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Today. You may have noticed that today's shot is very similar to yesterday's. In addition to wanting to put Lawrence in the spotlight of project 365, I set up this series of 15 so that I had pictures to post while I was traveling. I just got back from a long road trip to Canada - more about this tomorrow - and having the Lawrence pics to post while I was gone allowed me to continue project 365 from the road without having to produce new photos. So, while on the road, I sort of screwed up and left two very similar shots for the last two days. Although these shots are similar in subject, I believe they tell different stories, what are your thoughts?
Here is a recap of my Lawrence University subseries, entitled "The Difference".
320/365 - The Difference Part 1
321/365 - The Difference Part 2
322/365 - The Difference Part 3
323/365 - The Difference Part 4
324/365 - The Difference Part 5
325/365 - The Difference Part 6
326/365 - The Difference Part 7
327/365 - The Difference Part 8
328/365 - The Difference Part 9
329/365 - The Difference Part 10
330/365 - The Difference Part 11
331/365 - The Difference Part 12
332/365 - The Difference Part 13
333/365 - The Difference Part 14
Also, here are some bonus Lawrence shots from earlier on in project 365:
From the photoblog at www.shutterrunner.com.
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Trying to find someplace in the house where I can get a good view of the dress. Just noticed my annoying tan-line
One of the differences between this protest and others that I've attended is that previous rallies were performative. They were visual and physical demonstrations of rage, frustration, anger. The May Day gathering emphasized a greater sense of strength and resolve. Small groups of people gathered and talked quietly. There were speakers toward whom people in general gave their attention, but this was out of a sense of politeness and respect. I would liken this group to chainmail. They were linked together, arm-in-arm, immensely strong, serious, dignified, tough. Peaceful but not taking anything from anybody.
This needs to be viewed on a desktop computer to experienced in a meaningful way.
I went to Formby beach today where the National Trust charge £50 to park a coach.Also at Formby beach today was Orion MX14TSZ a Dennis Javelin / Plaxton Profile C53F . It actually dates from 2003 and is an ex MOD vehicle , but is wearing its first plate as it carried an MOD plate during its time in the services. Photo taken 03/06/15
To understand in advance more about the significance of this memorial site and the adjacent museum as well as what they symbolise, a brief overview of the island of Cyprus’ history is required.
When the Ottoman empire took control in 1461 of what we today know as Greece, the Greeks preserved their culture through the Orthodox church.
When the Ottomans arrived in Cyprus in 1571, they freed the Orthodox church from centuries of Latin control. Over the years, the Greek influence and the control that the Orthodox church had was gradually strengthened, to such an extent that there was eventually little difference between religious activities and political activities.
In 1832, after a long and bitter war, Greece was granted independence from the Ottomans.
Although there had been conflict in Cyprus, the island was not part of the agreement – however when the British arrived in 1878, there were hopes that they would grant Cyprus Enosis, in other words, union with Greece.
However, that was not to be the case and from the 1930’s a gradual escalation of civil unrest was seen, largely instigated by the church. In 1955, EOKA was formed as a terrorist organisation with the sole aim of getting the British out and absorbing the island into Greece.
Unfortunately, little thought was made of what the Turkish Cypriots living peacefully on the island would think of this. EOKA violence escalated against not only the British, but against anybody that did not support Enosis. Attacks against Turkish villages became more common, and in 1958, Turkish Cypriots formed the TMT in an attempt to counter EOKA.
In 1959, the London and Zurich agreements laid the foundations for the independence of Cyprus, however Greek Cypriots saw this as a steppingstone to Enosis, and in 1963, a secret plan was drawn up which discarded the 1960 constitution.
As part of this plan, Turkish Cypriots were gradually displaced from their villages and placed in enclaves. In December of 1963, systematic violence against Turkish Cypriots erupted, and this was to continue for several years, and gradually separated the island into Greek and Turkish community areas.
In 1974, a Greek sponsored coup overthrew Archbishop Makarios with the intention of forcing Enosis onto the island.
To prevent this, under the order of late Prime Minister Bülent Ecevit, Turkey invoked its rights to intervene under the Treaty of Guarantee, and on 20 July 1974 launched what is known as the 1st Peace Operation.
“We are actually going to the island for peace, not for war, and not just for the Turkish Cypriots but for the Greek Cypriots as well,” Mr Ecevit told reporters at the time.
This operation came five days after a Greek junta-engineered coup saw EOKA terrorist Nicos Sampson installed as the island’s leader. Scores of Greek Cypriots were killed by fellow Greek Cypriots during the violence.
Sampson would later say in an interview with a Greek newspaper, printed in 1981, that had Turkey not intervened “I would not only have proclaimed Enosis, I would have annihilated the Turks in Cyprus”.
A ceasefire was agreed at 4pm on 22 July 1974, leaving the Turkish Army in control of a stretch of land including the main road between Kyrenia and Nicosia.
However attacks on the Turkish Cypriot population continued and the precarious situation of its own troops prompted Turkey to launch the second phase of its operation in August of the same year, eventually extending the safe haven for Turkish Cypriots to today’s boundaries.
These Peace Operations confirmed an already divided island into Greek Cyprus and Turkish Cyprus, and it declared its independence on 15 November 1983 as the Turkish Republic of North Cyprus.
The momentous Karaoglanoglu Memorial was built in memory of soldiers who gave their lives during the Peace Operations of 1974, and takes it name after the regiment Commander Colonel Halil İbrahim Karaoğlanoğlu, one of the first officers to die in the first hours of the Operation.
The story of the conflict is represented here in words and pictures as a factual presentation, and the displays are in English as well as Turkish. English speaking National servicemen from the Turkish Army are also on hand to guide visitors through the various parts of the memorial.
The two striking columns that greet visitors at the entrance symbolise the door to Turkey. Further in, a small military graveyard holding the remains of some of the casualties, including that of Colonel Karaoglanoglu, the most senior officer to be killed in the operation, and whose name was also given to the nearby village in his memory.
The group of statues symbolise the Republic of Turkey and Turkish Republic of North Cyprus, built on four columns, representing the four-day duration of the first Peace Operation.
The Peace & Freedom Museum next to the memorial consists of an indoor and outdoor area. The open air consists of a display of vehicles and arms left by the fleeing Greek soldiers, while indoors there is a display of photographs of the military action, artillery as well as possessions and uniforms of some of the Operation martyrs.
A short distance from the museum is the momentous Peace & Freedom Icon at the actual point of the landings of the Turkish Peace Operation.
An easily accessible main road stop on your NCY visit and 15-minute drive from Kyrenia Town Centre, it is recommended to spend an hour to take in all the remarkable facts and take plentiful photos – a sombre yet very interesting experience for most and children tend to enjoy viewing the old tanks and vehicles at the outdoor museum.
Karavas (Greek: Καραβάς; Turkish: Alsancak) is a town in the north of the Cyprus island. It is under the de facto control of Northern Cyprus. As of 2011, the town has a population of 6,597.
The name Karavas comes from the Greek karávi (καράβι), meaning "ship". The name Alsancak comes from the two turkish words Al, meaning "Red" and 'Sancak meaning "flag".
Prior to the Turkish invasion in 1974, Karavas had a Greek population of approximately 2200. Karavas was captured by the Turkish Army before the second Turkish invasion of Cyprus after July 20, 1974. The city was attacked on August 6, during the so-called armistice. All Greek Cypriot inhabitants were forced out of Karavas by Turkish military forces and have become refugees, living in Cyprus and abroad. Following the population exchange assisted by the United Nations where the Turkish Cypriots forced from their villages in the South were transported to the safety of the North, today the village is home mostly to those Turkish Cypriots displaced from their original village Mandria in the Paphos region left in the south of the island.
The Turkish Cypriot municipality Alsancak was founded in 1974.
"Pente Mili" is one of the most beautiful beaches in Karavas.
The Cyprus Treasure, an impressive collection of silver vessels, dishes, spoons and jewelry, was found here in 1902 and 1917. It can be found in the British Museum in London, Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City and the Cyprus Museum in Nicosia.
