View allAll Photos Tagged efficient.
Department of Mechanical Engineering
"Efficient Cook Stove"
Faculty Mentor: Hohyun Lee
Cook stoves in many developing countries may be inefficient in their use of fuel. This proposal has as its goal the development of a device that can readily be incorporated into the existing stove design employed in Nicaragua to increase their efficiency in terms of fuel consumption.
Staff Sgt. Fank Brown, AFN Bulvaria, interviews James McPeak, project engineer, NAU, on the site of the $52 million Urlas townhouses. Twenty-two of these house are "Passivhauser" or passive homes. The houses are named this because of their energy efficient design. The units would use about one-fourth the energy consumed by a standard German home. (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers photo by Carol E. Davis)
Panelists gathering to discuss efficient and sustainable delivery in and around cities at the "Bringing the goods to the people: efficient and sustainable delivery in and around the city" session at the International Transport Forum’s 2022 Summit on “Transport for Inclusive Societies” in Leipzig, Germany, on 18 May 2022.
Efficient transport is essential to achieve higher levels of economic growth needed for sustainable poverty reduction. The Railway Sector Investment Program aims to improve the performance of the railway sector in Bangladesh.
Read more on:
Electric fence surrounding the field trial site of the Water Efficient Maize for Africa (WEMA) project, at the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute's Kiboko Research Station. As WEMA includes a transgenic component, strict controls are in place and no material may be removed from the site. The electric fence and surrounding ditch are to keep out elephants, which can otherwise attack maize on trial sites during times of drought.
WEMA is led by the African Agricultural Technology Foundation (AATF) in partnership with several national agricultural research systems, Monsanto, and CIMMYT, which supplies germplasm and expertise.
For more about WEMA see: www.aatf-africa.org/wema/en/.
Photo credit: Anne Wangalachi/CIMMYT.
***UPDATE*** Matt is revamping an additional bedroom into a home office. The desk makes the room, an good Risom to get productive. Ha. Thanks guys.
***UPDATE*** Matt is revamping an additional bedroom into a home office. The desk makes the room, an good Risom to get productive. Ha. Thanks guys.
Efficient Basing-Grafenwoehr is a U.S. Army Europe initiative consisting of more than 150 projects valued at close to $1 billion designed and built over roughly 10 years. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Europe District managed about $100 million each year since 2001. Projects also included the Nezaberg Housing Area, a shopping center, troop billet buildings, motor pools, physical fitness center, upgraded medical facilities, modern dining facility and new Army lodge, among others. For the Europe District, EB-G was not business as usual. Read about the unique project delivery methods employed by USACE at www.army.mil/-news/2010/05/05/38561-unique-project-delive... (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers photo by Rachel Goodspeed)
'Efficient' moves off shed for what turned out to be a short session of work, as 'Hawarden' blackens the sky over British Steel Shelton Works.
© Gordon Edgar - All rights reserved. Please do not use my images without my explicit permission
I’ve been wanting to take a city break in summer, rather than in the cold months for a while, so rather than heading for the Lake District for a week of toil on the fells when Jayne could get a week off, we took off from Liverpool for Paris. Flight times were nice and sociable but it meant we were on the M62 car park at a busy time in both directions – it’s a shambles! I’ve stopped over in Paris a dozen times – on my way to cycling in the Etape du Tour in the Alps or Pyrenees – and had a few nights out there. Come to think about it and we’ve spent the day on the Champs Elysees watching the final day of the Tour de France with Mark Cavendish winning. We hadn’t been for a holiday there though and it was a bit of a spur of the moment decision. Six nights gave us five and a half days to explore Paris on foot. I had a good selection of (heavy) kit with me, not wanting to make the usual mistake of leaving something behind and regretting it. In the end I carried the kit in my backpack – an ordinary rucksack – to keep the weight down, for 103 miles, all recorded on the cycling Garmin – and took 3500 photos. The little Garmin is light and will do about 15 hours, it expired towards the end of a couple of 16 hour days but I had the info I wanted by then. This also keeps the phone battery free for research and route finding – I managed to flatten that once though.
What can I say – Paris was fantastic! The weather varied from OK to fantastic, windy for a few days, the dreaded grey white dullness for a while but I couldn’t complain really. We were out around 8.30 in shorts and tee shirt, which I would swap for a vest when it warmed up, hitting 30 degrees at times, we stayed out until around midnight most nights. It was a pretty full on trip. The security at some destinations could have been a problem as there is a bag size limit to save room in the lifts etc. I found the French to be very pragmatic about it, a bag search was a cursory glance, accepting that I was lugging camera gear, not bombs around, and they weren’t going to stop a paying customer from passing because his bag was a bit over size.
We didn’t have a plan, as usual we made it up as we went along, a loose itinerary for the day would always end up changing owing to discoveries along the way. Many times we would visit something a few times, weighing the crowds and light etc. up and deciding to come back later. I waited patiently to go up the Eiffel Tower, we arrived on Tuesday and finally went up on Friday evening. It was a late decision but the weather was good, the light was good and importantly I reckoned that we would get a sunset. Previous evenings the sun had just slid behind distant westerly clouds without any golden glory. It was a good choice. We went up the steps at 7.30 pm, short queue and cheaper – and just to say that we had. The steps are at an easy angle and were nowhere near as bad as expected, even with the heavy pack. We stayed up there, on a mad and busy Friday night, until 11.30, the light changed a lot and once we had stayed a couple of hours we decided to wait for the lights to come on. This was a downside to travelling at this time of year, to do any night photography we had to stay out late as it was light until 10.30. The Eiffel Tower is incredible and very well run, they are quite efficient at moving people around it from level to level. It was still buzzing at midnight with thousands of people around. The sunset on Saturday was probably better but we spent the evening around the base of the Tower, watching the light change, people watching and soaking the party atmosphere up.
