Recommended in 1856, controversy surrounded this light before construction had even began and completed in 1860. Decisions on the need for a light and its location were made without even consulting the Pilots Board, the controlling authority, about the efficiency of a light at that location.

 

The problem was that the light was could not be visible from the Northern approach to Jervis Bay, and would barely be visible from the southern approach. Furthermore, the original map and marking of the proposed lighthouse location were so inaccurate that later there were doubts as whether the light had been erected on the selected sight. On top of this inaccuracy the contractor seems to have built the light closer to the quarry he was obtaining the stone from! In fact when inspected by members of the Pilots board it was found to be two and a half miles north of the intended site.

 

A Select Committee was established by the New South Wales Government to investigate the errors in locating the lighthouse.

 

From 1864 to 1893 there were twenty three ships wrecked on the South Coast of NSW in the vicinity of Jervis Bay.

 

The light was eventually replaced in 1889 by a new lighthouse at Point Perpendicular, a much more suitable location for a lighthouse on this part of the coast. The lantern was removed and later used in the Crookhaven Heads Lighthouse built in 1904.

 

After the commissioning of the new light it was considered that the confusion of having two towers in close proximity to one another would be a hazard to mariner in daylight. As a result, the Cape St George Tower was unceremoniously used from 1917 to 1922 for target practice by the Australian Navy and destroyed.

Tool knife: Jääkäripuukko 140 from Varusteleka, Finland. Modern interpretation of a military knife, also knows as the 'Jeager Puukko'. No-nonsense efficiency, 80CrV2 tool steel, tough and very affordable too. In practice more a utility knife than a combat knife. It has a very practical and secure sheath.

EFFICIENCY!

[The series on Thomas Day contains 13 images] This is a creative commons image, which you may freely use by linking to this page. Please respect the photographer and his work.

 

Taken at the North Carolina Museum of History, Raleigh. This is a selection of tools in a display of the man and his work, typical of those he probably used.

 

The following is from the Wikipedia article on Thomas Day. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Day_(North_Carolina)

 

“Thomas Day (c1801-c1861) was a free black American furniture designer and cabinetmaker in Caswell County, North Carolina. Day's furniture-making business became one of the largest of its kind in North Carolina, employing at one point up to twelve workers, and distributing furniture to wealthier customers throughout the state. Much of Day's furniture was produced for prominent political leaders, the state government, and the University of North Carolina.”

 

“Day began his cabinetmaking business in Milton, North Carolina with his brother, John Day, Jr., but his brother left Caswell County by 1825, leaving the cabinetry business solely to Thomas. John Day would later emigrate to Liberia and serve as Chief Justice of Liberia.”

 

“Day's furniture-making business, though owned by a free black American, employed the use of both black slaves and of white apprentices, despite the general belief that Day, as a free man, was of lower social stature than his white apprentices.”

 

“As a businessman, Day was quite successful, at one point becoming a stockholder in the State Bank of North Carolina, and Day owned significant real estate, including his place of business and residence. This was highly unusual for a free person of color in the era before the American Civil War. Day had even managed to steam-power much of his furniture-making implements, which aided greatly in his production volume and efficiency. A national economic panic in 1857 caused Day's furniture business to suffer heavily, and in 1861 or at some time shortly after, Thomas Day died, although his exact death date is not known due to the lack of local public records. Day's home and workshop have been restored and are significant points of local and state history. In addition, his furniture was and is still seen as some of the highest quality antebellum, native furniture in North Carolina. Pieces of Day's work have been displayed at various museums throughout North Carolina and Virginia, and an exhibit of Day's work opened at the North Carolina Museum of History in May, 2010.”

 

“Due to Day's status as a free black, and his unique achievements given the social and racial restrictions of the era, he is hailed as a highly important figure in the history of North Carolina's African American culture.”

 

1] www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~ncccha/biographies/thomasday.html

2] www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-antebellum/5082

3] Thomas Day Education Project—http://thomasday.net/

4] North Carolina Museum of History press release—http://ncmuseumofhistory.org/wgo/press_04122010a.html

5] photos of furniture—http://www.ncdcr.gov/features/thomas_day.asp

  

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License

The efficiency of the evening's spotting continued with another thing I'd been after. Here's my first sighting, and photo, of 37463 in newly-applied Local livery, heading over Pelham Bridge with a 9 to the city bus station on 4.5.23

 

As this was painted at Pickering, the livery treatment is different to members of the same batch painted at Lincoln.

Warm and welcoming, no?

.

.

(The sign from this place.)

Efficiency OL

 

IMO 9491666

 

Ocean Lance Bulk Carrier

 

Flag: Panama

Built: 2010

Length: 177.85 m

Beam: 28.6 m

Gross tonnage: 22852

DWT: 37000 t

 

Passing Gravesend. Outbound from the London Scrap Terminal, Northfleet.

 

Assisted by tug VB Strathdon.

 

5.4.25.

This aircraft was built in 1937 (c/n 1561) and is a four-seat single engine touring aircraft. It was far ahead of its competitors of that time in terms of efficiency and handling.

 

Please join my Facebook fan page:

www.facebook.com/pages/Thomas-Becker-Aviation-Photography...

 

...and there is a Plane Spotting group on Facebook you should visit:

www.facebook.com/groups/planespotting/

 

Flickr has done some major design changes (which I deeply regret). Are you missing collections in Flickr? Me, too!

But they are not lost, just hidden - you can go there by using one of the following links:

 

Special Aviation Photos

www.flickr.com/photos/thomasbecker/collections/7215762339...

 

Airlines of the World

www.flickr.com/photos/thomasbecker/collections/7215760571...

 

Aviation by Date

www.flickr.com/photos/thomasbecker/collections/7215760307...

 

Airline Alliances of the World

www.flickr.com/photos/thomasbecker/collections/7215762573...

3,000 views on 15th December 2013

2,000 view on 2nd November 2013

1,000 views on 9th October 2013

 

The "new" Police Station

 

In compliance with the Police (Scotland) Act of 1857 every County in Scotland (excluding Orkney & Shetland) was required to set up a police force or unite with a neighbour. In most cases what happened was the existing force was reconstituted, albeit with major clearance of existing staff.

 

Provided the force was deemed efficient, a Government grant of 25 per cent of the annual cost of upkeep of the force (wages and uniforms) was paid. To establish efficiency or otherwise, a new position - Her Majesty’s Inspector for Scotland (“HMI”) – was created and that pour soul travelled the length and breadth of Scotland every year, inspecting every force (including burgh/city ones if they had decided to remain separate from their County neighbours).

 

In the inaugural Report, produced in May 1859, and which covered the period from 16.3.1858 to 15.3.1859, the original Inspector, Colonel John Kinloch outlined his duty : to 'visit and enquire into the State and Efficiency of the Police appointed for every County and Burgh, and also into the State of the Police Stations, Charge Rooms, Cells, or Lock-ups, and other Premises occupied for the Use of such Police'.

 

He did however appreciate that “Rome was not built in a day” - and obviously neither were police stations!

 

In Colonel Kinloch's next Annual Report - covering the period March 1859 to March 1860 – he noted that the Sutherland Force had grown by one to NINE (one man for each district)and that there were also proposals to build a police station in the County Town of Dornoch. Presumably the Force Headquarters at that time was merely a spare room (or two) within the Sheriff Courthouse, or in the old Court building/Jail.

 

The officer for Dornoch would be the Sergeant (Deputy Chief Constable) by then, although the Chief constable would have been also the local bobby up until then. It would be some time before a Constable was also based in Dornoch. But despite that, there was still a need for a proper police office for the officer(s) to work out of and where the public could attend to make complaints, and also to hold prisoners.

 

Whichever building was used up until then would have been unsatisfactory, being without suitable accommodation in which to lodge prisoners - brought in from all parts of the county for Court appearance before the Sheriff.

 

The Commissioners met again on 30 April 1861, when a further increase in the Rogue Money assessment was set, this year being £200. The sum of £350 was to be required as the Police assessment for the year to 15/3/1862, to cover the cost of salaries, uniforms and other matters.

 

"The meeting do further assess a sum of £400 towards the expense of erecting a Police Station in Dornoch ... in terms of a pledge given (to) Colonel Kinloch, Her Majesty's Inspector of the constabulary force in Scotland, as the condition under which he reported the police force of this County efficient, entitling them to draw the Government allowance of 25 per cent, but this sum was not to be collected before the first day of October next."

 

The plans of the Station, and all matters relating to it, along with the contracts involved, were delegated to the Police Committee with full powers to take the matter forward to completion.

 

Mr Kinloch in April 1862 reported that plans (for the new Station at Dornoch) were well advanced. His plan had worked for once. Not all Counties and Burgh Police authorities were prepared to work with him - many stubbornly resisted his proposals!

 

Then, at the Annual Meeting of the Commissioners held on 30/4/1862, when it came to calculating the Police Assessment: "The Commissioners do therefore assess ... in the sum of £380, with a further sum of £300 to complete the Police Station now in the course of erection in the Burgh of Dornoch."

 

On 30th April 1863, the Police Assessment came to:"£850 including a balance due to the Bank disbursed on account of erecting the new Police Station."

 

Value for money was important, and value the people of Sutherland got! That building – in Dornoch Square - would be used as a Police Station for nearly 120 years!

 

As well as being the local Police Station for the Burgh of Dornoch (the burgh was one of few in Scotland never to have its own police force), it served as the Headquarters for the Sutherland Constabulary until that force merged with the Ross & Cromarty Constabulary in May 1963 – to form Ross & Sutherland Constabulary.. Thereafter it was the Sub Divisional Office for Sutherland throughout the existence of Ross & Sutherland Constabulary - which merged with the other forces of the Scottish Highlands & Islands on 16th May 1975 to form Northern Constabulary.

 

The original building was clearly by then no longer fit for purpose and plans were already afoot to build a new Station in Dornoch, and this finally opened in the early 1980s. Set on a rise just beyond the Square, it occupied an imposing position overlooking a petrol filling station, affording a good clear view of the Square and right up the main thoroughfare of Dornoch. At least it did, until the filling station went the same way as most urban ones, and closed and became a prime location for the building of flatted dwellings. Now the station no longer has a view, thanks to the new three story structure which now stands in front of it.

 

The new police station became the new Sub Divisional Station for Sutherland (Part of Central Division, which comprised almost the whole of the former Ross and Sutherland force area) , originally with a Chief Inspector and Inspector in charge. The higher rank was however soon redeployed elsewhere, an early precursor of a rationalisation of ranks.

 

In due course, in the early 1990s the Divisional structure was dissolved within Northern Constabulary, and 8 Area Commands were set up instead. Sutherland became a Sub Area of Caithness and Sutherland, with the Inspector at Dornoch being in charge of Sutherland Sub Area. More recent changes saw boundary changes result in formation on an enlarged Area Command, retitled Caithness, Sutherland and Easter Ross.

 

Dornoch was never a 24-hour Station and in 2011, Northern Constabulary announced a number of Station closures. Dornoch, as a larger station, would remain open but the public counter would only be open 0900-1700 Monday-Friday.

 

These days, it seems few members of the public actually call in person at a police station – most contact is nowadays done by telephone. Such is progress?

 

In preparation for the merger of all 8 Scottish Police Forces to form the “Police Service of Scotland” on 1st April 2013, signage was de-badged to remove all mention of the former force of origin. Hence removal of the sizeable Northern Constabulary logo from the Police Station sign board has resulted in an over-abundance of white space.

 

Although the “new” station is not unpleasing to the eye, to my mind the original station is far more impressive – even if was designed more on dwelling-house lines than as a “Police Complex”. It is one of a line of grand structures (all facing the Cathedral) ranked along the main street of Dornoch, including the old Jail (now a large shop), the Sheriff Courthouse (soon scheduled to close in favour of Tain) and the Bishop’s Castle (now a Hotel) - what once comprised a whole line of symbols of Dornoch’s status as an ancient Royal Burgh, Cathedral City and County town.

A spot I did for Moscow based business magazine Sekret Firmy in support of article regarding efficient energy use and how businesses are using heat and water for their energy.

Visit this location at Lovely in Second Life

Propeller cavitation. Test being carried out on a propeller to study cavitation effects. Cavitation is the formation of bubbles in a liquid due to changes in pressure, as happens in water being churned by a propeller. Studies of cavitation aim to improve propeller design to reduce the turbulence caused by this unwanted effect. Photographed in the Ship Division of the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK. For a set of similar images showing cavitation, see V330/161 to V330/164.

The BMW i8, first introduced as the BMW Concept Vision Efficient Dynamics, is a plug-in hybrid sports car developed by BMW. The 2015 model year BMW i8 has a 7.1 kWh lithium-ion battery pack that delivers an all-electric range of 37 km (23 mi) under the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC).[5] Under the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) cycle, the range in EV mode is 24 km (15 mi) with a small amount of gasoline consumption.

 

The BMW i8 can go from 0–100 km/h (0 to 60 mph) in 4.4 seconds and has a top speed of 250 km/h (155 mph). The BMW i8 has a fuel efficiency of 2.1 L/100 km (134.5 mpg-imp; 112.0 mpg-US) under the NEDC test with carbon emissions of 49 g/km. EPA rated the i8 combined fuel economy at 76 equivalent (MPG-equivalent) (3.1 L gasoline equivalent/100 km; 91 mpg-imp gasoline equivalent).

