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WTF by Мaistora

11 2

Alien ship? What could this be?..

20220120 by Guy M Wong

www.youtube.com/watch?v=knS9Cc81-mI

Study simulates how COVID can be transmitted among airplane passengers

nypost.com/2022/01/21/yale-research-team-develops-wearabl...

Yale research team develops wearable clip to detect COVID

Researchers at the Yale School of Public Health have developed a wearable clip that can detect if a person may have been exposed to COVID-19.

The device captures virus-laden aerosols that deposit on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surface, according to a study published earlier this month in the peer-reviewed journal, Environmental Science and Technology Letters.

Krystal Godri Pollitt, who led the team of researchers who developed the clip, told Fox News it came about through her research measuring a person’s exposure to environmental factors.

“Through that work, I developed wearable tools that we can measure our exposure to lots of different chemicals within the air and other airborne factors,” Godri Pollitt said.

Her team pivoted to respiratory viruses in March 2020 when the COVID-19 pandemic hit.

The wearable clip is designed to be reusable with the polymer films being changed. It is intended as a complementary device to at-home testing kits.

“We want to go a step before that and be able to start thinking about, do we need more infectious control measures in place, do we need less people in this space? Do we need more ventilation?” Godri Pollitt said. “And also thinking about if people are at a potential risk for being infected? If we detect it within the air, there’s a good chance that maybe those people are at risk and should be quarantining.”

Godri Pollitt told Fox News there is a lot of potential in expanding the clip to other respiratory viruses. The clip is not yet publicly available, but Godri Pollitt hopes it will be in the near future.

www.cnbc.com/2022/01/21/omicron-two-years-since-covid-was...

Two years since Covid was first confirmed in U.S., the pandemic is worse than anyone imagined

Key Points

■ Two years ago, the CDC confirmed the first known case of coronavirus in the U.S.

■ A 35-year-old traveler had returned from Wuhan, China to Washington state and tested positive.

■ The virus has killed more than 860,000 people in the U.S. and infected more than 69 million.

■ With the emergence of omicron, the future course of the pandemic is unclear as experts struggle to understand how new variants emerge.

A 35-year-old man returned to the U.S. from Wuhan, China on Jan. 15, 2020 and fell ill with a cough and fever.

He had read an alert from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention about an outbreak of a novel coronavirus in Wuhan and sought treatment at an urgent care clinic in Snohomish County, Washington four days later.

On Jan. 21, the CDC publicly confirmed he had the first known case of coronavirus in the U.S., although the agency would later find the virus had arrived on the West Coast as early as December after testing blood samples for antibodies.

The man said he had not spent time at the Huanan seafood market in Wuhan, where a cluster of early cases were identified in December. He was admitted to isolation unit at Providence Regional Medical Center in Everett, Wash. for observation.

After confirming the Washington state case, the CDC told the public it believed the risk “remains low at this time.” There was growing evidence of person-to-person transmission of the virus, the CDC said, but “it’s unclear how easily this virus is spreading between people.”

Then President Donald Trump told CNBC the U.S. had it “totally under control.”

“It’s one person coming in from China. We have it under control. It’s going to be just fine,” Trump told “Squawk Box” co-host Joe Kernen in an interview from the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland.

However, Dr. Anthony Fauci would confirm the public’s worst fears on Jan. 31: People could carry and spread the virus without showing any symptoms. Dr. Helen Chu’s research team at the Seattle Flu Study started examining genomic data from Wuhan. It became clear early on that person-to-person transmission was happening, Chu said. By using the flu study’s databank of nasal swab samples, the team was able to identify another Covid case in a 15-year-old who hadn’t recently traveled, indicating it was spreading throughout the community.

In late February, a senior CDC official, Dr. Nancy Messonnier, warned that containing the virus at the nation’s borders was no longer feasible. Community spread would happen in the U.S., she said, and the central question was “how many people in this country will have severe illness.”

In the two years since that first confirmed case, the virus has torn through the U.S. with a ferocity and duration few anticipated. The human toll is staggering, with more than 860,000 people dead and more than 69 million total infections. Hospitals around the nation have been pushed to the breaking point with more than 4 million admissions of confirmed Covid patients since August 2020, when the CDC started tracking hospitalizations. The hospital admissions are an undercount because they do not include the wave of cases that first hit the U.S. in the spring 2020 when hospitals were caught flat footed and testing was inadequate.

Though the U.S. now has effective vaccines and therapeutics to fight Covid, the future course of the pandemic remains uncertain as the virus mutates into new variants that are more transmissible and can evade vaccine protection. The highly contagious omicron variant has pushed infections and hospitalizations to record highs across the globe this month, a shock to a weary public that wants a return to normal life after two years of lockdowns, event cancellations, working from home and mask and vaccine mandates.

The rapid evolution of the virus and the dramatic waves of infection that would follow, from alpha to delta and omicron, came as a surprise to many elected leaders, public health officials and scientists. Dr. Michael Osterholm, a top epidemiologist, said the Covid mutations are the big unknown that will determine the future course of the pandemic.

“We don’t yet understand how these variants emerge and what they are capable of doing,” Osterholm, director of the Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy in Minnesota, told CNBC. “Look at how omicron caught us as a global community surprised by the rapid transmission, the immune evasion. Look at delta and all the impact it had on disease severity,” he said.

As new infections started to decline in the spring of 2021 and the vaccines became widely available, the U.S. began to let its guard down. The CDC said the fully vaccinated no longer need to wear masks indoors. President Joe Biden proclaimed on July 4th the U.S. was closer than ever to declaring independence from the virus.

However, the delta variant was taking hold in the U.S. at the time and would soon cause a new wave of infection, hospitalization and death as vaccination rates slowed. Public health leaders have struggled for months to convince skeptics to get the shots.

More than a year after the first vaccine was administered in the U.S., about 67% of Americans older than 5 are fully vaccinated, according to CDC data. Tens of millions of Americans still have not gotten their shots, despite the fact that data has proven them to be safe and effective at preventing severe illness and death.

“We had no sense in January of 2020, the divisive politics and community reaction to this that were going to occur,” Osterholm said. “Who would have imagined the kind of vaccine hesitancy and hostility that’s occurred.”

Delta was more than twice as transmissible as previous variants and research indicated it caused more severe disease in unvaccinated people. The CDC would reverse its loosened mask guidance and encourage everyone, regardless of vaccination status, to wear masks indoors in public in areas of substantial transmission as delta spread.

The vaccines took a hit when omicron emerged in November. Though they still protect against severe illness and death, they are less effective at preventing infection from omicron. Chu said the U.S. relied primarily on vaccines to prevent transmission of the virus without equally emphasizing widespread masking and testing, which are crucial to controlling a variant like omicron that can evade immunity.

“We now know that, proportionately, you can be repeatedly infected, you can have vaccine breakthroughs, and that this virus will just continue to mutate and continue to evade us for a long time,” Chu said.

Katriona Shea co-leads a team of researchers who bring together models to forecast the trajectory of the pandemic. In their latest update, the omicron wave of cases and hospitalizations will likely peak before the end of the month. However, their most optimistic projection shows anywhere from 16,000 to up to 98,000 additional deaths from the omicron wave by April 2.

Currently, the U.S. is reporting an average of more than 736,000 new infections per day, according to a seven-day average of Johns Hopkins data analyzed by CNBC. While that is still far higher than previous waves, average daily infections are down 8% from the previous week. The U.S. is reporting more than 1,800 deaths per day as a seven-day average.

“It’s really, really frustrating and tragic to see people dying from a vaccine preventable disease,” Chu said.

The implications of omicron for the future course of the pandemic are unclear. In the classic view, viruses evolve to become more transmissible and less severe, making it easier to find new hosts.

“There are lots of reasons to believe that might not be true because the jump to omicron was so massive, it suggests that there’s lots of space for it to change quite dramatically,” said Shea, a professor of biology at Pennsylvania State University. Omicron has more than 30 mutations on the spike protein that binds to human cells. The shots target the spike protein, and the mutations make it more difficult for vaccine-induced antibodies to block infection.