Some days our first destination was five miles away, this is a lot of road junctions in a city, the roads in Paris are wide so you generally have to wait for the green man to cross. This made progress steady but when you are on holiday it doesn’t matter too much. Needless to say we walked through some dodgy places, with graffiti on anything that stays still long enough. We were ultra-cautious with our belongings having heard the pickpocket horror stories. At every Café/bar stop the bags were clipped to the table leg out of sight and never left alone. I carried the camera in my hand all day and everywhere I went, I only popped it in my bag to eat. I would guess that there were easier people to rob than us, some people were openly careless with phones and wallets.
We didn’t enter the big attractions, it was too nice to be in a museum or church and quite a few have a photography ban. These bans make me laugh, they are totally ignored by many ( Japanese particularly) people. Having travelled around the world to see something, no one is going to stop them getting their selfies. Selfies? Everywhere people pointed their cameras at their own face, walking around videoing – their self! I do like to have a few photos of us for posterity but these people are self-obsessed.
Paris has obviously got a problem with homeless (mostly) migrants. Walk a distance along the River Seine and you will find tented villages, there is a powerful smell of urine in every corner, with the no alcohol restrictions ignored, empty cans and bottles stacked around the bins as evidence. There are families, woman living on mattresses with as many as four small children, on the main boulevards. They beg by day and at midnight they are all huddled asleep on the pavement. The men in the tents seem to be selling plastic Eiffel Tower models to the tourists or bottled water – even bottles of wine. Love locks and selfy sticks were also top sellers. There must be millions of locks fastened to railings around the city, mostly brass, so removing them will be self-funding as brass is £2.20 a kilo.
As for the sights we saw, well if it was on the map we tried to walk to it. We crossed the Periphique ring road to get to the outer reaches of Paris. La Defense – the financial area with dozens of modern office blocks – was impressive, and still expanding. The Bois de Boulogne park, with the horse racing track and the Louis Vuitton Centre was part of a 20 mile loop that day. Another day saw us in the north east. We had the dome of the Sacre Couer to ourselves, with thousands of tourists wandering below us oblivious of the entrance and ticket office under the church. Again the light was fantastic for us. We read that Pere Lachaise Cemetery or Cimitiere du Pere Lachaise was one of the most visited destinations, a five mile walk but we went. It is massive, you need a map, but for me one massive tomb is much the same as another, it does have highlights but we didn’t stay long. Fortunately we were now closer to the Canal St Martin which would lead us to Parc de la Villette. This was a Sunday and everywhere was both buzzing and chilled at the same time. Where ever we went people were sat watching the world go by, socializing and picnicking, soaking the sun up. As ever I wanted to go up on the roof of anything I could as I love taking cityscapes. Most of these were expensive compared with many places we’ve been to before but up we went. The Tour Montparnasse, a single tower block with 59 floors, 690 foot high and extremely fast lifts has incredible views although it was a touch hazy on our ascent. The Arc de Triomphe was just up the road from our hotel, we went up it within hours of arriving, well worth the visit.
At the time of writing I have no idea how many images will make the cut but it will be a lot. If I have ten subtly different shots of something, I find it hard to consign nine to the dark depths of my hard drive never to be seen again – and I’m not very good at ruthless selection – so if the photo is OK it will get uploaded. My view is that it’s my photostream, I like to be able to browse my own work at my leisure at a later date, it’s more or less free and stats tell me these images will get looked at. I’m not aiming for single stunning shots, more of a comprehensive overview of an interesting place, presented to the best of my current capabilities. I am my own biggest critic, another reason for looking at my older stuff is to critique it and look to improve on previous mistakes. I do get regular requests from both individuals and organisations to use images and I’m obliging unless someone is taking the piss. I’m not bothered about work being published (with my permission) but it is reassuringly nice to be asked. The manipulation of Flickr favourites and views through adding thousands of contacts doesn’t interest me and I do sometimes question the whole point of the Flickr exercise. I do like having access to my own back catalogue though and it gives family and friends the chance to read about the trip and view the photos at their leisure so for the time being I’m sticking with it. I do have over 15 million views at the moment which is a far cry from showing a few people an album, let’s face it, there’s an oversupply of images, many of them superb but all being devalued by the sheer quantity available.
Don’t think that it was all walking and photography, we had a great break and spent plenty of time in pavement bistros having a glass of wine and people watching. I can certainly understand why Paris is top of the travellers list of destinations
Fang Liu (Secretary General, International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)) presenting at the panel session "Protecting the skies with secure and efficient air travel" at the International Transport Forum’s 2018 Summit on “Transport Safety and Security” in Leipzig, Germany on 23 May 2018.
The completed Netzaberg military family housing area includes 800 homes on the border of Grafenwohr Training Area. Although this was not a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers project, it was part of the $700+ million Efficient Basing Grafenwoehr program. (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers photo by Justin Ward)
Construction continues on the new vehicle maintenance facilities in Grafenwoehr, Germany. The facility is a part of the multi-phased $700 million Efficient Basing Grafenwoehr project. The project includes a new school, dinning facility, physical fitness center and housing - many of which are already complete. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Europe District is managing construction of the maintenance facility, along with many of the already completed facilities. The entire EB-G project is expect to wrap up construction in March 2010. (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers photo by Carol E. Davis)
We had a trip to Prague in January – for Jayne’s birthday - we don’t buy Christmas or birthday presents, we travel instead. We left snowy England for a very, very dull and grey Czech Republic. Yet again I was on a photographic downer looking at the weather forecast, grey is the colour that haunts me. Fortunately it was dull grey and not burnt highlight inducing bright grey.With the grey sky acting like a big diffuser I was going to have deep shadow and contrast to deal with. We had three very short spells of broken cloud which gave us a bit of sun and colour, which I managed to more or less anticipate so we managed to be in decent locations every time – generally somewhere high.
