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Beginning in 1942, the Natzweiler Struthof concentration camp also became a discreet execution site for many of those condemned to death. The firing squad was made up of the camps SS guards.
More than 460 people were known to habe been executed today, including at the crematorium. But the exact figure is difficult to establish. Men and women murdered at Natzweiler were not all registered in the camp and for the most part were murdered without a trace.
Some of the executions were carried out in the sand quarry. One of the most striking of these executions was that of thirteen young Alsatians from Ballersdorf. On the night of 12 to 13 February 1943, they had tried to pass into Switzerland to escape forced inscription into the German army. Arrested and sentenced to death after a summary trial, they were shot in the Natzweiler sand quarry on 17 February.
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La sablière, lieu d’exécution
A partir de 1942, le camp de concentration de Natzweiler-Struthof devient aussi un lieu discret d’exécution pour de nombreux condamnés à mort. Ce sont les gardes SS du camp qui forment le peloton d’exécution.
Plus de 460 exécutions ont été recensées à ce jour, y compris au crématoire. Mais le chiffre exact reste difficile à établir. Les hommes et les femmes assassinés à Natzweiler n’étaient pas tous immatriculés au camp et sont pour la plupart été assassinés sans laisser de traces.
Une partie des exécutions a lieu dans cette sablière. L’une des plus marquantes est celle de treize jeunes Alsaciens de Ballersdorf. Dans la nuit du 12 au 13 février 1943, ils avaient tenté de passer en Suisse pour échapper à l’incorporation de force dans l‘armée allemande. Arrêtés et condamnés à mort après un jugement sommaire, ils ont été fusillés le 17 février à la sablière de Natzweiler.
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Exekutionsort Sandgrube
Ab 1942 wird das KZ Natzweiler-Struthof in aller Diskretion auch zu einem Ort, an dem zahlreiche zum Tode Verurteilten hingerichtet werden. Die Hinrichtungskommandos bestehen aus den SS-Wachen im Lager. Bis heute weiß man von über
460 Exekutionen, die auch im Krematorium stattfanden. Doch die genaue Zahl ist schwer zu ermitteln, denn die Männer und Frauen, die in Natzweiler ermordet wurden, waren nicht immer als Lagerinsassen erfasst, und die meisten von ihnen wurden in aller Heimlichkeit ermordet.
Ein Teil der Exekutionen fand in dieser Sandgrube statt.Traurige Berühmtheit erlangte die Hinrichtung von 13 jungen Elsässern aus Ballersdorf, die in der Nacht vom 12. auf den 13 Februar 1943 versucht hatten, sich der Zwangsrekrutierung durch die Deutschen durch Flucht in die Schweiz zu entziehen. Sie wurden gefasst und in einem Schnellverfahren zum Tode verurteilt und am 17. Februar in der Sandgrube in Natzweiler erschossen.
Metroline VWH2227 (LK66EOB) on Route N98 to Holborn, Red Lion Square.
The 98 and N98 were due to be cutback to Marble Arch in light of the Oxford Street pedestrianisation but with the project seemingly cancelled, both routes will still be continuing along Oxford Street to Holborn for the moment.
Found in the execution pit, Bodmin Jail.
Bodmin Jail (alternatively Bodmin Gaol) is an historic former prison situated in Bodmin, on the edge of Bodmin Moor in Cornwall. Built in 1779 and closed in 1927, the large range of buildings is now largely in ruins. Since that date, there has been no prison within the county of Cornwall.
In April 1864 Fernando Maximiliano José María de Habsburgo-Lorena (1832-1867) became Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico. He was not some extremely conservative royalist, but rather a broad-minded thinker who naively sought to 'improve' Mexico politically and socially. He'd reckoned though without the influence of the USA which was still then caught up in their own Civil War. That war however ended and the US with heavy hand meddled in Mexican politics, backing the so-called liberal counter forces to Maximilian's haphazard social rule.
It was a messy time, and soon the emperor was captured (1867) and quickly executed by firing squad (see the inset painting by Édouard Manet [1832-1883]). Maximilian remained much-loved in Habsburg territories, and the German sculptor Johannes Schilling (1828-1910) was commissioned to fashion his statue (1875, inset above left). The statue had a moveable history but now graces the Piazza Venezia near our apartment.
Maximilian was the guiding force behind the construction and execution of Miramare Castle (1856-1860) just up the coast from Trieste; but as is clear from the above he and his wife, Charlotte of Belgium, enjoyed its pleasures for only a very short time.
PS I think it's rather curious to call the Emperor 'I', given that there was no successor.
"The galaxy is on the brink
of total darkness. The evil
GALACTIC EMPIRE has overthrown
the Old Republic and now
holds countless worlds in the
grip of fear..."
Hello everyone!
I'm glad to tell you, that "Dark Times" RPG group is now open to join! :D
/// How to join? \\\
Create a MOC or a scene (or even both!) what contains a random execution of Order 66. Size must be between 8x8 and 32x32. Don't forget to TAG me, Malen Garek, Bric_ and Ace Bricks. We are the admins and we send invites.
/// What our group offers? \\\
- We focus on timeline right after Order 66.
- 6 classes of creating your own SW character (Rebel trooper, Jedi, Imperial soldier, ISB Agent, Smuggler, Bounty Hunter).
- Each class has got different objectives, levels etc.
- Galactic Market where you can spend Credits to unlock some things faster.
- Building size is the same for everyone, it doesn't matter which level you have!
- In objectives we mix both Canon and Legends with some of our own stuff. ;)
- Kind and helpful administration. ;P
Hope you guys like this idea and you're able to join us! Everyone is welcome in DT!
Huuuge thanks to Malen Garek for his amazing Photoshop skills used on this picture. Thanks fam! (and you guys, go follow him now ;))
~Jan
Copyright © John G. Lidstone, all rights reserved.
You are warned: DO NOT STEAL or RE-POST THIS PHOTO.
It is an offence under law if you remove my copyright marking, or post this image anywhere else without my express written permission.
If you do, and I find out, you WILL be reported for copyright infringement action to the host platform and/or group applicable.
The same applies to all of my images.
My copyright is also embedded in the image metadata.
Bali Ulun Danu Beratan Temple
Is a temple dedicated to the goddess of the lake is Ida Batari Dewi Ulun Danu on the edge of a huge crater. The dominant shrines are Meru’s (pagodas) dedicated to the lake goddess and the gods of Mount Batur and Mount Gunung Agung, the largest volcano in Bali.
The temple was built in the 17th century in worship of the main Hindu trinity, Brahma-Vishnu-Shiva, as well as the lake goddess, Dewi Danu. The sight and cool atmosphere of the Bali uplands have made the lake and this temple a favourite sightseeing and recreational spot as well as a frequently photographed site.
Ulun Danu Beratan Temple, literally ‘the source temple of Lake Beratan’, is easily the island’s most iconic sanctuary sharing the scenic qualities with the seaside temples of Uluwatu Temple and Tanah Lot Temple.
The smooth reflective surface of the lake surrounding most of the temple’s base creates a unique floating impression, while the mountain range of the Bedugul region encircling the lake provides the temple with a scenic backdrop.
INSIDE 2 ULUN DANU TEMPLE | LAKE TEMPLE | Bali Golden TourUlun Danu Beratan Temple mostly called as a Ulun Danu Temple but not to be confused with Ulun Danu Batur Temple, which is on the rim of the caldera at Batur Lake. It is especially important for the Balinese.
Only here can you get holy water of a particular variety. The water is collected from the lake itself, directly in front of the temple. Visitors have to wear a sash and not go near.
Bathing is forbidden. The lake is the ultimate source of water for the rivers and springs that irrigate central Bali. It is therefore of the utmost importance.
The temple priests say that the lake is fed by springs located at each of the wind directions. Each of the springs is the origin of water for that particular region of central Bali. So, farmers from North Bali collect their holy water from the northern spring of the lake and so on.
Ulun Danu Temple lies by the western banks of Lake Bratan in the Bedugul Highlands at a level of 1239m, is one of the most picturesque and most photographed temples in Bali.
Ulun Danu is inside the caldera of the now extinct volcano Gunung Catur. It is one of the main sources of irrigation in the Balinese highlands, and so the temple is dedicated to Dewi Danu, the lake goddess.
History Ulun Danu Beratan Temple
Ulun Danu temple can be traced back to the rise of the Mengwi kingdom.
The name of Ulun Danu Beratan Temple is taken from the lake where the temple is built at Beratan Lake.
The name of Beratan Lake is inseparable with the Beratan Mount as Deity and Goddess as fertility source, prosperity to keep the prosperity in life and society life.
In Papyrus Chronicle of the Mengwi is elaborated by the history of Ulun Danu Beratan Temple founding together with existence of the Mengwi Empire. Therefore its status is pertained with the secondhand of Temple Empire what is usually pertained as Dang Kahyangan.
It is the same to the description in papyrus of Usana Bali and Padma Bhuwana, hence Puncak Mangu Temple where the Panyawangan (representative place to worship) is the Ulun Danu Beratan Temple. So it is called by entire Balinese residents as Kahyangan Jagat (The Biggest Group of Hindu Temple in Bali )
The ‘floating’ temple complex is comprised of four groups of shrines, including the prominent Lingga Petak shrine to its east. There are four gates facing each of the four points of the compass.
Ulun Danu Beratan Temple is consisted of 4 temples complex that are:
Lingga Petak Temple owns the function to worship the Siwa God
Penataran Pucak Mangu Temple is referred this gate as Parhyangan ri pinggiring rawa Beratan or Danu Beratan Temple is founded by I Gusti Agung Putu to worship the Hyang ing Parwata or Deity which is placed in Pucak Mangu that is Bhatara Hyang Danawa as according to papyrus of Padma Bhuwana and Usana Bali, because Mangu Mount is located in north direction, hence it is called the Bhatara Hyang Danawa or Wisnu God
Terate Bang Temple is functioning to worship of Brahma God
Dalem Purwa Temple is functioning to worship of Danu Goddess which is considered to be miraculous of the Bhatara Hyang Danawa or Laksmi Goddess.
