographs assessed authenticity claims. Images of humans in space, Earth, and the Moon's distant views were validated, but Moon landing visuals showed variations, suggesting diverse techniques may have replicated certain elements.
PEMi (Photoelectromagnetic Image) software enhances forensic analysis by differentiating natural and artificial light sources, revealing hidden features. Each PEMi-ID links to original sources, ensuring traceability and comparison.
Further exploration is available:
Lehti, A. (2024). The Silence of Inquiry: Forensic Reflections Reveal a Crisis of Perception. figshare. doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.28078982
Credits
2022-2025 © Andrew Lehti
1961–2023 © NASA, ESA
Software: PEMi (GitHub: andylehti/PEMi.git)
Explore PEM-I: pemimage.streamlit.app
CC BY-SA 4.0 License: creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Research:
Lehti, Andrew (2024). Cognitive Psychology and the Education System. figshare. Collection. doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.7532079
CC BY-SA 4.0
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.
Main Features of Kawasaki Ninja Racing Gloves: Full-grain leather construction. Palm, thumb and finger TPU sliders. Flexible protective knuckles. Pre-curved palm and fingers. Velcro cuff wrist closure.
Kawasaki Ninja Racing Gloves
kawasaki ninja gloves, Kawasaki Ninja Racing Gloves, Racing Gloves
#KawasakiNinjaGloves, #KawasakiNinjaRacingGloves, #RacingGloves
#Uncategorized
Indoor Wall Water Fountain Feature - Features / Fountains
Add ambiance to any room with beautiful indoor wall fountains. We currently have many styles to choose from in a wide variety of frame materials and waterfall face choices. Our skilled artesians are adept at metal fabrication. The metals available for the frames on your water wall have been chosen for attractiveness, durability and ease of fabrication. The most common metals used are copper and stainless steel. The unique marbled or patina finish is applied to the copper of the indoor wall sculptures one piece at a time. A clear coating is then applied to the metal to give it a high gloss finish as well as to protect the copper from naturally developing a green patina over time. On some of our most recent water wall models we will even go further and apply custom artwork or custom patina shading to the metal making your wall sculpture a true piece of unique art.
FEATURES
Function: a display case for the 36 Chambers series
Materiale: paperboard
Colours: bronze, silver or gold
Special Features: can be "customized" accordingly to the event
First round ended up by having the bronze folder completely filled up. Twelve publications, all in black and white, plus a colour chosen by the artist.
WKinteract, Logan Hicks and Nick Walker will be the first of the second series from 36 Chambers of Drago, but this time thr folder will be in silver. Same concept from the first series, plus an added feature: books will be boosting a serigraphed cover of the same colour chosen by the artist.
http://www.dragolab.com/uk/
Quite possibly one of the most stand-out features of ICONSIAM, brace yourself for the longest and greatest dancing fountain show in Southeast Asia. The ICONIC Multimedia Water Features compose one of the seven wonders of ICONSIAM, situated at River Park by the riverfront. The purely theatrical fountain combines vivacious elements of water, light, music, and multimedia, as the water shoots up as high as 400 metres.
Iconsiam, stylized as ICONSIAM is a mixed-use development on the banks of the Chao Phraya River in Bangkok, Thailand. It includes one of the largest shopping malls in Asia, which opened to the public on 9 November 2018, as well as hotels and residences.
This frame from Todd Paris won a third place vote.
Judge's comment (3rd). The editing must be what I like about it, it pulls out all the good features of the photo.
Portraits of homeless patients by nurse Mary Larson line the walls of the Pioneer Square health clinic.
Outdoor Garden Water Feature Fountain - Features / Fountains
Garden fountains are beautiful outdoor water accents. Outdoor fountains are used in public parks, gardens, yards, patios and decks. The most traditional design is a tiered waterfall with multiple levels where the water cascades down many levels of stone. A garden fountain is very dramatic and has a high degree of water noise and motion due to the water becoming airborne and crashing into the lower level pool below. The water finds it's way into the pool at the bottom and is taken back to the top again by a powerful water pump to begin it's journey anew. Some famous artists and sculptors have created garden water features which add life and elegance to their sculptures. Today craftsmen and increased knowledge have made available garden fountains for private residences.