We had been upgraded to a five star hotel, apparently our original choice was flooded. We got compensation and five star hotel upgrade– a first for me. The Art Nouveau Palace has a beautiful interior, with beautiful rooms, the breakfast room was fantastic, as was the breakfast it has to be said. We were able to have an early breakfast so were out on foot just after eight. It was very cold – and dull! We spent the whole week well wrapped up. It drizzled for a day, but never really wet us, it snowed for a day, again we didn’t get wet and the snow didn’t settle. We walked 65 mile, spending plenty of time checking buildings and their interiors out – and coffee shop and bar interiors it has to be said. Although it was dull and sometimes wet I decided that the Camera was staying in my hands for the whole trip. Whenever I put it in my backpack for one reason or another I regret it.
Again, I didn’t look at any photographs of Prague before we got there, I like to just walk and discover, with the DK guidebook in my pocket (which is full of photos it has to be said). We like to get off the beaten track and see the grittier side of the places we visit – within reason! Prague has an incredible tram network, over 1000 trams – with many of them Tatra Eastern Bloc machines. The system seems chaotic but in reality it is incredible with one of the largest networks and highest usages in the world. The trams and cars frequently share the same road space with very little in the way of drama, none of the inexplicable and pathetic constant horn blowing one finds in many countries. Once it became apparent that buildings with a grey blanket as a background were going to be a bit un-inspirational I decided that the trams would be a good focal point instead. Where I have photographed one of the older trams against a background without clues it is easy to imagine that the photos were taken fifty years ago.
The train network also provided photo opportunities. The rolling stock ranges from old Eastern Bloc to very modern double decker’s and pendolinos. There are three stations although we visited the main station and Smichov. The main station interior is art deco and has been renovated by a private company. The exterior and the platforms are very rundown with a grim eastern bloc 1950’s feel –but it works! We discovered to our amusement that we could just walk across multiple lines, no health and safety, just keep your eyes open and don’t walk under a train – you’ll make a mess. Smichov station was grim, it didn’t help that it snowed all day and was grey and bitter. We felt like we were in a 50’s film set in Russia, broken concrete platforms and dereliction. With both stations there was another world underneath them. The underground Metro is running seamlessly and efficiently away beneath your feet. I didn’t have any problems taking photos anywhere but I was very open and obviously a tourist, I didn’t act covertly or suspiciously. There was only one occasion I was stopped and that was in a shopping centre – full of CCTV cameras filming everyone else!
We discovered old and beautiful- and very large- shopping centres hidden away in quite a few places. Brass framed windows and doors, shops thriving, there was a massive camera shop with thousands of second hand cameras, too much to look at. Many of the landmark buildings prevent photography, some make a small charge, some encourage it, the DK guide book gives a good indication regarding camera use. Nothing stops many people though, they just shoot away regardless, usually wanting a picture that includes their self. Prague is surrounded by low hills and has a fair few towers that you can pay a few pounds to go up, so viewpoints are plentiful. I think we visited most of them. I read about the Zizkov Tower, which looks like a Soviet rocket on the horizon and we headed straight for it - after crossing the rail lines! Set in a quiet residential area, there wasn’t a soul about. Two beautiful girls on reception and we parted with a few pounds, into the lift and were on the observation deck with no one else up there. There are fantastic views over the city, but! It is through two layers of not very clean glass so you go for the view rather than sharp panoramas. Still a fascinating place, with a nice café bar and very clean toilets – there are toilets everywhere, usually manned with a fee. Places are well staffed compared with home were three students are supposed to run a 20 screen multiplex cinema.
Graffiti was prominent, no matter how grand the monument, some moron would have daubed it. How do they get away with it in a 24 hour city centre with a strong police presence? The place is very clean, constantly being swept. What did surprise me, was that many buildings, that looked grand and built of stone, from a distance, were actually rendered with very low quality brickwork concealed. When restored the building look very impressive, others are missing the outer render from ground level to a fair height.
I need to cut this short really, I like to put a background story to the photos and although it would be better to individualise it to a specific photo or group of photos I don’t have the time to do that. I do try to give specific detail in the title bar after I have uploaded, this is time consuming enough although I’m pretty proficient at it by now. There are many things I would like to write that should be of interest to anyone thinking of going to Prague but I’ll have to let the pictures do the talking. As usual I am unlikely to be selective enough with my uploads, I’m not very good at leaving photos out so I just upload and be damned.
A woman sitting on a comfortable sofa, engrossed in her work on a laptop, effortlessly multitasks by simultaneously being on a call with her cellphone. This image highlights the benefits of remote work, where individuals can enjoy the flexibility of working from a cozy and relaxed environment while efficiently managing their tasks and communication.
The field trial site of the Water Efficient Maize for Africa (WEMA) project, at the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute's Kiboko Research Station, with a sign showing the site rules. As WEMA includes a transgenic component, strict controls are in place to ensure that no material is removed from the site. Also visible are the electric fence and surrounding ditch to keep out elephants, which can otherwise attack maize on trial sites during times of drought.
WEMA is led by the African Agricultural Technology Foundation (AATF) in partnership with several national agricultural research systems, Monsanto, and CIMMYT, which supplies germplasm and expertise.
For more about WEMA see: www.aatf-africa.org/wema/en/.
Photo credit: Anne Wangalachi/CIMMYT.
A nice example of a Moulton Automatic from the early 1960's. It has all the original parts including the key still in the front fork lock.
On sale for £500 (perhaps a bit on the high side).
The joy of old bicycles - old bicycles that are efficient, comfortable, well made, properly engineered and will probably last for decades to come.