Ulun Danu Beratan Temple Ceremony
The temple ceremony execution at Ulun Danu Beratan Temple is consisted of two types those are:
The temple ceremony which is executed every six-month (210 days) that on Anggara (Tuesday) Kliwon Julungwangi (Base on Balinese Hindu calendar). Every 12 months (420 days) is executed by the bigger ceremony from the ordinary ceremony, so-called Piodalan Agung
Pakelem ceremony is executed at any times as according to situation and condition. The Pakelem ceremony owns the function to worship the supremacy and also cheapness of the infinite for award of life, fertility, prosperity, as impact of the existence of ecosystem balance so that give the benefit for life and universe life forever and ever, during Beratan Lake and Beratan Mount stand up
Creative idea and execution
Sergey & Natalia
Important note! All actions on Cirali beach were undertaken in full accordance with local wildlife guard regulations,
no even one sea turtle was disturbed or bothered!
Special thanks to local wildlife guard personnel for consultation & kind help
Supported by @lpwalliance and @ledlenser (Russia).
I used LedLenser torches: MT18 and MH11
#lpwapro #lpwalliance #lightpainting #longexposure #lightart #turkey #cirali #antalya
July 7, 1865: Adjusting the ropes before hanging the conspirators,
fltr Mary Surratt, Lewis Powell, David Herold and Georg Atzerodt.
A detail from one of the photographs of the execution by Alexander Gardner.
www.robswebstek.com/2012/07/adjusting-ropes-execution-of-...
Execution of Robespierre - my entry for the "Mad History Contest" at Imperium der Steine. You had to build a MOC with a historical scene which should contain a little twist (limited 48x48 studs). I made a version where Skynet send a terminator in the wrong time and location. Hope you like it
Paul Delaroche -
The Execution of Lady Jane Grey [1833]
big seize oil painting; cm 246 × 297
London NG
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Lady Jane Grey reigned for just nine days as Queen of England following the death of Edward VI in 1553: she was deposed by the faction supporting Edward’s half-sister and heir, Mary Tudor. Tried for treason, the 17-year-old Lady Jane was beheaded at Tower Green on 12 February 1554.
Delaroche shows the final moments of the blindfolded Lady Jane as she pleads, ‘What shall I do? Where is the block?’ She is being guided towards it by Sir John Brydges, Lieutenant of the Tower. Her outer clothing has already been removed and is gathered in the lap of a lady-in-waiting, who has slumped to the ground. Behind her, a second lady-in-waiting stands facing the wall, unable to watch. To the right, the executioner stands waiting. Using a shallow stage-like space, theatrical lighting and life-size figures, Delaroche plays up the spectacle of the innocent young victim on the brink of martyrdom, compelling us to react to the scene before us.
London NG
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Kingdom of England
Lady Jane Grey was the queen of the Tudor dynasty, and she reigned for nine days, from July 10 to July 19, 1553.
She was the second daughter of Henry VII and the granddaughter of Princess Mary , sister of Henry VIII , and a 5th cousin of Mary I and Elizabeth I. She was crowned queen after the death of Edward VI, and she reigned briefly, but only for nine days . As such, she sometimes refers to her as her "Queen of the Nine Days" , but scholars differ as to whether she should be classified as her Queen.
Biography:
en.namu.wiki/w/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9D%B8%20%EA%B7%B8%EB%A0%88%EC...
The Colosseum is an oval amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy, just east of the Roman Forum. It is the largest ancient amphitheatre ever built, and is still the largest standing amphitheatre in the world today, despite its age. Construction began under the emperor Vespasian (r. 69–79 AD) in 72 and was completed in 80 AD under his successor and heir, Titus (r. 79–81). Further modifications were made during the reign of Domitian (r. 81–96). The three emperors that were patrons of the work are known as the Flavian dynasty, and the amphitheatre was named the Flavian Amphitheatre (Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium; Italian: Anfiteatro Flavio [aɱfiteˈaːtro ˈflaːvjo]) by later classicists and archaeologists for its association with their family name (Flavius).[citation needed]
The Colosseum is built of travertine limestone, tuff (volcanic rock), and brick-faced concrete. The Colosseum could hold an estimated 50,000 to 80,000 spectators at various points in its history having an average audience of some 65,000; it was used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles including animal hunts, executions, re-enactments of famous battles, and dramas based on Roman mythology, and briefly mock sea battles. The building ceased to be used for entertainment in the early medieval era. It was later reused for such purposes as housing, workshops, quarters for a religious order, a fortress, a quarry, and a Christian shrine.
Although substantially ruined because of earthquakes and stone-robbers (for spolia), the Colosseum is still an iconic symbol of Imperial Rome and was listed as one of the New7Wonders of the World. It is one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions and also has links to the Roman Catholic Church, as each Good Friday the Pope leads a torchlit "Way of the Cross" procession that starts in the area around the Colosseum.
The Colosseum is also depicted on the Italian version of the five-cent euro coin.The site chosen was a flat area on the floor of a low valley between the Caelian, Esquiline and Palatine Hills, through which a canalised stream ran as well as an artificial lake/marsh. By the 2nd century BC the area was densely inhabited. It was devastated by the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD, following which Nero seized much of the area to add to his personal domain. He built the grandiose Domus Aurea on the site, in front of which he created an artificial lake surrounded by pavilions, gardens and porticoes. The existing Aqua Claudia aqueduct was extended to supply water to the area and the gigantic bronze Colossus of Nero was set up nearby at the entrance to the Domus Aurea.
Cross-section from the Lexikon der gesamten Technik (1904)
Although the Colossus was preserved, much of the Domus Aurea was torn down. The lake was filled in and the land reused as the location for the new Flavian Amphitheatre. Gladiatorial schools and other support buildings were constructed nearby within the former grounds of the Domus Aurea. Vespasian's decision to build the Colosseum on the site of Nero's lake can be seen as a populist gesture of returning to the people an area of the city which Nero had appropriated for his own use. In contrast to many other amphitheatres, which were on the outskirts of a city, the Colosseum was constructed in the city centre, in effect, placing it both symbolically and precisely at the heart of Rome.
Construction was funded by the opulent spoils taken from the Jewish Temple after the First Jewish–Roman War in 70 CE led to the Siege of Jerusalem. According to a reconstructed inscription found on the site, "the emperor Vespasian ordered this new amphitheatre to be erected from his general's share of the booty." It is often assumed that Jewish prisoners of war were brought back to Rome and contributed to the massive workforce needed for the construction of the amphitheatre, but there is no ancient evidence for that; it would, nonetheless, be commensurate with Roman practice to add humiliation to the defeated population. Along with this free source of unskilled labor, teams of professional Roman builders, engineers, artists, painters and decorators undertook the more specialized tasks necessary for building the Colosseum. The Colosseum was constructed with several different materials: wood, limestone, tuff, tiles, cement, and mortar.
Construction of the Colosseum began under the rule of Vespasian in around 70–72 AD (73–75 AD according to some sources). The Colosseum had been completed up to the third story by the time of Vespasian's death in 79. The top level was finished by his son, Titus, in 80, and the inaugural games were held in 80 or 81 AD. Dio Cassius recounts that over 9,000 wild animals were killed during the inaugural games of the amphitheatre. Commemorative coinage was issued celebrating the inauguration. The building was remodelled further under Vespasian's younger son, the newly designated Emperor Domitian, who constructed the hypogeum, a series of tunnels used to house animals and slaves. He also added a gallery to the top of the Colosseum to increase its seating capacity.
In 217, the Colosseum was badly damaged by a major fire (caused by lightning, according to Dio Cassius) which destroyed the wooden upper levels of the amphitheatre's interior. It was not fully repaired until about 240 and underwent further repairs in 250 or 252 and again in 320. Honorius banned the practice of gladiator fights in 399 and again in 404. Gladiatorial fights are last mentioned around 435.[citation needed] An inscription records the restoration of various parts of the Colosseum under Theodosius II and Valentinian III (reigned 425–455), possibly to repair damage caused by a major earthquake in 443; more work followed in 484 and 508. The arena continued to be used for contests well into the 6th century. Animal hunts continued until at least 523, when Anicius Maximus celebrated his consulship with some venationes, criticised by King Theodoric the Great for their high cost.
The Colosseum underwent several radical changes of use. By the late 6th century a small chapel had been built into the structure of the amphitheater, though this apparently did not confer any particular religious significance on the building as a whole. The arena was converted into a cemetery. The numerous vaulted spaces in the arcades under the seating were converted into housing and workshops, and are recorded as still being rented out as late as the 12th century. Around 1200 the Frangipani family took over the Colosseum and fortified it, apparently using it as a castle.
Severe damage was inflicted on the Colosseum by the great earthquake in 1349, causing the outer south side, lying on a less stable alluvial terrain, to collapse. Much of the tumbled stone was reused to build palaces, churches, hospitals and other buildings elsewhere in Rome. A religious order moved into the northern third of the Colosseum in the mid-14th century and continued to inhabit it until as late as the early 19th century. The interior of the amphitheater was extensively stripped of stone, which was reused elsewhere, or (in the case of the marble façade) was burned to make quicklime. The iron clamps which held the stonework together were pried or hacked out of the walls, leaving numerous pockmarks which still scar the building today.