Doctors and infectious disease experts in South Africa, where omicron was first identified, said the variant peaked and started to declined rapidly, demonstrating a significantly different trajectory than past strains. The researchers also said ICU admissions and deaths were lower at Steve Biko Academic Hospital, indicating decreased severity.

“If this pattern continues and is repeated globally, we are likely to see a complete decoupling of case and death rates, suggesting that Omicron may be a harbinger of the end of the epidemic phase of the Covid pandemic, ushering in its endemic phase,” the researchers wrote.

Over time, the virus could become less disruptive to society as mutations slow and it becomes mild as greater immunity in the population limits severe disease, according to Jennie Lavine, a computational investigational biologist at the biotech company Karius.

However, the head of the World Health Organization, Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, cautioned earlier this week that the pandemic is “nowhere near over,” warning that new variants are likely to emerge as omicron rapidly spread across the world.

“Everybody wants to get to this thing called endemic. I still don’t know what the hell that means,” Osterholm said, noting that he has 46 years of experience as an epidemiologist. “With variants, we can go for a period of time with relatively low activity, like we’ve seen in many places in the world, and then a new variant could change all that overnight. We don’t really understand our future yet.”

RM20070000357-Boost by Nu Skin SEA

Boost,Device

ICA by yooperann

5 4

Part of the Chicago Theater sign, but I hadn't noticed before the city symbol, with the three branches of the river, in the sign. A nice article about the symbol, officially called a "municipal device," here.

Chicagoist "Around Town" September 14, 2013 and "Best of September" October 1, 2013..

Thanks, Chuck!

DEVICE by Silvia Paveri

Otama February 305 by ArdieBeaPhotography

Day five - Eastern end of the beach. These kids were using little flotation devices to stay safe in the waves.

Woodcut device of Denys Roce by POP

2 2

Woodcut device (94 x 69 mm.) of Denys Roce, depicting his arms on a shield, supported by two griffins, hanging from a rose tree with a dog lying at its foot and Roce's monogram "DR" in the background, the whole surrounded by the words ALAVENTVRE TOVT VIENT APONIT QVI PEVT ATENDRE DENIS ROCE (the S in Denis reversed). "[T]hird of Roce's four devices ... The coat of arms may be the legitimate arms of the printer, who had come to France from Scotland. The dogs in the device denote alertness and the scallop shell is the emblem of pilgrims to the shrine of St. James of Campostella [sic]. The rose tree is, of course, a pun on Roce's name."--M. Harman, Printer's and publisher's devices in incunabula in the University of Illinois Library, no. 31. Printed in an incunable edition of St. Augustine's De virtute psalmorum (Paris : Etienne Jehannot for Denis Roce, between 26 June 1500 and 29 May 1501; ISTC ia01352000).

Established heading: Roce, Denys, active 1490-1517

Penn Libraries call number: Inc A-1352

All images from this book

Penn Libraries catalog record

Device of printer Gracioso Perchacino, fl. 1553-1601 by POP

4 1

Crowned salamander among the flames. Device of Gracioso Perchacino (Zappella 1019). Cf. EDIT 16.

Perchacino, Gracioso, fl. 1553-1601, printer.

Penn Libraries call number: IC5 M3178 555e

Accretion Disc by wilson hurst

4 7

Color profile

Observational

Bend amplification

Another framing device by Dick Darlington2012

5 1

Lynx Optare Tempo FD54JYF, snapped in Hunstanton bus station and framed appropriately by trees in the park opposite

FRED by TRUE2DEATH

7 12

Flashing rear-end device

"The flashing rear-end device, or "FRED," (also called an end-of-train device, ETD or EOT) is an electronic device mounted on the end of freight trains in lieu of a caboose. They are divided into two categories: 'dumb' units which only provide a visible indication of the rear of the train with a flashing red taillight; and 'smart' units which also send back data to the crew in the locomotive via telemetry.[1] They originated in North America, but are also used elsewhere in the world." - wikipedia

24 Aug 13 Infrared HDR Palmer Park Colorado Springs by David

IR HDR. IR converted Canon 40D. Canon 17-55 F2.8 IS lens. Shot at ISO 100, F16, AEB +/-3 total of 7 exposures processed with Photomatix. Levels adjusted in PSE.

High Dynamic Range (HDR)

High-dynamic-range imaging (HDRI) is a high dynamic range (HDR) technique used in imaging and photography to reproduce a greater dynamic range of luminosity than is possible with standard digital imaging or photographic techniques. The aim is to present a similar range of luminance to that experienced through the human visual system. The human eye, through adaptation of the iris and other methods, adjusts constantly to adapt to a broad range of luminance present in the environment. The brain continuously interprets this information so that a viewer can see in a wide range of light conditions.

HDR images can represent a greater range of luminance levels than can be achieved using more 'traditional' methods, such as many real-world scenes containing very bright, direct sunlight to extreme shade, or very faint nebulae. This is often achieved by capturing and then combining several different, narrower range, exposures of the same subject matter. Non-HDR cameras take photographs with a limited exposure range, referred to as LDR, resulting in the loss of detail in highlights or shadows.

The two primary types of HDR images are computer renderings and images resulting from merging multiple low-dynamic-range (LDR) or standard-dynamic-range (SDR) photographs. HDR images can also be acquired using special image sensors, such as an oversampled binary image sensor.

Due to the limitations of printing and display contrast, the extended luminosity range of an HDR image has to be compressed to be made visible. The method of rendering an HDR image to a standard monitor or printing device is called tone mapping. This method reduces the overall contrast of an HDR image to facilitate display on devices or printouts with lower dynamic range, and can be applied to produce images with preserved local contrast (or exaggerated for artistic effect).

In photography, dynamic range is measured in exposure value (EV) differences (known as stops). An increase of one EV, or 'one stop', represents a doubling of the amount of light. Conversely, a decrease of one EV represents a halving of the amount of light. Therefore, revealing detail in the darkest of shadows requires high exposures, while preserving detail in very bright situations requires very low exposures. Most cameras cannot provide this range of exposure values within a single exposure, due to their low dynamic range. High-dynamic-range photographs are generally achieved by capturing multiple standard-exposure images, often using exposure bracketing, and then later merging them into a single HDR image, usually within a photo manipulation program). Digital images are often encoded in a camera's raw image format, because 8-bit JPEG encoding does not offer a wide enough range of values to allow fine transitions (and regarding HDR, later introduces undesirable effects due to lossy compression).

Any camera that allows manual exposure control can make images for HDR work, although one equipped with auto exposure bracketing (AEB) is far better suited. Images from film cameras are less suitable as they often must first be digitized, so that they can later be processed using software HDR methods.

In most imaging devices, the degree of exposure to light applied to the active element (be it film or CCD) can be altered in one of two ways: by either increasing/decreasing the size of the aperture or by increasing/decreasing the time of each exposure. Exposure variation in an HDR set is only done by altering the exposure time and not the aperture size; this is because altering the aperture size also affects the depth of field and so the resultant multiple images would be quite different, preventing their final combination into a single HDR image.

An important limitation for HDR photography is that any movement between successive images will impede or prevent success in combining them afterwards. Also, as one must create several images (often three or five and sometimes more) to obtain the desired luminance range, such a full 'set' of images takes extra time. HDR photographers have developed calculation methods and techniques to partially overcome these problems, but the use of a sturdy tripod is, at least, advised.

Some cameras have an auto exposure bracketing (AEB) feature with a far greater dynamic range than others, from the 3 EV of the Canon EOS 40D, to the 18 EV of the Canon EOS-1D Mark II. As the popularity of this imaging method grows, several camera manufactures are now offering built-in HDR features. For example, the Pentax K-7 DSLR has an HDR mode that captures an HDR image and outputs (only) a tone mapped JPEG file. The Canon PowerShot G12, Canon PowerShot S95 and Canon PowerShot S100 offer similar features in a smaller format.. Nikon's approach is called 'Active D-Lighting' which applies exposure compensation and tone mapping to the image as it comes from the sensor, with the accent being on retaing a realistic effect . Some smartphones provide HDR modes, and most mobile platforms have apps that provide HDR picture taking.