More info here:
napako druzstvo 40 let [napako cooperative 40th anniversary]. 1959. czechoslovakia. matchbox label. print. ephemera. [1729]
Dobre osvetleni do vaseho bytu.Napako Druzstvo, Praha
Efficient lighting for your flat. Napako Cooperative, Prague.
This ad for the Triumph Cycle Co., Ltd., Coventry, appeared in the 19 December, 1917 issue of The Bystander.
Construction continues on the new vehicle maintenance facilities in Grafenwoehr, Germany. The facility is a part of the multi-phased $700 million Efficient Basing Grafenwoehr project. The project includes a new school, dinning facility, physical fitness center and housing - many of which are already complete. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Europe District is managing construction of the maintenance facility, along with many of the already completed facilities. The entire EB-G project is expect to wrap up construction in March 2010. (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers photo by Carol E. Davis)
Private 5 acre estate with efficient custom home – For Sale By Owner: $998,000
In the mountains just mauka of the heart of Kona Town you find nestled a small arts community called Holualoa…There’s not much to Holualoa, a blink of the eye your past it driving by the Pink Kona Hotel built in 1926 (http://www.city-data.com/picfilesc/picc5136.php), or our small post office saying Aloha to Joy or Tom the Post Master…or quite simply going to the old movie theater on Saturday night for free. And let’s not forget our excellent Holualoa Elementary School built in 1897…this is “our” little piece of heaven away from the hustle and bustle of the world’s problems.
Hualalai Farms is a gated community with mostly 5 acre parcels of world famous “Kona Coffee”. And it is good! We’re an old community by most standards up here with a fine group of quiet folks that enjoy the peaceful life of gentlemen farmers, waving to one another as we pass on the road.
My journey led me here in 1989, but it’s time to move on to a new adventure, and my little piece of solitude is available for sale. I moved into this house which I built for my family in February of 2009. For all intents and purposes it’s new. I haven’t ripped out the old Ohia trees with their beautiful Lahua Blossoms. I enjoy the privacy, and watching the sun rise over Mauna Loa in the mornings, and the cruise ships passing by below.
I designed this home and property to be efficient with low maintenance, but additional growth or changes are easy to do. If you think you’d be interested in my slice of the world then by all means email me. I’d be more than happy to call you if you forward your telephone number. If you have SKYPE on your computer we can even walk around the house and property.
1. 2128 sq ft total (1264 sq ft living)
2. 3 Car garage, 864 sq ft (1 bay divided by wall/door-currently den/office, but could be converted easily to separate efficiency apartment)
3. 200 amp service for household
4. All walls interior/exterior Corning Insulation
5. Windows “Hurd” Thermal Double Paned Aluminum Clad Douglas Fir with minimum 6 hand lacquered coats
6. Cabinets “DeWils Hardwood (Cherry)
7. Water Heater “Bosch” On Demand Gas
8. Cooktop “Jenn-Aire” Downdraft Gas
9. Refrigerator Samsung 26 cu ft
10. Washer/Dryer “LG” Gas
11. Whirlpool Water Softener
12. Siding Beveled Cedar
13. Sikkens Cetol Finish (4 coats)
14. Roof “Owens Corning” 30 year Arch 80 with “2″ layers of fiberglass fabric underlayment
15. Pad 3000psi Concrete
16. CCR’s Yes (Dues approximately $600 yrly)
17. Land Taxes (Currently approximately $2700 yrly.
18. House completed Feburary of 2009
19. Granite counter tops both kitchen and bathroom
20. Travertine and porcelain tile in bathroom with luxurious 6′ Kohler tub
21. Custom Brazilian wood kitchen floor w/10 coats sealer
22.Open bean ceiling w/2 x 6 T & G Lacquered Select Knotty Pine
23. Custom Living room scones to match windows
Private 5 acre estate with efficient custom home – For Sale By Owner: $998,000
In the mountains just mauka of the heart of Kona Town you find nestled a small arts community called Holualoa…There’s not much to Holualoa, a blink of the eye your past it driving by the Pink Kona Hotel built in 1926 (http://www.city-data.com/picfilesc/picc5136.php), or our small post office saying Aloha to Joy or Tom the Post Master…or quite simply going to the old movie theater on Saturday night for free. And let’s not forget our excellent Holualoa Elementary School built in 1897…this is “our” little piece of heaven away from the hustle and bustle of the world’s problems.
Hualalai Farms is a gated community with mostly 5 acre parcels of world famous “Kona Coffee”. And it is good! We’re an old community by most standards up here with a fine group of quiet folks that enjoy the peaceful life of gentlemen farmers, waving to one another as we pass on the road.
My journey led me here in 1989, but it’s time to move on to a new adventure, and my little piece of solitude is available for sale. I moved into this house which I built for my family in February of 2009. For all intents and purposes it’s new. I haven’t ripped out the old Ohia trees with their beautiful Lahua Blossoms. I enjoy the privacy, and watching the sun rise over Mauna Loa in the mornings, and the cruise ships passing by below.
I designed this home and property to be efficient with low maintenance, but additional growth or changes are easy to do. If you think you’d be interested in my slice of the world then by all means email me. I’d be more than happy to call you if you forward your telephone number. If you have SKYPE on your computer we can even walk around the house and property.