 

The initial turbodiesel concept car was unveiled at the 2009 International Motor Show Germany. The production version of the BMW i8 was unveiled at the 2013 Frankfurt Motor Show. The i8 was released in Germany in June 2014. Deliveries to retail customers in the U.S. began in August 2014. Global cumulative sales totaled almost 4,500 units through June 2015.

 

History

 

The i8 is part of BMW's "Project i" and it is being marketed as a new brand, BMW i, sold separately from BMW or Mini. The BMW i3, launched for retail customers in Europe in the fourth quarter of 2013, was the first model of the i brand available in the market, and it was followed by the i8, released in Germany in June 2014 as a 2015 model year. Other i models are expected to follow.

 

The initial turbodiesel concept car was unveiled at the 2009 International Motor Show Germany, In 2010, BMW announced the mass production of the Concept Vision Efficient Dynamics in Leipzig beginning in 2013 as the BMW i8. The BMW i8 gasoline-powered concept car destined for production was unveiled at the 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show. The production version of the BMW i8 was unveiled at the 2013 International Motor Show Germany. The following are the concept and pre-production models developed by BMW that precedeed the production version.

 

BMW Vision EfficientDynamics (2009)

 

BMW Vision EfficientDynamics concept car is a plug-in hybrid with a three cylinder turbodiesel engine. Additionally, there are two electric motors with 139 horsepower. It allows an acceleration to 100 km/h (62 mph) in 4.8 seconds and an electronically limited top speed of 250 km/h (160 mph).

 

According to BMW, the average fuel consumption in the EU test cycle (KV01) is 3.76 liters/100 kilometers, (75.1 mpg imp), and has a carbon dioxide emission rating of 99 grams per kilometer (1,3 l/100 km and 33g CO2/km ; EU-PHEV ECE-R101). The estimated all-electric range is 50 km (31 mi), and the 24-liter petrol tank extends the total vehicle range to up to 700 km (430 mi). The lightweight chassis is made mainly from aluminum. The windshield, top, doors and fenders are made from polycarbonate glass, with the body having a drag coefficient of 0.26.

 

The designers in charge of the BMW Vision EfficientDynamics Concept were Mario Majdandzic, Exterior Design and Jochen Paesen, Interior Design.

 

The vehicle was unveiled in 2009 International Motor Show Germany, followed by Auto China 2010.

 

BMW i8 Concept (2011)

 

BMW i8 Concept plug-in hybrid electric vehicle includes an electric motor located in the front axle powering the front wheels rated 96 kW (131 PS; 129 hp) and 250 N·m (184 lb·ft), a turbocharged 1.5-liter 3-cylinder gasoline engine driving rear wheels rated 164 kW (223 PS; 220 hp) and 300 N·m (221 lb·ft) of torque, with combined output of 260 kW (354 PS; 349 hp) and 550 N·m (406 lb·ft), a 7.2 kWh (26 MJ) lithium-ion battery pack that allows an all-electric range of 35 km (22 mi). All four wheels provide regenerative braking. The location of the battery pack in the energy tunnel gives the vehicle a low centre of gravity, enhancing its dynamics. Its top speed is electronically limited to 250 km/h (160 mph) and is expected to go from 0 to 100 km/h (0 to 60 mph) in 4.6 seconds. Under normal driving conditions the i8 is expected to deliver 80 mpg-US (2.9 L/100 km; 96 mpg-imp) under the European cycle. A full charge of the battery will take less than 2 hours using 220V. The positioning of the motor and engine over the axles results in optimum 50/50 weight distribution.

 

The vehicle was unveiled at the 2011 International Motor Show Germany, followed by CENTER 548 in New York City, 42nd Tokyo Motor Show 2011, 82nd Geneva Motor Show 2012, BMW i Born Electric Tour at the Palazzo delle Esposizioni at Via Nazionale 194 in Rome, Auto Shanghai 2013.

 

This concept car was featured in the film Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol.

 

BMW i8 Concept Spyder (2012)

 

The BMW i8 Concept Spyder included a slightly shorter wheelbase and overall length over the BMW i8 Concept, carbon-fibre-reinforced plastic (CFRP) Life module, drive modules made primarily from aluminium components, interlocking of surfaces and lines, 8.8-inch (22.4 cm) screen display, off-white outer layer, orange tone naturally tanned leather upholstery.

 

The vehicle was unveiled in Auto China 2012 in Beijing and won Concept Car of the Year, followed by 83rd Geneva International Motor Show 2013.

 

The designer of the BMW i8 Concept Spyder was Richard Kim.

 

BMW i8 coupe prototype (2013)

 

The design of the BMW i8 coupe prototype was based on the BMW i8 Concept. The BMW i8 prototype has an average fuel efficiency of less than 2.5 L/100 km (113.0 mpg-imp; 94.1 mpg-US) under the New European Driving Cycle with carbon emissions of less than 59 g/km. The i8 with its carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) passenger cell lightweight, aerodynamically optimized body, and BMW eDrive technology offers the dynamic performance of a sports car, with an expected 0–100 km (0–60 mi) sprint time of less than 4.5 seconds using both power sources. The plug-in hybrid system of the BMW i8 comprises a three-cylinder, 1.5-liter BMW TwinPower turbo gasoline engine combined with BMW eDrive technology used in the BMW i3 and develops maximum power of 170 kW (230 hp). The BMW i8 is the first BMW production model to be powered by a three-cylinder gasoline engine and the resulting specific output of 115 kW (154 hp) per liter of displacement is on a par with high-performance sports car engines and is the highest of any engine produced by the BMW Group.

 

The BMW i8's second power source is a hybrid synchronous electric motor specially developed and produced by the BMW Group for BMW i. The electric motor develops maximum power of 131 hp (96 kW) and produces its maximum torque of around 320 N·m (240 lbf·ft) from standstill. Typical of an electric motor, responsive power is instantly available when starting and this continues into the higher load ranges. As well as providing a power boost to assist the gasoline engine during acceleration, the electric motor can also power the vehicle by itself. Top speed in electric mode is approximately 120 km/h (75 mph), with a maximum driving range of up to 35 km (22 mi). Linear acceleration is maintained even at higher speeds since the interplay between the two power sources efficiently absorbs any power flow interruptions when shifting gears. The BMW i8 has an electronically controlled top speed of 250 km (160 mi), which can be reached and maintained when the vehicle operates solely on the gasoline engine. The model-specific version of the high-voltage 7.2 lithium-ion battery has a liquid cooling system and can be recharged at a conventional household power socket, at a BMW i Wallbox or at a public charging station. In the US a full recharge takes approximately 3.5 hours from a conventional 120V, 12 amp household circuit or approximately 1.5 hours from a 220V Level 2 charger.

 

The driver can also select several driving modes: SPORT, COMFORT and ECO PRO. Using the gear selector, the driver can either select position D for automated gear selection or can switch to SPORT mode. SPORT mode offers manual gear selection and at the same time switches to very sporty drive and suspension settings. In SPORT mode, the engine and electric motor deliver extra performance, accelerator response is faster and the power boost from the electric motor is maximized. And to keep the battery topped up, SPORT mode also activates maximum energy recuperation during overrun and braking as the electric motor’s generator function, which recharges the battery using kinetic energy, switches to a more powerful setting. The Driving Experience Control switch on the center console offers a choice of two settings. On starting, COMFORT mode is activated, which offers a balance between sporty performance and fuel efficiency, with unrestricted access to all convenience functions. Alternatively, the ECO PRO mode can be engaged, which, on the BMW i8 as on other models, supports an efficiency-optimized driving style. On this mode the powertrain controller coordinates the cooperation between the gasoline engine and the electric motor for maximum fuel economy. On deceleration, the intelligent energy management system automatically decides, in line with the driving situation and vehicle status, whether to recuperate braking energy or to coast with the powertrain disengaged. At the same time, ECO PRO mode also programs electrical convenience functions such as the air conditioning, seat heating and heated mirrors to operate at minimum power consumption, but without compromising safety. The maximum driving range of the BMW i8 on a full fuel tank and with a fully charged battery is more than 500 km (310 mi) in COMFORT mode, which can be increased by up to 20% in ECO PRO mode. The BMW i8’s ECO PRO mode can also be used during all-electric operation. The vehicle is then powered solely by the electric motor. Only if the battery charge drops below a given level, or under sudden intense throttle application such as kickdown, is the internal combustion engine automatically activated.

 

The vehicle was unveiled in BMW Group's Miramas test track in France.

 

Production version

 

The production BMW i8 was designed by Benoit Jacob. The production version was unveiled at the 2013 International Motor Show Germany, followed by 2013 Les Voiles de Saint-Tropez. It features butterfly doors, head-up display, rear-view cameras and partially false engine noise. Series production of customer vehicles began in April 2014. It is the first production car with laser headlights, reaching further than LED lights.

 

The i8 has a low vehicle weight of 1,485 kg (3,274 lb) (DIN kerb weight) and a low drag coefficient (Cd) of 0.26. In all-electric mode the BMW i8 has a top speed of 120 km/h (75 mph). In Sport mode the i8 delivers a mid-range acceleration from 80 to 120 km/h (50 to 75 mph) in 2.6 seconds. The electronically controlled top speed is 250 km/h (160 mph).

 

Range and fuel economy[edit]

The production i8 has a 7.1 kWh lithium-ion battery pack with a usable capacity of 5.2 kWh and intelligent energy management that delivers an all-electric range of 37 km (23 mi) under the NEDC cycle. Under the EPA cycle, the range in EV mode is 15 mi (24 km), with a gasoline consumption of 0.1 gallons per 100 mi, and as a result, EPA's all-electric range is zero. The total range is 330 mi (530 km).

 

The production version has a fuel efficiency of 2.1 L/100 km (134.5 mpg-imp; 112.0 mpg-US) under the NEDC test with carbon emissions of 49 g/km.[5] Under EPA cycle, the i8 combined fuel economy in EV mode was rated 76 equivalent (MPG-equivalent) (3.1 L gasoline equivalent/100 km; 91 mpg-imp gasoline equivalent), with an energy consumption of 43 kW-hrs/100 mi and gasoline consumption of 0.1 gal-US/100 mi. The combined fuel economy when running only with gasoline is 28 mpg-US (8.4 L/100 km; 34 mpg-imp), 28 mpg-US (8.4 L/100 km; 34 mpg-imp) for city driving, and 29 mpg-US (8.1 L/100 km; 35 mpg-imp) in highway.

 

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's 2014 edition of the "Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Fuel Economy Trends" introduced utility factors for plug-in hybrids to represent the percentage of miles that will be driven using electricity by an average driver, in electric only or blended modes. The BMW i8 has a utility factor in EV mode of 37%, compared with 83% for the BMW i3 REx, 66% for the Chevrolet Volt, 65% for the Cadillac ELR, 45% for the Ford Energi models, 43% for the McLaren P1, 39% for the Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid, and 29% for the Toyota Prius PHV.

 

[Text from Wikipedia]

 

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_i8

 

This Lego miniland-scale BMW i8 has been created for Flickr LUGNuts' 94th Build Challenge, - "Appease the Elves Summer Automobile Build-off (Part 2)", - a design challenge combining the resources of LUGNuts, TheLegoCarBlog (TLCB) and Head Turnerz.

Goat Island (previously called Iris Island) is a small island in the Niagara River, in the middle of Niagara Falls between the Bridal Veil Falls and the Horseshoe Falls. The island is at the southwest corner of the City of Niagara Falls (and of Niagara County), New York, in the United States and is part of Niagara Falls State Park.

 

Goat Island has no residents, but is a destination for tourists visiting the falls on the U.S. side. It has several viewing points, including from Terrapin Point. Goat Island is connected to the U.S. mainland by two bridges that carry foot, car, and trackless train traffic, and to the smaller Luna Island (adjacent to the American Falls) by a pedestrian bridge. Goat Island is largely wooded and is interlaced with foot trails. The Cave of the Winds tour elevator provides access down to the foot of the falls.

 

The island was formed during the recent retreat of the falls as it cut inward (upstream) through the Niagara Escarpment. The Niagara River's channel splits in two above the falls, creating two sets of falls, one on either side of the island. In 1959–60, the island's eastern side was extended about 8.5 acres (34,000 m2) for additional parking and a helicopter pad. Fill was provided from excavation for the construction of the Robert Moses State Parkway.[citation needed] In 1954–1955 the area between the Terrapin Rocks and Goat Island was filled in, creating Terrapin Point.

 

In the early 1980s, the United States Army Corps of Engineers filled in more land and built diversion dams and retaining walls to force the water away from Terrapin Point. All together 400 feet (120 m) of the Horseshoe Falls was eliminated, including 100 feet (30 m) on the Canadian side. According to author Ginger Strand, the Horseshoe Falls is now entirely in Canada. Other sources say "most of" Horseshoe Falls is in Canada.

 

The island's western end is slowly being eroded by the falls and the entire island will eventually disappear as the falls erode further upstream. The waters around Goat Island are relatively shallow and studded with islets and rocks, many of them scenes of dramatic rescues and rescue attempts.

 

John Stedman—an early pioneer and miller—kept a herd of goats on the island. Upon returning to the island after the terrible winter of 1780, he found all but one of them had died, thus giving the island its name.