Features: Integrated pulse sensor. Unique styling for the home. High quality padded seat for comfort. 12 workout programs electronically controlled. Special designed magnetic resistance for a smooth and quiet workout. 2 color handles and grips with unique design for better sweat absorbency. Flywheel: 8.8 pound flywheel with electronic control. 16 levels of electronically controlled resistance. Maximum user weight: 300 pounds. Dimensions: 50″L x 26″W x 43″H…
SEOUL, KOREA - March 09: Caliste of Karmine Corp at First Stand Tournament 2025 Features Day on March 09, 2025 in Seoul, Korea. (Photo by Choo Yeon Jeong/Riot Games)
Painting begins with the 'trace line', so called as it is traced directly from the original drawing. This simply gives definition to the figures and foliage, but remains very flat, thus a second layer of painting in the form of a thinner wash is later applied to create depth and modelling.
Features:
Material: Polyester: 100%
Color: Pink
Pattern: Flowers
Neckline: V Neck
Sleeve Style: Short Sleeves
Dress Style: Basic Dress
Style: European style
Occasion: Summer
“Experiential Continuum” features work by The College of Idaho's 14 graduating art majors of 2013: Krysti Garcia, Reinaldo Gil, Renee Howells, Chelsea Larsen, Tracey LeGore, Stacy Lewman, Jenette Noe, Kier Padilla, Allison Parrish, Jordyn Price, Kerstin Stokes, Kare Tonning, Laura Wallace and Eddy Walsh. The featured artists originate from diverse backgrounds ranging from agricultural Idaho to Latin America, and their choices of medium and subject matter are just as broad, incorporating memories of home, ideas from photographs and knowledge the artists have gained through their studies at The College of Idaho. For more information about studying art at The College of Idaho, visit www.collegeofidaho.edu/art.
Indoor Waterfall Water Feature Fountain - Features / Waterfalls / Fountains
Indoor waterfalls dramatically improve ambiance by bringing the sights and sounds of a modern waterfall into your home or office. The sound of indoor fountains are associated with beautiful nature settings, peaceful vacations and meditative tranquility. An indoor waterfall can provide many health benefits as well. The flow of water captures airborne particles and dust from the air. The slow evaporation of water releases beneficial negative ions into the air and acts as a natural humidifier. For more sensitive environments or healthcare settings we offer a line of indoor fountains incorporating specialized precautions against bacteria and microorganisms. These options include Saniguard coatings, ultraviolet light sterilization systems and reverse osmosis systems.
Matt highlights a few of the features of the ACP or Action Combat Pistol by APS. You'll notice that is has a number of features that are very similar to Law Enforcement pistols in use today. It also fits really well into a number of Glock retention holsters. It comes fully equipped with a light/laser rail mount on the front for easily attaching and detaching. It features a 23 round magazine and is run off of Co2 so it operates a whole lot better than Green Gas in colder temperatures. You'll get about 4-5 full magazine worth of BBs per Co2 cartridge so you will have less Co2 reloading out in the field. These come shooting about 330 out of the box. It's nice that it has an actual side trigger safety to prevent the trigger from being pulled back at all while it's engaged. It also comes with glow in the dark sights for shooting in low light situations. One of the draw backs of this particular design is that the Co2 mag needs a tool to swap the cartridge our for a new one. If you are looking for a good secondary, and you like the Glock design then look no further than the Action Combat Pistol by ASP. Product Link: In store, soon to be on bit.ly/IxoR6K Like Fox? Subscribe: bit.ly/1bJFHhJ Facebook: on.fb.me/13aqQ7A Twitter: bit.ly/1bJFETd G+: bit.ly/13aqNIV We would also love to have you come and visit our walk-in shop in Parker, Colorado. Fox Airsoft 10244 S Progress Lane Parker CO 80134 (888) 316-7816 bit.ly/IxoR6K
Indoor Waterfall Water Feature Fountain - Features / Waterfalls / Fountains
Indoor waterfalls dramatically improve ambiance by bringing the sights and sounds of a modern waterfall into your home or office. The sound of indoor fountains are associated with beautiful nature settings, peaceful vacations and meditative tranquility. An indoor waterfall can provide many health benefits as well. The flow of water captures airborne particles and dust from the air. The slow evaporation of water releases beneficial negative ions into the air and acts as a natural humidifier. For more sensitive environments or healthcare settings we offer a line of indoor fountains incorporating specialized precautions against bacteria and microorganisms. These options include Saniguard coatings, ultraviolet light sterilization systems and reverse osmosis systems.
Features quarter square triangle units, also known as hour glass units.
Tutorial here:
quiltinggallery.com/2012/08/16/beginners-quilt-along-bloc...