Notable people
Karavas is the birthplace of the Cypriot-American organic chemist K. C. Nicolaou.
Karavas is twinned with:
Turkey Bornova, İzmir, Turkey (since 2011)
Turkey Gazipaşa, Antalya, Turkey (since 2015)
Northern Cyprus, officially the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), is a de facto state that comprises the northeastern portion of the island of Cyprus. It is recognised only by Turkey, and its territory is considered by all other states to be part of the Republic of Cyprus.
Northern Cyprus extends from the tip of the Karpass Peninsula in the northeast to Morphou Bay, Cape Kormakitis and its westernmost point, the Kokkina exclave in the west. Its southernmost point is the village of Louroujina. A buffer zone under the control of the United Nations stretches between Northern Cyprus and the rest of the island and divides Nicosia, the island's largest city and capital of both sides.
A coup d'état in 1974, performed as part of an attempt to annex the island to Greece, prompted the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. This resulted in the eviction of much of the north's Greek Cypriot population, the flight of Turkish Cypriots from the south, and the partitioning of the island, leading to a unilateral declaration of independence by the north in 1983. Due to its lack of recognition, Northern Cyprus is heavily dependent on Turkey for economic, political and military support.
Attempts to reach a solution to the Cyprus dispute have been unsuccessful. The Turkish Army maintains a large force in Northern Cyprus with the support and approval of the TRNC government, while the Republic of Cyprus, the European Union as a whole, and the international community regard it as an occupation force. This military presence has been denounced in several United Nations Security Council resolutions.
Northern Cyprus is a semi-presidential, democratic republic with a cultural heritage incorporating various influences and an economy that is dominated by the services sector. The economy has seen growth through the 2000s and 2010s, with the GNP per capita more than tripling in the 2000s, but is held back by an international embargo due to the official closure of the ports in Northern Cyprus by the Republic of Cyprus. The official language is Turkish, with a distinct local dialect being spoken. The vast majority of the population consists of Sunni Muslims, while religious attitudes are mostly moderate and secular. Northern Cyprus is an observer state of ECO and OIC under the name "Turkish Cypriot State", PACE under the name "Turkish Cypriot Community", and Organization of Turkic States with its own name.
Several distinct periods of Cypriot intercommunal violence involving the two main ethnic communities, Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots, marked mid-20th century Cyprus. These included the Cyprus Emergency of 1955–59 during British rule, the post-independence Cyprus crisis of 1963–64, and the Cyprus crisis of 1967. Hostilities culminated in the 1974 de facto division of the island along the Green Line following the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. The region has been relatively peaceful since then, but the Cyprus dispute has continued, with various attempts to solve it diplomatically having been generally unsuccessful.
Cyprus, an island lying in the eastern Mediterranean, hosted a population of Greeks and Turks (four-fifths and one-fifth, respectively), who lived under British rule in the late nineteenth-century and the first half of the twentieth-century. Christian Orthodox Church of Cyprus played a prominent political role among the Greek Cypriot community, a privilege that it acquired during the Ottoman Empire with the employment of the millet system, which gave the archbishop an unofficial ethnarch status.
The repeated rejections by the British of Greek Cypriot demands for enosis, union with Greece, led to armed resistance, organised by the National Organization of Cypriot Struggle, or EOKA. EOKA, led by the Greek-Cypriot commander George Grivas, systematically targeted British colonial authorities. One of the effects of EOKA's campaign was to alter the Turkish position from demanding full reincorporation into Turkey to a demand for taksim (partition). EOKA's mission and activities caused a "Cretan syndrome" (see Turkish Resistance Organisation) within the Turkish Cypriot community, as its members feared that they would be forced to leave the island in such a case as had been the case with Cretan Turks. As such, they preferred the continuation of British colonial rule and then taksim, the division of the island. Due to the Turkish Cypriots' support for the British, EOKA's leader, Georgios Grivas, declared them to be enemies. The fact that the Turks were a minority was, according to Nihat Erim, to be addressed by the transfer of thousands of Turks from mainland Turkey so that Greek Cypriots would cease to be the majority. When Erim visited Cyprus as the Turkish representative, he was advised by Field Marshal Sir John Harding, the then Governor of Cyprus, that Turkey should send educated Turks to settle in Cyprus.
Turkey actively promoted the idea that on the island of Cyprus two distinctive communities existed, and sidestepped its former claim that "the people of Cyprus were all Turkish subjects". In doing so, Turkey's aim to have self-determination of two to-be equal communities in effect led to de jure partition of the island.[citation needed] This could be justified to the international community against the will of the majority Greek population of the island. Dr. Fazil Küçük in 1954 had already proposed Cyprus be divided in two at the 35° parallel.
Lindley Dan, from Notre Dame University, spotted the roots of intercommunal violence to different visions among the two communities of Cyprus (enosis for Greek Cypriots, taksim for Turkish Cypriots). Also, Lindlay wrote that "the merging of church, schools/education, and politics in divisive and nationalistic ways" had played a crucial role in creation of havoc in Cyprus' history. Attalides Michael also pointed to the opposing nationalisms as the cause of the Cyprus problem.
By the mid-1950's, the "Cyprus is Turkish" party, movement, and slogan gained force in both Cyprus and Turkey. In a 1954 editorial, Turkish Cypriot leader Dr. Fazil Kuchuk expressed the sentiment that the Turkish youth had grown up with the idea that "as soon as Great Britain leaves the island, it will be taken over by the Turks", and that "Turkey cannot tolerate otherwise". This perspective contributed to the willingness of Turkish Cypriots to align themselves with the British, who started recruiting Turkish Cypriots into the police force that patrolled Cyprus to fight EOKA, a Greek Cypriot nationalist organisation that sought to rid the island of British rule.
EOKA targeted colonial authorities, including police, but Georgios Grivas, the leader of EOKA, did not initially wish to open up a new front by fighting Turkish Cypriots and reassured them that EOKA would not harm their people. In 1956, some Turkish Cypriot policemen were killed by EOKA members and this provoked some intercommunal violence in the spring and summer, but these attacks on policemen were not motivated by the fact that they were Turkish Cypriots.
However, in January 1957, Grivas changed his policy as his forces in the mountains became increasingly pressured by the British Crown forces. In order to divert the attention of the Crown forces, EOKA members started to target Turkish Cypriot policemen intentionally in the towns, so that Turkish Cypriots would riot against the Greek Cypriots and the security forces would have to be diverted to the towns to restore order. The killing of a Turkish Cypriot policeman on 19 January, when a power station was bombed, and the injury of three others, provoked three days of intercommunal violence in Nicosia. The two communities targeted each other in reprisals, at least one Greek Cypriot was killed and the British Army was deployed in the streets. Greek Cypriot stores were burned and their neighbourhoods attacked. Following the events, the Greek Cypriot leadership spread the propaganda that the riots had merely been an act of Turkish Cypriot aggression. Such events created chaos and drove the communities apart both in Cyprus and in Turkey.
On 22 October 1957 Sir Hugh Mackintosh Foot replaced Sir John Harding as the British Governor of Cyprus. Foot suggested five to seven years of self-government before any final decision. His plan rejected both enosis and taksim. The Turkish Cypriot response to this plan was a series of anti-British demonstrations in Nicosia on 27 and 28 January 1958 rejecting the proposed plan because the plan did not include partition. The British then withdrew the plan.
In 1957, Black Gang, a Turkish Cypriot pro-taksim paramilitary organisation, was formed to patrol a Turkish Cypriot enclave, the Tahtakale district of Nicosia, against activities of EOKA. The organisation later attempted to grow into a national scale, but failed to gain public support.
By 1958, signs of dissatisfaction with the British increased on both sides, with a group of Turkish Cypriots forming Volkan (later renamed to the Turkish Resistance Organisation) paramilitary group to promote partition and the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as dictated by the Menderes plan. Volkan initially consisted of roughly 100 members, with the stated aim of raising awareness in Turkey of the Cyprus issue and courting military training and support for Turkish Cypriot fighters from the Turkish government.