 

The island's preservation as parkland is due to the early efforts of Augustus Porter, who in the middle 19th century recognized the long-term value of the falls as a tourist attraction. Porter purchased the island and allowed a group of Tuscarora Native Americans to live on it and sell their crafts to the tourists who came to the falls by stagecoach and early railroads. In spite of pressure, Porter refused to tame the environment on the island. In 1817, he built a toll bridge to the island for tourists. It was swept away by ice, so another was built the following year downstream. Basil Hall called it "one of the most singular pieces of engineering in the world". Almost seven hundred feet long, it soon became the region's best-travelled walkway.

 

In 1885, the island was included in the Niagara Reservation State Park which is the oldest state park in the U.S.

 

The island is home to the Tesla Monument which honors the Serbian-American inventor, Nikola Tesla. The statue was given to the United States by the government of Yugoslavia in 1976. The statue's sculptor is Frano Kršinić (1897–1982), a renowned Yugoslav sculptor. In mid-2016, the statue was moved to Stedman's Bluff, the section of the island that overlooks the Bridal Veil Falls and the American Falls, to increase popularity.

 

In 1879, landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted, wrote that he had travelled four thousand miles throughout the continent "without finding elsewhere the same quality of forest beauty which was once abundant about the falls, and which is still to be observed in those parts of Goat Island where the original growth of trees and shrubs had not been disturbed..." Olmsted concluded the spray from the Falls created a natural nursery for indigenous plant life. Since that time, regular mowing of the Goat Island meadow, heavy foot traffic, and the incursion of invasive species have significantly changed the island's floral landscape.

 

Part of H. G. Wells's 1908 novel The War in the Air is set on Goat Island. During the fictional invasion of the U.S. by the forces of Imperial Germany, depicted in the book, the protagonist is stranded on the island, with bridges to the mainland having been destroyed in the fighting, and is involved in a grim battle for survival with two equally stranded German soldiers.

 

The Niagara River is a river that flows north from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario. It forms part of the border between the province of Ontario in Canada (on the west) and the state of New York in the United States (on the east). There are differing theories as to the origin of the river's name. According to Iroquoian scholar Bruce Trigger, Niagara is derived from the name given to a branch of the locally residing native Neutral Confederacy, who are described as being called the Niagagarega people on several late-17th-century French maps of the area According to George R. Stewart, it comes from the name of an Iroquois town called Ongniaahra, meaning "point of land cut in two".

 

The river, which is occasionally described as a strait, is about 58 kilometres (36 mi) long and includes Niagara Falls in its course. The falls have moved approximately 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) upstream from the Niagara Escarpment in the last 12,000 years, resulting in a gorge below the falls. Today, the diversion of the river for electrical generation has significantly reduced the rate of erosion. The total drop in elevation along the river is 99 metres (325 ft). The Niagara Gorge extends downstream from the Falls and includes the Niagara Whirlpool and another section of rapids.

 

Power plants on the river include the Sir Adam Beck Hydroelectric Power Stations (built in 1922 and 1954) on the Canadian side, and the Robert Moses Niagara Power Plant (built in 1961) on the American side. Together, they generate 4.4 gigawatts of electricity. The International Control Works, built in 1954, regulates the river flow. Ships on the Great Lakes use the Welland Canal, part of the Saint Lawrence Seaway, on the Canadian side of the river, to bypass Niagara Falls.

 

The Niagara River also features two large islands and numerous smaller islands. Grand Island and Navy Island, the two largest islands, are on the American and Canadian sides of the river, respectively. Goat Island and the tiny Luna Island split Niagara Falls into its three sections, the Horseshoe Falls, Bridal Veil Falls, and American Falls. Unity Island lies further upstream, alongside the city of Buffalo.

 

The Niagara River and its tributaries, Tonawanda Creek and the Welland River, formed part of the last section of the Erie Canal and Welland Canal. After leaving Lockport, New York, the Erie Canal proceeds southwest until it enters Tonawanda Creek. After entering the Niagara River, watercraft then proceed southward to the final lock, where a short section of the canal allows boats to avoid the turbulent shoal water at the river intake and enter Lake Erie. The Welland Canals used the Welland River as a connection to the Niagara River south of the falls, allowing water traffic to safely re-enter the Niagara River and proceed to Lake Erie.

 

History

The Niagara River and trees are depicted in the painting.

Watercolour by Elizabeth Simcoe depicting the Niagara River from Queenston Heights, c. 1793

 

Niagara River at Queenston, Ontario, then known as Queenstown, Upper Canada, c. 1805 watercolour

The Niagara River and Falls have been known outside of North America since the late 17th century, when Father Louis Hennepin, a French explorer, first witnessed them. He wrote about his travels in A New Discovery of a Vast Country in America (1698).

 

The Niagara River was the site of the earliest recorded railway in America. It was an inclined wooden tramway built by John Montresor (1736–1799), a British military engineer, in 1764. Called "The Cradles" and "The Old Lewiston Incline", it featured loaded carts pulled up wooden rails by rope. It facilitated the movement of goods over the Niagara Escarpment in present-day Lewiston, New York.

 

In 1781, the Niagara Purchase was signed, involving a 6.5-kilometre-wide (4.0 mi) strip of land bordering the west bank of the Niagara River, connecting Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.

 

Several battles occurred along the Niagara River, which was historically defended by Fort George (Canadian side) and Fort Niagara (American side) at the mouth of the river and Fort Erie (Canadian side) at the head of the river. These forts were important during the Seven Years' War (known as the French and Indian War in the United States) and the American Revolutionary War. The Battle of Queenston Heights took place near the river in the War of 1812.

 

The river was an important route to liberation before the American Civil War, as many African-Americans escaping slavery on the Underground Railroad crossed it to find freedom in Canada. The Freedom Crossing Monument stands on the bank of the river in Lewiston to commemorate the courage of the escaping slaves and the local volunteers who helped them secretly cross the river.

 

In the 1880s, the Niagara River became the first waterway in the world harnessed for large-scale generation of hydroelectricity.

 

On the Canadian side of the river the provincial agency Niagara Parks Commission maintains all of the shoreline property, including Fort Erie, except the sites of Fort George (a National Historic Site maintained federally by Parks Canada), as a public greenspace and environmental heritage.

 

On the American side, the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation maintains several state parks adjacent to Niagara Falls and the Niagara River.

 

Today, the river is the namesake of Niagara Herald Extraordinary at the Canadian Heraldic Authority.

 

The Niagara River is listed as a Great Lakes Areas of Concern in The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement between the United States and Canada.

 

The Niagara River has a long history of both road and rail bridges spanning the river, both upstream and downstream of the Falls. This history includes numerous bridges that have fallen victim to the harsh conditions of the Niagara Gorge, such as landslides and icepacks.

 

United States Coast Guard Fort Niagara Station was once a United States Army post. There are no Canadian Coast Guard posts along the river. Fort Mississauga, Fort George and Fort Erie are former British and Canadian military forts (last used 1953, 1965 and 1923 respectively) and are now parks.

 

Navy Island Royal Naval Shipyard was used by the French Navy in the 18th century as a naval base and by the Royal Navy from 1763 as a small shipyard, and abandoned around 1818 after the ratification of the Rush–Bagot Treaty in 1817.

 

On the Canadian side the Niagara Parkway travels along the River from Lake Ontario to Lake Erie.

 

NY 18F lines the river on the state side from Fort Niagara to Lewiston. Niagara Scenic Parkway on the state side only travels along the River from the Falls to Lewiston. The remaining river sections (with some interruptions) are covered by the LaSalle Expressway, NY 384, NY 266 and I-190 (Niagara Thruway) / New York Thruway.

 

New York, sometimes called New York State, is a state in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It borders New Jersey and Pennsylvania to its south, New England and the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec to its north, and the Atlantic Ocean to its east. With almost 19.6 million residents, it is the fourth-most populous state in the United States and eighth-most densely populated as of 2023. New York is the 27th-largest U.S. state by area, with a total area of 54,556 square miles (141,300 km2).

 

New York has a varied geography. The southeastern part of the state, known as Downstate, encompasses New York City, the most populous city in the United States, Long Island, the most populous island in the United States, and the lower Hudson Valley. These areas are the center of the New York metropolitan area, a sprawling urban landmass, and account for approximately two-thirds of the state's population. The much larger Upstate area spreads from the Great Lakes to Lake Champlain, and includes the Adirondack Mountains and the Catskill Mountains (part of the wider Appalachian Mountains). The east–west Mohawk River Valley bisects the more mountainous regions of Upstate, and flows into the north–south Hudson River valley near the state capital of Albany. Western New York, home to the cities of Buffalo and Rochester, is part of the Great Lakes region and borders Lake Ontario and Lake Erie. Central New York is anchored by the city of Syracuse; between the central and western parts of the state, New York is dominated by the Finger Lakes, a popular tourist destination. To the south, along the state border with Pennsylvania, the Southern Tier sits atop the Allegheny Plateau, representing the northernmost reaches of Appalachia.

 

New York was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that went on to form the United States. The area of present-day New York had been inhabited by tribes of the Algonquians and the Iroquois Confederacy Native Americans for several thousand years by the time the earliest Europeans arrived. Stemming from Henry Hudson's expedition in 1609, the Dutch established the multiethnic colony of New Netherland in 1621. England seized the colony from the Dutch in 1664, renaming it the Province of New York. During the American Revolutionary War, a group of colonists eventually succeeded in establishing independence, and the former colony was officially admitted into the United States in 1788. From the early 19th century, New York's development of its interior, beginning with the construction of the Erie Canal, gave it incomparable advantages over other regions of the United States. The state built its political, cultural, and economic ascendancy over the next century, earning it the nickname of the "Empire State." Although deindustrialization eroded a significant portion of the state's economy in the second half of the 20th century, New York in the 21st century continues to be considered as a global node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance, and environmental sustainability.

 

The state attracts visitors from all over the globe, with the highest count of any U.S. state in 2022. Many of its landmarks are well known, including four of the world's ten most-visited tourist attractions in 2013: Times Square, Central Park, Niagara Falls and Grand Central Terminal. New York is home to approximately 200 colleges and universities, including two Ivy League universities, Columbia University and Cornell University, and the expansive State University of New York, which is among the largest university systems in the nation. New York City is home to the headquarters of the United Nations, and it is sometimes described as the world's most important city, the cultural, financial, and media epicenter, and the capital of the world.

 

The history of New York begins around 10,000 B.C. when the first people arrived. By 1100 A.D. two main cultures had become dominant as the Iroquoian and Algonquian developed. European discovery of New York was led by the Italian Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524 followed by the first land claim in 1609 by the Dutch. As part of New Netherland, the colony was important in the fur trade and eventually became an agricultural resource thanks to the patroon system. In 1626, the Dutch thought they had bought the island of Manhattan from Native Americans.[1] In 1664, England renamed the colony New York, after the Duke of York and Albany, brother of King Charles II. New York City gained prominence in the 18th century as a major trading port in the Thirteen Colonies.

 

New York played a pivotal role during the American Revolution and subsequent war. The Stamp Act Congress in 1765 brought together representatives from across the Thirteen Colonies to form a unified response to British policies. The Sons of Liberty were active in New York City to challenge British authority. After a major loss at the Battle of Long Island, the Continental Army suffered a series of additional defeats that forced a retreat from the New York City area, leaving the strategic port and harbor to the British army and navy as their North American base of operations for the rest of the war. The Battle of Saratoga was the turning point of the war in favor of the Americans, convincing France to formally ally with them. New York's constitution was adopted in 1777, and strongly influenced the United States Constitution. New York City was the national capital at various times between 1788 and 1790, where the Bill of Rights was drafted. Albany became the permanent state capital in 1797. In 1787, New York became the eleventh state to ratify the United States Constitution.

 

New York hosted significant transportation advancements in the 19th century, including the first steamboat line in 1807, the Erie Canal in 1825, and America's first regularly scheduled rail service in 1831. These advancements led to the expanded settlement of western New York and trade ties to the Midwest settlements around the Great Lakes.

 

Due to New York City's trade ties to the South, there were numerous southern sympathizers in the early days of the American Civil War and the mayor proposed secession. Far from any of the battles, New York ultimately sent the most soldiers and money to support the Union cause. Thereafter, the state helped create the industrial age and consequently was home to some of the first labor unions.

 

During the 19th century, New York City became the main entry point for European immigrants to the United States, beginning with a wave of Irish during their Great Famine. Millions came through Castle Clinton in Battery Park before Ellis Island opened in 1892 to welcome millions more, increasingly from eastern and southern Europe. The Statue of Liberty opened in 1886 and became a symbol of hope. New York boomed during the Roaring Twenties, before the Wall Street Crash of 1929, and skyscrapers expressed the energy of the city. New York City was the site of successive tallest buildings in the world from 1913 to 1974.

 

The buildup of defense industries for World War II turned around the state's economy from the Great Depression, as hundreds of thousands worked to defeat the Axis powers. Following the war, the state experienced significant suburbanization around all the major cities, and most central cities shrank. The Thruway system opened in 1956, signaling another era of transportation advances.

 

Following a period of near-bankruptcy in the late 1970s, New York City renewed its stature as a cultural center, attracted more immigration, and hosted the development of new music styles. The city developed from publishing to become a media capital over the second half of the 20th century, hosting most national news channels and broadcasts. Some of its newspapers became nationally and globally renowned. The state's manufacturing base eroded with the restructuring of industry, and the state transitioned into service industries.