This frame from Marko Niemela earned a second place vote.
Judge's comment (2nd): Huddle type shot captures raw emotion in preparation for the game
This photograph features the original School building, completed in 1880 and torn down in 1929. The current Schoolhouse is built on about the same location. At the time this photograph was taken this building was a dorm for Third and Fourth Formers. The photographer, Theodore Mitchell Hastings, Form of 1894, resided here during the school year.
This photo is part of an online exhibit - T. Mitchell Hastings Album: 1890 - click HERE to see the full exhibit and to read more about this image.
Image features Gerry Collins (later to play for Accies) and Jim Kean. Number 5 unknown.
Original text: Hamilton's Centre-half and Ayr's Gerry Collins, challenge each other for possession in last week's game. Gerry, since signing from Albion Rovers has added strength to our midfield, and a determination to win the ball. Source: Ayr United programme.
The copyright owner is unknown for this picture. If you are the copyright owner then please contact us.
A number of thinkers have commented on the similarities between the phenomenology of dreams and that of psychosis. Features common to the two states include thought disorder, flattened or inappropriate affect (emotion), and hallucination. Among philosophers, Immanuel Kant, for example, wrote that ‘the lunatic is a wakeful dreamer’. Arthur Schopenhauer said: ‘A dream is a short-lasting psychosis, and a psychosis is a long-lasting dream.’ In the field of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud wrote: ‘A dream then, is a psychosis’, and Carl Jung: ‘Let the dreamer walk about and act like one awakened and we have the clinical picture of dementia praecox.’
McCreery[52][53] has sought to explain these similarities by reference to the fact, documented by Oswald, that sleep can supervene as a reaction to extreme stress and hyper-arousal. McCreery adduces evidence that psychotics are people with a tendency to hyper-arousal, and suggests that this renders them prone to what Oswald calls ‘microsleeps’ during waking life. He points in particular to the paradoxical finding of Stevens and Darbyshire that patients suffering from catatonia can be roused from their seeming stupor by the administration of sedatives rather than stimulants.
Griffin and Tyrrell go so far as to say that "schizophrenia is waking reality processed through the dreaming brain."
the features that most obviously distinguished the 400 horn from other saxophones are the neck's under-slung octave key, the big bell with a wide, flat flare, and especially the back-mounted bell B and Bb tone holes.
The 400 horns also incorporated the Snap-On pad system Buescher had used since the early 1920s, and the Norton Spring system introduced in the early '30s.
In the 1940s the only other saxophone that featured an under-slung neck in this style was King's Super 20, a model that emerged after World War II. Buescher's design was conceived and executed first.
The long key rods and key tubing with the silverish color underneath the lacquer are solid nickel-silver. This was one of the 400 horn's deluxe features; nickel silver rods don't bend easily and don't wear as fast as plain brass.
This horn had one previous owner and has been relacquered once, though it's hard to tell unless you look closely. Supposedly the horn was sent back to Buescher to be refinished; whoever did it was very careful not to buff down the engraving - most of it looks fresh and sharp.
If you look closely you can see a little rouge on the pearl in the keys, a rubbing compound left over from the pre-lacquer buffing to the metal. I don't know why it sticks to pearls like that, but I've seen it on other horns. It could be all the rouge wasn't cleaned off before the keywork was sprayed with new lacquer. That's the only fault I can find with the lacquer job; should've taped the pearls before buffing & lacquering.
This Victorian Eclectic courthouse features Second Empire elements. It was designed by the architectural firm T.J. Tolan and Son and was built in 1882 by Hiram Iddings. The intricate stonework was crafted by stonecutter T. McIntosh. The structure was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993 with the Warsaw Courthouse Square Historic District.
Kosciusko County, Indiana is pronounced kaw-zee-AWS-koh.
Warsaw is a lovely town with some real salt-of-the-earth people. I thank the people of Warsaw for the kindness I received while I was here.
Fountains Abbey is one of the largest and best preserved ruined Cistercian monasteries in England. It is located approximately 3 miles (5 kilometres) south-west of Ripon in North Yorkshire, near to the village of Aldfield. Founded in 1132, the abbey operated for 407 years becoming one of the wealthiest monasteries in England until its dissolution in 1539 under the order of Henry VIII.