In June 1958, the British Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan, was expected to propose a plan to resolve the Cyprus issue. In light of the new development, the Turks rioted in Nicosia to promote the idea that Greek and Turkish Cypriots could not live together and therefore any plan that did not include partition would not be viable. This violence was soon followed by bombing, Greek Cypriot deaths and looting of Greek Cypriot-owned shops and houses. Greek and Turkish Cypriots started to flee mixed population villages where they were a minority in search of safety. This was effectively the beginning of the segregation of the two communities. On 7 June 1958, a bomb exploded at the entrance of the Turkish Embassy in Cyprus. Following the bombing, Turkish Cypriots looted Greek Cypriot properties. On 26 June 1984, the Turkish Cypriot leader, Rauf Denktaş, admitted on British channel ITV that the bomb was placed by the Turks themselves in order to create tension. On 9 January 1995, Rauf Denktaş repeated his claim to the famous Turkish newspaper Milliyet in Turkey.
The crisis reached a climax on 12 June 1958, when eight Greeks, out of an armed group of thirty five arrested by soldiers of the Royal Horse Guards on suspicion of preparing an attack on the Turkish quarter of Skylloura, were killed in a suspected attack by Turkish Cypriot locals, near the village of Geunyeli, having been ordered to walk back to their village of Kondemenos.
After the EOKA campaign had begun, the British government successfully began to turn the Cyprus issue from a British colonial problem into a Greek-Turkish issue. British diplomacy exerted backstage influence on the Adnan Menderes government, with the aim of making Turkey active in Cyprus. For the British, the attempt had a twofold objective. The EOKA campaign would be silenced as quickly as possible, and Turkish Cypriots would not side with Greek Cypriots against the British colonial claims over the island, which would thus remain under the British. The Turkish Cypriot leadership visited Menderes to discuss the Cyprus issue. When asked how the Turkish Cypriots should respond to the Greek Cypriot claim of enosis, Menderes replied: "You should go to the British foreign minister and request the status quo be prolonged, Cyprus to remain as a British colony". When the Turkish Cypriots visited the British Foreign Secretary and requested for Cyprus to remain a colony, he replied: "You should not be asking for colonialism at this day and age, you should be asking for Cyprus be returned to Turkey, its former owner".
As Turkish Cypriots began to look to Turkey for protection, Greek Cypriots soon understood that enosis was extremely unlikely. The Greek Cypriot leader, Archbishop Makarios III, now set independence for the island as his objective.
Britain resolved to solve the dispute by creating an independent Cyprus. In 1959, all involved parties signed the Zurich Agreements: Britain, Turkey, Greece, and the Greek and Turkish Cypriot leaders, Makarios and Dr. Fazil Kucuk, respectively. The new constitution drew heavily on the ethnic composition of the island. The President would be a Greek Cypriot, and the Vice-President a Turkish Cypriot with an equal veto. The contribution to the public service would be set at a ratio of 70:30, and the Supreme Court would consist of an equal number of judges from both communities as well as an independent judge who was not Greek, Turkish or British. The Zurich Agreements were supplemented by a number of treaties. The Treaty of Guarantee stated that secession or union with any state was forbidden, and that Greece, Turkey and Britain would be given guarantor status to intervene if that was violated. The Treaty of Alliance allowed for two small Greek and Turkish military contingents to be stationed on the island, and the Treaty of Establishment gave Britain sovereignty over two bases in Akrotiri and Dhekelia.
On 15 August 1960, the Colony of Cyprus became fully independent as the Republic of Cyprus. The new republic remained within the Commonwealth of Nations.
The new constitution brought dissatisfaction to Greek Cypriots, who felt it to be highly unjust for them for historical, demographic and contributional reasons. Although 80% of the island's population were Greek Cypriots and these indigenous people had lived on the island for thousands of years and paid 94% of taxes, the new constitution was giving the 17% of the population that was Turkish Cypriots, who paid 6% of taxes, around 30% of government jobs and 40% of national security jobs.
Within three years tensions between the two communities in administrative affairs began to show. In particular disputes over separate municipalities and taxation created a deadlock in government. A constitutional court ruled in 1963 Makarios had failed to uphold article 173 of the constitution which called for the establishment of separate municipalities for Turkish Cypriots. Makarios subsequently declared his intention to ignore the judgement, resulting in the West German judge resigning from his position. Makarios proposed thirteen amendments to the constitution, which would have had the effect of resolving most of the issues in the Greek Cypriot favour. Under the proposals, the President and Vice-President would lose their veto, the separate municipalities as sought after by the Turkish Cypriots would be abandoned, the need for separate majorities by both communities in passing legislation would be discarded and the civil service contribution would be set at actual population ratios (82:18) instead of the slightly higher figure for Turkish Cypriots.
The intention behind the amendments has long been called into question. The Akritas plan, written in the height of the constitutional dispute by the Greek Cypriot interior minister Polycarpos Georkadjis, called for the removal of undesirable elements of the constitution so as to allow power-sharing to work. The plan envisaged a swift retaliatory attack on Turkish Cypriot strongholds should Turkish Cypriots resort to violence to resist the measures, stating "In the event of a planned or staged Turkish attack, it is imperative to overcome it by force in the shortest possible time, because if we succeed in gaining command of the situation (in one or two days), no outside, intervention would be either justified or possible." Whether Makarios's proposals were part of the Akritas plan is unclear, however it remains that sentiment towards enosis had not completely disappeared with independence. Makarios described independence as "a step on the road to enosis".[31] Preparations for conflict were not entirely absent from Turkish Cypriots either, with right wing elements still believing taksim (partition) the best safeguard against enosis.
Greek Cypriots however believe the amendments were a necessity stemming from a perceived attempt by Turkish Cypriots to frustrate the working of government. Turkish Cypriots saw it as a means to reduce their status within the state from one of co-founder to that of minority, seeing it as a first step towards enosis. The security situation deteriorated rapidly.
Main articles: Bloody Christmas (1963) and Battle of Tillyria
An armed conflict was triggered after December 21, 1963, a period remembered by Turkish Cypriots as Bloody Christmas, when a Greek Cypriot policemen that had been called to help deal with a taxi driver refusing officers already on the scene access to check the identification documents of his customers, took out his gun upon arrival and shot and killed the taxi driver and his partner. Eric Solsten summarised the events as follows: "a Greek Cypriot police patrol, ostensibly checking identification documents, stopped a Turkish Cypriot couple on the edge of the Turkish quarter. A hostile crowd gathered, shots were fired, and two Turkish Cypriots were killed."
In the morning after the shooting, crowds gathered in protest in Northern Nicosia, likely encouraged by the TMT, without incident. On the evening of the 22nd, gunfire broke out, communication lines to the Turkish neighbourhoods were cut, and the Greek Cypriot police occupied the nearby airport. On the 23rd, a ceasefire was negotiated, but did not hold. Fighting, including automatic weapons fire, between Greek and Turkish Cypriots and militias increased in Nicosia and Larnaca. A force of Greek Cypriot irregulars led by Nikos Sampson entered the Nicosia suburb of Omorphita and engaged in heavy firing on armed, as well as by some accounts unarmed, Turkish Cypriots. The Omorphita clash has been described by Turkish Cypriots as a massacre, while this view has generally not been acknowledged by Greek Cypriots.
Further ceasefires were arranged between the two sides, but also failed. By Christmas Eve, the 24th, Britain, Greece, and Turkey had joined talks, with all sides calling for a truce. On Christmas day, Turkish fighter jets overflew Nicosia in a show of support. Finally it was agreed to allow a force of 2,700 British soldiers to help enforce a ceasefire. In the next days, a "buffer zone" was created in Nicosia, and a British officer marked a line on a map with green ink, separating the two sides of the city, which was the beginning of the "Green Line". Fighting continued across the island for the next several weeks.
In total 364 Turkish Cypriots and 174 Greek Cypriots were killed during the violence. 25,000 Turkish Cypriots from 103-109 villages fled and were displaced into enclaves and thousands of Turkish Cypriot houses were ransacked or completely destroyed.