1. 2128 sq ft total (1264 sq ft living)
2. 3 Car garage, 864 sq ft (1 bay divided by wall/door-currently den/office, but could be converted easily to separate efficiency apartment)
3. 200 amp service for household
4. All walls interior/exterior Corning Insulation
5. Windows “Hurd” Thermal Double Paned Aluminum Clad Douglas Fir with minimum 6 hand lacquered coats
6. Cabinets “DeWils Hardwood (Cherry)
7. Water Heater “Bosch” On Demand Gas
8. Cooktop “Jenn-Aire” Downdraft Gas
9. Refrigerator Samsung 26 cu ft
10. Washer/Dryer “LG” Gas
11. Whirlpool Water Softener
12. Siding Beveled Cedar
13. Sikkens Cetol Finish (4 coats)
14. Roof “Owens Corning” 30 year Arch 80 with “2″ layers of fiberglass fabric underlayment
15. Pad 3000psi Concrete
16. CCR’s Yes (Dues approximately $600 yrly)
17. Land Taxes (Currently approximately $2700 yrly.
18. House completed Feburary of 2009
19. Granite counter tops both kitchen and bathroom
20. Travertine and porcelain tile in bathroom with luxurious 6′ Kohler tub
21. Custom Brazilian wood kitchen floor w/10 coats sealer
22.Open bean ceiling w/2 x 6 T & G Lacquered Select Knotty Pine
23. Custom Living room scones to match windows
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This computer model shows what CUBES will look like. The instrument will be installed on one of the VLT Unit Telescopes at ESO’s Paranal Observatory.
Credit: ESO/CUBES consortium
Efficient Basing-Grafenwoehr is a U.S. Army Europe initiative consisting of more than 150 projects valued at close to $1 billion designed and built over roughly 10 years. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Europe District managed about $100 million each year since 2001. Projects also included the Nezaberg Housing Area, a shopping center, troop billet buildings, motor pools, physical fitness center, upgraded medical facilities, modern dining facility and new Army lodge, among others. For the Europe District, EB-G was not business as usual. Read about the unique project delivery methods employed by USACE at www.army.mil/-news/2010/05/05/38561-unique-project-delive... (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers photo by Rachel Goodspeed)
***UPDATE*** Matt is revamping an additional bedroom into a home office. The desk makes the room, an good Risom to get productive. Ha. Thanks guys.
Measurements 50 inches wide x 28 inches deep x 29 inches tall. Fully loaded we are at 65 inches long.
According to the inventor pedaling backwards is much more powerful and efficient than pedaling forwards.
Check out bakfiets-en-meer for lots of utility bike stuff from Amsterdam and elsewhere.
Drawing is a form of visual art in which a person uses various drawing instruments to mark paper or another two-dimensional medium. Instruments include graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax color pencils, crayons, charcoal, chalk, pastels, various kinds of erasers, markers, styluses, various metals (such as silverpoint) and electronic drawing.
A drawing instrument releases small amount of material onto a surface, leaving a visible mark. The most common support for drawing is paper, although other materials, such as cardboard, plastic, leather, canvas, and board, may be used. Temporary drawings may be made on a blackboard or whiteboard or indeed almost anything. The medium has been a popular and fundamental means of public expression throughout human history. It is one of the simplest and most efficient means of communicating visual ideas.[1] The wide availability of drawing instruments makes drawing one of the most common artistic activities.
In addition to its more artistic forms, drawing is frequently used in commercial illustration, animation, architecture, engineering and technical drawing. A quick, freehand drawing, usually not intended as a finished work, is sometimes called a sketch. An artist who practices or works in technical drawing may be called a drafter, draftsman or a draughtsman.[2]
Drawing is one of the major forms of expression within the visual arts. It is generally concerned with the marking of lines and areas of tone onto paper/other material, where the accurate representation of the visual world is expressed upon a plane surface.[3] Traditional drawings were monochrome, or at least had little colour,[4] while modern colored-pencil drawings may approach or cross a boundary between drawing and painting. In Western terminology, drawing is distinct from painting, even though similar media often are employed in both tasks. Dry media, normally associated with drawing, such as chalk, may be used in pastel paintings. Drawing may be done with a liquid medium, applied with brushes or pens. Similar supports likewise can serve both: painting generally involves the application of liquid paint onto prepared canvas or panels, but sometimes an underdrawing is drawn first on that same support.
Madame Palmyre with Her Dog, 1897. Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
Galileo Galilei. Phases of the Moon. 1616.
Drawing is often exploratory, with considerable emphasis on observation, problem-solving and composition. Drawing is also regularly used in preparation for a painting, further obfuscating their distinction. Drawings created for these purposes are called studies.
There are several categories of drawing, including figure drawing, cartooning, doodling, free hand and shading. There are also many drawing methods, such as line drawing, stippling, shading, the surrealist method of entopic graphomania (in which dots are made at the sites of impurities in a blank sheet of paper, and lines are then made between the dots), and tracing (drawing on a translucent paper, such as tracing paper, around the outline of preexisting shapes that show through the paper).
A quick, unrefined drawing may be called a sketch.
In fields outside art, technical drawings or plans of buildings, machinery, circuitry and other things are often called "drawings" even when they have been transferred to another medium by printing.
History[edit]
Drawing as a Form of Communication Drawing is one of the oldest forms of human expression, with evidence for its existence preceding that of written communication.[5] It is believed that drawing was used as a specialised form of communication before the invent of the written language,[5][6] demonstrated by the production of cave and rock paintings created by Homo sapiens sapiens around 30,000 years ago.[7] These drawings, known as pictograms, depicted objects and abstract concepts.[8] The sketches and paintings produced in prehistoric times were eventually stylised and simplified, leading to the development of the written language as we know it today.
Drawing in the Arts Drawing is used to express one's creativity, and therefore has been prominent in the world of art. Throughout much of history, drawing was regarded as the foundation for artistic practise.[9] Initially, artists used and reused wooden tablets for the production of their drawings.[10] Following the widespread availability of paper in the 14th century, the use of drawing in the arts increased. At this point, drawing was commonly used as a tool for thought and investigation, acting as a study medium whilst artists were preparing for their final pieces of work.[11][12] In a period of artistic flourish, the Renaissance brought about drawings exhibiting realistic representational qualities,[13] where there was a lot of influence from geometry and philosophy.[14]
The invention of the first widely available form of photography led to a shift in the use of drawing in the arts.[15] Photography took over from drawing as a more superior method for accurately representing visual phenomena, and artists began to abandon traditional drawing practises.[16] Modernism in the arts encouraged "imaginative originality"[17] and artists' approach to drawing became more abstract.