 

The first peoples of New York are estimated to have arrived around 10,000 BC. Around AD 800, Iroquois ancestors moved into the area from the Appalachian region. The people of the Point Peninsula complex were the predecessors of the Algonquian peoples of New York. By around 1100, the distinct Iroquoian-speaking and Algonquian-speaking cultures that would eventually be encountered by Europeans had developed. The five nations of the Iroquois League developed a powerful confederacy about the 15th century that controlled territory throughout present-day New York, into Pennsylvania around the Great Lakes. For centuries, the Mohawk cultivated maize fields in the lowlands of the Mohawk River, which were later taken over by Dutch settlers at Schenectady, New York when they bought this territory. The Iroquois nations to the west also had well-cultivated areas and orchards.

 

The Iroquois established dominance over the fur trade throughout their territory, bargaining with European colonists. Other New York tribes were more subject to either European destruction or assimilation within the Iroquoian confederacy. Situated at major Native trade routes in the Northeast and positioned between French and English zones of settlement, the Iroquois were intensely caught up with the onrush of Europeans, which is also to say that the settlers, whether Dutch, French or English, were caught up with the Iroquois as well. Algonquian tribes were less united among their tribes; they typically lived along rivers, streams, or the Atlantic Coast. But, both groups of natives were well-established peoples with highly sophisticated cultural systems; these were little understood or appreciated by the European colonists who encountered them. The natives had "a complex and elaborate native economy that included hunting, gathering, manufacturing, and farming...[and were] a mosaic of Native American tribes, nations, languages, and political associations." The Iroquois usually met at an Onondaga in Northern New York, which changed every century or so, where they would coordinate policies on how to deal with Europeans and strengthen the bond between the Five Nations.

 

Tribes who have managed to call New York home have been the Iroquois, Mohawk, Mohican, Susquehannock, Petun, Chonnonton, Ontario and Nanticoke.

 

In 1524, Giovanni da Verrazzano, an Italian explorer in the service of the French crown, explored the Atlantic coast of North America between the Carolinas and Newfoundland, including New York Harbor and Narragansett Bay. On April 17, 1524, Verrazzano entered New York Bay, by way of the Strait now called the Narrows. He described "a vast coastline with a deep delta in which every kind of ship could pass" and he adds: "that it extends inland for a league and opens up to form a beautiful lake. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats". He landed on the tip of Manhattan and perhaps on the furthest point of Long Island.

 

In 1535, Jacques Cartier, a French explorer, became the first European to describe and map the Saint Lawrence River from the Atlantic Ocean, sailing as far upriver as the site of Montreal.

 

On April 4, 1609, Henry Hudson, in the employ of the Dutch East India Company, departed Amsterdam in command of the ship Halve Maen (Half Moon). On September 3 he reached the estuary of the Hudson River. He sailed up the Hudson River to about Albany near the confluence of the Mohawk River and the Hudson. His voyage was used to establish Dutch claims to the region and to the fur trade that prospered there after a trading post was established at Albany in 1614.

 

In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Christiaensen, built Fort Nassau (now Albany) the first Dutch settlement in North America and the first European settlement in what would become New York. It was replaced by nearby Fort Orange in 1623. In 1625, Fort Amsterdam was built on the southern tip of Manhattan Island to defend the Hudson River. This settlement grew to become the city New Amsterdam.

 

The British conquered New Netherland in 1664; Lenient terms of surrender most likely kept local resistance to a minimum. The colony and New Amsterdam were both renamed New York (and "Beverwijck" was renamed Albany) after its new proprietor, James II later King of England, Ireland and Scotland, who was at the time Duke of York and Duke of Albany The population of New Netherland at the time of English takeover was 7,000–8,000.

 

Thousands of poor German farmers, chiefly from the Palatine region of Germany, migrated to upstate districts after 1700. They kept to themselves, married their own, spoke German, attended Lutheran churches, and retained their own customs and foods. They emphasized farm ownership. Some mastered English to become conversant with local legal and business opportunities. They ignored the Indians and tolerated slavery (although few were rich enough to own a slave).

 

Large manors were developed along the Hudson River by elite colonists during the 18th century, including Livingston, Cortlandt, Philipsburg, and Rensselaerswyck. The manors represented more than half of the colony's undeveloped land. The Province of New York thrived during this time, its economy strengthened by Long Island and Hudson Valley agriculture, in conjunction with trade and artisanal activity at the Port of New York; the colony was a breadbasket and lumberyard for the British sugar colonies in the Caribbean. New York's population grew substantially during this century: from the first colonial census (1698) to the last (1771), the province grew ninefold, from 18,067 to 168,007.

 

New York in the American Revolution

Further information: John Peter Zenger, Stamp Act Congress, Invasion of Canada (1775), New York and New Jersey campaign, Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War, and Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War

 

New York played a pivotal role in the Revolutionary War. The colony verged on revolt following the Stamp Act of 1765, advancing the New York City–based Sons of Liberty to the forefront of New York politics. The Act exacerbated the depression the province experienced after unsuccessfully invading Canada in 1760. Even though New York City merchants lost out on lucrative military contracts, the group sought common ground between the King and the people; however, compromise became impossible as of April 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord. In that aftermath the New York Provincial Congress on June 9, 1775, for five pounds sterling for each hundredweight of gunpowder delivered to each county's committee.

 

Two powerful families had for decades assembled colony-wide coalitions of supporters. With few exceptions, members long associated with the DeLancey faction went along when its leadership decided to support the crown, while members of the Livingston faction became Patriots.

 

New York's strategic central location and port made it key to controlling the colonies. The British assembled the century's largest fleet: at one point 30,000 British sailors and soldiers anchored off Staten Island. General George Washington barely escaped New York City with his army in November 1776; General Sir William Howe was successful in driving Washington out, but erred by expanding into New Jersey. By January 1777, he retained only a few outposts near New York City. The British held the city for the duration, using it as a base for expeditions against other targets.

 

In October 1777, American General Horatio Gates won the Battle of Saratoga, later regarded as the war's turning point. Had Gates not held, the rebellion might well have broken down: losing Saratoga would have cost the entire Hudson–Champlain corridor, which would have separated New England from the rest of the colonies and split the future union.

 

Upon war's end, New York's borders became well–defined: the counties east of Lake Champlain became Vermont and the state's western borders were settled by 1786.

 

Many Iroquois supported the British (typically fearing future American ambitions). Many were killed during the war; others went into exile with the British. Those remaining lived on twelve reservations; by 1826 only eight reservations remained, all of which survived into the 21st century.

 

The state adopted its constitution in April 1777, creating a strong executive and strict separation of powers. It strongly influenced the federal constitution a decade later. Debate over the federal constitution in 1787 led to formation of the groups known as Federalists—mainly "downstaters" (those who lived in or near New York City) who supported a strong national government—and Antifederalists—mainly upstaters (those who lived to the city's north and west) who opposed large national institutions. In 1787, Alexander Hamilton, a leading Federalist from New York and signatory to the Constitution, wrote the first essay of the Federalist Papers. He published and wrote most of the series in New York City newspapers in support of the proposed United States Constitution. Antifederalists were not swayed by the arguments, but the state ratified it in 1788.

 

In 1785, New York City became the national capital and continued as such on and off until 1790; George Washington was inaugurated as the first President of the United States in front of Federal Hall in 1789. The United States Bill of Rights was drafted there, and the United States Supreme Court sat for the first time. From statehood to 1797, the Legislature frequently moved the state capital between Albany, Kingston, Poughkeepsie, and New York City. Thereafter, Albany retained that role.

 

In the early 19th century, New York became a center for advancement in transportation. In 1807, Robert Fulton initiated a steamboat line from New York to Albany, the first successful enterprise of its kind. By 1815, Albany was the state's turnpike center, which established the city as the hub for pioneers migrating west to Buffalo and the Michigan Territory.

 

In 1825 the Erie Canal opened, securing the state's economic dominance. Its impact was enormous: one source stated, "Linking the Atlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes, the canal was an act of political will that joined the regions of the state, created a vast economic hinterland for New York City, and established a ready market for agricultural products from the state's interior." In that year western New York transitioned from "frontier" to settled area. By this time, all counties and most municipalities had incorporated, approximately matching the state's is organized today. In 1831, the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad started the country's first successful regularly–scheduled steam railroad service.

 

Advancing transportation quickly led to settlement of the fertile Mohawk and Gennessee valleys and the Niagara Frontier. Buffalo and Rochester became boomtowns. Significant migration of New England "Yankees" (mainly of English descent) to the central and western parts of the state led to minor conflicts with the more settled "Yorkers" (mainly of German, Dutch, and Scottish descent). More than 15% of the state's 1850 population had been born in New England[citation needed]. The western part of the state grew fastest at this time. By 1840, New York was home to seven of the nation's thirty largest cities.

 

During this period, towns established academies for education, including for girls. The western area of the state was a center of progressive causes, including support of abolitionism, temperance, and women's rights. Religious enthusiasms flourished and the Latter Day Saint movement was founded in the area by Joseph Smith and his vision. Some supporters of abolition participated in the Underground Railroad, helping fugitive slaves reach freedom in Canada or in New York.

 

In addition, in the early 1840s the state legislature and Governor William H. Seward expanded rights for free blacks and fugitive slaves in New York: in 1840 the legislature passed laws protecting the rights of African Americans against Southern slave-catchers. One guaranteed alleged fugitive slaves the right of a jury trial in New York to establish whether they were slaves, and another pledged the aid of the state to recover free blacks kidnapped into slavery, (as happened to Solomon Northup of Saratoga Springs in 1841, who did not regain freedom until 1853.) In 1841 Seward signed legislation to repeal a "nine-month law" that allowed slaveholders to bring their slaves into the state for a period of nine months before they were considered free. After this, slaves brought to the state were immediately considered freed, as was the case in some other free states. Seward also signed legislation to establish public education for all children, leaving it up to local jurisdictions as to how that would be supplied (some had segregated schools).

 

New York culture bloomed in the first half of the 19th century: in 1809 Washington Irving wrote the satirical A History of New York under the pen name Diedrich Knickerbocker, and in 1819 he based Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow in Hudson Valley towns. Thomas Cole's Hudson River School was established in the 1830s by showcasing dramatic landscapes of the Hudson Valley. The first baseball teams formed in New York City in the 1840s, including the New York Knickerbockers. Professional baseball later located its Hall of Fame in Cooperstown. Saratoga Race Course, an annual summer attraction in Saratoga Springs, opened in 1847.

 

A civil war was not in the best interest of business, because New York had strong ties to the Deep South, both through the port of New York and manufacture of cotton goods in upstate textile mills. Half of New York City's exports were related to cotton before the war. Southern businessmen so frequently traveled to the city that they established favorite hotels and restaurants. Trade was based on moving Southern goods. The city's large Democrat community feared the impact of Abraham Lincoln's election in 1860 and the mayor urged secession of New York.

 

By the time of the 1861 Battle of Fort Sumter, such political differences decreased and the state quickly met Lincoln's request for soldiers and supplies. More soldiers fought from New York than any other Northern state. While no battles were waged in New York, the state was not immune to Confederate conspiracies, including one to burn various New York cities and another to invade the state via Canada.

 

In January 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed the slaves in states that were still in rebellion against the union. In March 1863, the federal draft law was changed so that male citizens between 20 and 35 and unmarried citizens to age 45 were subject to conscription. Those who could afford to hire a substitute or pay $300 were exempt. Antiwar newspaper editors attacked the law, and many immigrants and their descendants resented being drafted in place of people who could buy their way out. Democratic Party leaders raised the specter of a deluge of freed southern blacks competing with the white working class, then dominated by ethnic Irish and immigrants. On the lottery's first day, July 11, 1863, the first lottery draw was held. On Monday, July 13, 1863, five days of large-scale riots began, which were dominated by ethnic Irish, who targeted blacks in the city, their neighborhoods, and known abolitionist sympathizers. As a result, many blacks left Manhattan permanently, moving to Brooklyn or other areas.

 

In the following decades, New York strengthened its dominance of the financial and banking industries. Manufacturing continued to rise: Eastman Kodak founded in 1888 in Rochester, General Electric in Schenectady, and Endicott-Johnson Shoe Company in the Triple Cities are some of the well-known companies founded during this period. Buffalo and Niagara Falls attracted numerous factories following the advent of hydroelectric power in the area. With industry blooming, workers began to unite in New York as early as the 1820s. By 1882, the Knights of Labor in New York City had 60,000 members. Trade unions used political influence to limit working hours as early as 1867. At the same time, New York's agricultural output peaked. Focus changed from crop-based to dairy-based agriculture. The cheese industry became established in the Mohawk Valley. By 1881, the state had more than 241,000 farms. In the same period, the area around New York harbor became the world's oyster capital, retaining that title into the early twentieth century.

 

Immigration increased throughout the latter half of the 19th century. Starting with refugees from the Great Famine of Ireland in the 1840s, New York became a prominent entry point for those seeking a new life in the United States. Between 1855 and 1890, an estimated 8 million immigrants passed through Castle Clinton at Battery Park in Manhattan. Early in this period, most immigrants came from Ireland and Germany. Ellis Island opened in 1892, and between 1880 and 1920, most immigrants were German and Eastern European Jews, Poles, and other Eastern and Southern Europeans, including many Italians. By 1925, New York City's population outnumbered that of London, making it the most populous city in the world. Arguably New York's most identifiable symbol, Liberty Enlightening the World (the Statue of Liberty), a gift from France for the American centennial, was completed in 1886. By the early 20th century, the statue was regarded as the "Mother of Exiles"—a symbol of hope to immigrants.