Contemporary newspapers also reported on the forceful exodus of the Turkish Cypriots from their homes. According to The Times in 1964, threats, shootings and attempts of arson were committed against the Turkish Cypriots to force them out of their homes. The Daily Express wrote that "25,000 Turks have already been forced to leave their homes". The Guardian reported a massacre of Turks at Limassol on 16 February 1964.
Turkey had by now readied its fleet and its fighter jets appeared over Nicosia. Turkey was dissuaded from direct involvement by the creation of a United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) in 1964. Despite the negotiated ceasefire in Nicosia, attacks on the Turkish Cypriot persisted, particularly in Limassol. Concerned about the possibility of a Turkish invasion, Makarios undertook the creation of a Greek Cypriot conscript-based army called the "National Guard". A general from Greece took charge of the army, whilst a further 20,000 well-equipped officers and men were smuggled from Greece into Cyprus. Turkey threatened to intervene once more, but was prevented by a strongly worded letter from the American President Lyndon B. Johnson, anxious to avoid a conflict between NATO allies Greece and Turkey at the height of the Cold War.
Turkish Cypriots had by now established an important bridgehead at Kokkina, provided with arms, volunteers and materials from Turkey and abroad. Seeing this incursion of foreign weapons and troops as a major threat, the Cypriot government invited George Grivas to return from Greece as commander of the Greek troops on the island and launch a major attack on the bridgehead. Turkey retaliated by dispatching its fighter jets to bomb Greek positions, causing Makarios to threaten an attack on every Turkish Cypriot village on the island if the bombings did not cease. The conflict had now drawn in Greece and Turkey, with both countries amassing troops on their Thracian borders. Efforts at mediation by Dean Acheson, a former U.S. Secretary of State, and UN-appointed mediator Galo Plaza had failed, all the while the division of the two communities becoming more apparent. Greek Cypriot forces were estimated at some 30,000, including the National Guard and the large contingent from Greece. Defending the Turkish Cypriot enclaves was a force of approximately 5,000 irregulars, led by a Turkish colonel, but lacking the equipment and organisation of the Greek forces.
The Secretary-General of the United Nations in 1964, U Thant, reported the damage during the conflicts:
UNFICYP carried out a detailed survey of all damage to properties throughout the island during the disturbances; it shows that in 109 villages, most of them Turkish-Cypriot or mixed villages, 527 houses have been destroyed while 2,000 others have suffered damage from looting.
The situation worsened in 1967, when a military junta overthrew the democratically elected government of Greece, and began applying pressure on Makarios to achieve enosis. Makarios, not wishing to become part of a military dictatorship or trigger a Turkish invasion, began to distance himself from the goal of enosis. This caused tensions with the junta in Greece as well as George Grivas in Cyprus. Grivas's control over the National Guard and Greek contingent was seen as a threat to Makarios's position, who now feared a possible coup.[citation needed] The National Guard and Cyprus Police began patrolling the Turkish Cypriot enclaves of Ayios Theodoros and Kophinou, and on November 15 engaged in heavy fighting with the Turkish Cypriots.
By the time of his withdrawal 26 Turkish Cypriots had been killed. Turkey replied with an ultimatum demanding that Grivas be removed from the island, that the troops smuggled from Greece in excess of the limits of the Treaty of Alliance be removed, and that the economic blockades on the Turkish Cypriot enclaves be lifted. Grivas was recalled by the Athens Junta and the 12,000 Greek troops were withdrawn. Makarios now attempted to consolidate his position by reducing the number of National Guard troops, and by creating a paramilitary force loyal to Cypriot independence. In 1968, acknowledging that enosis was now all but impossible, Makarios stated, "A solution by necessity must be sought within the limits of what is feasible which does not always coincide with the limits of what is desirable."
After 1967 tensions between the Greek and Turkish Cypriots subsided. Instead, the main source of tension on the island came from factions within the Greek Cypriot community. Although Makarios had effectively abandoned enosis in favour of an 'attainable solution', many others continued to believe that the only legitimate political aspiration for Greek Cypriots was union with Greece.
On his arrival, Grivas began by establishing a nationalist paramilitary group known as the National Organization of Cypriot Fighters (Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston B or EOKA-B), drawing comparisons with the EOKA struggle for enosis under the British colonial administration of the 1950s.
The military junta in Athens saw Makarios as an obstacle. Makarios's failure to disband the National Guard, whose officer class was dominated by mainland Greeks, had meant the junta had practical control over the Cypriot military establishment, leaving Makarios isolated and a vulnerable target.
During the first Turkish invasion, Turkish troops invaded Cyprus territory on 20 July 1974, invoking its rights under the Treaty of Guarantee. This expansion of Turkish-occupied zone violated International Law as well as the Charter of the United Nations. Turkish troops managed to capture 3% of the island which was accompanied by the burning of the Turkish Cypriot quarter, as well as the raping and killing of women and children. A temporary cease-fire followed which was mitigated by the UN Security Council. Subsequently, the Greek military Junta collapsed on July 23, 1974, and peace talks commenced in which a democratic government was installed. The Resolution 353 was broken after Turkey attacked a second time and managed to get a hold of 37% of Cyprus territory. The Island of Cyprus was appointed a Buffer Zone by the United Nations, which divided the island into two zones through the 'Green Line' and put an end to the Turkish invasion. Although Turkey announced that the occupied areas of Cyprus to be called the Federated Turkish State in 1975, it is not legitimised on a worldwide political scale. The United Nations called for the international recognition of independence for the Republic of Cyprus in the Security Council Resolution 367.
In the years after the Turkish invasion of northern Cyprus one can observe a history of failed talks between the two parties. The 1983 declaration of the independent Turkish Republic of Cyprus resulted in a rise of inter-communal tensions and made it increasingly hard to find mutual understanding. With Cyprus' interest of a possible EU membership and a new UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan in 1997 new hopes arose for a fresh start. International involvement from sides of the US and UK, wanting a solution to the Cyprus dispute prior to the EU accession led to political pressures for new talks. The believe that an accession without a solution would threaten Greek-Turkish relations and acknowledge the partition of the island would direct the coming negotiations.
Over the course of two years a concrete plan, the Annan plan was formulated. In 2004 the fifth version agreed upon from both sides and with the endorsement of Turkey, US, UK and EU then was presented to the public and was given a referendum in both Cypriot communities to assure the legitimisation of the resolution. The Turkish Cypriots voted with 65% for the plan, however the Greek Cypriots voted with a 76% majority against. The Annan plan contained multiple important topics. Firstly it established a confederation of two separate states called the United Cyprus Republic. Both communities would have autonomous states combined under one unified government. The members of parliament would be chosen according to the percentage in population numbers to ensure a just involvement from both communities. The paper proposed a demilitarisation of the island over the next years. Furthermore it agreed upon a number of 45000 Turkish settlers that could remain on the island. These settlers became a very important issue concerning peace talks. Originally the Turkish government encouraged Turks to settle in Cyprus providing transfer and property, to establish a counterpart to the Greek Cypriot population due to their 1 to 5 minority. With the economic situation many Turkish-Cypriot decided to leave the island, however their departure is made up by incoming Turkish settlers leaving the population ratio between Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots stable. However all these points where criticised and as seen in the vote rejected mainly by the Greek Cypriots. These name the dissolution of the „Republic of Cyprus", economic consequences of a reunion and the remaining Turkish settlers as reason. Many claim that the plan was indeed drawing more from Turkish-Cypriot demands then Greek-Cypriot interests. Taking in consideration that the US wanted to keep Turkey as a strategic partner in future Middle Eastern conflicts.
A week after the failed referendum the Republic of Cyprus joined the EU. In multiple instances the EU tried to promote trade with Northern Cyprus but without internationally recognised ports this spiked a grand debate. Both side endure their intention of negotiations, however without the prospect of any new compromises or agreements the UN is unwilling to start the process again. Since 2004 negotiations took place in numbers but without any results, both sides are strongly holding on to their position without an agreeable solution in sight that would suit both parties.