Camera characteristics such as gamma curves, sensor resolution, noise, photometric calibration and color calibration affect resulting high-dynamic-range images.

Color film negatives and slides consist of multiple film layers that respond to light differently. As a consequence, transparent originals (especially positive slides) feature a very high dynamic range

Tone mapping

Tone mapping reduces the dynamic range, or contrast ratio, of an entire image while retaining localized contrast. Although it is a distinct operation, tone mapping is often applied to HDRI files by the same software package.

Several software applications are available on the PC, Mac and Linux platforms for producing HDR files and tone mapped images. Notable titles include

Adobe Photoshop

Aurora HDR

Dynamic Photo HDR

HDR Efex Pro

HDR PhotoStudio

Luminance HDR

MagicRaw

Oloneo PhotoEngine

Photomatix Pro

PTGui

Information stored in high-dynamic-range images typically corresponds to the physical values of luminance or radiance that can be observed in the real world. This is different from traditional digital images, which represent colors as they should appear on a monitor or a paper print. Therefore, HDR image formats are often called scene-referred, in contrast to traditional digital images, which are device-referred or output-referred. Furthermore, traditional images are usually encoded for the human visual system (maximizing the visual information stored in the fixed number of bits), which is usually called gamma encoding or gamma correction. The values stored for HDR images are often gamma compressed (power law) or logarithmically encoded, or floating-point linear values, since fixed-point linear encodings are increasingly inefficient over higher dynamic ranges.

HDR images often don't use fixed ranges per color channel—other than traditional images—to represent many more colors over a much wider dynamic range. For that purpose, they don't use integer values to represent the single color channels (e.g., 0-255 in an 8 bit per pixel interval for red, green and blue) but instead use a floating point representation. Common are 16-bit (half precision) or 32-bit floating point numbers to represent HDR pixels. However, when the appropriate transfer function is used, HDR pixels for some applications can be represented with a color depth that has as few as 10–12 bits for luminance and 8 bits for chrominance without introducing any visible quantization artifacts.

History of HDR photography

The idea of using several exposures to adequately reproduce a too-extreme range of luminance was pioneered as early as the 1850s by Gustave Le Gray to render seascapes showing both the sky and the sea. Such rendering was impossible at the time using standard methods, as the luminosity range was too extreme. Le Gray used one negative for the sky, and another one with a longer exposure for the sea, and combined the two into one picture in positive.

Mid 20th century

Manual tone mapping was accomplished by dodging and burning – selectively increasing or decreasing the exposure of regions of the photograph to yield better tonality reproduction. This was effective because the dynamic range of the negative is significantly higher than would be available on the finished positive paper print when that is exposed via the negative in a uniform manner. An excellent example is the photograph Schweitzer at the Lamp by W. Eugene Smith, from his 1954 photo essay A Man of Mercy on Dr. Albert Schweitzer and his humanitarian work in French Equatorial Africa. The image took 5 days to reproduce the tonal range of the scene, which ranges from a bright lamp (relative to the scene) to a dark shadow.

Ansel Adams elevated dodging and burning to an art form. Many of his famous prints were manipulated in the darkroom with these two methods. Adams wrote a comprehensive book on producing prints called The Print, which prominently features dodging and burning, in the context of his Zone System.

With the advent of color photography, tone mapping in the darkroom was no longer possible due to the specific timing needed during the developing process of color film. Photographers looked to film manufacturers to design new film stocks with improved response, or continued to shoot in black and white to use tone mapping methods.

Color film capable of directly recording high-dynamic-range images was developed by Charles Wyckoff and EG&G "in the course of a contract with the Department of the Air Force". This XR film had three emulsion layers, an upper layer having an ASA speed rating of 400, a middle layer with an intermediate rating, and a lower layer with an ASA rating of 0.004. The film was processed in a manner similar to color films, and each layer produced a different color. The dynamic range of this extended range film has been estimated as 1:108. It has been used to photograph nuclear explosions, for astronomical photography, for spectrographic research, and for medical imaging. Wyckoff's detailed pictures of nuclear explosions appeared on the cover of Life magazine in the mid-1950s.

Late 20th century

Georges Cornuéjols and licensees of his patents (Brdi, Hymatom) introduced the principle of HDR video image, in 1986, by interposing a matricial LCD screen in front of the camera's image sensor, increasing the sensors dynamic by five stops. The concept of neighborhood tone mapping was applied to video cameras by a group from the Technion in Israel led by Dr. Oliver Hilsenrath and Prof. Y.Y.Zeevi who filed for a patent on this concept in 1988.

In February and April 1990, Georges Cornuéjols introduced the first real-time HDR camera that combined two images captured by a sensor3435 or simultaneously3637 by two sensors of the camera. This process is known as bracketing used for a video stream.

In 1991, the first commercial video camera was introduced that performed real-time capturing of multiple images with different exposures, and producing an HDR video image, by Hymatom, licensee of Georges Cornuéjols.

Also in 1991, Georges Cornuéjols introduced the HDR+ image principle by non-linear accumulation of images to increase the sensitivity of the camera: for low-light environments, several successive images are accumulated, thus increasing the signal to noise ratio.

In 1993, another commercial medical camera producing an HDR video image, by the Technion.

Modern HDR imaging uses a completely different approach, based on making a high-dynamic-range luminance or light map using only global image operations (across the entire image), and then tone mapping the result. Global HDR was first introduced in 19931 resulting in a mathematical theory of differently exposed pictures of the same subject matter that was published in 1995 by Steve Mann and Rosalind Picard.

On October 28, 1998, Ben Sarao created one of the first nighttime HDR+G (High Dynamic Range + Graphic image)of STS-95 on the launch pad at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. It consisted of four film images of the shuttle at night that were digitally composited with additional digital graphic elements. The image was first exhibited at NASA Headquarters Great Hall, Washington DC in 1999 and then published in Hasselblad Forum, Issue 3 1993, Volume 35 ISSN 0282-5449.

The advent of consumer digital cameras produced a new demand for HDR imaging to improve the light response of digital camera sensors, which had a much smaller dynamic range than film. Steve Mann developed and patented the global-HDR method for producing digital images having extended dynamic range at the MIT Media Laboratory. Mann's method involved a two-step procedure: (1) generate one floating point image array by global-only image operations (operations that affect all pixels identically, without regard to their local neighborhoods); and then (2) convert this image array, using local neighborhood processing (tone-remapping, etc.), into an HDR image. The image array generated by the first step of Mann's process is called a lightspace image, lightspace picture, or radiance map. Another benefit of global-HDR imaging is that it provides access to the intermediate light or radiance map, which has been used for computer vision, and other image processing operations.

21st century

In 2005, Adobe Systems introduced several new features in Photoshop CS2 including Merge to HDR, 32 bit floating point image support, and HDR tone mapping.

On June 30, 2016, Microsoft added support for the digital compositing of HDR images to Windows 10 using the Universal Windows Platform.

HDR sensors

Modern CMOS image sensors can often capture a high dynamic range from a single exposure. The wide dynamic range of the captured image is non-linearly compressed into a smaller dynamic range electronic representation. However, with proper processing, the information from a single exposure can be used to create an HDR image.

Such HDR imaging is used in extreme dynamic range applications like welding or automotive work. Some other cameras designed for use in security applications can automatically provide two or more images for each frame, with changing exposure. For example, a sensor for 30fps video will give out 60fps with the odd frames at a short exposure time and the even frames at a longer exposure time. Some of the sensor may even combine the two images on-chip so that a wider dynamic range without in-pixel compression is directly available to the user for display or processing.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-dynamic-range_imaging

Infrared Photography

In infrared photography, the film or image sensor used is sensitive to infrared light. The part of the spectrum used is referred to as near-infrared to distinguish it from far-infrared, which is the domain of thermal imaging. Wavelengths used for photography range from about 700 nm to about 900 nm. Film is usually sensitive to visible light too, so an infrared-passing filter is used; this lets infrared (IR) light pass through to the camera, but blocks all or most of the visible light spectrum (the filter thus looks black or deep red). ("Infrared filter" may refer either to this type of filter or to one that blocks infrared but passes other wavelengths.)