 

New York's political pattern changed little after the mid–19th century. New York City and its metropolitan area was already heavily Democrat; Upstate was aligned with the Republican Party and was a center of abolitionist activists. In the 1850s, Democratic Tammany Hall became one of the most powerful and durable political machines in United States history. Boss William Tweed brought the organization to the forefront of city and then state politics in the 1860s. Based on its command of a large population, Tammany maintained influence until at least the 1930s. Outside the city, Republicans were able to influence the redistricting process enough to constrain New York City and capture control of the Legislature in 1894. Both parties have seen national political success: in the 39 presidential elections between 1856 and 2010, Republicans won 19 times and Democrats 20 times.

 

By 1901, New York was the richest and most populous state. Two years prior, the five boroughs of New York City became one city. Within decades, the city's emblem had become the skyscraper: the Woolworth Building was the tallest building in the world from 1913, surpassed by 40 Wall Street in April 1930, the Chrysler Building in 1930, the Empire State Building in 1931, and the World Trade Center in 1972 before losing the title in 1974.

 

The state was serviced by over a dozen major railroads and at the start of the 20th century and electric Interurban rail networks began to spring up around Syracuse, Rochester and other cities in New York during this period.

 

In the late 1890s governor Theodore Roosevelt and fellow Republicans such as Charles Evans Hughes worked with many Democrats such as Al Smith to promote Progressivism. They battled trusts and monopolies (especially in the insurance industry), promoted efficiency, fought waste, and called for more democracy in politics. Democrats focused more on the benefits of progressivism for their own ethnic working class base and for labor unions.

 

Democratic political machines, especially Tammany Hall in Manhattan, opposed woman suffrage because they feared that the addition of female voters would dilute the control they had established over groups of male voters. By the time of the New York State referendum on women's suffrage in 1917, however, some wives and daughters of Tammany Hall leaders were working for suffrage, leading it to take a neutral position that was crucial to the referendum's passage.

 

Following a sharp but short-lived Depression at the beginning of the decade, New York enjoyed a booming economy during the Roaring Twenties. New York suffered during the Great Depression, which began with the Wall Street crash on Black Tuesday in 1929. The Securities and Exchange Commission opened in 1934 to regulate the stock market. Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected governor in 1928, and the state faced upwards of 25% unemployment. His Temporary Emergency Relief Agency, established in 1931, was the first work relief program in the nation and influenced the national Federal Emergency Relief Administration. Roosevelt was elected President in 1932 in part because of his promises to extend New York–style relief programs across the country via his New Deal. In 1932, Lake Placid was host to the III Olympic Winter Games.

 

As the largest state, New York again supplied the most resources during World War II. New York manufactured 11 percent of total United States military armaments produced during the war and suffered 31,215 casualties. The war affected the state both socially and economically. For example, to overcome discriminatory labor practices, Governor Herbert H. Lehman created the Committee on Discrimination in Employment in 1941 and Governor Thomas E. Dewey signed the Ives-Quinn Act in 1945, banning employment discrimination. The G.I. Bill of 1944, which offered returning soldiers the opportunity of affordable higher education, forced New York to create a public university system since its private universities could not handle the influx; the State University of New York was created by Governor Dewey in 1948.

 

World War II constituted New York's last great industrial era. At its conclusion, the defense industry shrank and the economy shifted towards producing services rather than goods. Returning soldiers disproportionately displaced female and minority workers who had entered the industrial workforce only when the war left employers no other choice. Companies moved to the south and west, seeking lower taxes and a less costly, non–union workforce. Many workers followed the jobs. The middle class expanded and created suburbs such as the one on Long Island. The automobile accelerated this decentralization; planned communities like Levittown offered affordable middle-class housing.

 

Larger cities stopped growing around 1950. Growth resumed only in New York City, in the 1980s. Buffalo's population fell by half between 1950 and 2000. Reduced immigration and worker migration led New York State's population to decline for the first time between 1970 and 1980. California and Texas both surpassed it in population.

 

New York entered its third era of massive transportation projects by building highways, notably the New York State Thruway. The project was unpopular with New York City Democrats, who referred to it as "Dewey's ditch" and the "enemy of schools", because the Thruway disproportionately benefited upstate. The highway was based on the German Autobahn and was unlike anything seen at that point in the United States. It was within 30 miles (50 km) of 90% of the population at its conception. Costing $600 million, the full 427-mile (687 km) project opened in 1956.

 

Nelson Rockefeller was governor from 1959 to 1973 and changed New York politics. He began as a liberal, but grew more conservative: he limited SUNY's growth, responded aggressively to the Attica Prison riot, and promulgated the uniquely severe Rockefeller Drug Laws. The World Trade Center and other profligate projects nearly drove New York City into bankruptcy in 1975. The state took substantial budgetary control, which eventually led to improved fiscal prudence.

 

The Executive Mansion was retaken by Democrats in 1974 and remained under Democratic control for 20 years under Hugh Carey and Mario Cuomo. Late–century Democrats became more centrist, including US Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan (1977–2001) and New York City Mayor Ed Koch (1978–1989), while state Republicans began to align themselves with the more conservative national party. They gained power through the elections of Senator Alfonse D'Amato in 1980, Mayor Rudolph Giuliani in 1993, and Governor George Pataki in 1994. New York remained one of the most liberal states. In 1984, Ronald Reagan was the last Republican to carry the state, although Republican Michael Bloomberg served as New York City mayor in the early 21st century.

 

In the late 20th century, telecommunication and high technology industries employed many New Yorkers. New York City was especially successful at this transition. Entrepreneurs created many small companies, as industrial firms such as Polaroid withered. This success drew many young professionals into the still–dwindling cities. New York City was the exception and has continued to draw new residents. The energy of the city created attractions and new businesses. Some people believe that changes in policing created a less threatening environment; crime rates dropped, and urban development reduced urban decay.

 

This in turn led to a surge in culture. New York City became, once again, "the center for all things chic and trendy". Hip-hop and rap music, led by New York City, became the most popular pop genre. Immigration to both the city and state rose. New York City, with a large gay and lesbian community, suffered many deaths from AIDS beginning in the 1980s.

 

New York City increased its already large share of television programming, home to the network news broadcasts, as well as two of the three major cable news networks. The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times became two of the three "national" newspapers, read throughout the country. New York also increased its dominance of the financial services industry centered on Wall Street, led by banking expansion, a rising stock market, innovations in investment banking, including junk bond trading and accelerated by the savings and loan crisis that decimated competitors elsewhere in New York.

 

Upstate did not fare as well as downstate; the major industries that began to reinvigorate New York City did not typically spread to other regions. The number of farms in the state had fallen to 30,000 by 1997. City populations continued to decline while suburbs grew in area, but did not increase proportionately in population. High-tech industry grew in cities such as Corning and Rochester. Overall New York entered the new millennium "in a position of economic strength and optimism".

 

In 2001, New York entered a new era following the 9/11 attacks, the worst terrorist attack ever to take place on American soil. Two of the four hijacked passenger jets crashed into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center, destroying them, and killing almost 3,000 people. One flew into the Pentagon demolishing the walls. The final one was almost taken back over by the passengers aboard and crashed into an open grassland with 296 out of the 500 people dead. Thousands of New Yorkers volunteered their time to search the ruin for survivors and remains in the following weeks.

 

Following the attacks, plans were announced to rebuild the World Trade Center site. 7 World Trade Center became the first World Trade Center skyscraper to be rebuilt in five years after the attacks. One World Trade Center, four more office towers, and a memorial to the casualties of the September 11 attacks are under construction as of 2011. One World Trade Center opened on November 3, 2014.

 

On October 29 and 30, 2012, Hurricane Sandy caused extensive destruction of the state's shorelines, ravaging portions of New York City, Long Island, and southern Westchester with record-high storm surge, with severe flooding and high winds causing power outages for hundreds of thousands of New Yorkers, and leading to gasoline shortages and disruption of mass transit systems. The storm and its profound effects have prompted the discussion of constructing seawalls and other coastal barriers around the shorelines of New York City and Long Island to minimize the risk from another such future event. Such risk is considered highly probable due to global warming and rising sea levels.

I enjoyed a few hours down at the habour this evening , I met up with a few fellow photographers who had come down to capture the activity of vessels either arriving or leaving for the North Sea.

  

Edda Ferd, PSV – Hybrid Platform Supply Vessel

 

The Edda Ferd is a platform supply vessel used to support oil rig operations in the North Sea.

 

A new build, the Østensjø Edda Ferd has been designed with a focus on quality, safety and efficiency. This is the first integration of a Corvus Energy ESS and Siemens’ BlueDrive PlusC propulsion system.

 

Name: Edda Ferd

Type: 92.6 m Platform Supply Vessel (PSV)

Duty: North Sea Offshore Drilling Platform Service & Support

Pack: 40 x 6.5kWh

Capacity: 260kWh

Bus Voltage : 888VDC

Partners: Østensjø Rederi, Siemens, Corvus Energy

 

Edda Ferd, PSV is based in Haugesund, Norway operating in the North Sea.

 

General

Operator:Østensjø Rederi AS

Built:2013

Builder:Astilleros Gondan. Spain

Yard no.:444

Call sign:LAZO7

Flag:NIS

Port of Registry:Haugesund

IMO no.:9625504

MMSI No.:259161000

Classification:DnV +1A1, SF, E0, OFFSHORE SERVICE VESSEL+, SUPPLY, DK(+), DYNPOS-AUTR, HL(2.8), LFL*, CLEAN DESIGN, NAUT-OSV(A), COMF-V3-C2, OIL REC, DEICE

Safety regulations:NMA, Trade Worldwide within GMDSS A3, Solas 1974/1978, International Convention on Load Lines, Pollution Prevention - MARPOL 1973/1978, INLS Certificate

 

Dimensions

Length o.a.:92,6 m

Length b.p.:82,2 m

Breadth mld.:20,6 m

Depth mld.:9,0 m

Draft max.:7,2 m

Air draft:32,46m

Tonnage - Deadweight

Deadweight:5122 t

Gross tonnage:4870 GT

Net tonnage:1462 NT

Deck loading capacities

Cargo deck:1038 m2

 

Deck equipment

Anchor chain:2 x 11 shacles.

Anchor Windlass / Mooring Winch:15,5 tons.

Mooring winch:Forward: 2 x 16 tons Aft: 2 x 10 tons

Deck cranes:Port: 1 x MacGregor SWL1,5 t@ 8m / Starboard: 1 x MacGregor SWL 3,0 t @ 10m

Tugger winches:2 x 15 tons.

 

Propulsion

General:Battery Hybrid Power Station and 2 x VSP each 2700 kW. 2 x AC asynchronous water-cooled motors each 2700 kW.

Main engines:2 x MAK 6M25C a` 2000kW - 2 x MAK 9M25C a`3000 kW

Fuel type:MDO /MGO

Auxiliaries / Electrical power

Generators:2 x Simens generator 2222 kW / 2 x Simens generator 3333 kW

Emergency generator:Caterpillar Emergency generator 158 kW

 

Speed / Consumption

Max speed / Consumption:abt. 16,0 knots

Main propellers

Maker:Voith Schneider propellers

Type:2 x 2700 KW

 

Thrusters

Bow thrusters:2 x 1400 kW FP , electric driven low noise tunnel thrusters. Plus 1 x 800 kW RIM tunnel thruster

Bridge / Manoeuvering

Bridge controls:5 control stands. (forward, 2 x aft, starboard, port)

Loading / Discharging:Simens IAS. Remote monitoring of all tanks including loading/discharging operations and start/stop of all pumps.

 

Dynamic positioning system

Type:Kongsberg K-Pos.

Approval / Class:DNV DYNPOS-AUTR. IMO Class 2

Reference systems:DPS 112, DPS 132, CyScan, Mini-Radascan

Sensors:3 x Gyro, 3 x Motion Reference Unit, 2 x Wind sensor

ERN number:99,99,99,99

Liquid tank capacities

Marine Gas Oil:1100 m3 included 2 chemical and 4 special prod. tanks connected to fuel system.

POT water:1000 m3

Drill Water/Ballast:2280 m3

Mud:Mud/Brine system 513 m3. Special product system 370 m3. Total 883 m3.

Brine:Brine/mud system 513 m3. Special product system 702 m3. Total 1215 m3

Base oil:Total 702 m3. When using combined tanks.

Methanol:Total 440 m3. When using combined tanks.

Special products LFL/LFL*:720 m3

Drill Cuttings:720 m3

 

Liquid discharge

Fuel Oil pumps:2 x 150 m3/h- 9 bar

Brine pumps:2 x 100 m3/h – 22.5 bar.

Liquid Mud pumps:2 x 100 m3/h – 24 bar.

Specal products pumps:2 x 100 m3/h – 9 bar.

Drill water pumps:1 x 250 m3/h – 9 bar.

Drill cutting pumps:4 x 40 m3/h – 9 bar.

Fresh water pumps:1 x 250 m3/h – 9 bar.

Methanol pumps:2 x 75 m3/h – 9 bar .