During the 16th and 17th century, Church officials sought a productive role for the Colosseum. Pope Sixtus V (1585–1590) planned to turn the building into a wool factory to provide employment for Rome's prostitutes, though this proposal fell through with his premature death. In 1671 Cardinal Altieri authorized its use for bullfights; a public outcry caused the idea to be hastily abandoned.
Allied troops consult a guidebook outside the Colosseum after liberation in 1944
In 1749, Pope Benedict XIV endorsed the view that the Colosseum was a sacred site where early Christians had been martyred. He forbade the use of the Colosseum as a quarry and consecrated the building to the Passion of Christ and installed Stations of the Cross, declaring it sanctified by the blood of the Christian martyrs who perished there (see Significance in Christianity). However, there is no historical evidence to support Benedict's claim, nor is there even any evidence that anyone before the 16th century suggested this might be the case; the Catholic Encyclopedia concludes that there are no historical grounds for the supposition, other than the reasonably plausible conjecture that some of the many martyrs may well have been.
Later popes initiated various stabilization and restoration projects, removing the extensive vegetation which had overgrown the structure and threatened to damage it further. The façade was reinforced with triangular brick wedges in 1807 and 1827, and the interior was repaired in 1831, 1846 and in the 1930s. The arena substructure was partly excavated in 1810–1814 and 1874 and was fully exposed under Benito Mussolini in the 1930s.
The Colosseum is today one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions, receiving millions of visitors annually. The effects of pollution and general deterioration over time prompted a major restoration programme carried out between 1993 and 2000, at a cost of 40 billion Italian lire.
In recent years, the Colosseum has become a symbol of the international campaign against capital punishment, which was abolished in Italy in 1948. Several anti–death penalty demonstrations took place in front of the Colosseum in 2000. Since that time, as a gesture against the death penalty, the local authorities of Rome change the color of the Colosseum's night time illumination from white to gold whenever a person condemned to the death penalty anywhere in the world gets their sentence commuted or is released, or if a jurisdiction abolishes the death penalty. Most recently, the Colosseum was illuminated in gold in November 2012 following the abolishment of capital punishment in the American state of Connecticut in April 2012.
Because of the ruined state of the interior, it is impractical to use the Colosseum to host large events; only a few hundred spectators can be accommodated in temporary seating. However, much larger concerts have been held just outside, using the Colosseum as a backdrop. Performers who have played at the Colosseum in recent years have included Ray Charles (May 2002), Paul McCartney (May 2003), Elton John (September 2005), and Billy Joel (July 2006).
Photo Copyright 2012, dynamo.photography.
All rights reserved, no use without license
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Hong kong)
Hong Kong, officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, is an autonomous territory south to Mainland China and east to Macao in East Asia. With around 7.2 million Hong Kongers of various nationalities[note 2] in a territory of 1,104 km2, Hong Kong is the world's fourth most densely populated country or territory.
Hong Kong used to be a British colony with the perpetual cession of Hong Kong Island from the Qing Empire after the First Opium War (1839–42). The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and acquired a 99-year lease of the New Territories from 1898. Hong Kong was later occupied by Japan during the Second World War until British control resumed in 1945. The Sino-British Joint Declaration signed between the United Kingdom and China in 1984 paved way for the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong in 1997, when it became a special administrative region (SAR) of the People's Republic of China with a high degree of autonomy.[15]
Under the principle of "one country, two systems",[16][17] Hong Kong maintains a separate political and economic system from China. Except in military defence and foreign affairs, Hong Kong maintains its independent executive, legislative and judiciary powers.[18] In addition, Hong Kong develops relations directly with foreign states and international organisations in a broad range of "appropriate fields".[19] Hong Kong involves in international organizations, such as the WTO[20] and the APEC [21], actively and independently.
Hong Kong is one of the world's most significant financial centres, with the highest Financial Development Index score and consistently ranks as the world's most competitive and freest economic entity.[22][23] As the world's 8th largest trading entity,[24] its legal tender, the Hong Kong dollar, is the world's 13th most traded currency.[25] As the world's most visited city,[26][27] Hong Kong's tertiary sector dominated economy is characterised by competitive simple taxation and supported by its independent judiciary system.[28] Even with one of the highest per capita incomes in the world, it suffers from severe income inequality.[29]
Nicknamed "Pearl of the Orient", Hong Kong is renowned for its deep natural harbour, which boasts the world's fifth busiest port with ready access by cargo ships, and its impressive skyline, with the most skyscrapers in the world.[30][31] It has a very high Human Development Index ranking and the world's longest life expectancy.[32][33] Over 90% of the population makes use of well-developed public transportation.[34][35] Seasonal air pollution with origins from neighbouring industrial areas of Mainland China, which adopts loose emissions standards, has resulted in a high level of atmospheric particulates in winter.[36][37][38]
Contents
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Prehistory
2.2 Imperial China
2.3 British Crown Colony: 1842–1941
2.4 Japanese occupation: 1941–45
2.5 Resumption of British rule and industrialisation: 1945–97
2.6 Handover and Special Administrative Region status
3 Governance
3.1 Structure of government
3.2 Electoral and political reforms
3.3 Legal system and judiciary
3.4 Foreign relations
3.5 Human rights
3.6 Regions and districts
3.7 Military
4 Geography and climate
5 Economy
5.1 Financial centre
5.2 International trading
5.3 Tourism and expatriation
5.4 Policy
5.5 Infrastructure
6 Demographics
6.1 Languages
6.2 Religion
6.3 Personal income
6.4 Education
6.5 Health
7 Culture
7.1 Sports
7.2 Architecture
7.3 Cityscape
7.4 Symbols
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
10.1 Citations
10.2 Sources
11 Further reading
12 External links
Etymology
Hong Kong was officially recorded in the 1842 Treaty of Nanking to encompass the entirety of the island.[39]
The source of the romanised name "Hong Kong" is not known, but it is generally believed to be an early imprecise phonetic rendering of the pronunciation in spoken Cantonese 香港 (Cantonese Yale: Hēung Góng), which means "Fragrant Harbour" or "Incense Harbour".[13][14][40] Before 1842, the name referred to a small inlet—now Aberdeen Harbour (Chinese: 香港仔; Cantonese Yale: Hēunggóng jái), literally means "Little Hong Kong"—between Aberdeen Island and the southern coast of Hong Kong Island. Aberdeen was an initial point of contact between British sailors and local fishermen.[41]
Another theory is that the name would have been taken from Hong Kong's early inhabitants, the Tankas (水上人); it is equally probable that romanisation was done with a faithful execution of their speeches, i.e. hōng, not hēung in Cantonese.[42] Detailed and accurate romanisation systems for Cantonese were available and in use at the time.[43]
Fragrance may refer to the sweet taste of the harbour's fresh water estuarine influx of the Pearl River or to the incense from factories lining the coast of northern Kowloon. The incense was stored near Aberdeen Harbour for export before Hong Kong developed Victoria Harbour.[40]
The name had often been written as the single word Hongkong until the government adopted the current form in 1926.[44] Nevertheless, a number of century-old institutions still retain the single-word form, such as the Hongkong Post, Hongkong Electric and the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation.
As of 1997, its official name is the "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China". This is the official title as mentioned in the Hong Kong Basic Law and the Hong Kong Government's website;[45] however, "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region" and "Hong Kong" are widely accepted.
Hong Kong has carried many nicknames. The most famous among those is the "Pearl of the Orient", which reflected the impressive nightscape of the city's light decorations on the skyscrapers along both sides of the Victoria Harbour. The territory is also known as "Asia's World City".
History
Main articles: History of Hong Kong and History of China
Prehistory
Main article: Prehistoric Hong Kong
Archaeological studies support human presence in the Chek Lap Kok area (now Hong Kong International Airport) from 35,000 to 39,000 years ago and on Sai Kung Peninsula from 6,000 years ago.[46][47][48]
Wong Tei Tung and Three Fathoms Cove are the earliest sites of human habitation in Hong Kong during the Paleolithic Period. It is believed that the Three Fathom Cove was a river-valley settlement and Wong Tei Tung was a lithic manufacturing site. Excavated Neolithic artefacts suggested cultural differences from the Longshan culture of northern China and settlement by the Che people, prior to the migration of the Baiyue to Hong Kong.[49][50] Eight petroglyphs, which dated to the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600 BC – 1066 BC) in China, were discovered on the surrounding islands.[51]
Imperial China
Main article: History of Hong Kong under Imperial China
In 214 BC, Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of a centralised China, conquered the Baiyue tribes in Jiaozhi (modern-day Liangguang region and Vietnam) and incorporated the area of Hong Kong into his imperial China for the first time. Hong Kong proper was assigned to the Nanhai commandery (modern-day Nanhai District), near the commandery's capital city Panyu.[52][53][54]
After a brief period of centralisation and collapse of the Qin dynasty, the area of Hong Kong was consolidated under the Kingdom of Nanyue, founded by general Zhao Tuo in 204 BC.[55] When Nanyue lost the Han-Nanyue War in 111 BC, Hong Kong came under the Jiaozhi commandery of the Han dynasty. Archaeological evidence indicates an increase of population and flourish of salt production. The Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb on the Kowloon Peninsula is believed to have been built as a burial site during the Han dynasty.[56]
From the Han dynasty to the early Tang dynasty, Hong Kong was a part of Bao'an County. In the Tang dynasty, modern-day Guangzhou (Canton) flourished as an international trading centre. In 736, the Emperor Xuanzong of Tang established a military stronghold in Tuen Mun to strengthen defence of the coastal area.[57] The nearby Lantau Island was a salt production centre and salt smuggler riots occasionally broke out against the government. In c. 1075, The first village school, Li Ying College, was established around 1075 AD in modern-day New Territories by the Northern Song dynasty.[58] During their war against the Mongols, the imperial court of Southern Song was briefly stationed at modern-day Kowloon City (the Sung Wong Toi site) before their ultimate defeat by the Mongols at the Battle of Yamen in 1279.[59] The Mongols then established their dynastic court and governed Hong Kong for 97 years.