When these filters are used together with infrared-sensitive film or sensors, "in-camera effects" can be obtained; false-color or black-and-white images with a dreamlike or sometimes lurid appearance known as the "Wood Effect," an effect mainly caused by foliage (such as tree leaves and grass) strongly reflecting in the same way visible light is reflected from snow. There is a small contribution from chlorophyll fluorescence, but this is marginal and is not the real cause of the brightness seen in infrared photographs. The effect is named after the infrared photography pioneer Robert W. Wood, and not after the material wood, which does not strongly reflect infrared.

The other attributes of infrared photographs include very dark skies and penetration of atmospheric haze, caused by reduced Rayleigh scattering and Mie scattering, respectively, compared to visible light. The dark skies, in turn, result in less infrared light in shadows and dark reflections of those skies from water, and clouds will stand out strongly. These wavelengths also penetrate a few millimeters into skin and give a milky look to portraits, although eyes often look black.

Until the early 20th century, infrared photography was not possible because silver halide emulsions are not sensitive to longer wavelengths than that of blue light (and to a lesser extent, green light) without the addition of a dye to act as a color sensitizer. The first infrared photographs (as distinct from spectrographs) to be published appeared in the February 1910 edition of The Century Magazine and in the October 1910 edition of the Royal Photographic Society Journal to illustrate papers by Robert W. Wood, who discovered the unusual effects that now bear his name. The RPS co-ordinated events to celebrate the centenary of this event in 2010. Wood's photographs were taken on experimental film that required very long exposures; thus, most of his work focused on landscapes. A further set of infrared landscapes taken by Wood in Italy in 1911 used plates provided for him by CEK Mees at Wratten & Wainwright. Mees also took a few infrared photographs in Portugal in 1910, which are now in the Kodak archives.

Infrared-sensitive photographic plates were developed in the United States during World War I for spectroscopic analysis, and infrared sensitizing dyes were investigated for improved haze penetration in aerial photography. After 1930, new emulsions from Kodak and other manufacturers became useful to infrared astronomy.

Infrared photography became popular with photography enthusiasts in the 1930s when suitable film was introduced commercially. The Times regularly published landscape and aerial photographs taken by their staff photographers using Ilford infrared film. By 1937 33 kinds of infrared film were available from five manufacturers including Agfa, Kodak and Ilford. Infrared movie film was also available and was used to create day-for-night effects in motion pictures, a notable example being the pseudo-night aerial sequences in the James Cagney/Bette Davis movie The Bride Came COD.

False-color infrared photography became widely practiced with the introduction of Kodak Ektachrome Infrared Aero Film and Ektachrome Infrared EIR. The first version of this, known as Kodacolor Aero-Reversal-Film, was developed by Clark and others at the Kodak for camouflage detection in the 1940s. The film became more widely available in 35mm form in the 1960s but KODAK AEROCHROME III Infrared Film 1443 has been discontinued.

Infrared photography became popular with a number of 1960s recording artists, because of the unusual results; Jimi Hendrix, Donovan, Frank and a slow shutter speed without focus compensation, however wider apertures like f/2.0 can produce sharp photos only if the lens is meticulously refocused to the infrared index mark, and only if this index mark is the correct one for the filter and film in use. However, it should be noted that diffraction effects inside a camera are greater at infrared wavelengths so that stopping down the lens too far may actually reduce sharpness.

Most apochromatic ('APO') lenses do not have an Infrared index mark and do not need to be refocused for the infrared spectrum because they are already optically corrected into the near-infrared spectrum. Catadioptric lenses do not often require this adjustment because their mirror containing elements do not suffer from chromatic aberration and so the overall aberration is comparably less. Catadioptric lenses do, of course, still contain lenses, and these lenses do still have a dispersive property.

Infrared black-and-white films require special development times but development is usually achieved with standard black-and-white film developers and chemicals (like D-76). Kodak HIE film has a polyester film base that is very stable but extremely easy to scratch, therefore special care must be used in the handling of Kodak HIE throughout the development and printing/scanning process to avoid damage to the film. The Kodak HIE film was sensitive to 900 nm.

As of November 2, 2007, "KODAK is preannouncing the discontinuance" of HIE Infrared 35 mm film stating the reasons that, "Demand for these products has been declining significantly in recent years, and it is no longer practical to continue to manufacture given the low volume, the age of the product formulations and the complexity of the processes involved." At the time of this notice, HIE Infrared 135-36 was available at a street price of around $12.00 a roll at US mail order outlets.

Arguably the greatest obstacle to infrared film photography has been the increasing difficulty of obtaining infrared-sensitive film. However, despite the discontinuance of HIE, other newer infrared sensitive emulsions from EFKE, ROLLEI, and ILFORD are still available, but these formulations have differing sensitivity and specifications from the venerable KODAK HIE that has been around for at least two decades. Some of these infrared films are available in 120 and larger formats as well as 35 mm, which adds flexibility to their application. With the discontinuance of Kodak HIE, Efke's IR820 film has become the only IR film on the marketneeds update with good sensitivity beyond 750 nm, the Rollei film does extend beyond 750 nm but IR sensitivity falls off very rapidly.

Color infrared transparency films have three sensitized layers that, because of the way the dyes are coupled to these layers, reproduce infrared as red, red as green, and green as blue. All three layers are sensitive to blue so the film must be used with a yellow filter, since this will block blue light but allow the remaining colors to reach the film. The health of foliage can be determined from the relative strengths of green and infrared light reflected; this shows in color infrared as a shift from red (healthy) towards magenta (unhealthy). Early color infrared films were developed in the older E-4 process, but Kodak later manufactured a color transparency film that could be developed in standard E-6 chemistry, although more accurate results were obtained by developing using the AR-5 process. In general, color infrared does not need to be refocused to the infrared index mark on the lens.

In 2007 Kodak announced that production of the 35 mm version of their color infrared film (Ektachrome Professional Infrared/EIR) would cease as there was insufficient demand. Since 2011, all formats of color infrared film have been discontinued. Specifically, Aerochrome 1443 and SO-734.

There is no currently available digital camera that will produce the same results as Kodak color infrared film although the equivalent images can be produced by taking two exposures, one infrared and the other full-color, and combining in post-production. The color images produced by digital still cameras using infrared-pass filters are not equivalent to those produced on color infrared film. The colors result from varying amounts of infrared passing through the color filters on the photo sites, further amended by the Bayer filtering. While this makes such images unsuitable for the kind of applications for which the film was used, such as remote sensing of plant health, the resulting color tonality has proved popular artistically.

Color digital infrared, as part of full spectrum photography is gaining popularity. The ease of creating a softly colored photo with infrared characteristics has found interest among hobbyists and professionals.

In 2008, Los Angeles photographer, Dean Bennici started cutting and hand rolling Aerochrome color Infrared film. All Aerochrome medium and large format which exists today came directly from his lab. The trend in infrared photography continues to gain momentum with the success of photographer Richard Mosse and multiple users all around the world.

Digital camera sensors are inherently sensitive to infrared light, which would interfere with the normal photography by confusing the autofocus calculations or softening the image (because infrared light is focused differently from visible light), or oversaturating the red channel. Also, some clothing is transparent in the infrared, leading to unintended (at least to the manufacturer) uses of video cameras. Thus, to improve image quality and protect privacy, many digital cameras employ infrared blockers. Depending on the subject matter, infrared photography may not be practical with these cameras because the exposure times become overly long, often in the range of 30 seconds, creating noise and motion blur in the final image. However, for some subject matter the long exposure does not matter or the motion blur effects actually add to the image. Some lenses will also show a 'hot spot' in the centre of the image as their coatings are optimised for visible light and not for IR.