Slop system:1 x 20 m3/h

Tank washing system:1 x 30 m3/h

Discharge piping:5"

Bulk tank capasities

Bulk Cement Tanks:4 tanks. Total capacity: 260 m3

Bulk Discharge:2 x 100 t/hr

Navigation equipment

Radar:1 x Furuno FCR-2827 S /ARPA - 1 x Furuno FAR-2837 S / ARPA

Electronic Chart System:2 x TECDIS

Compass:3 x Simrad Gyro GC 80

Autopilot:Simrad AP-70

Echo Sounder:Furuno FE-700

Navtex:Furuno NX-700A

DGPS:Furuno GP-150

AIS:Furuno FA-150

Voyage data recorder:Furuno VR-3000

LRIT:Sailor 6130 LRIT

Log:Furuno DS-80

 

Communication equipment

General:GMDSS installation in accordance with IMO regulations for vessels operating within Sea Area A3

GMDSS Radio MF/HF Transceivers & DSC:1 x Furuno FS-1575

VHF:2 x GMDSS Furuno FM-8900 / 3 x GMDSS Jotron TR-20 portable / 3 x Sailor 6248

GMDSS EPIRB:1 x Jotron 40 S Mk2 - 1 x Jotron 45 S Mk2

GMDSS SART:2 x Kannad SARTII

UHF:6 x Motorola GM-360 - 6 x Motorola GP-340 ATEX

Sattelite system:1 x Inmarsat / 1 x Iridium

 

Accommodation

Total no. berths:38 x Beds

Total no. of cabins:27 x Cabins

Single cabins:16 x Single cabins

Double cabins:11 x Double cabins

Office:2 x Offices

Hospital:1 x Hospital

Ventilation/A-C for accommodation:High pressure single-pipe fully redundant ventilation system. Full heating/AC throughout the accommodation

Other:Messroom, Dayrooms, Conferenceroom, Gymnasium,Galley,Dry Provitions,Freezing room, Wardrobes.

 

Lifesaving / rescue

Approved lifesaving appliances for:40 persons

Liferafts:6 x 25 persons

Rescue/MOB boat:Alusafe 770 Mk2 - Twin installation.

Fire-fighting/foam:Water/Foam pump/ monitors covering cargo deck area

  

MAN Efficiency Run, mit dem MAN eBus Lions City 12e

 

A sea of solar panels generate electricity outside of Skopje, FYR Macedonia. The country is working with the World Bank Group to improve energy efficiency in the country. Photo: Tomislav Georgiev / World Bank

At the 2023 Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas recently I was also able to experience a test drive in the Vision EQXX ultra EV. Engineered in just 18 months and representing the most efficient Mercedes-Benz ever built, this experimental unit acts as a barometer for production EQ models, which may eventually inherit deviations from its technology, energy storage capabilities, and driving range. The development intention of the vehicle was to produce a battery with 100 kW capacity, lightweight construction, increased aero, and extreme efficiency. The result is an EV that achieves an extensive range of more than 745 miles on a single charge.

A brace of ex' London Dennis Tridents are currently being converted to open-top configuration by fitters at Lillyhall.

No.17217 can be seen in the conversion bay here, together with the rear half of No.17277.

Austin, TX

Edda Ferd, PSV – Hybrid Platform Supply Vessel

 

The Edda Ferd is a platform supply vessel used to support oil rig operations in the North Sea.

 

A new build, the Østensjø Edda Ferd has been designed with a focus on quality, safety and efficiency. This is the first integration of a Corvus Energy ESS and Siemens’ BlueDrive PlusC propulsion system.

 

Name: Edda Ferd

Type: 92.6 m Platform Supply Vessel (PSV)

Duty: North Sea Offshore Drilling Platform Service & Support

Pack: 40 x 6.5kWh

Capacity: 260kWh

Bus Voltage : 888VDC

Partners: Østensjø Rederi, Siemens, Corvus Energy

 

Edda Ferd, PSV is based in Haugesund, Norway operating in the North Sea.

 

General

Operator:Østensjø Rederi AS

Built:2013

Builder:Astilleros Gondan. Spain

Yard no.:444

Call sign:LAZO7

Flag:NIS

Port of Registry:Haugesund

IMO no.:9625504

MMSI No.:259161000

Classification:DnV +1A1, SF, E0, OFFSHORE SERVICE VESSEL+, SUPPLY, DK(+), DYNPOS-AUTR, HL(2.8), LFL*, CLEAN DESIGN, NAUT-OSV(A), COMF-V3-C2, OIL REC, DEICE

Safety regulations:NMA, Trade Worldwide within GMDSS A3, Solas 1974/1978, International Convention on Load Lines, Pollution Prevention - MARPOL 1973/1978, INLS Certificate

 

Dimensions

Length o.a.:92,6 m

Length b.p.:82,2 m

Breadth mld.:20,6 m

Depth mld.:9,0 m

Draft max.:7,2 m

Air draft:32,46m

Tonnage - Deadweight

Deadweight:5122 t

Gross tonnage:4870 GT

Net tonnage:1462 NT

Deck loading capacities

Cargo deck:1038 m2

 

Deck equipment

Anchor chain:2 x 11 shacles.

Anchor Windlass / Mooring Winch:15,5 tons.

Mooring winch:Forward: 2 x 16 tons Aft: 2 x 10 tons

Deck cranes:Port: 1 x MacGregor SWL1,5 t@ 8m / Starboard: 1 x MacGregor SWL 3,0 t @ 10m

Tugger winches:2 x 15 tons.

 

Propulsion

General:Battery Hybrid Power Station and 2 x VSP each 2700 kW. 2 x AC asynchronous water-cooled motors each 2700 kW.

Main engines:2 x MAK 6M25C a` 2000kW - 2 x MAK 9M25C a`3000 kW

Fuel type:MDO /MGO

Auxiliaries / Electrical power

Generators:2 x Simens generator 2222 kW / 2 x Simens generator 3333 kW

Emergency generator:Caterpillar Emergency generator 158 kW

 

Speed / Consumption

Max speed / Consumption:abt. 16,0 knots

Main propellers

Maker:Voith Schneider propellers

Type:2 x 2700 KW

 

Thrusters

Bow thrusters:2 x 1400 kW FP , electric driven low noise tunnel thrusters. Plus 1 x 800 kW RIM tunnel thruster

Bridge / Manoeuvering

Bridge controls:5 control stands. (forward, 2 x aft, starboard, port)

Loading / Discharging:Simens IAS. Remote monitoring of all tanks including loading/discharging operations and start/stop of all pumps.

 

Dynamic positioning system

Type:Kongsberg K-Pos.

Approval / Class:DNV DYNPOS-AUTR. IMO Class 2

Reference systems:DPS 112, DPS 132, CyScan, Mini-Radascan

Sensors:3 x Gyro, 3 x Motion Reference Unit, 2 x Wind sensor

ERN number:99,99,99,99

Liquid tank capacities

Marine Gas Oil:1100 m3 included 2 chemical and 4 special prod. tanks connected to fuel system.

POT water:1000 m3

Drill Water/Ballast:2280 m3

Mud:Mud/Brine system 513 m3. Special product system 370 m3. Total 883 m3.

Brine:Brine/mud system 513 m3. Special product system 702 m3. Total 1215 m3

Base oil:Total 702 m3. When using combined tanks.

Methanol:Total 440 m3. When using combined tanks.

Special products LFL/LFL*:720 m3

Drill Cuttings:720 m3

 

Liquid discharge

Fuel Oil pumps:2 x 150 m3/h- 9 bar

Brine pumps:2 x 100 m3/h – 22.5 bar.

Liquid Mud pumps:2 x 100 m3/h – 24 bar.

Specal products pumps:2 x 100 m3/h – 9 bar.

Drill water pumps:1 x 250 m3/h – 9 bar.

Drill cutting pumps:4 x 40 m3/h – 9 bar.

Fresh water pumps:1 x 250 m3/h – 9 bar.

Methanol pumps:2 x 75 m3/h – 9 bar .

Slop system:1 x 20 m3/h

Tank washing system:1 x 30 m3/h

Discharge piping:5"

Bulk tank capasities

Bulk Cement Tanks:4 tanks. Total capacity: 260 m3

Bulk Discharge:2 x 100 t/hr

Navigation equipment

Radar:1 x Furuno FCR-2827 S /ARPA - 1 x Furuno FAR-2837 S / ARPA

Electronic Chart System:2 x TECDIS

Compass:3 x Simrad Gyro GC 80

Autopilot:Simrad AP-70

Echo Sounder:Furuno FE-700

Navtex:Furuno NX-700A

DGPS:Furuno GP-150

AIS:Furuno FA-150

Voyage data recorder:Furuno VR-3000

LRIT:Sailor 6130 LRIT

Log:Furuno DS-80

 

Communication equipment

General:GMDSS installation in accordance with IMO regulations for vessels operating within Sea Area A3

GMDSS Radio MF/HF Transceivers & DSC:1 x Furuno FS-1575

VHF:2 x GMDSS Furuno FM-8900 / 3 x GMDSS Jotron TR-20 portable / 3 x Sailor 6248

GMDSS EPIRB:1 x Jotron 40 S Mk2 - 1 x Jotron 45 S Mk2

GMDSS SART:2 x Kannad SARTII

UHF:6 x Motorola GM-360 - 6 x Motorola GP-340 ATEX

Sattelite system:1 x Inmarsat / 1 x Iridium

 

Accommodation

Total no. berths:38 x Beds

Total no. of cabins:27 x Cabins

Single cabins:16 x Single cabins

Double cabins:11 x Double cabins

Office:2 x Offices

Hospital:1 x Hospital

Ventilation/A-C for accommodation:High pressure single-pipe fully redundant ventilation system. Full heating/AC throughout the accommodation

Other:Messroom, Dayrooms, Conferenceroom, Gymnasium,Galley,Dry Provitions,Freezing room, Wardrobes.

 

Lifesaving / rescue

Approved lifesaving appliances for:40 persons

Liferafts:6 x 25 persons

Rescue/MOB boat:Alusafe 770 Mk2 - Twin installation.

Fire-fighting/foam:Water/Foam pump/ monitors covering cargo deck area

As we travelled to and from the Farne Islands it was interesting to see that the Arctic Terns would fly back with just one fish to feed their young whereas the Puffins would return with a beak full. Certainly a more efficient way of feeding the family and deserved further analysis:

 

Puffins swim underwater using their wings as paddles their feet as a rudder. They can stay underwater for up to a minute and reach considerable depths. Their main diet is usually small fish and they eat about 40 a day.

 

Puffins can catch several small fish in one dive, holding the first ones in place in its beak with its muscular, grooved tongue while it catches others. The upper and lower beaks are hinged in such a way that they can be held parallel to hold a row of fish in place without squashing the first ones, assisted by inward-facing serrations on the edges of the beak.

A change of pace

 

A few years ago I talked myself into an invitation to get a special tour of an old hydro power plant that is only a few miles from my house. It happens to be one of the first hydroelectric power stations built in the world, and as you can see by the date of the wall was turned on in 1898.

 

This is the first of several images I took there, but its also probably one of the best I got. It turned out to be a very challenging shoot. First of all the entire facility is two hundred feet down an open elevator shaft that was dug into the solid rock by the waterfall where this was built. I had to have an engineer with me at all moments and could only go in very specific places. (If you look closely you can see that this is spinning and actually generating electricity at the time I took this) Generators like this actually cast out fields of energy and if me or my tripod were to get to close the electricity could leap out and kill me. So I had to be a good boy and not climb all over the equipment like I wanted to. It was very hard to get the lens into good positions with these limitations. I also was not allowed to bring any lights down, So had to work with the very dark ambient light that was there, mostly open bulbs hanging from the ceiling. And since I'm in a deep dark cave, no windows of course, not any fill at all really. It was also *very loud* so I could not communicate very well with my minder. Given all those restrictions, I am happy with this result.

 

*****

 

If you want to geek out a bit about hydro power, read on: As I write these words, this particular power plant is being retrofitted with modern generators, so this old beast is now gone. This in fact was the oldest generator in the plant and even though it was constructed around 1898 was still functioning and putting out power that people in our region use. (Apparently the magnetos were rewound sometime in the 70's and they had to hire experts who could come in and rebuild this in the old school ways. There were I think 6 generators in the cave, but only two I think in the beginning. The man who built the power station had the foresight to use AC power (Westinghouse) rather than Edison's DC power. Edison built a plant at Niagara falls that made DC power but moving the DC power to the customers was very expensive and difficult, and it did not last long. The world chose AC power of course and DC power went away like sony's betamax. After building this power plant, the other challenge was that the power had to be carried by one of the first transmission lines ever built back to Tacoma. (some 45 miles I think) a massive task in its own for the times as they had to clear there way through wild forest. (Some of the key technology in this AC generator was made possible by the inventions of Nikolai Tesla who claimed to get his inventions completely realized in dreams or simultaneous flashes of insight. )

 

At this power plant they've added more generators about 4 times so they can capture more of the hydroelectric potential. Each time they added new versions the efficiency and capacity just about doubled. So if the first one made x power from x flow of water, the next generation drew 2x (twice as much) water and was twice as efficient. so each generation of new equipment meant quadrupling of energy efficiancy. And that has held true until this day. The most recent generators, are very powerful and effiecient relative to this old equipment. But until this last retro fit that started in 2009, they never replaced any of the old ones. So for the last hundred years are so they have been getting less than half of what could have been gotten from this precious clean resource. Why you wonder? Cheap petrochemicals made it more efficient to just burn more gas or coal rather than spend money to replace the old equipment. That era is coming to an end obviously and hence they are doing this major improvement. One of the reasons this is all of interest to me is that its revealing of how human societies make decisions. Choosing dirty fuels and not facing the hidden costs to health and the environment that when added up probably cost us more than just refitting the hydro power plant earlier. (It should also be noted that hydro power alone could not have given us all our energy needs so we probably would have been burning dirty fuels all along. But not facing real costs never gives us a chance to think about it in the first place. Maybe we would have developed other alternatives.)