From the mid-Tang dynasty to the early Ming dynasty (1368–1644), Hong Kong was a part of Dongguan County. During the Ming dynasty, the area was transferred to Xin'an County. The indigenous inhabitants at that time consisted of several ethnicities such as Punti, Hakka, Tanka and Hoklo.
European discovery
The earliest European visitor on record was Jorge Álvares, a Portuguese explorer, who arrived in 1513.[60][61] Having established a trading post in a site they called "Tamão" in Hong Kong waters, Portuguese merchants commenced with regular trading in southern China. Subsequent military clashes between China and Portugal, however, led to the expulsion of all Portuguese merchants from southern China.
Since the 14th century, the Ming court had enforced the maritime prohibition laws that strictly forbade all private maritime activities in order to prevent contact with foreigners by sea.[62] When the Manchu Qing dynasty took over China, Hong Kong was directly affected by the Great Clearance decree of the Kangxi Emperor, who ordered the evacuation of coastal areas of Guangdong from 1661 to 1669. Over 16,000 inhabitants of Xin'an County including those in Hong Kong were forced to migrate inland; only 1,648 of those who had evacuated subsequently returned.[63][64]
British Crown Colony: 1842–1941
A painter at work. John Thomson. Hong Kong, 1871. The Wellcome Collection, London
Main articles: British Hong Kong and History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)
In 1839, threats by the imperial court of Qing to sanction opium imports caused diplomatic friction with the British Empire. Tensions escalated into the First Opium War. The Qing admitted defeat when British forces captured Hong Kong Island on 20 January 1841. The island was initially ceded under the Convention of Chuenpi as part of a ceasefire agreement between Captain Charles Elliot and Governor Qishan. A dispute between high-ranking officials of both countries, however, led to the failure of the treaty's ratification. On 29 August 1842, Hong Kong Island was formally ceded in perpetuity to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland under the Treaty of Nanking.[65] The British officially established a Crown colony and founded the City of Victoria in the following year.[66]
The population of Hong Kong Island was 7,450 when the Union Flag raised over Possession Point on 26 January 1841. It mostly consisted of Tanka fishermen and Hakka charcoal burners, whose settlements scattered along several coastal hamlets. In the 1850s, a large number of Chinese immigrants crossed the then-free border to escape from the Taiping Rebellion. Other natural disasters, such as flooding, typhoons and famine in mainland China would play a role in establishing Hong Kong as a place for safe shelter.[67][68]
Further conflicts over the opium trade between Britain and Qing quickly escalated into the Second Opium War. Following the Anglo-French victory, the Crown Colony was expanded to include Kowloon Peninsula (south of Boundary Street) and Stonecutter's Island, both of which were ceded to the British in perpetuity under the Convention of Beijing in 1860.
In 1898, Britain obtained a 99-year lease from Qing under the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, in which Hong Kong obtained a 99-year lease of Lantau Island, the area north of Boundary Street in Kowloon up to Shenzhen River and over 200 other outlying islands.[69][70][71]
Hong Kong soon became a major entrepôt thanks to its free port status, attracting new immigrants to settle from both China and Europe. The society, however, remained racially segregated and polarised under early British colonial policies. Despite the rise of a British-educated Chinese upper-class by the late-19th century, race laws such as the Peak Reservation Ordinance prevented ethnic Chinese in Hong Kong from acquiring houses in reserved areas such as Victoria Peak. At this time, the majority of the Chinese population in Hong Kong had no political representation in the British colonial government. The British governors did rely, however, on a small number of Chinese elites, including Sir Kai Ho and Robert Hotung, who served as ambassadors and mediators between the government and local population.
File:1937 Hong Kong VP8.webmPlay media
Hong Kong filmed in 1937
In 1904, the United Kingdom established the world's first border and immigration control; all residents of Hong Kong were given citizenship as Citizens of United Kingdom and Colonies (CUKC).
Hong Kong continued to experience modest growth during the first half of the 20th century. The University of Hong Kong was established in 1911 as the territory's first higher education institute. While there had been an exodus of 60,000 residents for fear of a German attack on the British colony during the First World War, Hong Kong remained unscathed. Its population increased from 530,000 in 1916 to 725,000 in 1925 and reached 1.6 million by 1941.[72]
In 1925, Cecil Clementi became the 17th Governor of Hong Kong. Fluent in Cantonese and without a need for translator, Clementi introduced the first ethnic Chinese, Shouson Chow, into the Executive Council as an unofficial member. Under Clementi's tenure, Kai Tak Airport entered operation as RAF Kai Tak and several aviation clubs. In 1937, the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out when the Japanese Empire expanded its territories from northeastern China into the mainland proper. To safeguard Hong Kong as a freeport, Governor Geoffry Northcote declared the Crown Colony as a neutral zone.
Japanese occupation: 1941–45
Main article: Japanese occupation of Hong Kong
The Cenotaph in Hong Kong commemorates those who died in service in the First World War and the Second World War.[73]
As part of its military campaign in Southeast Asia during Second World War, the Japanese army moved south from Guangzhou of mainland China and attacked Hong Kong in on 8 December 1941.[74] Crossing the border at Shenzhen River on 8 December, the Battle of Hong Kong lasted for 18 days when British and Canadian forces held onto Hong Kong Island. Unable to defend against intensifying Japanese air and land bombardments, they eventually surrendered control of Hong Kong on 25 December 1941. The Governor of Hong Kong was captured and taken as a prisoner of war. This day is regarded by the locals as "Black Christmas".[75]
During the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, the Japanese army committed atrocities against civilians and POWs, such as the St. Stephen's College massacre. Local residents also suffered widespread food shortages, limited rationing and hyper-inflation arising from the forced exchange of currency from Hong Kong dollars to Japanese military banknotes. The initial ratio of 2:1 was gradually devalued to 4:1 and ownership of Hong Kong dollars was declared illegal and punishable by harsh torture. Due to starvation and forced deportation for slave labour to mainland China, the population of Hong Kong had dwindled from 1.6 million in 1941 to 600,000 in 1945, when the United Kingdom resumed control of the colony on 2 September 1945.[76]
Resumption of British rule and industrialisation: 1945–97
Main articles: British Hong Kong, 1950s in Hong Kong, 1960s in Hong Kong, 1970s in Hong Kong, 1980s in Hong Kong, and 1990s in Hong Kong
Flag of British Hong Kong from 1959 to 1997
Hong Kong's population recovered quickly after the war, as a wave of skilled migrants from the Republic of China moved in to seek refuge from the Chinese Civil War. When the Communist Party eventually took full control of mainland China in 1949, even more skilled migrants fled across the open border for fear of persecution.[69] Many newcomers, especially those who had been based in the major port cities of Shanghai and Guangzhou, established corporations and small- to medium-sized businesses and shifted their base operations to British Hong Kong.[69] The establishment of a socialist state in China (People's Republic of China) on 1 October 1949 caused the British colonial government to reconsider Hong Kong's open border to mainland China. In 1951, a boundary zone was demarked as a buffer zone against potential military attacks from communist China. Border posts along the north of Hong Kong began operation in 1953 to regulate the movement of people and goods into and out of the territory.
Stamp with portrait of Queen Elizabeth II, 1953
In the 1950s, Hong Kong became the first of the Four Asian Tiger economies under rapid industrialisation driven by textile exports, manufacturing industries and re-exports of goods to China. As the population grew, with labour costs remaining low, living standards began to rise steadily.[77] The construction of the Shek Kip Mei Estate in 1953 marked the beginning of the public housing estate programme to provide shelter for the less privileged and to cope with the influx of immigrants.
Under Sir Murray MacLehose, 25th Governor of Hong Kong (1971–82), a series of reforms improved the public services, environment, housing, welfare, education and infrastructure of Hong Kong. MacLehose was British Hong Kong's longest-serving governor and, by the end of his tenure, had become one of the most popular and well-known figures in the Crown Colony. MacLehose laid the foundation for Hong Kong to establish itself as a key global city in the 1980s and early 1990s.
A sky view of Hong Kong Island
An aerial view of the northern shore of Hong Kong Island in 1986
To resolve traffic congestion and to provide a more reliable means of crossing the Victoria Harbour, a rapid transit railway system (metro), the MTR, was planned from the 1970s onwards. The Island Line (Hong Kong Island), Kwun Tong Line (Kowloon Peninsula and East Kowloon) and Tsuen Wan Line (Kowloon and urban New Territories) opened in the early 1980s.[78]
In 1983, the Hong Kong dollar left its 16:1 peg with the Pound sterling and switched to the current US-HK Dollar peg. Hong Kong's competitiveness in manufacturing gradually declined due to rising labour and property costs, as well as new development in southern China under the Open Door Policy introduced in 1978 which opened up China to foreign business. Nevertheless, towards the early 1990s, Hong Kong had established itself as a global financial centre along with London and New York City, a regional hub for logistics and freight, one of the fastest-growing economies in Asia and the world's exemplar of Laissez-faire market policy.[79]
The Hong Kong question
In 1971, the Republic of China (Taiwan)'s permanent seat on the United Nations was transferred to the People's Republic of China (PRC), Hong Kong's status as a recognised colony became terminated in 1972 under the request of PRC. Facing the uncertain future of Hong Kong and expiry of land lease of New Territories beyond 1997, Governor MacLehose raised the question in the late 1970s.