An alternative method of DSLR infrared photography is to remove the infrared blocker in front of the sensor and replace it with a filter that removes visible light. This filter is behind the mirror, so the camera can be used normally - handheld, normal shutter speeds, normal composition through the viewfinder, and focus, all work like a normal camera. Metering works but is not always accurate because of the difference between visible and infrared refraction. When the IR blocker is removed, many lenses which did display a hotspot cease to do so, and become perfectly usable for infrared photography. Additionally, because the red, green and blue micro-filters remain and have transmissions not only in their respective color but also in the infrared, enhanced infrared color may be recorded.

Since the Bayer filters in most digital cameras absorb a significant fraction of the infrared light, these cameras are sometimes not very sensitive as infrared cameras and can sometimes produce false colors in the images. An alternative approach is to use a Foveon X3 sensor, which does not have absorptive filters on it; the Sigma SD10 DSLR has a removable IR blocking filter and dust protector, which can be simply omitted or replaced by a deep red or complete visible light blocking filter. The Sigma SD14 has an IR/UV blocking filter that can be removed/installed without tools. The result is a very sensitive digital IR camera.

While it is common to use a filter that blocks almost all visible light, the wavelength sensitivity of a digital camera without internal infrared blocking is such that a variety of artistic results can be obtained with more conventional filtration. For example, a very dark neutral density filter can be used (such as the Hoya ND400) which passes a very small amount of visible light compared to the near-infrared it allows through. Wider filtration permits an SLR viewfinder to be used and also passes more varied color information to the sensor without necessarily reducing the Wood effect. Wider filtration is however likely to reduce other infrared artefacts such as haze penetration and darkened skies. This technique mirrors the methods used by infrared film photographers where black-and-white infrared film was often used with a deep red filter rather than a visually opaque one.

Another common technique with near-infrared filters is to swap blue and red channels in software (e.g. photoshop) which retains much of the characteristic 'white foliage' while rendering skies a glorious blue.

Several Sony cameras had the so-called Night Shot facility, which physically moves the blocking filter away from the light path, which makes the cameras very sensitive to infrared light. Soon after its development, this facility was 'restricted' by Sony to make it difficult for people to take photos that saw through clothing. To do this the iris is opened fully and exposure duration is limited to long times of more than 1/30 second or so. It is possible to shoot infrared but neutral density filters must be used to reduce the camera's sensitivity and the long exposure times mean that care must be taken to avoid camera-shake artifacts.

Fuji have produced digital cameras for use in forensic criminology and medicine which have no infrared blocking filter. The first camera, designated the S3 PRO UVIR, also had extended ultraviolet sensitivity (digital sensors are usually less sensitive to UV than to IR). Optimum UV sensitivity requires special lenses, but ordinary lenses usually work well for IR. In 2007, FujiFilm introduced a new version of this camera, based on the Nikon D200/ FujiFilm S5 called the IS Pro, also able to take Nikon lenses. Fuji had earlier introduced a non-SLR infrared camera, the IS-1, a modified version of the FujiFilm FinePix S9100. Unlike the S3 PRO UVIR, the IS-1 does not offer UV sensitivity. FujiFilm restricts the sale of these cameras to professional users with their EULA specifically prohibiting "unethical photographic conduct".

Phase One digital camera backs can be ordered in an infrared modified form.

Remote sensing and thermographic cameras are sensitive to longer wavelengths of infrared (see Infrared spectrum#Commonly used sub-division scheme). They may be multispectral and use a variety of technologies which may not resemble common camera or filter designs. Cameras sensitive to longer infrared wavelengths including those used in infrared astronomy often require cooling to reduce thermally induced dark currents in the sensor (see Dark current (physics)). Lower cost uncooled thermographic digital cameras operate in the Long Wave infrared band (see Thermographic camera#Uncooled infrared detectors). These cameras are generally used for building inspection or preventative maintenance but can be used for artistic pursuits as well.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_photography

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Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 4, Nos. 1-4, 1910

Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher:

Sponsor:

Contributor:

Date: 1910

Language: eng

Table of Contents

Number 1

Preface v

Special articles 1

Chronic nonsuppurative osteoplastic periostitis of traumatic origin, by

George Pickrell and L. M. Schmidt 1

Shooting glasses for riflemen, by E. S. Bogert, jr 11

Suggestions on taking finger prints, by John D. Hall 17

Meat poisoning in the navy, by L. W. Curtis 23

Runner's cramp, a peculiar occupation neurosis, by L. M. Schmidt 25

Venereal prophylaxis, by W. J. Zalesky 28

Medical conditions in the Fiji Islands, by K. A. Bachman 30

Suggested devices 39

Construction of an improvised incubator, by F. G. Abeken and R.

Cuthbertson 39

A gall-bladder dressing, by H. L. Call 40

Clinical notes 43

Report of a typhoid carrier, by C. S. Butler 43

Report of two cases of the variola form of syphilis, by F. M. Furlong

44

Notes on cases treated by vaccines, by M. H. Simons 46

Heat exhaustion on the U. S. S. California, by E. G. Parker 48

A case of gunshot injury of the kneejoint, by Raymond Spear 49

An operation for ectropion, by Raymond Spear 50

Report of a case of amoebiasis. by A. E. Peck 51

Report of a case of acute perforative gangrenous appendicitis, by J. B.

Dennis and A. C. Stanley 54

Case of Vincent's angina, by L. C. Whiteside 56

Two cases of opthalmia gonorrhea, by R. R. Richardson 57

Current comment 59

Venereal prophylaxis 59

Health records for the naval personnel 59

Hygiene exhibitions 61

A few notes on malingering, by F. M. Furlong 62

Perfected routine of dosage, etc., in the treatment of tuberculosis by

the administration of mercury, by B. L. Wright 66

Progress in medical sciences 69

Laboratory —A new method for the clinical estimation of total nitrogen

in urine, feces or other organic materials; a clinical modification of the

Folin-Schaffer method for the estimation of uric acid in the urine 69

Reviews: A simple method of estimating the amount of sugar in diabetic

urine; a modification of the Esbach method for estimation of albumin in the

urine: a new albuminometer; a new, simple method

of sugar estimation in the urine by the glucosometer; on the

application of the deviation of complement test in the detection of albuminous

substances in the urine; the clinical determination of amido acids in the

urine, O. J. Mink and E. W. Brown 74

Chemistry and pharmacy —Uber das Aconitin der japaniechen

Aconitknollen; the influence of certain drugs upon the toxicity of acetanilide and

antipyrine; the effect of work on the creatine content of muscle; the

pharmacological assay of the heart tonics; the estimation and quantitative

significance of hydrochloric acid in the gastric contents; the action of

digestive ferments upon each other, P. J. Waldner and C. Schaffer 76

Pathology and bacteriology —Antityphoid vaccines with attenuated live cultures;

outbreak of food poisoning after a Christmas dinner; on the use of certain new

chemical tests in the diagnosis of general paralysis and tabes; the occurrence

of acetonuria following ether anesthesia; the treatment of gonocoecus

infections by vaccines; concerning the mechanism of the aero-reaction of syphilis;

investigation of blood for tubercle bacilli; on subcutaneous and ophthalmal

tuberculin reaction in lepers;

the diagnosis of syphilis by some laboratory methods; cancer in man and

animals; relation of the spiroclneta pallida to general paralysis; influenzal

meningitis; htemolysis in the diagnosis of malignant neoplasms; the Wasserman

reaction in leprosy, 0. J. Mink and F. M. Shook 79

Medical zoology — The development of the miracidium of paragonimus under

various physical conditions; studies on protozoan parasites in sea fishes; two

interesting bilharzial conditions; hookworms and the death rate; filariasis of

the spermatic cord; the reaction of the white blood cells to the presence of

tenia in the intestine of man, R. C. Holcomb and P. E. Garrison 85

Tropical medicine — The relapsing fever of Panama; studies upon

leprosy; antiplague measures in California; histoplasmosis; blackwater fever, C.