The same location of Clifton, and that's about it. The 48 runs up to every 8 minutes via The Meadows, and the 64 runs up to every hour via QMC.
Living together in harmony does not require us to look the same, think the same or act the same - in fact we can benefit greatly from rubbing up against people who are different. But without love nothing works.
This is an image of two photographs I framed for a charity auction - The image on the left was more striking, so I took the trouble to use a nicer frame, add a mat border… and used museum glass (non-glare) in front of the art.
The Rhino on the other hand. is a bit more laid back, it was taken at a zoo and is more of just a happy rhino thing, where it was placed into a frame with no mat but also - normal glass in front…
Once you know to look for it you can quickly see the huge difference in reflection that museum glass makes. You can see the railing of stairs behind me easily in the rhino image and not at all in the tiger.
So if you are placing art where there may be any glare at all, strongly consider sprinting for museum glass so people can really appreciate your image.
These two near identical Volvo Olympian's are seen here on 02/06/2019, at Kirkby Industrial Estate, Liverpool, at the 8th. Annual NWVRT Rally & Running Day. On the left, facing the camera undergoing restoration is former Liverbus, Huyton, 211, L211SBG, a YN2RV18Z4 model, new in 10/1993 while on the right is former MTL North 0312, R312WVR, an OLY-50 model, new in 06/1998. Both carry the Northern Counties Palatine II body. © Peter Steel 2019.
Not much difference here from Logan's, just minor differences. Gave him a hook weapon instead of another sword. I like to think he would drag in his opponents with the hook and then slice them once close.
Added the red armor on the chest since the red is suppose to symbolize his allegiance to Kulta, and that side of the chest print has more red so it works.
The flames are suppose to represent the mystic-ness of Slicer, since supposedly it was the Skull spider that revived him, but who really knows? Just thought it added a nice dark magic vibe to it.
I guess I wouldn't have to write much about these comparison photos, since they pretty much speak for themselves.
Still, I can't keep from saying how amazing an experience it is for us here at Etna, to see this immense new cone grow where one year ago there was just a steaming hole in the ground, the famous "pit crater". The hole has become a mountain, the New Southeast Crater, which is growing taller and broader with each of its amazing eruptive episodes, or "paroxysms". Only during the latest of these events, on 15 November 2011, it grew 10-20 m; the lower of the two photographs was taken shortly after the end of the paroxysm.
In contrast, when I took the upper photograph, nearly exactly one year earlier, no one would have imagined to see such dramatic change in such a short period. The first paroxysm in the current series was on 12-13 January, and there have been a total of 18 of these episodes until now. Chances are that there will be more of them, maybe at a slower rhythm than during this summer, but each will add a bit to the cone. If the behavior of Etna does not change for some time to come, the new cone will eventually become as high as its older sibling, the original Southeast Crater cone, which still dominates the view in the 9 November 2010 image, but has been degraded to some outdated backdrop in the lower frame.
Both views were taken from the same place, at the bend of the jeep road near the "Belvedere" monitoring station, approximately 1 km to the southeast of the crater.
A documentary film by Tod Lending
PBS Airdate: Season 29 of POV (September 12, 2016)
Caption: Fisk University at sunset
Credit: Tod Lending
Photos are for press and private use only. All rights reserved. All uses of the photos must be credited as indicated in the captions. For additional information on rights or for any clearance issues, please contact communications(at)pov.org.
Quote:
It is very useful, when one is young, to learn the difference between "literally" and "figuratively."
...Figuratively, they escaped from Count Olaf and their miserable existence. They did not literally escape, because they were still in his house and vulnerable to Olaf's evil in loco parentis ways. But by immersing themselves in their favorite reading topics, they felt far away from their predicament, as if they had escaped.
-LS
When in water (right), shell is more translucent, lighter and brighter in colour, and less reflective, than when in air (left).
1: internal view of row of palatal protrusions at earlier position of palatal lip.
2: external view through translucent shell of same row of protrusions as in ‘1’.
Shell height 6.1 mm. Salting on tidal River Dee, Flintshire, Wales. December 2018.
Full DESCRIPTION BELOW
Sets of OTHER SPECIES: www.flickr.com/photos/56388191@N08/collections/
GLOSSARY BELOW
Preface
Specimens illustrated in this account which were supplied to Amgueddfa Cymru (the Natural History Museum, Wales) were sequenced by Ben Rowson who found no difference in the DNA of M. myosotis and M. denticulata and concluded that they were a single species; Myosotella myosotis (Draparnaud, 1801). This has been accepted by WoRMS; see www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=139672 ]
A possibility, raised by Martins (2013), is that the true M. myosotis (Draparnaud, 1801) occurs in the Mediterranean and that both British shell forms are ecotypes of M. denticulata (Montagu, 1803). This account, written before molecular sequencing united them, describes the form previously regarded as M. denticulata.
Because of its special habitat intermediate between terrestrial and marine, this species, and its Leucophytia relative in the family Ellobiidae, are omitted from some identification guides, while variously appearing in others devoted solely to either terrestrial, marine or even freshwater mollusca.
Myosotella myosotis form denticulata (Montagu, 1803)
Synonyms: Voluta denticulata Montagu, 1803; Voluta ringens W. Turton, 1819; Ovatella denticulata (Montagu, 1803); Alexia ringicula Locard, 1893; Conovulus denticulatus in Forbes & Hanley (1853); Melampus myosotis (part of) in Jeffreys (1869);
Vernacular Probably applied at times to both M. denticulata and M. myosotis: Mouse-eared Alexia, Mouse ear(ed) snail (English); Clust llygoden (Welsh); Evesnegl (Danish); Muizenoortje (Dutch); Ovatelle naine des vases (French); Stranddvärgsnäcka (Swedish); Mäuseöhrchen (German);
Applied to just this form: Many-toothed mouse-ear (English); Gewoon muizenoortje (Dutch);
Description
When in water, shell is more translucent, lighter and brighter in colour, and less reflective, than when in air 1Md flic.kr/p/2ejw2rW . The following shell description is of specimens in air.
Shell
Juvenile shell usually less than 6 mm high. Adult shells often less than 6mm , usual maximum 7.5 mm, exceptionally 10 mm 2Md flic.kr/p/24NUBLV . Fusiform shell, width c.45% to 55% of height 3Md flic.kr/p/2fkP2h7 . Small spire with sharp apex; body whorl c. 73% of shell height, usually a little less on small specimens. Apex slightly twisted 3Md flic.kr/p/2fkP2h7 due to change from sinistral protoconch to dextral teleoconch. Shell-wall thin, opaque or slightly translucent, with a silky sheen when clean 4Md flic.kr/p/2fkP21f . Up to 8 moderately convex whorls separated by distinct shallow sutures. On juveniles, the periostracum is drawn into a row of bristles below the sutures 5Md flic.kr/p/2fkP1V5 , but they are worn off over time. Earliest juveniles with three or fewer whorls lack periostracum and bristles; their shells are white-translucent with punctate spiral lines which may persist for a time as the shell grows ; occasionally visible through periostracum on later whorls 6Md flic.kr/p/2fkP1HS . Very fine, closely spaced, costal lines sometimes visible on adults, especially on spire whorls 6Md flic.kr/p/2fkP1HS , often most clearly developed on subsutural ramp 4Md flic.kr/p/2fkP21f . Adults have growth lines; most easily seen when periostracum is worn 3Md flic.kr/p/2fkP2h7 , less so when periostracum is intact 7Md flic.kr/p/2fkP1Gj . Usually no umbilicus except for an umbilicus-like slit in the apex caused by the change from the sinistral larval shell (protoconch) to a dextral shell 8Md flic.kr/p/2fqtbmD . Within the shell, when it reaches 2½ whorls, the columella and septa between the spire whorls are resorbed by the mantle, leaving an open space except for the columella and septum of the body whorl. Aperture 50% to 60% of shell height 3Md flic.kr/p/2fkP2h7 , juveniles usually nearer the higher limit; shaped like a narrow ear with a rounded base and a sharp adapical angle 2Md flic.kr/p/24NUBLV . Thin palatal (outer) lip on specimens over 3mm high has two to seven (or more) protrusions (folds/teeth/denticles) 2Md flic.kr/p/24NUBLV which may be set into a pale calcareous ridge within the aperture near the palatal rim. Further sets of protrusions are often present further back in the aperture, marking previous positions of palatal lip 2Md flic.kr/p/24NUBLV . The palatal lip is sometimes weakly reflected on large adults 9Md flic.kr/p/2fkP1kN . The columellar-parietal lip (inner lip of aperture) has three or four protrusions . The parietal lip consists of a wide glazed area on the body whorl, but is often difficult to discern 2Md flic.kr/p/24NUBLV & 10Md flic.kr/p/2fkNZXU . Juveniles less than 3mm high may not have developed protrusions sufficiently to be distinguished from M. myosotis. For a clear view of the features within the aperture, including far-back rows of teeth, the animal may need a prod with a small brush to make it withdraw, and the shell requires tilting at different angles 11Md flic.kr/p/2fkNZsA . There is no operculum . Exterior colour varies from yellowish brown to brown 2Md flic.kr/p/24NUBLV . The protoconch and juvenile shell up to about 1.4mm height are white, and are retained as a white apex on the adult 3Md flic.kr/p/2fkP2h7 & 14Md flic.kr/p/2fkNZ4E . On dead stranded shells the periostracum often peels off and the colour bleaches to whitish 10Md flic.kr/p/2fkNZXU .