The British Nationality Act 1981 reclassified Hong Kong into a British Dependent Territory amid the reorganisation of global territories of the British Empire. All residents of Hong Kong became British Dependent Territory Citizens (BDTC). Diplomatic negotiations began with China and eventually concluded with the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration. Both countries agreed to transfer Hong Kong's sovereignty to China on 1 July 1997, when Hong Kong would remain autonomous as a special administrative region and be able to retain its free-market economy, British common law through the Hong Kong Basic Law, independent representation in international organisations (e.g. WTO and WHO), treaty arrangements and policy-making except foreign diplomacy and military defence.
It stipulated that Hong Kong would retain its laws and be guaranteed a high degree of autonomy for at least 50 years after the transfer. The Hong Kong Basic Law, based on English law, would serve as the constitutional document after the transfer. It was ratified in 1990.[69] The expiry of the 1898 lease on the New Territories in 1997 created problems for business contracts, property leases and confidence among foreign investors.
Handover and Special Administrative Region status
Main articles: Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong and 2000s in Hong Kong
Transfer of sovereignty
Golden Bauhinia Square
On 1 July 1997, the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China took place, officially marking the end of Hong Kong's 156 years under British colonial governance. As the largest remaining colony of the United Kingdom, the loss of Hong Kong effectively represented the end of the British Empire. This transfer of sovereignty made Hong Kong the first special administrative region of China. Tung Chee-Hwa, a pro-Beijing business tycoon, was elected Hong Kong's first Chief Executive by a selected electorate of 800 in a televised programme.
Structure of government
Hong Kong's current structure of governance inherits from the British model of colonial administration set up in the 1850s. The 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration states that "Hong Kong should enjoy a high degree of autonomy in all areas except defence and foreign affairs" with reference to the underlying principle of one country, two systems.[note 3] This Declaration stipulates that Hong Kong maintains her capitalist economic system and guarantees the rights and freedoms of her people for at least 50 years after the 1997 handover. [note 4] Such guarantees are enshrined in the Hong Kong's Basic Law, the territory's constitutional document, which outlines the system of governance after 1997, albeit subject to interpretation by China's Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC).[95][96]
Hong Kong's most senior leader, Chief Executive, is elected by a committee of 1,200 selected members (600 in 1997) and nominally appointed by the Government of China. The primary pillars of government are the Executive Council, Legislative Council, civil service and Judiciary.
Policy-making is initially discussed in the Executive Council, presided by the Chief Executive of Hong Kong, before passing to the Legislative Council for bill adoption. The Executive Council consists of 30 official/unofficial members appointed by the Chief Executive and one member among them acts as the convenor.[97][98]
The Legislative Council, set up in 1843, debates policies and motions before voting to adopt or rejecting bills. It has 70 members (originally 60) and 40 (originally 30) among them are directly elected by universal suffrage; the other 30 members are "functional constituencies" (indirectly) elected by a smaller electorate of corporate bodies or representatives of stipulated economic sectors as defined by the government. The Legislative Council is chaired by a president who acts as the speaker.[99][100]
In 1997, seating of the Legislative Council (also public services and election franchises) of Hong Kong modelled on the British system: Urban Council (Hong Kong and Kowloon) and District Council (New Territories and Outlying Islands). In 1999, this system has been reformed into 18 directly elected District Offices across 5 Legislative Council constituencies: Hong Kong Island (East/West), Kowloon and New Territories (East/West); the remaining outlying islands are divided across the aforementioned regions.
Hong Kong's Civil Service, created by the British colonial government, is a politically neutral body that implements government policies and provides public services. Senior civil servants are appointed based on meritocracy. The territory's police, firefighting and customs forces, as well as clerical officers across various government departments, make up the civil service.[101][102]
老街物語 - 中興街 / 這一戶不窮 - 只是很節儉
The story of the Ancient streets - ZTE Street / This family is not poor - Just very frugal
古い街の物語 - 中興街 / この戸は貧しくありません - ただとても節約します
La historia de las calles antiguas - ZTE Street / Esta familia no es pobre - Sólo muy frugal
Die Geschichte der alten Straßen - ZTE Street / Diese Familie ist nicht schlecht - nur sehr sparsam
L'histoire des rues anciennes - ZTE Street / Cette famille n'est pas pauvre - Juste très frugal
Anping Tainan Taiwan / Anping Tainan Taiwán / 台灣台南安平
管樂小集 2017/02/05 安平古堡 Fort Zeelandia performances 1080P
{ 初めての出航 快樂的出帆 First sailing }
{View large size on fluidr / 觀看大圖}
{My Blog / 管樂小集精彩演出-觸動你的心}
{My Blog / Great Music The splendid performance touches your heart}
{My Blog / 管楽小集すばらしい公演-はあなたの心を心を打ちます}
{Mi blog / La gran música el funcionamiento espléndido toca su corazón}
{Mein Blog / Große Musik die herrliche Leistung berührt Ihr Herz}
{Mon blog / La grande musique l'exécution splendide touche votre coeur}
Melody 曲:JAPAN / Words 詞:Sheesen / Singing : Sheesen
{ 夢旅人 1990 Dream Traveler 1990 }
家住安南鹽溪邊
The family lives in nearby the Annan salt river
隔壁就是聽雨軒
The next door listens to the rain porch
一旦落日照大員
The sunset Shineing to the Taiwan at once
左岸青龍飛九天
The left bank white dragon flying in the sky
The Most Noble Lord Horatio Nelson, Viscount and Baron Nelson, of the Nile and of Burnham Thorpe in the County of Norfolk, Baron Nelson of the Nile and of Hilborough in the said County, Knight of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath, Vice Admiral of the White Squadron of the Fleet, Commander in Chief of his Majesty's Ships and Vessels in the Mediterranean, Duke of Bronte in Sicily, Knight Grand Cross of the Sicilian Order of St Ferdinand and of Merit, Member of the Ottoman Order of the Crescent, Knight Grand Commander of the Order of St. Joachim.
The idea of the feet apparently coming outside of the frame is not new and in fact it is over 500y old, seen for the first time in Andrea Mantegna's "St James on the way to his execution" and "Dead Christ", where the artist adapts the scene to the low viewpoint of the spectator:
www.artchive.com/artchive/M/mantegna/mantegna_st_james.jp...
-Translated from Russian-
Russia, St Petersburg, 2067
I moved on from Gostiny Station and moved onto Spasskaya, changing lines, and ended up at Mayaskovskaya. Also known as New Russia St.Petersburg Military camp, it was a small area in the subway system, allocated to the army. The gate, was obviously, locked up tight. I crawled through and air vent to reach the base itself. I heard screams and gunfire, I moved forward on the scaffolding to get a better view.
2 guys in Metro Police uniforms were running down the hallway.
BLAM!
One down, the last one is still running, he tries to take cover at the crate and -
BLAM!
Welp, he ain't running no more.
A man in a beret walk outs. from the gate. Along with the policeman's pursuers, all dressed in plain tan Gorka Uniforms.
" General."
"Private. Sit Rep."
" We have hunted down both of the guards, One is dead, the other barely alive. As you can see."
"Why? Killing cops is not good Ivan."
" They found out. They helped the girl escape the lab down at Vladmiskaya."
"Yebat. You Cykа́ cannot even keep a couple of over-payed idiots away from the girl! Find her! I'll take care of the guard."
"On it sir! Dima! Follow me. We search the rest of the line!"
The two solders left, leaving the "general" behind.
"So you still alive huh?"
"Da. But I won't say anything, What you plan to do is wrong!."
"Haha, You will eventually, the only thing you get to decide is how much pain you will feel before you tell me."
The general pulled out a revolver and pointed it at the guard.
"Пошёл на́ хуй!"
"Oh, how'd I wish you didn't say that."
The general raised his gun and fired. I'm not sure why he shot the guard though, the guard seemed to have information he needed. But from what I observed, he didn't really care for the information, not consciously anyways. He killed for well, just for fun. I know this because, on the back of his neck, spots formed. Red spots. He was infected. And he was slowly losing his mind.
I came here for food, but It seems that I might have to detour to Vladmirskaya to see what exactly is going on.
So I'm not sure what to say in the desc, so yea.
And RU Engineer is halfway done, just need the AKS and the pants for him.
And the first part is based on studying the maps of the real St Petersburg subway system.
Russian words in russian is kept russian cuz they are vulgarites.
St.Petersburg Subway System:
dancing-bear-tours.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/St-Pete...
Bare Theatre's 2016 production of Henry VI. Clifford slays Richard, Duke of York, to get revenge for his father's death.
管樂小集 - 孔子廟榕樹下的表演 / 你就是節拍 - 你就是音樂
Great Music - The performance under banyans in the Confucian temple Tainan / You're beat - You are the music
Great Music - El desempeño bajo banianos en el templo confuciano de Tainan / Estás golpeado - Eres la música
管楽小集 - 孔子廟のガジュマルの木の下の出演 / あなたは拍子です - あなたは音楽です
Große Musik - Die Leistung unter Bantambäumen im konfuzianischen Tempel Tainan / Sie sind geschlagen - Du bist die Musik
Grande musique - L'exécution sous des banians dans le temple confucien Tainan / Vous êtes battu - Vous êtes la musique
Tainan Taiwan / Tainan Taiwán / 台灣台南
管樂小集 2016/03/12 台南孔子廟 Confucian temple Tainan performances
{View large size on fluidr/觀看大圖}
"無敵鳳眼妹好可愛喔" 用海賊王魯夫的聲音講這一句話
=========================================================
其實我是黑管妹(愛睏仙=無敵鳳眼妹)的粉絲
I am a fans of The sister with a clarinet
Soy los ventiladores de la hermana con un clarinet
私はクラリネットを持つ姉妹のファンである
Ich bin Ventilatoren der Schwester mit einem Clarinet
=========================================================
{My Blog / 管樂小集精彩演出-觸動你的心}
{My Blog / Great Music The splendid performance touches your heart}
{My Blog / 管楽小集すばらしい公演-はあなたの心を心を打ちます}
{Mi blog / La gran música el funcionamiento espléndido toca su corazón}
{Mein Blog / Große Musik die herrliche Leistung berührt Ihr Herz}
{Mon blog / La grande musique l'exécution splendide touche votre coeur}
書中風起雲動 劍下虎嘯龍吟
The book stroke have the clouds to move under the sword the tiger's roar and dragon to recite
誰知成敗早已天定
Who knows the success or failure already to decide for GOD
回首江山依舊 入眼夕陽正紅
Who looks back on the landscape as before pleasant setting sun is red now
但願人長久情長在
Hopes the persons long-time sentiment exist
熱蘭劍士無悔無憾
The Zeelandia's swordsman regretless not regrets
After the body of Jesus of Nazareth was hastily removed from the cross of his execution on the eve of the Passover Sabbath in c.AD30, he was cradled in the arms of his loving and grieving mother. This image has inspired artists through the centuries, but especially the great Michelangelo Buonarroti.