S. Butler 90

Hygiene and sanitation —The processes for the disinfection of dwellings

with formaldehyde and potassium permanganate, the amounts of gaseous

formaldehyde given out in each and their practical significance; comparative

investigations on the practical values of certain methods of disinfection with

formaldehyde w ithout the employment of any apparatuses; fly-borne enteric

fever—the source of infection; tuberculosis in Japan; the destruction of

mosquitoes by the French in West Africa by the "trous-pieges; " the

cruiser Alger in the Far East, H.G. Beyer and F. L. Pleadwell 95

Surgery —The use of silver wire in opening the kidney; fractures of the

radial shaft, rotation deformity (occurrence and diagnosis), and aluminum

plates; an ovarian abscess containing a lumbricoid worm; surgery of the stomach, C. F. Stokes and K.

Spear 106

General medicine— The obliteration of the craving for narcotics, the arylarsenate

treatment of syphilis—its probable future effects in the services; a new

treatment of locomotor ataxia; " traitement a vide" of enteric fever;

on the relation between alcoholism and tuberculosis; the treatment of amoebic

dysentery, T. W. Kichards 110

Reports and letters 117

Report on the American Public Health Association, by F. L. Pleadwell..

117

Report on the Sixteenth International Congress of Medicine, Budapest, August-September,

1909, by J. C. Wise 128

Report on the camp of instruction, Antietam, Md., 1909, by M. S.

Elliott. 130

Number 2

Preface v

Special articles 135

The commissary department in naval hospitals, by P. A. Lovering 135

The presence of the lepra bacillus in the circulating blood, by G. B.

Crow. 143

Preliminary report of the finding of hookworm in American Samoa, by P.

S. Rossiter 145

The prevention of venereal diseases in the navy, by Raymond Spear 146

The rational treatment of arteriosclerosis, by C. H. T. Lowndes 150

Treatment of syphilis at Hot Springs, Ark., by W. S. Hoen 154

Suggested devices 159

A portable sanitary scuttle-butt, by E. G. Parker 159

Suggestions for diet kitchen equipment, by Stephen Wierzbieki 161

Notes on colonic anesthesia, by W. S. Pugh, jr 163

Clinical notes 167

Clinical notes from the United States Naval Hospital, Mare Island,

Cal., by U. R. Webb 167

Surgical cases from the U. S. S. Tacoma, by W. S. Pugh, jr 171

Osteomyelitis following fracture, by B. F. Jenness 180

A case of appendicostomy, by Raymond Spear 182

Report of three cases from the U. S. S. Relief, by A. W. Dunbar 184

A case of Landry's paralysis, by H. L. Kelley and J. A. Randall 185

Heat exhaustion on the U. S. S. Colorado, by J. T. Kennedy 187

Two cases of mild heat exhaustion on the U. S. S. Charleston, by Oliver

Diehl 189

Bolo wound involving the brain, by C. F. Ely 190

A case of goundou with coexisting leontiasis, by I. S. K. Reeves 191

Severe rupial eruption appearing as one of the first symptoms and the only

eruption in a case of secondary syphilis, by R. R. Richardson 192

Operations for suppurative ear disease, by R. W. McDowell 193

Notes of two surgical cases, by H. C. Curl 194

Note on cases of fever at Pichilinque Bay, Mexico, by J. L. Neilson 194

A case of neurosis hysteroides, by E. C. White 195

Varix of both superficial epigastric veins, by R. R. Richardson 196

Current comment , 197

Reports of surgical operations 197

The early diagnosis of syphilis and its importance from a service stand

point, by O. J. Mink 197

A few timely comments on clothing, by H. G. Beyer 200

The importance of eliminating the cocaine habitue from the personnel of

the U. S. Navy and Marine Corps, by W. D. Owens 204

Injuries from football at the Naval Academy, by C. E. Riggs 205

Muscular spasms in men exposed to high temperatures, by M. E. Higgins.

207

Notes on sanitation at Port Royal, S. C, by R. E. Riggs 208

Reports on venereal prophylaxis, by W. S. Pugh, jr., W. A. Angwin, N.

T. McLean, J. M. Edgar, J. S. Taylor, and F. G. Abeken 211

Are dead typhoid cultures of value for use on board ship in Widal'a

reaction, by C. S. Butler 222

Progress in medical sciences 225

Laboratory — The Noguchi test for syphilis; a concentration method for

tubercle bacilli; a simple method of preparing sugar broth media; a simple

method of preparing Bang's solution. Reviews: The diagnosis of syphilis by some

laboratory methods, by O. J. Mink and E. W. Brown. 225

Chemistry and pharmacy — Der jetzige stand der physiologischen

digitalisprfifung, ihr wert fiir die praxis und fur die forschung; the

administration of drugs with regard to absorption and elimination; relative

physiological activity of some commercial solutions of epinephrin; influence of

hydrogen peroxide on hydrochloric acid secretion; the value of alimentary

levulosuria in the diagnosis of hepatic cirrhosis; oxaluria and treatment of

calcium oxalate deposit from the urine; E. R. Noves and P. J. Waldner 230

Pathology and bacteriology — Bacillus of acne; some observations on the

study of intestinal bacteria; the presence of tubercle bacilli in the

circulating blood in clinical and experimental tuberculosis; the viability of

the tubercle bacillus; the pathology of pellagra; pellagra; the Wasserman

reaction in pellagra; Zur theorie der Wassermanischer reaktion; the

pathological relationships of gastric ulcer and gastric carcinoma; O. J. Mink

and F. M. Shook 235

Medical zoology — A study of the development of Sehittosomum japonicum;

relation between the Schistosoma japonicum and the endemic "Kabure,"

report of the study on the invading route of the Schistoimma japonicum into the

human body; acute trichiniasis without initial eosinophilia; reports of the

twenty-first expedition of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine at

Jamaica; malaria; a ease of amoebic enteritis with uncinaria, trichocephalus

and trichomonads, showing results of treatment after four years; the

development of trypanosoma gambiense in glossina palpalis; Paragonomiasis or

parasitic hemoptysis, report of an imported case in California; Kala-Azar in

Madras, especially with regard to its connection with the dog and with the bug

(Conorrhinua); medical survey of the town of Taytay; P. E. Garrison 242

Tropical medicine —Typhus fever; intoxication by fish in China; note on

plague infection in a wood rat; the significance of sleeping sickness for our

colonies; weitere untersuchungen iiber das Pappataci fieber; C. S. Butler 248

Hygiene and sanitation— Untersuchungen fiber den vorgangder

selbstreinigung, ausgefuhrt am wasser des Giesner Volksbades; fiber den prozess

der selbstreinignng der naturlichen wasser nach ihrer kfinstlichen infizierung

durch bakterien; la ventilation pendant le combat; report of Bureau of Health

for the Philippine Islands, third quarter, 1909; a contribution to our knowledge

of the spread of typhoid through bacillus carriers; what may be done to improve

the hygiene of the city dweller; oral prophylaxis; fievre typhoide et eau

distilh'e a bord du " Bouvet;" a general German fencing tournament,

held on the 3d and 4th December at Dresden; report of the International Opium

Commission, Shanghai, China; H. G. Beyer and F. L. Pleadwell 253

Surgery— Resection of the colon for cancer and tuberculosis; serum

treatment of purulent processes; thoracic surgery; the technique of amputations

with especial reference to osteplastic methods; the routine examination of the

oesophagus; the treatment of acute otitic meningitis; a method of splinting

skin grafts; vaccine treatment of pyorrhea alveolaris; R. Spear and H. W. Smith

261

General medicine — Normal auscultatory differences between the sides of

the chest; two signs of diagnostic value, one in chololithiasis, the other in

incipient pulmonary tuberculosis; the diaphragm test for binocular vision; T.

W. Richards 273

Reports and letters 279

Reports on the care of wounded, Bluefields, Nicaragua, by W. S. Pugh,

jr., L. H. Wheeler, and D. G. Sutton 279

Report on physical training at the United States Naval Academy, by W.