 

So.... just across the mountains from this waterfall, on the eastern side of the Cascade range, is Grand Coulee Damn which still is one of the largest hydro electric power plants in the world. It was built during the depression with federal development money, (so sometimes government does get it right) and even though its only about 40 years later than this place, Grand Coulee generates electricity on a massive scale. (compare the generator above to this: scienceservice.si.edu/pages/010041.htm ) So much electricity, that when the aircraft industry started needing lots of aluminum for all the airplanes they were building because of world war II, They eventually turned to The Pacific Northwest because the amounts of electricity you need to smelt aluminum are vast. And that is why, my friends, Boeing is in the Seattle region today. Cheap electricity. Also of interest, they have since put a whole series of damns on the Columbia river and make lots and lots of power. Guess what the The 'Aluminum Plant' hog of electricity is today? Server Farms. Google, Microsoft and yes Yahoo/flickr all need massive amounts of power to store data, these very words and photos actually. And that is why they are building their server farms up here in the Pacific North West. Lots of relatively cheap electricity for spinning drives and the air conditioning to keep them cool. Server Farms take up more power than the largest Steel foundries. That always blows my mind a bit. So you see, in a strange ways you could never have imagined, this image here in my stream has many hidden meanings. Who could have predicted way back in 1898, that this machine would one day create the energy to preserve the image of itself and help spread those pixels across the world

Robotic milkers at Twin Brook Creamery allows for operational efficiency and improves herd health, in Lynden, WA, on August 6, 2019. A detailed description of the technology can be viewed here: www.youtube.com/watch?v=r89yUk5B7lo

 

The laser-guided system precisely aligns the antiseptic cleaning brushes and the milking devices to each teat.

 

The Jersey dairy cows enter the milking parlor on their own, this heavy use area is made of concrete and collect water runoff that contains animal waste and sediment, this dirty (but nutrient-rich) water is prevented from reaching nearby ditches and creeks that provide habitat for salmon by diverting it into temporary waste storage facilities and field applied as fertilizer onto the creamery's pastures.

 

U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) in Washington State works with Twin Brook Creamery and other diaries in the state with alternative nutrient management methods such as replacing earthen lagoons with steel tanks as alternative waste storage to eliminate the potential for nutrient seepage into groundwater. USDA Photo by Lance Cheung.

   

13/365

 

Warmth Energy Part II

 

New is better.

  

The office building for Monee Efficiency Apartments, Monee, Illinois. This looks like it was once a motel.

I was invited to spend two days at Europe’s most comprehensive IoT Event. This leading forum focused on case studies that show today’s Industry and Enterprises leveraging IoT technologies to transform their business through creating value and efficiencies.

 

The Internet of things (stylised Internet of Things or IoT) is the internetworking of physical devices, vehicles (also referred to as "connected devices" and "smart devices"), buildings and other items—embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and network connectivity that enable these objects to collect and exchange data.

 

"Things," in the IoT sense, can refer to a wide variety of devices such as heart monitoring implants, biochip transponders on farm animals, electric clams in coastal waters,[16] automobiles with built-in sensors, DNA analysis devices for environmental/food/pathogen monitoring or field operation devices that assist firefighters in search and rescue operations.[18] Legal scholars suggest to look at "Things" as an "inextricable mixture of hardware, software, data and service". These devices collect useful data with the help of various existing technologies and then autonomously flow the data between other devices. Current market examples include home automation (also known as smart home devices) such as the control and automation of lighting, heating (like smart thermostat), ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC) systems, and appliances such as washer/dryers, robotic vacuums, air purifiers, ovens or refrigerators/freezers that use Wi-Fi for remote monitoring.

This full-propulsion Arvin Meritor hybrid will initially operate in the Detroit area. The dual-mode diesel-electric hybrid is believed to be the first vehicle of its type.

A Genuine Example of One of the Eleven 1971 Hemi ‘Cuda Convertibles

 

500+hp, 425hp rated, 426 cu. in. vee eight-cylinder engine, dual four-barrel carburetors, four-speed manual transmission, Hurst pistol grip shifter, independent front suspension with torsion bars, live axle rear suspension with semi-elliptical leaf springs, front disc, rear drum power assisted hydraulic brakes. Wheelbase: 108"

 

Three times Chrysler Corporation has relied upon the Hemi to transform its products and image from dull to sparkling, and three times the Hemi has delivered. In an American car market that has been characterized by glitz, fins and bulk, the technical sophistication of Chrysler’s hemispherical combustion chamber V8 engine has been a refreshing demonstration of the appeal of elegant, thoughtful engineering.

 

In the late 60’s and early 70’s it also acquired a bad boy image of politically incorrect power and performance, establishing a mythical presence that has made the Hemi a legend.

 

Hemi History

 

During development work on World War II aircraft engines, Chrysler’s engineers had seen firsthand the potential for hemispherical combustion chamber engines. In addition to the thermal efficiency of the hemi chamber’s low surface area and its low-restriction cross-flow porting, the angle between the valves ideally disposed the ports for efficient breathing in a

vee-layout engine.

 

Chrysler was the ideal company to pursue the hemispherical combustion chamber V8. It had a longstanding tradition of investigating, developing and perfecting advanced engineering ideas. Unlike its major competitors, Chrysler had neither overhead valve nor vee-configuration engine history, and thus no preconceived notions of how it should be done. Its engine designers could – and did – explore every conceivable engine idea. Their research showed that the hemispherical combustion chamber not only gave better performance than a comparable wedge-chamber head but also tolerated appreciably higher compression ratios.

 

The hemispherical head V8 was introduced in the Chrysler line in 1951. With 331 cubic inches displacement in a short stroke oversquare design, Chrysler’s FirePower V8 delivered 180 horsepower at 4,000 rpm and 312 lb-ft torque at 2,000 rpm. The performance potential of the Hemi was quickly recognized, most famously with the Chrysler C300 and its successors, which set the pace both on the highway and on NASCAR’s speedways. By 1958, however, manufacturing economics swung the pendulum in favor of the wedge-chamber V8s. The Hemi was phased out in 1959 … but not for long.

 

In the early 60s the 413 and 426 Wedge engines were dominant in drag racing but lacked the continuous high rpm performance needed on NASCAR’s speedways. Dodge and Plymouth were being trounced, a situation that couldn’t be allowed to stand. Faced with a need to develop a high performance, free-breathing engine quickly, Chrysler’s engineers turned to the solution they already knew worked, the Hemi. They stuck with the overall dimensions of the Raised Block 426 Wedge so existing fixturing and machining setups could be employed and maintained the original Hemi’s dual rocker shafts and 58° valve included angle. To adapt the Hemi head to the Raised Block engine, the ingenious Chrysler engineers rotated the combustion chamber toward the engine’s centerline about 8 1/2°.

 

Completed and delivered to the track just days before the 1964 Daytona 500’s green flag, the 426 Hemis proved to be invincible, sweeping the top three places in NASCAR’s most important race.

 

Production of the second generation Hemi ended after the 1971 model year as emission restrictions and insurance surcharges gave horsepower, which had never been entirely socially acceptable, a distinctly antisocial taint. Chrysler would twice more resurrect the Hemi, however, first as a crate engine program for hot rodders and later as a third generation production engine that brought DaimlerChrysler back to the forefront of performance at the beginning of the 21st century. Like some other forms of antisocial behavior, horsepower has proven to be addictive.

 

The Hemi ‘Cuda

 

Of all the Street Hemis built, the most famous, attractive and desirable are the 1970-1971 E-body Plymouth ‘Cudas, combining the visceral delight of the Hemi’s power and torque with the ‘Cuda’s lightweight, streamlined and refined 2+2 platform.

 

The first Barracuda was introduced in 1964 and in the late 60’s Chrysler engineering and Hurst performance shoehorned Race Hemi engines into the Barracuda’s engine compartment for NHRA drag racing. Seventy-five were built, sold and successfully campaigned around the country. When the Barracuda was redesigned for the 1970 model year the engine compartment was made large enough for the legendary 425 horsepower 426 cubic inch Street Hemi.

 

The Plymouth Barracuda was the cleanest, most refined and elegant of all the pony car designs. Distinguished by its wide grille, long, flat hood, short rear deck and ominously raised rear fenders – deliberately shaped like the haunches of an animal crouching before a leap – the appearance of the ‘Cuda left no doubt that this was a serious performance car.

 

Hemi-powered ‘Cudas are surpassingly rare. Built for only two years, 1970 and 1971, their low production numbers reflect the undeniable fact that the combination of the ‘Cuda platform and the Street Hemi engine was irrationally fast. It also was expensive: $871.45 in 1970 and $883.90 in 1971, a prohibitive 70% more than the 390 horsepower 440 Six Barrel.

 

A Hemi ‘Cuda was not for the faint of heart nor for the cautious of pocketbook. Buying one took serious commitment, backed up by an ample budget. In 1971 there were only 119 souls brave and prosperous enough to make the commitment to check off E74, the Street Hemi’s order code, on the ‘Cuda order form.

 

• 108 of them ordered hardtops

• Only eleven stepped up for the top-of-the-line ‘Cuda convertible powered by the 426 cubic inch, 425 horsepower dual quad Street Hemi.

• Only three of those were confident enough of their driving skills to opt for the Hurst pistol grip shifted four-speed manual transmission.

• Only two of those were delivered in the U.S.

• Both U.S.-delivered ’71 Hemi ‘Cuda convertibles were B5 Blue with

matching interiors.

 

That’s only three, in all the world, that combined the Street Hemi engine with the ‘Cuda convertible body and 4-speed transmission in 1971. One of them is the car offered here, BS27R1B269588, the only one with white soft top and elastomeric front bumper cover.

 

The “Mountain Mopar” Hemi ‘Cuda Convertible

 

Built in February of 1971, this Plymouth Hemi ‘Cuda convertible’s first owner, Ronald Ambach, lived in St. Louis, Missouri. He owned it only until the fall, accumulating the car’s only street miles, before selling it to its next owner, Nick Masciarelli, in Ohio. He decided to take the Hemi ‘Cuda Stock Eliminator drag racing and turned to renowned Detroit-area engine builder Tom Tignanelli for a hot Hemi V8. The new owner was in a hurry, and the quickest way to meet his request was to swap the original engine for a fresh race-prepared Tignanelli Hemi.

 

In May of 1973, the Hemi ‘Cuda convertible was sold to John Book and partner John Oliverio in West Virginia who raced it in East Coast and Mid-Atlantic events during 1973 and 1974. Its dramatic appearance, complete with gold-leaf “Mountain Mopar” identification, is documented in several period photos in the car’s documentation file.

 

Fortunately for today’s collectors, the “Mountain Mopar” Hemi ‘Cuda convertible was retired after 1974 and stored in a climate-controlled building in West Virginia. In 1989 it was sold to the Painter brothers. Two years later it was acquired by Milt Robson in Atlanta, Georgia, still in its as-raced condition. Robson commenced a comprehensive restoration using original or new-old-stock parts to its original, as-delivered condition in his shops, which was completed in the early 90’s. Stored inside for virtually its entire life, 269588 was never subjected to the vicissitudes of the elements which afflicted most of its siblings; its original sheet metal and interior are carefully restored and retained. The engine was rebuilt around a correct 1/19/1970 date-coded Chrysler NOS block.

 

In addition to the 426/425 horsepower dual quad Street Hemi and pistol grip Hurst shifted four-speed manual transmission, this unique 1971 Hemi ‘Cuda convertible is equipped with power steering, power brakes, Dana Super Track Pack and AM-FM radio. Importantly, it is the only ’71 Hemi ‘Cuda convertible known to have been delivered with the body-colored Elastomeric front bumper cover. Its original configuration is verified by two separate original build sheets; the ownership history is documented with a continuous sequence of titles. It has been personally viewed by Galen Govier and authenticated by him as one of the seven US-delivered ’71 Hemi ‘Cuda convertibles which have been included in the Chrysler Registry.

 

Finished in B5 Blue inside and out with a white vinyl top, it has been restored to better than showroom condition. Particular attention has been paid to the accuracy of its components and finishes and to the preservation of as much as possible of its almost unbelievable originality, including the carefully preserved original interior.

 

It has been shown only in local shows around Atlanta in the mid 90s, was featured a decade ago in a May 1995 Car Collector magazine article by Dennis Adler and has appeared in several books, copies of which come with the car.

 

Putting a free-breathing, high-rpm engine like the 426 Hemi in a lithe, frisky chassis like the ‘Cuda was exactly what the forces of political correctness inveighed against in the early 70s. In 1972 the Hemi was gone for the second time, its visceral appeal buried in a cascade of social responsibility, “net” horsepower and Highway Fuel Economy ratings. There is nothing politically correct, nothing socially responsible about a Hemi ‘Cuda. The 1971 Plymouth Hemi ‘Cuda convertible is wretched excess in a nearly unimaginably limited production package.