The abbey is a Grade I listed building owned by the National Trust and part of the designated Studley Royal Park including the Ruins of Fountains Abbey UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Foundation
After a dispute and riot in 1132 at the Benedictine house of St Mary's Abbey, in York, 13 monks were expelled (among them Saint Robert of Newminster) and, after unsuccessful attempts to form a new monastery were taken under the protection of Thurstan, Archbishop of York. He provided them with land in the valley of the River Skell, a tributary of the Ure. The enclosed valley had all the natural features needed for the creation of a monastery, providing shelter from the weather, stone and timber for building, and a supply of running water. After enduring a harsh winter in 1133, the monks applied to join the Cistercian order which since the end of the previous century was a fast-growing reform movement that by the beginning of the 13th century was to have over 500 houses. So it was that in 1135, Fountains became the second Cistercian house in northern England, after Rievaulx. The Fountains monks became subject to Clairvaux Abbey, in Burgundy which was under the rule of St Bernard. Under the guidance of Geoffrey of Ainai, a monk sent from Clairvaux, the group learned how to celebrate the seven Canonical Hours according to Cistercian usage and were shown how to construct wooden buildings in accordance with Cistercian practice.
Consolidation
After Henry Murdac was elected abbot in 1143, the small stone church and timber claustral buildings were replaced. Within three years, an aisled nave had been added to the stone church, and the first permanent claustral buildings built in stone and roofed in tile had been completed.
In 1146 an angry mob, annoyed at Murdac for his role in opposing the election of William FitzHerbert as archbishop of York, attacked the abbey and burnt down all but the church and some surrounding buildings.The community recovered swiftly from the attack and founded four daughter houses. Henry Murdac resigned as abbot in 1147 upon becoming the Archbishop of York and was replaced first by Maurice, Abbot of Rievaulx then, on the resignation of Maurice, by Thorald. Thorald was forced by Henry Murdac to resign after two years in office. The next abbot, Richard, held the post until his death in 1170 and restored the abbey's stability and prosperity. In 20 years as abbot, he supervised a huge building programme which involved completing repairs to the damaged church and building more accommodation for the increasing number of recruits. Only the chapter house was completed before he died and the work was ably continued by his successor, Robert of Pipewell, under whose rule the abbey gained a reputation for caring for the needy.
The next abbot was William, who presided over the abbey from 1180 to 1190 and he was succeeded by Ralph Haget, who had entered Fountains at the age of 30 as a novice, after pursuing a military career. During the European famine of 1194 Haget ordered the construction of shelters in the vicinity of the abbey and provided daily food rations to the poor enhancing the abbey's reputation for caring for the poor and attracting more grants from wealthy benefactors.
In the first half of the 13th century Fountains increased in reputation and prosperity under the next three abbots, John of York (1203–1211), John of Hessle (1211–1220) and John of Kent (1220–1247). They were burdened with an inordinate amount of administrative duties and increasing demands for money in taxation and levies but managed to complete another massive expansion of the abbey's buildings. This included enlarging the church and building an infirmary.
Difficulties
In the second half of the 13th century the abbey was in more straitened circumstances. It was presided over by eleven abbots, and became financially unstable largely due to forward selling its wool crop, and the abbey was criticised for its dire material and physical state when it was visited by Archbishop John le Romeyn in 1294. The run of disasters that befell the community continued into the early 14th century when northern England was invaded by the Scots and there were further demands for taxes. The culmination of these misfortunes was the Black Death of 1348–1349. The loss of manpower and income due to the ravages of the plague was almost ruinous.
A further complication arose as a result of the Papal Schism of 1378–1409. Fountains Abbey along with other English Cistercian houses was told to break off any contact with the mother house of Citeaux, which supported a rival pope. This resulted in the abbots forming their own chapter to rule the order in England and consequently they became increasingly involved in internecine politics. In 1410, following the death of Abbot Burley of Fountains, the community was riven by several years of turmoil over the election of his successor. Contending candidates John Ripon, Abbot of Meaux, and Roger Frank, a monk of Fountains were locked in conflict until 1415 when Ripon was finally appointed, ruling until his death in 1434. Under abbots John Greenwell (1442–1471), Thomas Swinton (1471–8), John Darnton (1478–95), who undertook some much needed restoration of the fabric of the abbey, including notable work on the church, and Marmaduke Huby (1495–1526) Fountains regained stability and prosperity.