N. McDonell 287

Number 3

Preface vi

Special articles 291

The illumination of study rooms, being a report submitted to the

superintendent of the Naval Academy, on the present system of lighting the

midshipmen's quarters in Bancroft Hall, with recommendations for its

improvement, by A. L. Parsons and II. W. Smith 291

The surgical aspects of filariasis, by C. F. Stokes 318

Venereal prophylaxis on the Asiatic Station, by Oliver Diehl 325

Dried blood serum, a substitute for fresh blood serum in the rapid

preparation of Loeffler's medium, by E. W. Brown 337

U.S. Naval Medical School laboratories 339

The need for a pathological collection at the United States Naval

Medical School, by C. S. Butler 339

Helminthological technique, by P. E. Garrison 345

Demonstration of treponema pallidum, by F. M. Shook 355

Preliminary report on a proposed method for the volumetric estimation

of mercury, by J. R. Herbig 356

Suggested devices 357

An "unlearnable " vision test card for use in the naval

service, by E. J. Grow 357

A suggested bunk tray, by G. F. Freeman 362

Clinical notes 365

Report of two cases of cerebro-spinal fever, by J. B. Kaufman 365

Acute ear diseases following swimming, by L. M. Schmidt 368

Direct transfusion of blood in a case of shock and hemorrhage, by R. B.

Williams 372

A case of liver abscess demonstrating the value of a differential count

in diagnosis, by E. R. Stitt 376

Five cases of cholera at naval station, Cavite, P. I., by H. L. Kelley

377

The Hagner operation, report of five cases, by L. W. Johnson 378

Clinical notes from Naval Hospital, Norfolk, Va., by E. O. J. Eytinge

380

Fracture of epiphysis of os calcis by muscular contraction, by Raymond

Spear 383

A case of fracture of the base of the skull, by Raymond Spear 383

A case of heavy hymenolepis nana infection, with a note as to

treatment, by E. R. Stitt and D. G. Allen 384

Report of 12 cases of beriberi, by J. A. Randall 385

Carron oil in the treatment of otitis media suppurativa (acuta), by R.

E. Riggs 386

Pericarditis associated with impetigo herpetiformis (?) followed by

grave systematic disturbance and interesting pathological lesions, by H. L.

Kelley 387

Blastomycotic lesions in a case of syphilis, by E. R. Stitt and S. L.

Higgins. 388

Current comment 391

Results of venereal prophylaxis not likely to be apparent in general

statistics of 1909 391

Typhoid vaccination 391

International military medical statistics 393

Varicocele and the public- services 394

Importance of ophthalmoscopy at recruiting stations, by J. A. Murphy

395

Progress in medical sciences 399

Chemistry and pharmacy — Rapid chemical filtration compared to slow sand

filtration; the question of the so-called physiological albuminuria; a

contribution to Hang's method for estimation of sugar; the estimation of

ammonia and acidity in the urine and their clinical application; thymol an a

source of error in Heller's test for urinary protein; physiological effects of

high temperature and humidity; direct identification of acetone in urine; the

pancreas reaction of Cammidge; rapid detection of boric acid in butter and

milk. E. W. Brown and P. J. Waldner 399

Pathology and bacteriology — Changes in the pancreas in diabetes; the

Cammidge reaction; acute pancreatitis and urinary findings; the specific treatment

of carcinoma; concentration method for tubercle bacilli; ueber die nach Ziehl

nicht darstellbare form des tuberkelbazillus; nachweis bedeutung der

tuberkelbazillen in stroemendem pthisikerblut; ueber die granulare form des

tuberculosevirus im lungenauswurf ; the cultivation of the leprosy bacillus;

ueber den nachweis von indol in den bakterischeu kulturen mit der Ehrlichschen

methode; the relation of the pseudo-diphtheria and the diphtheria bacillus; the

influence of age and temperature upon the potency of anti-diphtheritic serum and

antitoxin globulin solution; the value of opsonic determinations in the

discovery of typhoid carriers; the distribution of bacteria in bottled milk and

certain controlling factors; are acid-fast bacteria other

than the tubercle bacillus commonly met in clinical laboratory work; acid-fast

organisms in waters; the treatment of infection of the urinary tract with

bicterial vaccines; the B. fecalia alkaligines pathogenic for

man; treatment of typhoid carriers; a preliminary inquiry into the prevalence

of paratyphoid fever in London, with remarks on blood culture in 48 cases of

enteric fever, O. J. Mink and F. M. Shook 403

Medical zoology —Guinea worm in domesticated animals, with a note of its

discovery in a leopard; the effect of mosquito larvae upon drinking water; the

existence of living creatures in the stomach as a cause of chronic dyspepsia; a

study of the anatomy of Watsonius (n. g.), watsoni of man and of 19 allied

species of mammalian trematode worms of the superfamily paramphistomoidea, P.

E. Garrison 415

Tropical medicine- Yaws as a cause of chronic ulceration; on the nature

and origin of Calabar swellings; two cases of balantidium infection with autopsy,

C. S. Butler 418

Hygiene and sanitation — Die handedesinfektion bei typhus-

bazillentragern; vorkommen und bedeutung der streptokokken in der milch; the

control of scarlet fever; a note on squirrel fleas as plague carriers; the communications

of diarrhea from the sick, to the healthy; summer diarrhea and enteric fever;

rapport d'inspection generale de l'escadre du nord; H. G. Beyer and F. L.

Pleadwell 421

Surgery — Terminal arterial anesthesia; varicocele, an analysis of 403

cases; the method of respiration by intratracheal insufflation, its scientific principle

and its practical availability in medicine and surgery; avoidance of apparatus

complicating operation in thoracic surgery; experimental intrathoracic surgery

by the Meltzer and Auer method of intratracheal insufflation; the value of

continuous intratracheal insufflation of air (Meltzer) in thoracic surgery; the

treatment of diffuse progressive free peritonitis; ueber carbenzyn; carbenzym

bei tuberkulosen affektionen; ueber die dosierung der stauungshyperamie; the

after-results of the operative treatment of hemorrhoids; some experiments on

the relative susceptibility of different teeth to dental caries, R. Spear and

H. W. Smith. 438

General medicine — Review of current progress in medicine; the adequacy

of the present-day treatment of syphilitic diseases of the nervous system; Syphilis

and parasyphilis of the nervous system; la reazione di Wassermann nelle

malattie cutanee; treatment of syphilis by intramuscular injection of metallic

mercury; on the treatment of tetanus by the intraspinal injection of a solution

of magnesium sulphate, with cases; hospital infection of tuberculosis; current

conceptions of hysteria; an acute infectious disease of unknown origin; A. W.

Dunbar and T. W. Richards 447

Reports and letters 457

Report on U. S. Pharmacopceial Convention, 1910, by P. J. Waldner 457

Number 4

Preface v

Special articles 459

Insanity in the navy, by Heber Butts 469

Notes on the presence and prevalence of Xecator americanus in Samoa, by

P. S. Rossiter 476

Problems of sanitation in landing and expeditionary service in tropical

and subtropical regions, translation by P. J. Waldner 479

United States Naval Medical School laboratories 499

Helminthological technique, by P. E. Garrison 499

Suggested devices 513

An improvised incubator for ships, by L. W. McGuire 513

An efficient rat-killing device for use on board ship, by F. M. Munson

514

Clinical notes 515

A case of atypic typhoid, with sudden death, by E. R. Stitt 515

A case of excision of the clavicle, by Raymond Spear 518

Appendicular abscess; rupture into peritoneal cavity; operation and

recovery, by A. D. McLean 517

Case of suppurative appendicitis, by C. W. Smith 519

Meningitis of primary origin (pneumococcus), by E. R. Stitt 529

A case of metastatic pneumonia complicating tonsillitis, by W. A.