When Jesus was dying on the cross he addressed his mother and his dear disciple John. To Mary he said, looking to John, "Behold your son." And to John he said of Mary, "Behold your mother." And from this time the respect for Mary as a universal mother of us all was born. So to this day she is so honoured: Ave Maria.
Light is Back. La Pietà by Michelangelo
The sad sight of the former Blakeley's Commercial Recycling scrapyard in Platt Bridge, Wigan. The company went under in c.2018, leaving around ten buses and a large number of lorry trailers open to the elements and subject to vandalism, with almost no windows left intact on site and severe fire damage to several of the carcasses. Somebody is making slow progress in scrapping them - Google Maps appears to show that several Dennis Darts and at least one Olympian have disappeared since the 2019 survey - but for now it seems most of these are here to stay. Sadly I imagine all are beyond rescue and will eventually be scrapped, although I have the faintest glimmer of hope for a couple of vehicles which appear to be in reasonable external condition given their history so far. I've certainly seen vehicles saved from worse condition, with a lot of time, funding, and love.
Edit as of September 2023: apparently within a couple of months of me making my visit, Blakeley's Commercial Recycling was completely cleared. All of the vehicles listed here, as well as the vast number of lorry trailers stored on-site, are presumed to have been scrapped. Looks like I timed this visit just right after all.
I'll now attempt to list the vehicles present in order from the north-west corner of the site - that is, from left to right, farthest to nearest in this photograph - but obviously I'll never know for certain whether I got them all.
Registration: R422 WPX (1998)
Livery: First Kernow 'Barbie' (42522)
Chassis: Dennis Dart SLF
Bodywork: Plaxton Pointer II B37F
First 42522 was with the company for its entire life before withdrawal came in April 2016. By May the vehicle was in this position at Blakeley's, and has not moved since. It is in poor external condition with a lot of broken windows et cetera, but appears to be materially complete. It is visible on the far left of this photo.
Registration: T301 JLD (1999)
Livery: First Glasgow 'Barbie' (41301)
Chassis: Dennis Dart SLF
Bodywork: Marshall C39 Capital B22D
Again new to First at the turn of the century, this Dart had the significantly rarer Capital bodywork, and was withdrawn in May 2014, moving to Blakeley's at some point that year. Sadly, at some point around January 2019, the vehicle was the victim of an arson attack and was almost completely destroyed. Its wreck is mostly occluded from this photo, but can just be made out behind the red Merc.
Registration: PLZ 5590 (1993, original registration L733 LWA)
Livery: Darwen Coach Services unbranded maroon
Chassis: Mercedes-Benz 709D
Bodywork: Alexander Sprint B25F
This little minibus was new to Stagecoach East Midlands thirty years ago, but passed on to Darwen Coach Services around 2007 and was painted in a plain maroon colour. I wasn't able to ascertain a withdrawal date but by 2016 the minibus was stored in the scrapyard, where it remained until it too was destroyed by arson around early-2019. Now, the only part which remains in near-original condition is the front bumper - which unusually still carries the registration plate.
Registration: R330 HYG (1998)
Livery: First Potteries 'Barbie' (40179)
Chassis: Dennis Dart SLF
Bodywork: Plaxton Pointer II B37F
Another career First bus, 40179 was withdrawn in late-2013 and after some time as a spares donor was moved to Platt Bridge in late-2014. Like several vehicles here, it too was destroyed in the arson attack, being reduced to a mostly-empty shell with only the rear bulkhead and engine having survived. It is just about visible in the centre of this photo if you have an eagle eye through the burnt and twisted framework.
Registration: N649 VSS (1996)
Livery: ex-Stagecoach 'Beachball' unbranded (40649)
Chassis: Mercedes-Benz 709D
Bodywork: Alexander Sprint B25F
The second 709 present was new to Stagecoach Manchester before transfer to more rural duties in Cumbria. The vehicle was also transferred to Darwen Coach Services, this time in 2009, and was withdrawn around the same time as her older sister, although this one never received a repaint out of Stagecoach colours and even kept the fleet number. Surviving the arson attack, the vehicle is nevertheless in very poor condition and has been heavily stripped for parts.
Registration: T160 BBF (1999)
Livery: First Potteries 'Barbie' (40007)
Chassis: Optare M850
Bodywork: Optare Solo B27F
The first of two Solos stored at the back of the scrapyard, this vehicle was withdrawn in mid-2014 and heavily cannibalised for spares before being moved to the scrapyard by the end of that year. By early-2016 it had moved into its current position and has not been touched since, except by vandals and the occasional urban explorer. It appears to be mostly in the condition in which it arrived at the scrapyard with many components missing and has since suffered minor vandalism such as broken windows; its rear is just about visible through the burnt-out wrecks in the rear of this photo.
Registration: W313 DWX (2000)
Livery: First Midland Red 'Barbie' (50282)
Chassis: Optare M850
Bodywork: Optare Solo B27F
The second Solo has seen several operators; new to First Bradford and then transferring to First West Yorkshire, First Wyvern, and then finally First Midland Red before withdrawal came in mid-2014. By late-2014 the Solo was at Blakeley's, and has been in the same position alongside its sister since at least early-2016, seven years ago. It is also in largely the same condition.
Registration: L630 VCV (1994)
Livery: Darwen Coach Services white
Chassis: Mercedes-Benz 709D
Bodywork: Plaxton Beaver B25F
The third and final Merc on site, but with slightly better bodywork and in slightly better condition. The vehicle was new to Western National but by 2006 was in service with Darwen Coach Services, from whom it was withdrawn by 2018, probably around the same time as the other two present. It is by far the most intact of the three, but that is not to say that it is in good nick, and it is clearly rotten with many smaller components damaged or missing.
Registration: T579 JNG (1999)
Livery: First Eastern Counties 'Barbie' (65579)
Chassis: Scania L94UB
Bodywork: Wright Axcess Floline B43F
After spending over fifteen years with First Eastern Counties, this Scania was transferred to First Kernow for its final few months, being transferred in c.March 2015 and withdrawn by the end of that year. The vehicle was also moved to this position in the scrapyard by April 2016, and has not moved since, visible on the right of this photo. Another bus which seems to be fairly materially complete, but nevertheless missing a lot of glass and a few bodyside panels.
Registration: W825 PFB (2000)
Livery: First Devon & Cornwall 'Barbie', Ugobus branding (48225)
Chassis: Volvo B6BLE
Bodywork: Wright Crusader II B36F
Another southern bus to end up dying this far north, this vehicle spent its entire career in and around Plymouth until the axe came in March 2016. Dropped off at Platts Bridge the following month, it too has not moved since, and has now been heavily vandalised and stripped. It is juuuust about visible behind the Scania in this photograph.
Registration: S725 AFB (1998)
Livery: First Devon & Cornwall 'Barbie' (42725)
Chassis: Dennis Dart SLF
Bodywork: Plaxton Pointer II B37F
The fourth Dart on site, this vehicle was new to First Bristol and was finally withdrawn from First Devon and Cornwall in c.2016. Little is known about the vehicle since then, as it was next recorded in the scrapyard in 2022, already in very poor condition with a lot of missing windows, body panels, and displaying damage to the bumpers. Even the eagle-eyed will do very well to see it through the tangled mess of wreckage in this photograph; I certainly can't.
Registration: G301 UYK (1990)
Livery: Pilkingtonbus cream and red
Chassis: Leyland Olympian
Bodywork: Leyland H47/31F
Woo, on to the deckers! The first featured here is the oldest bus on-site, built 33 years ago at the time of writing. This vehicle was new to London United but later transferred to East Yorkshire Motor Services, where during 2007 it entered immortality as an EFE die-cast model, code 29614. Transferred first to Coachmasters around 2009 and painted a luminous yellow, the bus was with Pilkington by the end of that year, with final withdrawal coming in early-2016, as a non-disability-compliant vehicle. It was in position in the scrapyard by May and has again not really moved since, but nevertheless appears to be in tolerable condition, even in spite of its geriatric age. Its red top deck can clearly be seen in the photograph.
Registration: N430 FKK (originally Irish 96-DD-277, 1996)
Livery: Ebley Coaches red and cream
Chassis: Volvo Olympian
Bodywork: Alexander RH H47/27D
The final bus visible in the scrapyard is a Volvo Olympian, new to Dublin Bus in 1996 and exported in 2007. The vehicle for almost its entire British existence wore the bright pink-and-purple colour scheme of Uno, despite later transferring to Southern Transit in 2010 and then North Somerset Coaches in 2015. North Somerset appears to have focused on vehicle preservation since 2013, so whether this vehicle constituted preserved for a short while is up in the air, but before too long it was with Ebley Coaches and painted in their maroon and cream livery, which it still carries to this day. It was sadly not with them long, certainly under a year, before fate took control - by May 2016 the bus had appeared in Blakeley's scrapyard, withdrawn not due to her age but due to a massive gash in the roof, clearly due to collision with some kind of obstacle, perhaps a bridge, a building, or even a particularly obstinate tree. The 'Dubliner' has seemingly not moved since June 2016, its interior still exposed to nature thanks to the roof damage and it has apparently been stripped of a few parts.