Body
Specimens from non-salting conditions have white or very pale grey flesh; colour on an individual varies with degree of extension and whether in air or water 12Md flic.kr/p/2fkNZeE . The colour of the occasional ones from under stones on saltings is similar to that of M. myosotis with darker grey arranged in transverse bands across the dorsum, and colour intensity usually increases with size/age 13Md flic.kr/p/RE4vht . The tentacles on all forms are usually grey or greyish. Sides of foot are paler than the dorsum of grey specimens 12Md flic.kr/p/2fkNZeE & 13Md flic.kr/p/RE4vht . The mantle sometimes projects a short way beyond the aperture rim of the palatal lip, but is not reflected onto it 13Md flic.kr/p/RE4vht . The parietal lip on the body whorl is a glaze formed by the mantle extending onto it 2Md flic.kr/p/24NUBLV & 10Md flic.kr/p/2fkNZXU . The mantle cavity, the roof of which contains a network of haemolymph vessels 14Md flic.kr/p/2fkNZ4E , functions as a lung for respiration. It is sealed off from the exterior by a thick, white or brownish-white, mantle-collar which fits closely round the body as it extends or retracts 6Md flic.kr/p/2fkP1HS & 24Md flic.kr/p/2e2z6Ja . The collar has a pneumostome which, when in air, can be opened and closed 15Md flic.kr/p/2fqt9Jk for respiration and humidity control but, when immersed, does not effectively retain air or exclude water 16Md flic.kr/p/RE4uWD & 17Md flic.kr/p/2fqt9ta . The rectum and part of the intestine, visible through translucent shells in water 17Md flic.kr/p/2fqt9ta , runs along the rear edge of the roof of the mantle cavity to the anus 18Md flic.kr/p/2e2z6XM which opens to the exterior in a folded part of the mantle-collar in the adapical angle of the aperture close to the pneumostome . The head has two cephalic tentacles; nearly linear with a bluntly pointed tip (subulate) when dry, and conical and paler when swollen with water 13Md flic.kr/p/RE4vht . When not fully extended, they are contracted, becoming annulated in the basal half 19Md flic.kr/p/2fkNYE3 , not retracted by inversion into the body. The tentacles widely diverge from their bases near the midline of the head 20Md flic.kr/p/2e2z6TZ . The distal half of the tentacles, sometimes slightly bulbous, is opaque grey, sometimes with a brownish tint 21Md flic.kr/p/2fkNYzU , and contains sensory chemoreceptor cells (Wondrak, 1984). There is an internal black eye within the posteromesial base of each tentacle 19Md flic.kr/p/2fkNYE3 . The head in front of the tentacles forms a broad, slightly bilobed “muzzle” (Forbes & Hanley,1853) 22Md flic.kr/p/2e2z6LV which can be variably configured, but not cylindrically to form a snout like that of many marine gastropods. Near the anterior edge of the muzzle are two button-like, pads (“fungiform bodies” of Wondrak, 1984) which contain sensory cells 21Md flic.kr/p/2fkNYzU , but they are inconspicuous on animals with white flesh. Ventrally, the mouth is protected by white outer-lip lobes. When feeding, the ventrally translucent-white muzzle is spread out flat on the substrate and the outer lips moved aside to expose the mouth edged anteriorly by the rim of the red-brown jaw 23Md flic.kr/p/24NUzJ8 , and to allow the extension of the anterior of the radula covered in thousands of white teeth. When translucent, the muzzle may reveal dorsally the oral tube leading from the mouth to the buccal mass, and the oesophagus passing from it towards the stomach 20Md flic.kr/p/2e2z6TZ . On weakly pigmented, translucent specimens the dumbbell-shaped, dorsal part of the nerve ring with two cerebral ganglia may be visible 20Md flic.kr/p/2e2z6TZ . The ring encircles the oesophagus. It and its ganglia that innervate organs on the head are the nearest approximation in gastropods to a centralised brain, but other ganglia distributed on nerve cords around the body innervate other organs. The anterior edge of the translucent white sole is broad and gently curved or almost straight, sometimes with a slightly indented middle, and tapers to a rounded posterior 22Md flic.kr/p/2e2z6LV . M. denticulata is a protandrous hermaphrodite. The common genital aperture is hidden beneath the mantle on the right of the animal. The female opening is covered by a thin lip of integument which continues forwards as a narrow fold enclosing the vas deferens 18Md flic.kr/p/2e2z6XM to the male aperture on the right of the head from which penis with vas deferens can be everted for mating by hydrostatic pressure of haemolymph.
When immersed in water, the body absorbs water, swells, and it and the shell become paler and more translucent, sometimes, revealing internal organs 24Md flic.kr/p/2e2z6Ja , 17Md flic.kr/p/2fqt9ta ,18Md flic.kr/p/2e2z6XM & 20Md flic.kr/p/2e2z6TZ . A dissection was not made for this species/ecotype. Most published anatomy accounts are of M. Myosotis sensu lato which includes this species. Dissections can be seen of M. myosotis in its account at flic.kr/s/aHsmv1sTC7 images 32 to 37.
Key identification features
Features 1 to 4, below, accord with Forbes & Hanley (1853) and Gittenberger (2004). The former aggregated M. myosotis sensu stricto with M. denticulata but “scrupulously kept apart their description.” Many currently used identification guides aggregate them and their features under M. myosotis sensu lato. Consequently, distribution maps on GBIF and NBN include many M. denticulata occurrences under “M. myosotis”, and the M. denticulata maps have under-representation of its occurrence.
To observe aperture sculpture the animal must be well withdrawn, and the shell tilted at different angles. Sometimes the outer (palatal) lip sculpture of an earlier growth stage is visible deep into the aperture and should be used if the sculpture on new growth has not yet developed. It is advisable to examine several specimens of different sizes from a site; sometimes both are present..
Myosotella denticulata(Montagu, 1803).
1. Live shell brown (beachworn shells may be dull whitish). Usual adult height 3.5 mm to 7.5 mm, exceptionally 10 mm 2Md flic.kr/p/24NUBLV .
2. Inner (columellar/parietal) lip has 3 or 4 apertural protrusions 2Md flic.kr/p/24NUBLV .
3.Outer (palatal) lip has 2 to 7 (or more) apertural protrusions 2Md flic.kr/p/24NUBLV sometimes set into a pale ridge which occasionally submerges them. [If no protrusions, check further back in aperture for protrusions on earlier lip position; may be visible from exterior through translucent shell, with or without connecting streaks.]