 

This is absolutely the most desirable, rare and handsome of all the American Muscle and Pony Cars. Combining the brute power and torque of the legendary dual quad Street Hemi engine with the sleek, aggressive lines of the ‘Cuda convertible, it is the ultimate combination of personal car style and Muscle Car performance, a singular example and the quintessential muscle car of all time.

 

[Text from RM Auctions]

 

www.rmauctions.com/lots/lot.cfm?lot_id=132126

 

This Lego miniland-scale Plymouth HEMI ' Cuda Convertible (1971), has been created for Flickr LUGNuts' 89th Build Challenge, - "Over a Million, Under a Thousand", - a challenge to build vehicles valued over one million (US) dollars, or under one thousand (US) dollars.

 

This particular vehicle was auctioned by the RM Auction house for US$2,420,000)

Efficiency.

this concludes my little rant about Neuschwanstein Castle. everybody's ticket for the tour has a number on it and so that all the tours start at there allotted time you have stand in what only could be described as a little cattle pen under your number when it shows on one of these little counters until you are aloud in

 

although it may seem it i am not that bitter about Neuschwanstein Castle, the surrounding area is lovely and the walks around the castle are grate it just goes to show you should not judge a book by its cover

 

also you can hire pedelow from at the lake below witch was grate fun, check out rockcakes video

2013 Mercedes Benz B180 Blue Efficiency Sport 1.8D.

 

A bargain at £1000 GBP.

 

My Mercedes Benz album flic.kr/s/aHsk414fMG

Solar Water Heating seen on every roof top in Dali.

Fuel efficiency, is a form of thermal efficiency, meaning the efficiency of a process that converts chemical potential energy contained in a carrier fuel into kinetic energy or work. Overall fuel efficiency may vary per device, which in turn may vary per application, and this spectrum of variance is often illustrated as a continuous energy profile. Non-transportation applications, such as industry, benefit from increased fuel efficiency, especially fossil fuel power plants or industries dealing with combustion, such as ammonia production during the Haber process.

In the context of transport, "fuel efficiency" more commonly refers to the energy efficiency of a particular vehicle model, where its total output (range, or mileage [U.S.]) is given as a ratio of range units per a unit amount of input fuel (gasoline, diesel, etc.). This ratio is given in common measures such as liters per 100 kilometers (L/100 km) (common in Europe, Canada and Australia) or litres per mil (Norway/Sweden) or miles per gallon (mpg) (prevalent in the USA, UK, and often in Canada, using their respective gallon measurements) or kilometres per litre (km/L) (prevalent in Asian countries such as India and Japan). Though the typical output measure is vehicle range, for certain applications output can also be measured in terms of weight per range units (freight) or individual passenger-range (vehicle range / passenger capacity).

This ratio is based on a car's total properties, including its engine properties, its body drag, weight, and rolling resistance, and as such may vary substantially from the profile of the engine alone. While the thermal efficiency of petroleum engines has improved in recent decades, this does not necessarily translate into fuel economy of cars, as people in developed countries tend to buy bigger and heavier cars (i.e. SUVs will get less range per unit fuel than an economy car).

Hybrid vehicle designs use smaller combustion engines as electric generators to produce greater range per unit fuel than directly powering the wheels with an engine would, and (proportionally) less fuel emissions (CO2 grams) than a conventional (combustion engine) vehicle of similar size and capacity. Energy otherwise wasted in stopping is converted to electricity and stored in batteries which are then used to drive the small electric motors. Torque from these motors is very quickly supplied complementing power from the combustion engine. Fixed cylinder sizes can thus be designed more efficiently.

UDATE: Final shot now on my website

LINK HERE

  

Full & Completed Photo HERE

 

Wanna see how it was made? BLOG LINK HERE

 

For full viewing pleasure please press the "L" key to go dark

 

It started in August, but even before that, it began when I was 8. When I saw the first year's run of Nintendo Power. On the cover, the artist painstakingly recreated either a scene from the video game featured or at the very least had an artistic spin for the video came on the cover. Some that come to mind are the Castlevania 2, Mega Man 2, Dr. Mario, Super Mario Bros. 3, and Maniac Mansion covers of Nintendo Power. I always admired and respected the cover artist and photographer's interpretation of the game and wanted to revisit it.

 

That someday came when I first picked up an issue announcing Epic Mickey. Being a huge Disney fan I played the game, got all the references to older Disney characters and animation shorts, and felt inspired again. Shortly before I got this in gear it was announced that in late 2012 Nintendo Power was sending out its last issue. Ironic as it is shortly before I shot the portrait version, and experimented with a landscape panorama shot (coming very soon) it was announced by Warren Spector that Disney was closing shop on the group that made Epic Mickey, Epic Mickey 2, and Epic Mickey: Castle of Illusion. I would not abide without seeing this through fully and dedicating this first to Nintendo Power's cover art staff, and Warren Spector and his brilliant crew at Junction Point.

  

Next how this was created. This was the sum of paint, styrofoam, white styrofoam poster board, and certain art/craft items. all items were hand drawn and examples were made in mock-up from a combination of actual shots of the attraction (it's a small world") from Disneyland, paused stills from Youtuber Sylux8675309 , and a DeviantArtist Klashkrool 's creation. (Thanks to both of you, for your assistance)

 

To keep my sanity between work and doing this project podcasts from Mega64, No Agenda, Inside the Magic, and The Gaming Cult Podcast kept me entertain and on track, however, the project did take several hiatuses. This project was scheduled for Christmas (unofficially), then New Year's Day (unofficially) seeing as I live in the Midwest again now, the cold and of course weather were key components to my efficiency. When it wasn't that I was working on how to get the model to look as close to the original video game as I can get it....with artistic license. That said, what you see is the labor of love (literally) where my blood, sweat, and tears (also literally) went for the last 5-6 months. I will indeed provide the Strobist info on how this all was lit in due time with the landscape and panorama photos to be released shortly and not as weekly updates to the NEW and IMPROVED project 116.2!

  

This is a very celebratory even with dedications and premieres, my my.

  

Yes, folks, this marks the first photo of "Project 116" the sequel to the original that used solely one lens (ef 50mm f/1.8 mkI), one upload a week, for the last 6 months. This time I will be using my oldest lens I own the EF 17-40mm f/4 USM L ultra wide angle zoom class lens. I hope to see you next week for my update and for the next six months. I hope I make new regulars and contacts, and you folks keep me in mind weekly as we see what all this wonderful workhorse piece of glass can do!

  

Again, I feel a big weight lifted off my chest now that I see this project finished and almost exactly how I wanted it (and looking almost like the video game to boot). Thank you all around again to the following for support and inspiration.

 

-My wife Stephanie

-Warren Spector and the Junction Point developers

-Nintendo Power

-Sylux8675309

-Klashkrool

-The Gaming Cult Podcast

-The Mega64 Podcast

-The No Agenda Podcast

-Inside the Magic Podcast

-Management of Claim Jumper for letting me bring in my work to work on between double shifts

-and lastly you the viewer, who I constantly try to wow and impress not just to push me but to see if I can inspire you...Thank you.

 

Swing by my website:

Hire Me

Buy a Print

Check out my Blog on Thursdays

 

and join me on social media sites

 

Like Bendersama Photography's Facebook Page: Here

 

Check me out on Instagram: @bendersamaphoto

Every once in a while I have to remind myself to re-focus on how I can get work done effectively and efficiently...

Finally managed to bribe some of my clones to help out around here.

 

Entry for April's Scavenger Hunt

FUGRO

 

M.V. FUGRO VENTURER

 

New generation geophysical & hydrographic survey vessel designed for performance, safety and efficiency.

 

Fugro Venturer, is the newest evolution of Fugro’s Standard Survey Vessels (FSSV series) built specifically to meet multi-role geophysical survey standards.

 

The suite of survey equipment includes analogue sensors comprising of hull mounted single and multibeam echo sounders, state of the art sub bottom profilers, a hull mounted Edgetech CHIRP profiler and 2 x 12 cubic inch mini air gun

array and an Edgetech dual frequency 4200

FS digital sidescan sonar.

 

In complement to this, the vessel is also mobilised with a Hydroscience SeaMUX digital system, comprised of a 1200m HTI solid digital streamer and seismic source of 152 cubic inches, although larger sources and streamers may be mobilized subject to client requirements.

 

Precise subsea positioning of survey equipment is achieved

EQUIPMENT FLYER via a hull-mounted HiPAP 502 USBL

system. Dual Rx / Dual Swath EM2040 and

a Deep Water EM302 MBES system is fitted to an acoustically efficient gondola.

 

A 20t traction winch is fitted below decks that

offers sampling in up to 3500m water

depth.

 

The design of the vessel permits simultaneous analogue/digital survey operations and the capability to also

conduct AUV, ROV, Environmental and Shallow Geotechnical surveys.

 

The vessel houses a permanent AUV deployment Hangar and is capable of hosting a multitude of ROV platforms.

 

General

Name M.V. Fugro Venturer

Classification GL+100 A5 E1 BWM(D2) Special Purpose Ship,

Research Vessel, GL+MC E1 AUT DP 1 EP-D

Owner Fugro

Built Q2 2017

Port / Flag Panama

MMSI No. 311 000 463

Call Sign C6CG3

IMO No. 9769051

 

Dimensions

LOA 71.5m

Beam 15.4m

Draught 5.6m

Tonnage GT 2455

 

Accommodation

Cabins 34 single en-suite, 4 double ensuite

Hospital 1 single berth

Offices 2 clients office

Recreation 2 x lounge / video, 1 x gym, 1 x cinema

 

Machnery

Bow Thruster 1 x 600 kW (electric)

Cruising Speed 10 knots

Maximum Speed 12 knots

Electrical Power

Auxiliary Generators N/A

Generators 2 x 1175 KVA, 2 x 972 KVA CAT Leroy Somer

 

Capacities

Fuel Capacity 464 m3 (35 operational days at sea)

Fuel Consumption 211 g/KWh at 100% load (pending sea trial

measurements)

Water Capacity 185 m3

Water Making 10 m3/day

Provisions 90 days

 

Control and Navigation

Autopilot Schottel Co-pilot Simrad AP80

DP System Kongsberg KPOS and cJoy

2 x Radars Sperry S-Band & Sperry X-Band

2 x Electronic Chart TransasNS4000

2 x DGPS Saab R5

1 x Gyro Sperry Navigat X MK1

 

Deck Machinery

Deck Crane 2 x SWL 5.0 t /12 m crane

Hydraulic A Frame 1 x SWL 20t, 1 x SWL 7.5t, 1 x SWL 3t

Launch Boom 1 x SWL 2.5t and 1 x SWL 1t traversing

Deepwater Sampling lift/log

winch (PCPT)

3,500m 20t lift and 1,400m

 

Communications

MF / HF (2x) Sailor 6000 series

Inmarsat C (2x) Sailor 6110 mini

VHF (4x) Sailor 6222

UHF(4x) Motorola DM2600

V-SAT 1 x KU band Seatel 6012

CCTV Hernis

 

Safety

Rescue / MOB Boat 6.1m 6 pers rescue boat

Lift Rafts (200%) 4 x 25 person

Survival Suits (100%) 42 pcs

Lift Jackets (200%) 100 pcs

Work Vest 12 pcs

Fire Detection Funa MD9800

 

Survey Equipment

DGPS Positioning Starfix HP / XP and Starfix Spot

Acoustic Positioning Kongsberg HiPAP 502, 2 Poles available

Motion Reference Unit MRU5+, MGC R3 INS

Echo Sounder Kongsberg EA600

Multi Beam Echo Sounder Kongsberg EM302 and EM2040 Dual Rx

Sound Velocity Probe 2 x Valeport Midas SVX2

Side Scan Sonar Edgetech 4200 FS

Sub Bottom Profiler Hull mounted Edgetech CHIRP Profiler,

2 x 12 cu inch mini guns

Magnetometer Geometrics G-882 Magnetometer

Hydrophone Steamer SES 24 Element Mini Streamer

Digital Logging GLOG / GPLOT

Seabed Sampling 3 / 6m Gravity Corer, Grab Sampler,

3 / 6m Piston Coring

Digital Seismic Recording Hydroscience Technologies NTRS2 240 ch

Streamer HTI Seamux gel filled 6.25m / 12.5m

Gun Controller RTS Hotshot

Depth Controller Digicourse 5010 & 5011

Source Arrays 6 x Sercel Mini G Guns, 152 cu inch array

Network Several 10G Bass T

Compressor 4 x Hamworthy compressors

Geotechnical Capability Roson CPT, Coiled rod CPTs, Piston Corer,

Gravity Corer

Environmental Capability Box corer - several options can be mobilised

Corers - several options can be mobilised

ROV Capability Several ROV options can be mobilised

H.Freund DAF XF 510

Southeast Gobi Urban and Border Town Development Project will improve water supply and sanitation services, efficiency and coverage of district heating services, and road networks in the booming mining and border towns of Omnogovi and Dornogovi provinces in Southeast Gobi.

 

Read more on:

Mongolia

Water

Southeast Gobi Urban and Border Town Development Project

To Make Your Brain More Efficient, Try New Things…

Your Brain Becomes Stimulated Once You Experience New Things.

Mexico City, 4 July 2024

I've been a little obsessed with pin-ups and classic love stories this week, so I made this. Painted board, vintage text (c. 1960), silhouette and woman with curlers painted in acrylics, 8" by 10". I'm considering making a series and selling them online.