Drawing Outside the Arts Although the use of drawing is extensive in the arts, its practice is not confined purely to this field. Before the widespread availability of paper, 12th century monks in European monasteries used intricate drawings to prepare illustrated, illuminated manuscripts on vellum and parchment. Drawing has also been used extensively in the field of science, as a method of discovery, understanding and explanation. In 1616, astronomer Galileo Galilei explained the changing phases of the moon through his observational telescopic drawings.[16] Additionally, in 1924, geophysicist Alfred Wegener used illustrations to visually demonstrate the origin of the continents.The medium is the means by which ink, pigment or color are delivered onto the drawing surface. Most drawing media are either dry (e.g. graphite, charcoal, pastels, Conté, silverpoint), or use a fluid solvent or carrier (marker, pen and ink). Watercolor pencils can be used dry like ordinary pencils, then moistened with a wet brush to get various painterly effects. Very rarely, artists have drawn with (usually decoded) invisible ink. Metalpoint drawing usually employs either of two metals: silver or lead.[20] More rarely used are gold, platinum, copper, brass, bronze, and tinpoint.
Paper comes in a variety of different sizes and qualities, ranging from newspaper grade up to high quality and relatively expensive paper sold as individual sheets.[21] Papers can vary in texture, hue, acidity, and strength when wet. Smooth paper is good for rendering fine detail, but a more "toothy" paper holds the drawing material better. Thus a coarser material is useful for producing deeper contrast.
Newsprint and typing paper may be useful for practice and rough sketches. Tracing paper is used to experiment over a half-finished drawing, and to transfer a design from one sheet to another. Cartridge paper is the basic type of drawing paper sold in pads. Bristol board and even heavier acid-free boards, frequently with smooth finishes, are used for drawing fine detail and do not distort when wet media (ink, washes) are applied. Vellum is extremely smooth and suitable for very fine detail. Coldpressed watercolor paper may be favored for ink drawing due to its texture.
Acid-free, archival quality paper keeps its color and texture far longer than wood pulp based paper such as newsprint, which turns yellow and become brittle much sooner.
The basic tools are a drawing board or table, pencil sharpener and eraser, and for ink drawing, blotting paper. Other tools used are circle compass, ruler, and set square. Fixative is used to prevent pencil and crayon marks from smudging. Drafting tape is used to secure paper to drawing surface, and also to mask an area to keep it free of accidental marks sprayed or spattered materials and washes. An easel or slanted table is used to keep the drawing surface in a suitable position, which is generally more horizontal than the position used in painting.
Technique[edit]
Raphael, study for what became the Alba Madonna, with other sketches
Almost all draftsmen use their hands and fingers to apply the media, with the exception of some handicapped individuals who draw with their mouth or feet.[22]
Prior to working on an image, the artist typically explores how various media work. They may try different drawing implements on practice sheets to determine value and texture, and how to apply the implement to produce various effects.
The artist's choice of drawing strokes affects the appearance of the image. Pen and ink drawings often use hatching—groups of parallel lines.[23] Cross-hatching uses hatching in two or more different directions to create a darker tone. Broken hatching, or lines with intermittent breaks, form lighter tones—and controlling the density of the breaks achieves a gradation of tone. Stippling, uses dots to produce tone, texture or shade. Different textures can be achieved depending on the method used to build tone.[24]
Drawings in dry media often use similar techniques, though pencils and drawing sticks can achieve continuous variations in tone. Typically a drawing is filled in based on which hand the artist favors. A right-handed artist draws from left to right to avoid smearing the image. Erasers can remove unwanted lines, lighten tones, and clean up stray marks. In a sketch or outline drawing, lines drawn often follow the contour of the subject, creating depth by looking like shadows cast from a light in the artist's position.
Sometimes the artist leaves a section of the image untouched while filling in the remainder. The shape of the area to preserve can be painted with masking fluid or cut out of a frisket and applied to the drawing surface, protecting the surface from stray marks until the mask is removed.
Another method to preserve a section of the image is to apply a spray-on fixative to the surface. This holds loose material more firmly to the sheet and prevents it from smearing. However the fixative spray typically uses chemicals that can harm the respiratory system, so it should be employed in a well-ventilated area such as outdoors.
Another technique is subtractive drawing in which the drawing surface is covered with graphite or charcoal and then erased to make the image.[25]
Tone[edit]
Line drawing in sanguine by Leonardo da Vinci
Shading is the technique of varying the tonal values on the paper to represent the shade of the material as well as the placement of the shadows. Careful attention to reflected light, shadows and highlights can result in a very realistic rendition of the image.
Blending uses an implement to soften or spread the original drawing strokes. Blending is most easily done with a medium that does not immediately fix itself, such as graphite, chalk, or charcoal, although freshly applied ink can be smudged, wet or dry, for some effects. For shading and blending, the artist can use a blending stump, tissue, a kneaded eraser, a fingertip, or any combination of them. A piece of chamois is useful for creating smooth textures, and for removing material to lighten the tone. Continuous tone can be achieved with graphite on a smooth surface without blending, but the technique is laborious, involving small circular or oval strokes with a somewhat blunt point.
Shading techniques that also introduce texture to the drawing include hatching and stippling. A number of other methods produce texture. In addition to the choice of paper, drawing material and technique affect texture. Texture can be made to appear more realistic when it is drawn next to a contrasting texture; a coarse texture is more obvious when placed next to a smoothly blended area. A similar effect can be achieved by drawing different tones close together. A light edge next to a dark background stands out to the eye, and almost appears to float above the surface.