Bernardo Bellotto, llamado Canaletto
Palacio de Schönbrunn, Ehrenhofseite (lado del patio de honor), 1759-1761
Bellotto representa el castillo 1693-1694 de Fischer von Erlach por el emperador José I. planeado después de la reconstrucción por Pacassi 1744-1749. En ese momento se construyó la escalera sobre el paso y los edificios anexos del patio de honor fueron conectados al edificio principal. La imagen a la vez plasma un momento histórico: el 16 de Agosto 1759, durante la Guerra de Siete Años, María Teresa recibe la noticia de la victoria del ejército de Austria contra los prusianos en Kunersdorf.
Bernardo Bellotto, appelé Canaletto
Le château de Schönbrunn, Ehrenhofseite (côté sur la cour d'honneur), 1759-1761
Bellotto représente le château 1693-1694 par Fischer von Erlach pour l'empereur Joseph I. prévu après la reconstruction par Pacassi 1744-1749. A cette époque, l'escalier a été construit sur le passage et les annexes de la cour d'honneur reliée au bâtiment principal. L'image en même temps fixe un moment historique: le 16 Août 1759, pendant la guerre de Sept ans, Marie-Thérèse reçoit les nouvelles de la victoire de l'armée autrichienne contre les Prussiens à Kunersdorf.
Bernardo Bellotto, genannt Canaletto
Schloss Schönbrunn, Ehrenhofseite, 1759/61
Bellotto stellt das 1693/94 von Fischer von Erlach für Kaiser Josef I. geplante Schloss nach dem Umbau durch Pacassi 1744-49 dar. Damals wurden die Freitreppe über der Durchfahrt errichtet und die Nebengebäude des Ehrenhofs mit dem Hauptgebäude verbunden. Das Bild hält zugleich einen historischen Augenblick fest: Am 16. August 1759, während des Siebenjähriges Krieges, erhält Maria Theresia die Nachricht vom Sieg der österreichischen Armee gegen die Preußen bei Kunersdorf.
Austria Kunsthistorisches Museum
Federal Museum
Logo KHM
Regulatory authority (ies)/organs to the Federal Ministry for Education, Science and Culture
Founded 17 October 1891
Headquartered Castle Ring (Burgring), Vienna 1, Austria
Management Sabine Haag
www.khm.at website
Main building of the Kunsthistorisches Museum at Maria-Theresa-Square
The Kunsthistorisches Museum (KHM abbreviated) is an art museum in Vienna. It is one of the largest and most important museums in the world. It was opened in 1891 and 2012 visited of 1.351.940 million people.
The museum
The Kunsthistorisches Museum is with its opposite sister building, the Natural History Museum (Naturhistorisches Museum), the most important historicist large buildings of the Ringstrasse time. Together they stand around the Maria Theresa square, on which also the Maria Theresa monument stands. This course spans the former glacis between today's ring road and 2-line, and is forming a historical landmark that also belongs to World Heritage Site Historic Centre of Vienna.
History
Archduke Leopold Wilhelm in his Gallery
The Museum came from the collections of the Habsburgs, especially from the portrait and armor collections of Ferdinand of Tyrol, the collection of Emperor Rudolf II (most of which, however scattered) and the art collection of Archduke Leopold Wilhelm into existence. Already In 1833 asked Joseph Arneth, curator (and later director) of the Imperial Coins and Antiquities Cabinet, bringing together all the imperial collections in a single building .
Architectural History
The contract to build the museum in the city had been given in 1858 by Emperor Franz Joseph. Subsequently, many designs were submitted for the ring road zone. Plans by August Sicard von Sicardsburg and Eduard van der Null planned to build two museum buildings in the immediate aftermath of the Imperial Palace on the left and right of the Heroes' Square (Heldenplatz). The architect Ludwig Förster planned museum buildings between the Schwarzenberg Square and the City Park, Martin Ritter von Kink favored buildings at the corner Währingerstraße/ Scots ring (Schottenring), Peter Joseph, the area Bellariastraße, Moritz von Loehr the south side of the opera ring, and Ludwig Zettl the southeast side of the grain market (Getreidemarkt).
From 1867, a competition was announced for the museums, and thereby set their current position - at the request of the Emperor, the museum should not be too close to the Imperial Palace, but arise beyond the ring road. The architect Carl von Hasenauer participated in this competition and was able the at that time in Zürich operating Gottfried Semper to encourage to work together. The two museum buildings should be built here in the sense of the style of the Italian Renaissance. The plans got the benevolence of the imperial family. In April 1869, there was an audience with of Joseph Semper at the Emperor Franz Joseph and an oral contract was concluded, in July 1870 was issued the written order to Semper and Hasenauer.
Crucial for the success of Semper and Hasenauer against the projects of other architects were among others Semper's vision of a large building complex called "Imperial Forum", in which the museums would have been a part of. Not least by the death of Semper in 1879 came the Imperial Forum not as planned for execution, the two museums were built, however.
Construction of the two museums began without ceremony on 27 November 1871 instead. Semper moved to Vienna in the sequence. From the beginning, there were considerable personal differences between him and Hasenauer, who finally in 1877 took over sole construction management. 1874, the scaffolds were placed up to the attic and the first floor completed, built in 1878, the first windows installed in 1879, the Attica and the balustrade from 1880 to 1881 and built the dome and the Tabernacle. The dome is topped with a bronze statue of Pallas Athena by Johannes Benk.
The lighting and air conditioning concept with double glazing of the ceilings made the renunciation of artificial light (especially at that time, as gas light) possible, but this resulted due to seasonal variations depending on daylight to different opening times .
Kuppelhalle
Entrance (by clicking the link at the end of the side you can see all the pictures here indicated!)
Grand staircase
Hall
Empire
The Kunsthistorisches Museum was on 17 October 1891 officially opened by Emperor Franz Joseph I. Since 22 October 1891 , the museum is accessible to the public. Two years earlier, on 3 November 1889, the collection of arms, Arms and Armour today, had their doors open. On 1 January 1890 the library service resumed its operations. The merger and listing of other collections of the Highest Imperial Family from the Upper and Lower Belvedere, the Hofburg Palace and Ambras in Tyrol will need another two years.
189, the farm museum was organized in seven collections with three directorates:
Directorate of coins, medals and antiquities collection
The Egyptian Collection
The Antique Collection
The coins and medals collection
Management of the collection of weapons, art and industrial objects
Weapons collection
Collection of industrial art objects
Directorate of Art Gallery and Restaurieranstalt (Restoration Office)
Collection of watercolors, drawings, sketches, etc.
Restoration Office
Library
Very soon the room the Court Museum (Hofmuseum) for the imperial collections was offering became too narrow. To provide temporary help, an exhibition of ancient artifacts from Ephesus in the Theseus Temple was designed. However, additional space had to be rented in the Lower Belvedere.
1914, after the assassination of Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne, his " Estonian Forensic Collection " passed to the administration of the Court Museum. This collection, which emerged from the art collection of the house of d' Este and world travel collection of Franz Ferdinand, was placed in the New Imperial Palace since 1908. For these stocks, the present collection of old musical instruments and the Museum of Ethnology emerged.
The First World War went by, apart from the oppressive economic situation without loss. The farm museum remained during the five years of war regularly open to the public.
Until 1919 the K.K. Art Historical Court Museum was under the authority of the Oberstkämmereramt (head chamberlain office) and belonged to the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. The officials and employees were part of the royal household.
First Republic
The transition from monarchy to republic, in the museum took place in complete tranquility. On 19 November 1918 the two imperial museums on Maria Theresa Square were placed under the state protection of the young Republic of German Austria. Threatening to the stocks of the museum were the claims raised in the following weeks and months of the "successor states" of the monarchy as well as Italy and Belgium on Austrian art collection. In fact, it came on 12th February 1919 to the violent removal of 62 paintings by armed Italian units. This "art theft" left a long time trauma among curators and art historians.
It was not until the Treaty of Saint-Germain of 10 September 1919, providing in Article 195 and 196 the settlement of rights in the cultural field by negotiations. The claims of Belgium, Czechoslovakia, and Italy again could mostly being averted in this way. Only Hungary, which presented the greatest demands by far, was met by more than ten years of negotiation in 147 cases.
On 3 April 1919 was the expropriation of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine by law and the acquisition of its property, including the "Collections of the Imperial House" , by the Republic. Of 18 June 1920 the then provisional administration of the former imperial museums and collections of Este and the secular and clergy treasury passed to the State Office of Internal Affairs and Education, since 10 November 1920, the Federal Ministry of the Interior and Education. A few days later it was renamed the Art History Court Museum in the "Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna State", 1921 "Kunsthistorisches Museum" . Of 1st January 1921 the employees of the museum staff passed to the state of the Republic.
Through the acquisition of the former imperial collections owned by the state, the museum found itself in a complete new situation. In order to meet the changed circumstances in the museum area, designed Hans Tietze in 1919 the "Vienna Museum program". It provided a close cooperation between the individual museums to focus at different houses on main collections. So dominated exchange, sales and equalizing the acquisition policy in the interwar period. Thus resulting until today still valid collection trends. Also pointing the way was the relocation of the weapons collection from 1934 in its present premises in the New Castle, where since 1916 the collection of ancient musical instruments was placed.