4. In its typical non-salting habitat, the flesh colour of normally extended dorsal body is white or very pale whitish grey, with darker grey tentacles 12Md flic.kr/p/2fkNZeE . But when it occurs in muddier conditions, it may be as dark as M. myosotis 13Md flic.kr/p/RE4vht .
5. Habitat: typically under slightly embedded stones at Extreme High Water Spring level and above (supralittoral) on sheltered coast without salting vegetation at fully marine salinity. Occasionally under stones on landward edge of Saltmarsh-grass sward by tidal rivers with low salinity 25Md flic.kr/p/2fkNYuy .
Similar species/ecotype
Myosotella myosotis
(Full account flic.kr/s/aHsmv1sTC7 )
1. Live shell brown 28Md flic.kr/p/2fqt7di (beachworn shells may be dull whitish 29Md flic.kr/p/RE4sZH ). Usual adult height 6.5mm to 8mm, exceptionally 10mm .
2. Inner (columellar/parietal) lip has only 2 or 3 apertural protrusions 30Md flic.kr/p/2ejvWdQ .
3. Outer (palatal) lip has a single apertural denticle or none 30Md flic.kr/p/2ejvWdQ . Some have a pale apertural ridge running close to the lip.
4. Flesh colour of normally extended dorsal body is grey 31Md flic.kr/p/2e2z4yD . Shade and intensity varies with age, extension and whether in air or water, but not pure white when adult.
5. Habitat: among vegetation, often under driftwood, on low salinity estuarine saltings and Saltmarsh-grass sward by tidal rivers a little above and below EHWS. Locally abundant. (May occur with M. denticulata under stones on/near saltings 25Md flic.kr/p/2fkNYuy .)
Leucophytia bidentata (Montagu, 1808).
(Full account flic.kr/s/aHsmwhDvaL )
1. Live shell slightly-translucent ivory-white; yellow viscera may show through spire 32Md flic.kr/p/24NUy3H . Usual adult height to 5 mm, occasionally to 7 mm. Sutures shallower and whorls less rounded than on M. myosotis 33Md flic.kr/p/2e2z4hB .
2. Inner (columellar/parietal) lip has 2 protrusions within the aperture; not more 33Md flic.kr/p/2e2z4hB .
3. Outer (palatal) lip has no protrusions or rib (sometimes in a photo, a strong growth line might be mistaken for a rib 33Md flic.kr/p/2e2z4hB .
4. Flesh colour of normally extended dorsal body is almost pure white 32Md flic.kr/p/24NUy3H , but when contracted into body-whorl colour saturation gives it a cream appearance.
5. Lives in deep, silty, rock crevices between High Water Neap level and Low Water Spring level. Also under stones embedded into soil-like substrate at Extreme High Water Spring level and a little above on sheltered coast where it is often with M. denticulata.
Habits and ecology
M. denticulata lives typically under slightly embedded stones at Extreme High Water Spring level and slightly above (supralittoral) on sheltered coast without salting vegetation at fully marine salinity; often in company with Leucophytia bidentata and some terrestrial invertebrates. Occasionally, it also occurs under stones on the landward edge of Saltmarsh-grass sward by tidal rivers with low salinity 25Md flic.kr/p/2fkNYuy , often with more numerous M. myosotis, Assiminea grayana and some terrestrial invertebrates. It does not live in permanently submerged in pools, but can survive and be active for short periods of immersion. As there is no operculum to reduce dessication, the species is an obligatory hygrophile. Its spindle shaped shell is well adapted for moving through small gaps under stones. When moving, the foot and shell are cushioned on a layer of watery mucus which is sometimes mistaken for the foot 26Md flic.kr/p/2fqt7pv & 27Md flic.kr/p/RE4tge which usually underlies little more than the aperture . M. denticulata senses its surroundings with its tentacles and the two button-like pads (“fungiform bodies” of Wondrak, 1984) 21Md flic.kr/p/2fkNYzU near the anterior edge of the muzzle. In its usually dark habitat, its eyes probably function as little more than light detectors to trigger negative phototaxic motion when exposed to light.
It is a euryhaline species capable of surviving immersion in water from 0 p.p.t to full marine salinity or more, but individuals require time to adapt to changes in salinity and may become inactive/moribund when abruptly immersed in water they are unaccustomed to.
Respiration is of atmospheric air in the mantle cavity which is sealed by a collar of thickened mantle 6Md flic.kr/p/2fkP1HS that firmly embraces the body but allows it to extend-from/retract-into the shell 24Md flic.kr/p/2e2z6Ja . A pneumostome (respiratory pore) in the collar 15Md flic.kr/p/2fqt9Jk can be opened for inhalation/exhalation of air or closed to seal the cavity against dehydration. The roof of the mantle cavity contains a network of haemolymph vessels 14Md flic.kr/p/2fkNZ4E and is very thin, enabling oxygen from inhaled air to diffuse into the vessels and for carbon dioxide to leave with the exhaled air. When immersed, air escapes 17Md flic.kr/p/2fqt9ta from the mantle cavity and water enters as the pneumostome is not tightly closed 16Md flic.kr/p/RE4uWD .
When feeding, the muzzle is spread out on the substrate and the radula is extended 23Md flic.kr/p/24NUzJ8 to gather, with the red jaw as a backstop, decaying vegetation, diatoms (Wiese & Richling, 2008) and sediment rich in organic material which are bound into food boli with mucus from the supra pedal gland brought to the mouth along a median groove. Unlike marine prosobranch gastropods, which defecate into a mantle cavity that is cleared by water currents, M. denticulata has a rectum that opens to the exterior through an anus in the mantle collar 18Md flic.kr/p/2e2z6XM , near to, but separate from, the pneumostome so that faeces are expelled without fouling the respiratory mantle-cavity. The soft faeces are wet and loosely bound with mucus when fresh 27Md flic.kr/p/RE4tge . There is no operculum 11Md flic.kr/p/2fkNZsA to provide protection against intrusion by predators, but the numerous protrusions narrow the aperture to impede attack. The aperture protrusions of M. denticulata may have developed in response to the different (more threatening?) predators present in its habitat, which is more terrestrial than that of M. myosotis.
Reproduction: (Details assumed from published accounts of M. myosotis sensu lato.) M. denticulata is a protandrous hermaphrodite which changes its sexual function in the wild when 1½ to 2 years old, so younger, 1 to 1½ years, fully mature males mate with older, over 1½ years, females (Schultes, 2014) using the stout, conical penis everted from the side near the posterior of the right tentacle. Female deposits 15 to 80 egg capsules in a small, yellow or white, frog-spawn-like mass (Morton, 1954 and Gittenberger, 2004). Each ovoid capsule contains a single ovum. The cases are attached to each other in a loosely convoluted chain by a filament (chalaziform process) at each end. The closely packed cases with intervening clear fluid are contained in a tough binding membrane which is attached to stones. There is a larval veliger stage, with sinistral shell, which is passed entirely within the ovum (Morton, 1954).
Distribution and status
Europe from England to Mediterranean and Azores. GBIF map, www.gbif.org/species/4359191
Locally common in suitable habitat with rocks in Britain but records from vegetated saltings are likely to be the species/ecotype M. myosotis sensu stricto. NBN map
species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0001702111
Irish distribution, National biodiversity data centre, in Mollusc Ireland: www.habitas.org.uk/molluscireland/species.asp?ID=121
Acknowledgements
I gratefully thank Ben Rowson of the National Museum Wales for his help with the account, but any errors or omissions are mine.
Links and references
Anderson, R. MolluscIreland, accessed January 2019. www.habitas.org.uk/molluscireland/species.asp?ID=121
Forbes, E. & Hanley S. 1849-53. A history of the British mollusca and their shells. vol. 4 (1853), 190 – 197 & plate CXXV. London, van Voorst. (AsConovulus denticulatus var. myosotis.)
Free pdf at archive.org/details/historyofbritish04forbe/page/190
plate at archive.org/details/historyofbritish04forbe/page/n565
Fretter, V. & Peake, J. 1975. Pulmonates functional anatomy and physiology. Vol.1. London. Academic Press.