Form and proportion[edit]
Pencil portrait by Ingres
Measuring the dimensions of a subject while blocking in the drawing is an important step in producing a realistic rendition of the subject. Tools such as a compass can be used to measure the angles of different sides. These angles can be reproduced on the drawing surface and then rechecked to make sure they are accurate. Another form of measurement is to compare the relative sizes of different parts of the subject with each other. A finger placed at a point along the drawing implement can be used to compare that dimension with other parts of the image. A ruler can be used both as a straightedge and a device to compute proportions.
When attempting to draw a complicated shape such as a human figure, it is helpful at first to represent the form with a set of primitive volumes. Almost any form can be represented by some combination of the cube, sphere, cylinder, and cone. Once these basic volumes have been assembled into a likeness, then the drawing can be refined into a more accurate and polished form. The lines of the primitive volumes are removed and replaced by the final likeness. Drawing the underlying construction is a fundamental skill for representational art, and is taught in many books and schools. Its correct application resolves most uncertainties about smaller details, and makes the final image look consistent.[26]
A more refined art of figure drawing relies upon the artist possessing a deep understanding of anatomy and the human proportions. A trained artist is familiar with the skeleton structure, joint location, muscle placement, tendon movement, and how the different parts work together during movement. This allows the artist to render more natural poses that do not appear artificially stiff. The artist is also familiar with how the proportions vary depending on the age of the subject, particularly when drawing a portrait.
Perspective[edit]
Linear perspective is a method of portraying objects on a flat surface so that the dimensions shrink with distance. Each set of parallel, straight edges of any object, whether a building or a table, follows lines that eventually converge at a vanishing point. Typically this convergence point is somewhere along the horizon, as buildings are built level with the flat surface. When multiple structures are aligned with each other, such as buildings along a street, the horizontal tops and bottoms of the structures typically converge at a vanishing point.
Two-point perspective drawing
When both the fronts and sides of a building are drawn, then the parallel lines forming a side converge at a second point along the horizon (which may be off the drawing paper.) This is a two-point perspective.[27] Converging the vertical lines to a third point above or below the horizon then produces a three-point perspective.
Depth can also be portrayed by several techniques in addition to the perspective approach above. Objects of similar size should appear ever smaller the further they are from the viewer. Thus the back wheel of a cart appears slightly smaller than the front wheel. Depth can be portrayed through the use of texture. As the texture of an object gets further away it becomes more compressed and busy, taking on an entirely different character than if it was close. Depth can also be portrayed by reducing the contrast in more distant objects, and by making their colors less saturated. This reproduces the effect of atmospheric haze, and cause the eye to focus primarily on objects drawn in the foreground.
Artistry[edit]
Chiaroscuro study drawing by William-Adolphe Bouguereau
The composition of the image is an important element in producing an interesting work of artistic merit. The artist plans element placement in the art to communicate ideas and feelings with the viewer. The composition can determine the focus of the art, and result in a harmonious whole that is aesthetically appealing and stimulating.
The illumination of the subject is also a key element in creating an artistic piece, and the interplay of light and shadow is a valuable method in the artist's toolbox. The placement of the light sources can make a considerable difference in the type of message that is being presented. Multiple light sources can wash out any wrinkles in a person's face, for instance, and give a more youthful appearance. In contrast, a single light source, such as harsh daylight, can serve to highlight any texture or interesting features.
When drawing an object or figure, the skilled artist pays attention to both the area within the silhouette and what lies outside. The exterior is termed the negative space, and can be as important in the representation as the figure. Objects placed in the background of the figure should appear properly placed wherever they can be viewed.
Drawing process in the Academic Study of a Male Torso by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (1801, National Museum, Warsaw)
A study is a draft drawing that is made in preparation for a planned final image. Studies can be used to determine the appearances of specific parts of the completed image, or for experimenting with the best approach for accomplishing the end goal. However a well-crafted study can be a piece of art in its own right, and many hours of careful work can go into completing a study.
Process[edit]
Individuals display differences in their ability to produce visually accurate drawings.[28] A visually accurate drawing is described as being "recognized as a particular object at a particular time and in a particular space, rendered with little addition of visual detail that can not be seen in the object represented or with little deletion of visual detail”.[29]
Investigative studies have aimed to explain the reasons why some individuals draw better than others. One study posited four key abilities in the drawing process: perception of objects being drawn, ability to make good representational decisions, motor skills required for mark-making and the drawer's own perception of their drawing.[29] Following this hypothesis, several studies have sought to conclude which of these processes are most significant in affecting the accuracy of drawings.
Motor function Motor function is an important physical component in the 'Production Phase' of the drawing process.[30] It has been suggested that motor function plays a role in drawing ability, though its effects are not significant.[29]
Perception It has been suggested that an individual's ability to perceive an object they are drawing is the most important stage in the drawing process.[29] This suggestion is supported by the discovery of a robust relationship between perception and drawing ability.[31]
This evidence acted as the basis of Betty Edwards' how-to drawing book, Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain.[32] Edwards aimed to teach her readers how to draw, based on the development of the reader's perceptual abilities.
Furthermore, the influential artist and art critic John Ruskin emphasised the importance of perception in the drawing process in his book The Elements of Drawing.[33] He stated that "For I am nearly convinced, that once we see keenly enough, there is very little difficult in drawing what we see".
Visual memory has also been shown to influence one's ability to create visually accurate drawings. Short-term memory plays an important part in drawing as one’s gaze shifts between the object they are drawing and the drawing itself.[34]
***UPDATE*** Matt is revamping an additional bedroom into a home office. The desk makes the room, an good Risom to get productive. Ha. Thanks guys.