At Abbot Huby's death he was succeeded by William Thirsk who was accused by the royal commissioners of immorality and inadequacy and was dismissed as abbot. He was replaced by Marmaduke Bradley, a monk of the abbey who had reported Thirsk's supposed offences, testified against him and offered the authorities six hundred marks for the post of abbot. In 1539 it was Bradley who surrendered the abbey when its seizure was ordered under Henry VIII at the Dissolution of the Monasteries.
The abbey precinct covered 70 acres (28 ha) surrounded by an 11-foot (3.4 m) wall built in the 13th century, some parts of which are visible to the south and west of the abbey. The area consists of three concentric zones cut by the River Skell flowing from west to east across the site. The church and claustral buildings stand at the centre of the precinct north of the Skell, the inner court containing the domestic buildings stretches down to the river and the outer court housing the industrial and agricultural buildings lies on the river's south bank. The early abbey buildings were added to and altered over time, causing deviations from the strict Cistercian type. Outside the walls were the abbey's granges.[citation needed]
The original abbey church was built of wood and "was probably" two stories high; it was, however, quickly replaced in stone. The church was damaged in the attack on the abbey in 1146 and was rebuilt, in a larger scale, on the same site. Building work was completed c.1170.[11] This structure, completed around 1170, was 300 ft (91 m) long and had 11 bays in the side aisles. A lantern tower was added at the crossing of the church in the late 12th century. The presbytery at the eastern end of the church was much altered in the 13th century. The church's greatly lengthened choir, commenced by Abbot John of York, 1203–11, and carried on by his successor terminates, like that of Durham Cathedral, in an eastern transept, the work of Abbot John of Kent, 1220–47. The 160-foot-tall (49 m) tower, which was added not long before the dissolution, by Abbot Huby, 1494–1526, is in an unusual position at the northern end of the north transept and bears Huby's motto 'Soli Deo Honor et Gloria'. The sacristry adjoined the south transept.
The cloister, which had arcading of black marble from Nidderdale and white sandstone, is in the centre of the precinct and to the south of the church. The three-aisled chapter-house and parlour open from the eastern walk of the cloister and the refectory, with the kitchen and buttery attached, are at right angles to its southern walk. Parallel with the western walk is an immense vaulted substructure serving as cellars and store-rooms, which supported the dormitory of the conversi (lay brothers) above. This building extended across the river and at its south-west corner were the latrines, built above the swiftly flowing stream. The monks' dormitory was in its usual position above the chapter-house, to the south of the transept. Peculiarities of this arrangement include the position of the kitchen, between the refectory and calefactory, and of the infirmary above the river to the west, adjoining the guest-houses.
The abbot's house, one of the largest in all of England,is located to the east of the latrine block, where portions of it are suspended on arches over the River Skell.It was built in the mid-twelfth century as a modest single-storey structure, then, from the fourteenth century, underwent extensive expansion and remodelling to end up in the 16th century as a grand dwelling with fine bay windows and grand fireplaces. The great hall was an expansive room 52 by 21 metres (171 by 69 ft).
Among other apartments, for the designation of which see the ground-plan, was a domestic oratory or chapel,
1⁄2-by-23-foot (14 by 7 m), and a kitchen, 50-by-38-foot (15 by 12 m)
Medieval monasteries were sustained by landed estates that were given to them as endowments and from which they derived an income from rents. They were the gifts of the founder and subsequent patrons, but some were purchased from cash revenues. At the outset, the Cistercian order rejected gifts of mills and rents, churches with tithes and feudal manors as they did not accord with their belief in monastic purity, because they involved contact with laymen. When Archbishop Thurstan founded the abbey he gave the community 260 acres (110 ha) of land at Sutton north of the abbey and 200 acres (81 ha) at Herleshowe to provide support while the abbey became established. In the early years the abbey struggled to maintain itself because further gifts were not forthcoming and Thurstan could not help further because the lands he administered were not his own, but part of the diocesan estate. After a few years of impoverished struggle to establish the abbey, the monks were joined by Hugh, a former dean of York Minster, a rich man who brought a considerable fortune as well as furniture and books to start the library.
By 1135 the monks had acquired only another 260 acres (110 ha) at Cayton, given by Eustace fitzJohn of Knaresborough "for the building of the abbey". Shortly after the fire of 1146, the monks had established granges at Sutton, Cayton, Cowton Moor, Warsill, Dacre and Aldburgh all within 6 mi (10 km) of Fountains. In the 1140s the water mill was built on the abbey site making it possible for the grain from the granges to be brought to the abbey for milling.Tannery waste from this time has been excavated on the site.