Gittenberger, E. et al. 2004. De Nederlandse zoetwatermollusken. Leiden, Netherlands, Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum Naturalis.
Heller J. 2015. Marine Ancestors of most Land Snails: Pulmonates. In: Sea Snails. Springer, Cham. link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-319-15452-7_10
Jeffreys, J.G. 1862-69. British conchology. vol. 5 (1869). London, van Voorst. (As Melampus myosotis (including var. ringens = Myosotella denticulata); Free pdf at archive.org/stream/britishconcholog05jeffr#page/106/mode/2up . Use slide at base of page to select pp.106-109.)
Martins, A.M. de F. 1996. Anatomy and systematics of the western Atlantic Ellobidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata). Malacologia 37(2): 163 – 332.
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13113594#page/179/mode/1up
Martins, A.M. de F. & Mendes, A.R.M. 2013. Do cosmopolitans speciate? Anatomical diversity of Myosotella in Azores. Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos. Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal. Poster for World Congress of Malacology 2013 in pdf: www.researchgate.net/publication/264339925_Do_cosmopolita... .
Montagu, G. 1808. Supplement to: 1803 Testacea Britannica, or, Natural history of British shells, marine, land, and fresh-water, including the most minute : systematically arranged and embellished with figures. London, J. White.
Description of Leucophtia bidentata as Voluta bidentata pp. 100-101.
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/24430722#page/806/mode/1up
Plate 30, fig.2:
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/24430722#page/917/mode/1up
Morton, J. E. 1955. The functional morphology of the British Ellobiidae (Gastropoda Pulmonata) with special reference to the digestive and reproductive systems. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Ser. B .
239, No. 661: 89-160 www.jstor.org/stable/92507
Schultes, F.W. 2014. Species summary for Ovatella myosotis (Draparnoud, 1801). AnimalBase. SUB Göttingen. www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBas... Accessed January 2019.
Watson, H. I943. Notes on a list of the British non-marine Mollusca. J. Conch. 22: 13 - 22.
Wiese, V. & Richling, I. 2008. Das Mäuseöhrchen Myosotella myosotis (Draparnaud 1801). Arbeitskreis Mollusken NRW.
www.mollusken-nrw.de/weichtier_des_jahres/weichtier2008.htm
Wondrak, G. 1984. Ultrastructure of the sensory epithelia of oral tube, fungiform sensory bodies, and terminal knobs of tentacles of Ovatella
myosotis. Draparnaud (Archaeopulmonata, Gastropoda) J. Morphol. 181: 333-347 .
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jmor.1051810307
Current taxonomy:
www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=139673
Glossary
adapical angle = angle at which outer lip meets body-whorl.
boli = (sing. bolus) small rounded masses, especially of triturated food material.
cerebral = to do with integration of sensory and neural functions to initiate and coordinate body activity.
chalaziform = resembling the two spiral bands (chalazae) in a bird's egg that attach the yolk to opposite ends of the lining membrane.
columella = solid or hollow axial “little column” around which gastropod shell spirals; hidden inside shell, except on final whorl next to lower part of inner lip of aperture where hollow ones may end in an umbilicus or siphonal canal.
columellar = (adj.) of or near central axis of coiled gastropod.
columellar lip = lower (abapical) part of inner lip of aperture.
costa (pl. costae) = rib running across a whorl of a gastropod shell at approximately right-angles to direction of coiling and any spiral striae.
costal (adj.) = of, or arranged like, costae.
dextral = (of gastropod shell) in apertural view with spire uppermost, the aperture is on the right. Most gastropod species adults have dextral shells.
distal = away from centre of body or from point of attachment.
diverticula = (for digestion) blind ended tubules in the digestive gland that receive nutrients for digestion.
EHWS = extreme high water spring tide.
euryhaline = able to tolerate a wide variation in salinty.
fusiform = slender, spindle-shaped, tapering almost equally towards both ends.
ganglia = (sing. ganglion) knots on a nerve cord containing sensory cell bodies that conduct impulses to (innervate) organs of the body.
haemolymph = circulating fluid in molluscs that carries nutrients, waste and hormones. Analagous to vertebrate blood, but most molluscs have copper-based haemocyanin in it instead of red haemoglobin to carry oxygen. It may be tinged blue when oxygenated; colourless when depleted of oxygen.
halophyte = plant tolerant of saline soil and periodic tidal immersion, usually on saltmarshes, estuarine shores and sides of tidal rivers.
hygrophile = living in moist, humid, but not submerged, conditions.
(obligatory hygrophile = only able to live in such conditions.)
mantle = sheet of tissue that secretes the shell, covers the viscera and forms a cavity in gastropods. In terrestrial gastropods ('pulmonates') the cavity roof contains a network of haemolymph ('blood') vessels enabling the cavity to act like a lung.
mesial = on or facing towards the midline of the body.
operculum = plate of horny conchiolin, rarely calcareous, used to close shell aperture of prosobranch gastropods.
palatal lip = outer lip of gastropod aperture.
parietal lip ( or parietal wall) = upper part of inner side of gastropod aperture, often lacking clear lip structure with just a glaze on side of whorl adapically of columellar lip.
periostracum = thin horny layer of proteinaceous material often coating shells.
posteromesial = at the rear facing towards the midline of the body.
prosobranch = member of Prosobranchia, one of three subclasses into which the class Gastropoda (slugs and snails) was divided during the 20th Century (other two were Pulmonata and Opisthobranchia). This classification is no longer used by scientists, but prosobranch is a useful informal term to signify (mainly marine) snails breathing with a ctenidium (comblike gill inside mantle cavity), an operculum, and a shell which can accommodate the whole body.
protandrous hermaphrodite = each individual starts mature life as a functioning male, later changing to female function.
protoconch = apical whorls produced during embryonic and larval stages of gastropod; often different in form from other whorls (teleoconch).
protrusions = teeth, denticles, folds, lamellae or cogs (terms used by various authors).
punctate = with pinprick-like depressions.
resorb = absorb what was previously secreted; break it down into component materials and disperse into the circulation.
resorption = the process of absorbing what was previously secreted by breaking it down into component materials and dispersal into the circulation.
salting = area of salt tolerant vascular plants rooted in sediment between mean high water mark (MHW) and extreme high water of spring tides (EHWS). [Preferred synonym for “saltmarsh” as much of salting not marshy.]
septa = plural of septum; internal partition separating two chambers/ shell-whorls of a gastropod.
septum = internal partition separating two chambers/ shell-whorls of a gastropod.
sinistral = (of gastropod shell) in apertural view with spire uppermost, the aperture is on the left. Most gastropod species adults have dextral shells.
subsutural = close below the suture when shell positioned with apex uppermost.
subulate = slender and tapering to a point like onion leaf or awl.
suture = groove or line where whorls of gastropod shell adjoin.
teleoconch = entire gastropod shell other than the apical, embryonic & larval stage protoconch.
triturate = reduce to small particles.
vascular plants = plants that have vascular tissues to transport water and nutrients through the plant. Include all seed-bearing plants, ferns and horsetails. Usually terrestrial or in freshwater or brackish water; a few, such as Zostera, live in fully marine salinity water.
One thinks it is too cold and lumpy, one thinks it is fine. One ended up with a wet bum because he panicked and fell in.
C'est un jeu...:
.....Vous pouvez estimer la vitesse de chaque voiture...
Allez on vous aide un peu :
La première petite route goudronnée sous la 106 est très étroite.
Et la route derrière avec la Scénic floue est une autoroute.
Réponse ici ci-dessous un peu plus tard...
These very happy children, were just on the street, and slowly gathered together around me, out of curiosity..They loved me taking their pics.
Differences
"Differences challenge assumptions."
--Anne Wilson Schaef
Architectural differences. Shot at Acension Columbia St. Mary's hospital on the East Side of Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
Day 134 of 365
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Indian mythological stories are taken as normal epic stories and little bit science fiction. Let have a look on unbelievable comparision between some Hindu mythological stories and well established scientific facts.
TEST TUBE BABY and KAURAV’s BIRTH
The concept of test tube baby was...