With the change of the imperial collections in the ownership of the Republic the reorganization of the internal organization went hand in hand, too. Thus the museum was divided in 1919 into the
Egyptian and Near Eastern Collection (with the Oriental coins)
Collection of Classical Antiquities
Collection of ancient coins
Collection of modern coins and medals
Weapons collection
Collection of sculptures and crafts with the Collection of Ancient Musical Instruments
Picture Gallery
The Museum 1938-1945
Count Philipp Ludwig Wenzel Sinzendorf according to Rigaud. Clarisse 1948 by Baroness de Rothschildt "dedicated" to the memory of Baron Alphonse de Rothschildt; restituted to the Rothschilds in 1999, and in 1999 donated by Bettina Looram Rothschild, the last Austrian heiress.
With the "Anschluss" of Austria to the German Reich all Jewish art collections such as the Rothschilds were forcibly "Aryanised". Collections were either "paid" or simply distributed by the Gestapo at the museums. This resulted in a significant increase in stocks. But the KHM was not the only museum that benefited from the linearization. Systematically looted Jewish property was sold to museums, collections or in pawnshops throughout the empire.
After the war, the museum struggled to reimburse the "Aryanised" art to the owners or their heirs. They forced the Rothschild family to leave the most important part of their own collection to the museum and called this "dedications", or "donations". As a reason, was the export law stated, which does not allow owners to perform certain works of art out of the country. Similar methods were used with other former owners. Only on the basis of international diplomatic and media pressure, to a large extent from the United States, the Austrian government decided to make a change in the law (Art Restitution Act of 1998, the so-called Lex Rothschild). The art objects were the Rothschild family refunded only in the 1990s.
The Kunsthistorisches Museum operates on the basis of the federal law on the restitution of art objects from the 4th December 1998 (Federal Law Gazette I, 181 /1998) extensive provenance research. Even before this decree was carried out in-house provenance research at the initiative of the then archive director Herbert Haupt. This was submitted in 1998 by him in collaboration with Lydia Grobl a comprehensive presentation of the facts about the changes in the inventory levels of the Kunsthistorisches Museum during the Nazi era and in the years leading up to the State Treaty of 1955, an important basis for further research provenance.
The two historians Susanne Hehenberger and Monika Löscher are since 1st April 2009 as provenance researchers at the Kunsthistorisches Museum on behalf of the Commission for Provenance Research operating and they deal with the investigation period from 1933 to the recent past.
The museum today
Today the museum is as a federal museum, with 1st January 1999 released to the full legal capacity - it was thus the first of the state museums of Austria, implementing the far-reaching self-financing. It is by far the most visited museum in Austria with 1.3 million visitors (2007).
The Kunsthistorisches Museum is under the name Kunsthistorisches Museum and Museum of Ethnology and the Austrian Theatre Museum with company number 182081t since 11 June 1999 as a research institution under public law of the Federal virtue of the Federal Museums Act, Federal Law Gazette I/115/1998 and the Museum of Procedure of the Kunsthistorisches Museum and Museum of Ethnology and the Austrian Theatre Museum, 3 January 2001, BGBl II 2/ 2001, in force since 1 January 2001, registered.
In fiscal 2008, the turnover was 37.185 million EUR and total assets amounted to EUR 22.204 million. In 2008 an average of 410 workers were employed.
Management
1919-1923: Gustav Glück as the first chairman of the College of science officials
1924-1933: Hermann Julius Hermann 1924-1925 as the first chairman of the College of the scientific officers in 1925 as first director
1933: Arpad Weixlgärtner first director
1934-1938: Alfred Stix first director
1938-1945: Fritz Dworschak 1938 as acting head, from 1938 as a chief in 1941 as first director
1945-1949: August von Loehr 1945-1948 as executive director of the State Art Collections in 1949 as general director of the historical collections of the Federation
1945-1949: Alfred Stix 1945-1948 as executive director of the State Art Collections in 1949 as general director of art historical collections of the Federation
1949-1950: Hans Demel as administrative director
1950: Karl Wisoko-Meytsky as general director of art and historical collections of the Federation
1951-1952: Fritz Eichler as administrative director
1953-1954: Ernst H. Buschbeck as administrative director
1955-1966: Vincent Oberhammer 1955-1959 as administrative director, from 1959 as first director
1967: Edward Holzmair as managing director
1968-1972: Erwin Auer first director
1973-1981: Friderike Klauner first director
1982-1990: Hermann Fillitz first director
1990: George Kugler as interim first director
1990-2008: Wilfried Seipel as general director
Since 2009: Sabine Haag as general director
Collections
To the Kunsthistorisches Museum are also belonging the collections of the New Castle, the Austrian Theatre Museum in Palais Lobkowitz, the Museum of Ethnology and the Wagenburg (wagon fortress) in an outbuilding of Schönbrunn Palace. A branch office is also Ambras in Innsbruck.
Kunsthistorisches Museum (main building)
Picture Gallery
Egyptian and Near Eastern Collection
Collection of Classical Antiquities
Vienna Chamber of Art
Numismatic Collection
Library
New Castle
Ephesus Museum
Collection of Ancient Musical Instruments
Arms and Armour
Archive
Hofburg
The imperial crown in the Treasury
Imperial Treasury of Vienna
Insignia of the Austrian Hereditary Homage
Insignia of imperial Austria
Insignia of the Holy Roman Empire
Burgundian Inheritance and the Order of the Golden Fleece
Habsburg-Lorraine Household Treasure
Ecclesiastical Treasury
Schönbrunn Palace
Imperial Carriage Museum Vienna
Armory in Ambras Castle
Ambras Castle
Collections of Ambras Castle
Major exhibits
Among the most important exhibits of the Art Gallery rank inter alia:
Jan van Eyck: Cardinal Niccolò Albergati, 1438
Martin Schongauer: Holy Family, 1475-80
Albrecht Dürer : Trinity Altar, 1509-16
Portrait Johann Kleeberger, 1526
Parmigianino: Self Portrait in Convex Mirror, 1523/24
Giuseppe Arcimboldo: Summer 1563
Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio: Madonna of the Rosary 1606/ 07
Caravaggio: Madonna of the Rosary (1606-1607)
Titian: Nymph and Shepherd to 1570-75
Portrait of Jacopo de Strada, 1567/68
Raffaello Santi: Madonna of the Meadow, 1505 /06
Lorenzo Lotto: Portrait of a young man against white curtain, 1508
Peter Paul Rubens: The altar of St. Ildefonso, 1630-32
The Little Fur, about 1638
Jan Vermeer: The Art of Painting, 1665/66
Pieter Bruegel the Elder: Fight between Carnival and Lent, 1559
Kids, 1560
Tower of Babel, 1563
Christ Carrying the Cross, 1564
Gloomy Day (Early Spring), 1565
Return of the Herd (Autumn), 1565
Hunters in the Snow (Winter) 1565
Bauer and bird thief, 1568
Peasant Wedding, 1568/69
Peasant Dance, 1568/69
Paul's conversion (Conversion of St Paul), 1567
Cabinet of Curiosities:
Saliera from Benvenuto Cellini 1539-1543
Egyptian-Oriental Collection:
Mastaba of Ka Ni Nisut
Collection of Classical Antiquities:
Gemma Augustea
Treasure of Nagyszentmiklós
Gallery: Major exhibits
台南神學院 1876 - 上帝就在身邊 / 玫瑰花造型窗 - 十分莊嚴簡樸
Tainan Theological College And Seminary 1876 - The God in side / Rose modeling window - Very solemn simplicity
Universidad teológica y seminario de Tainan 1876 - Dios en lado / ventana de modelación Rose - Muy solemne sencillez
台南神学院の1876 - 神は身辺 / ハマナシの造型の窓 - 非常にの莊の嚴の簡の樸
Tainan-theologische Hochschule und Priesterseminar 1876 - der Gott in der Seite / Rose Modellierfenster - Sehr feierlich Einfachheit
Université théologique et séminaire 1876 de Tainan - Dieu dans le côté / Rose fenêtre de modélisation - simplicité Très solennelle
Tainan Taiwan / Tainan Taiwán / 台灣台南
管樂小集 2016/07/02 安平古堡 Fort Zeelandia performances 1080P
{View large size on fluidr / 觀看大圖}
{My Blog / 管樂小集精彩演出-觸動你的心}
{My Blog / Great Music The splendid performance touches your heart}
{My Blog / 管楽小集すばらしい公演-はあなたの心を心を打ちます}
{Mi blog / La gran música el funcionamiento espléndido toca su corazón}
{Mein Blog / Große Musik die herrliche Leistung berührt Ihr Herz}
{Mon blog / La grande musique l'exécution splendide touche votre coeur}
Melody 曲:JAPAN / Words 詞:Sheesen / Singing : Sheesen
{ 夢旅人 1990 Dream Traveler 1990 }
家住安南鹽溪邊
The family lives in nearby the Annan salt river
隔壁就是聽雨軒
The next door listens to the rain porch
一旦落日照大員
The sunset Shineing to the Taiwan at once
左岸青龍飛九天
The left bank white dragon flying in the sky
The first outdoor event in London, UK, since the beginning of the troublesome virus and I was a little rusty.
Commemoration of the execution of King Charles Ist.
CSX E803 screams through the town of Walkerton with BNSF 9669, a SD70MAC still sporting its OG BN Executive Scheme, on a coal empty from the LSRC in Wixom.
'Here on Felucia, a Stormtrooper is about to be promoted for tracking down the fled female Jedi Sinn-Tah, just 10 days after the execution of order 66. All hopes are lost for this Jedi, and the same applies to most Jedis lately. Dark Times are approaching...'
Hello everyone! This is my first ever post on Flickr. This 16x16 moc was created as a submission for the 'Dark Times' RPG group, which is based on the follow-up on Order 66.
Any feedback is appreciated!
-Sven