Further estates were assembled in two phases, between 1140 and 1160 then 1174 and 1175, from piecemeal acquisitions of land. Some of the lands were grants from benefactors but others were purchased from gifts of money to the abbey. Roger de Mowbray granted vast areas of Nidderdale and William de Percy and his tenants granted substantial estates in Craven which included Malham Moor and the fishery in Malham Tarn. After 1203 the abbots consolidated the abbey's lands by renting out more distant areas that the monks could not easily farm themselves, and exchanging and purchasing lands that complemented their existing estates. Fountains' holdings both in Yorkshire and beyond had reached their maximum extent by 1265, when they were an efficient and very profitable estate. Their estates were linked in a network of individual granges which provided staging posts to the most distant ones. They had urban properties in York, Yarm, Grimsby, Scarborough and Boston from which to conduct export and market trading and their other commercial interests included mining, quarrying, iron-smelting, fishing and milling.
The Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 was a factor that led to a downturn in the prosperity of the abbey in the early fourteenth century. Areas of the north of England as far south as York were looted by the Scots. Then the number of lay-brothers being recruited to the order reduced considerably. The abbey chose to take advantage of the relaxation of the edict on leasing property that had been enacted by the General Chapter of the order in 1208 and leased some of their properties. Others were staffed by hired labour and remained in hand under the supervision of bailiffs. In 1535 Fountains had an interest in 138 vills and the total taxable income of the Fountains estate was £1,115, making it the richest Cistercian monastery in England.
After the Dissolution
The Gresham family crest
The Abbey buildings and over 500 acres (200 ha) of land were sold by the Crown, on 1 October 1540, to Sir Richard Gresham, at the time a Member of Parliament and former Lord Mayor of London, the father of Sir Thomas Gresham. It was Richard Gresham who had supplied Cardinal Wolsey with the tapestries for his new house of Hampton Court and who paid for the Cardinal's funeral.
Gresham sold some of the fabric of the site, stone, timber, lead, as building materials to help to defray the cost of purchase. The site was acquired in 1597 by Sir Stephen Proctor, who used stone from the monastic complex to build Fountains Hall. Between 1627 and 1767 the estate was owned by the Messenger family who sold it to William Aislaby who was responsible for combining it with the Studley Royal Estate.
Burials
Roger de Mowbray, 1st Baron Mowbray
John de Mowbray, 2nd Baron Mowbray
Abbot Marmaduke Huby (d. 1526)
Rose (daughter of Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester), wife of Roger de Mowbray, 1st Baron Mowbray
Henry de Percy, 1st Baron Percy
William II de Percy, 3rd feudal baron of Topcliffe
Becoming a World Heritage Site
The archaeological excavation of the site was begun under the supervision of John Richard Walbran, a Ripon antiquary who, in 1846, had published a paper On the Necessity of clearing out the Conventual Church of Fountains.In 1966 the Abbey was placed in the guardianship of the Department of the Environment and the estate was purchased by the West Riding County Council who transferred ownership to the North Yorkshire County Council in 1974. The National Trust bought the 674-acre (273 ha) Fountains Abbey and Studley Royal estate from North Yorkshire County Council in 1983. In 1986 the parkland in which the abbey is situated and the abbey was designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. It was recognised for fulfilling the criteria of being a masterpiece of human creative genius, and an outstanding example of a type of building or architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates significant stages in human history. Fountains Abbey is owned by the National Trust and maintained by English Heritage. The trust owns Studley Royal Park, Fountains Hall, to which there is partial public access, and St Mary's Church, designed by William Burges and built around 1873, all of which are significant features of the World Heritage Site.
The Porter's Lodge, which was once the gatehouse to the abbey, houses a modern exhibition area with displays about the history of Fountains Abbey and how the monks lived.
In January 2010, Fountains Abbey and Studley Royal became two of the first National Trust properties to be included in Google Street View, using the Google Trike.
Film location
Fountains Abbey was used as a film location by Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark for their single "Maid of Orleans (The Waltz Joan of Arc)" during the cold winter of December 1981. In 1980, Hollywood also came to the site to film the final scenes to the film Omen III: The Final Conflict.Other productions filmed on location at the abbey are the films Life at the Top, The Secret Garden, The History Boys, TV series Flambards, A History of Britain, Terry Jones' Medieval Lives, Cathedral, Antiques Roadshow and the game show Treasure Hunt. The BBC Television series 'Gunpowder' (2017) used Fountains Abbey as a location.