Stack all your ephemra in here. The rest of it you can store in massive teetering stacks in your basement. Let your heirs figure out what it all meant when you're dead. Everyone loves a great mystery.
Class of 2017 Cadets Haley Lee, Anna Rapp and Carly Katalinic proved to be an efficient lab team as they work on a toxicology experiment analyzing propylene glycol. Photo by Mike Strasser/USMA PAO
Ditch surrounding the field trial site of the Water Efficient Maize for Africa (WEMA) project, at the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute's Kiboko Research Station. As WEMA includes a transgenic component, strict controls are in place and no material may be removed from the site. The ditch is to keep out elephants, which can otherwise attack maize on trial sites during times of drought; the mound of excavated earth must be placed inside the ditch, or the elephants can use it to fill it in. The fence is also electrified as a further deterrent.
WEMA is led by the African Agricultural Technology Foundation (AATF) in partnership with several national agricultural research systems, Monsanto, and CIMMYT, which supplies germplasm and expertise.
For more about WEMA see: www.aatf-africa.org/wema/en/.
Photo credit: Anne Wangalachi/CIMMYT.
In order to anticipate upcoming thermal building regulations, the owner of the house opted for an energy efficient building right away. Very quickly, clay proved to be an exceptionally versatile building material meeting the specifications on façade and roof.
Architect: Allier-Myotte
Client: Maison Helies
Photographer: Laurent Cheviet
Clay roof tiles: Vauban straight cut natural red, KoraSun® PV support roof tiles and Actua slate grey.
Read more about the project on our Architectum blog.
Construction continues on the new vehicle maintenance facilities in Grafenwoehr, Germany. The facility is a part of the multi-phased $700 million Efficient Basing Grafenwoehr project. The project includes a new school, dinning facility, physical fitness center and housing - many of which are already complete. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Europe District is managing construction of the maintenance facility, along with many of the already completed facilities. The entire EB-G project is expect to wrap up construction in March 2010. (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers photo by Carol E. Davis)
Construction is underway on 122 affordable, energy-efficient rental homes in the final building of the National Society of Hope’s Apple Valley development in Kelowna.
The building will be constructed out of mass timber, which has a much lower carbon footprint than other traditional building methods.
Learn more: news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2022AG0010-000129
i = efficient / east german / a lover of duct tape.
this box has survived three moves, as evidenced by the three layers of different-coloured tape.
Le Sac Essentiel™ was born from both desire and necessity.
As a frequent business traveler, I have had many an opportunity to carefully consider my traveling needs and I believe efficient packing for a trip is both an art form and a science. Additionally, I long ago grew weary of the cookie-cutter options available for carrying my corporate and personal necessities with security and convenience.
To address the needs of the busy traveler, I designed the perfect travel companion, Le Sac Essentiel™. It will hold exactly what I need for my journies and thanks to the lovely fabrics available in the Amy Butler™ collections, it serves its function beautifully, looking smart, stylish and perfectly coordinated.
Among the most delightful tasks in this creative experience was the time I spent before the wall of fabrics in my studio, carefully considering each lovely pattern and colorway. After much mixing and matching and stepping back and admiring, I settled on a trio of colors and patterns to make Le Sac Essentiel™ the perfect bag - Chic - Functional - Sturdy .
The focal fabric is from the Nigella collection - Petal (lime/primrose). I selected the polka dot accent fabric from Damask Rose in the Lotus collection (lime/full moon polkadot) and the vibrant and delightful pink is Full Bloom (pink/coriander) from the Belle collection. My final fabric choices served as a lush and exhilirating inspiration as I set out to design my unique bag.
While drafting the original pattern, I kept in mind my list of travel essentials. Each of my business trips requires a short list of items which I have addressed in the design of Le Sac Essentiel™.
Laptop computer - nestled into its own zippered and padded carrying case
Business cards - stored neatly in their own little holder, easily accessible in one of the five interior pockets
Credit cards and petty cash - conveniently stored in a coordinating wallet
Computer cord - always a problematic item, easily stored in its own drawstring pouch
Two sets of keys - one for my car parked back at the airport and one for the rental - securely stored on a special clip on the side of the bag
Bottle of water - fits in one of two side pockets
Sunglasses - fit in the other side pocket
Small notebook - covered in coordinating fabric and stored easily in an interior pocket
Folder for business papers - coordinating fabric folder fits in an interior pocket
Business receipt envelope - lose receipts no more! Stash them in this small fabric envelope that fits easily into an interior pocket
Adjustable strap - vital as seasons/travel destinations change and therefore my outer clothing changes - Adjust the strap and it fits easily over my heavy coat
Extra Features
~ Large zippered exterior pocket ~ for items that require easy access and security
~ Metal feet ~ to prevent wear
~ Bonus space ~ to allow for carrying along a small bit of knitting that I never travel without (usually a child's hat or pair of socks).
The vibrant colors and stylish patterns that make Amy Butler™ fabrics so popular made creating the pattern and sewing the bag a true joy. I will be proud to carry this chic and lovely oversized messenger bag on my future business trips.
The school, after going energy-efficient.
From the 15th to the 19th of April, The Assistant Administrator and Regional Director of the UNDP Bureau for Europe and the Commonweal of Independent States - Ms. Cihan Sultanoglu visited Uzbekistan. During her visit she spoke at the International Conference on ‘Modern rural housing as the most important engine of comprehensive development of associated industries and services transforming the look of rural areas and the mentality of the people’ and visited UNDP project sites throughout Uzbekistan.
In Karakalpakstan Ms. Sultanoglu visited a school which has been reconstructed with energy-efficient technical features (through the ‘Energy Efficiency in Public Buildings’ project).
Learn more about Energy and Environment in Europe and Central Asia