Angwin. 521

Report of a case of acute yellow atrophy of liver, by E. R. Stitt and

D. A. Gregory 522

A case clinically resembling rhinopharyngitis mutilans, by E. R. Stitt

524

External urethrotomy without a guide, by E. G. Parker 524

Note on the possible existence of both Agchylostoma duodenale and

Necator americarms at Guam, by E. R. Stitt 525

Current comment 527

New order for appointment of medical officers in the navy 527

New naval health record 527

Diphtheria prophylaxis 529

Peculiar advantages of local anaesthesia in ordinary hernia operations

in the naval service, by H. C. Curl 539

Progress in medical sciences 533

Chemistry and pharmacy — An experimental and clinical study of the

functional activity of the kidneys by means of phenolsulphonephthalein; the

biological standardization of drugs; the detection of methyl alcohol,

especially in the presence of ethyl alcohol; a simple method for the rapid and

accurate determination of the alcoholic content of fluids; a method for

determining the alkalinity of the blood; contributions to clinical methods for

urinary analysis; a method for the estimation of nitrogen in the urine; a method

for the direct test for acetone in the urine; a study of Nylander's reaction;

the so-called Cammidge test; the occurrence of and a clinical test for soluble

protein in the feces; a test of pancreatic function, E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge

533

Pathology and bacteriology — Anaphylaxis and its relation to clinical

medicine; on the preparation of a simple culture medium; the cultivation of the

tubercle bacilli directly from the sputum by means of antiformin; the hospital

laboratory with special reference to diagnosis in surgical cases; the

cerebro-spinal fluid, O. J. Mink and F. M. Shook 545

Medical zoology — Helminthic infection and its relation to

eosinophilia: the ant as a destroyer of flies; amebic dysentery in New York;

the Gastrodiscus hominis in the Philippines; note on the presence of Bilharzia

haematobia in Egyptian mummies of the twentieth dynasty (1250-1000 B. C). P- E-

Garrison 551

Tropical medicine— Transmission of pest without rate and without fleas;

the etiology of beriberi; beriberi-Forschungen in den Niederlandisch

ostindischen Kolonien, besonders in Bezug aul" Prophylaxis und Heilung;

the work of the board for the study of tropical diseases in the Philippines, C.

S. Butler 552

Hygiene and sanitation — Explosions-gase und ihre Wirkung auf den Menchen;

Eine von Bazillentragern hervorgerufene Typhus-epidemie in der X V. Division

von Japan; the sputum of typhoid fever patients as a possible source of

infection; Ueber die Beurteilung des Colibakterienbefundes in Trinkwasser nebst

Bemerkungen iiber den Xachweis und das Vorkommen der Colibazillen; quantitative

investigations on the absorption of benzol from the air by animal and man:

studies on the absorption of chlorinated hydrocarbons from the air by animals

and man; on the absorption of hydrochloric acid vapors by animals during

prolonged experiments; hygiene in the French navy, H. G. Beyer and F. L.

Pleadwell

558

Surgery— On the experimental surgery of the thoracic aorta and the

heart; clinical experiences with intratracheal insufflation (Meltzer) with remarks

upon value of the method for thoracic surgery; the surgical management of

urethral stricture and its complications; Hunterian lecture on the surgery of

the lymphatic system: a tourniquet for the control of hemorrhage from the scalp

during osteoplastic resection of the skull; a further contribution on the

sterilization of the skin of operative areas; note on the neuropathology

cytology of anemia, infections, Grave's disease, and surgical shock; the

treatment of post-operative adhesions; an improved method of preparing catgut

ligatures; observations on the condition of the mouth in 1,000 consecutive

cases of chronic disease, R. Spear and E. Thompson 567

General medicine — The clinical aspects of arteriosclerosis;

trichinosis, a clinical study of fifty-two sporadic cases; some further

investigations and observations upon the pathology of rheumatic fever; etiology

of chronic arthritis; Grave's disease, A. VV. Dunbar and T. W. Richards.. 578

Prospectus of United States Naval Medical School, Washington, D. C 585

If you have questions concerning reproductions, please contact the Contributing Library.

Note: The colors, contrast and appearance of these illustrations are unlikely to be true to life. They are derived from scanned images that have been enhanced for machine interpretation and have been altered from their originals.

Read/Download from the Internet Archive

See all images from this book

See all MHL images published in the same year

Medieval Torture Device by Curious Expeditions

The Kriminalmuseum (Criminal Museum) in Vienna, Austria, houses images, skulls, murder weapons, counterfit banknotes, torture devices, models of murder victims, and police gear.

Devices by Bratislav Karic

Device of Josse Badius: printing press by POP

Device of Josse Badius: printing press

Penn Libraries call number:

GC B6557 509d All images from this book

Penn Libraries catalog record

RM200601112-Treatment-East by Nu Skin SEA

Another Cocksucking Device by Turku Euroopan Alakulttuuripääkaupunki 2011

Taideslummi 2009

Allotment by Image Artistry

4 10

Mobile Device only: Retouch, Pano Sabotage, Snapseed, PicsArt

by Afsana Zaman

Device - Canon PowerShot A470

_MG_6973 by mikachenster

TriPollar™ POSE™ - clinical skin tightening device for body

A new, clinically proven, non-invasive, at-home treatment for skin tightening, boosting collagen, contour the body and reduce stubborn fat deposit and cellulite. TriPollar™ POSE™ uses advanced professional TriPollar™ technology to help you refine, reduce and reshape your body in the comfort of your own home.

"A Buoy" a floating device that can have many purposes by The Shaldives

"A Buoy" a floating device that can have many purposes

Beppe Gambetta by Mediachaos

Wonderful musician, great person!

Made wit my tiny "Pocket-Sony". It's cool what this small, ingenious device can do!

Security Device by In Memoriam: Katie Dalton

3 20

View On Black

Found this unusual security lock on a gate to some farmland. I have never seen one like this before so.........up came the camera and click.

Shot in RAW, which I do now, then I used two textures.

Thanks to Skeletal Mess: www.flickr.com/photos/skeletalmess/

I know I have been tagged and I will try to do something about that soon.

Technical device by KW_Vauban

For my coming Jabba's palace I've built some technical device. I've made an instruction to see how I used some SNOT-techniques.

Enthusiasts of British Motor Vehicles Built Before 1985 by cscarlet41

Facebook Group meeting at British Motor Museum, Gaydon

Testing CPAP Cleaning Devices - 2418 by The U.S. Food and Drug Administration

FDA scientists observe elevated ozone levels while testing a device claiming to use ozone to clean Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) machines. To date, ozone gas has not been proven to be safe or effective for this use. While cleaning your CPAP is important, most CPAPs can be cleaned safely and effectively with mild soap and water as described in the owner’s manual, with some manufacturers recommending the use of diluted vinegar.

Scientists from left to right: Kenneth Aycock, Ph.D., Staff Fellow; Nandini Duraiswamy, Ph.D., General Engineer

This photo is free of all copyright restrictions and available for use and redistribution without permission. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration is appreciated but not required.

FDA photo by Michael J. Ermarth

20160328_181612.jpg by Powell Gardens

Sent from my T-Mobile 4G LTE Device

High Tech Military Communication Device by Douglas M

2 4

The military comes up with the most high tech of devices that we civilians dont see on a daily basis.... here is one of them.

hope you all like it!!!

Technical device by KW_Vauban

For my coming Jabba's palace I've built some technical device. I've made an instruction to see how I used some SNOT-techniques.

Canted insertion device schematic by AdvancedPhotonSource

Schematic of Advanced Photon Source canted insertion device configuration. Credit Argonne National Laboratory.

Technical device by KW_Vauban

For my coming Jabba's palace I've built some technical device. I've made an instruction to see how I used some SNOT-techniques.

image001 benedictine logo by Gerald Schneider

COMM 335 Photojournalism in COMM 335 - Fall 2013 Photojournalism Benedictine University, Springfield, “We decide what is real and what is an illusion”

Class Objectives:

In today’s media landscape, an understanding of photography is crucial to most jobs. Copy editors, page designers, web designers and photographers have to create and evaluate images on a daily basis. The purpose of this class is to give you those skills.This class will stress many different skills. Learning the technical tools and software of a photographer will be covered at the start. We will focus on the creation of the highest quality still images. The class will focus on storytelling, since this is the primary purpose of professional photojournalism and many other specialized areas of photography. Anyone seeking employment in media must possess the ability to create and discern quality images and effective content. This class will stress actual production of photojournalistic material. Instructor Information:

Instructor: Gerald SchneiderOffice: lower level of Becker Library, extension 245 /Capital Area Career Center 2201 Toronto Road room 206 phone 529-5431 ext.162Email: jschneider@caccschool.org gschneider@ben.edu Office hours: 11:30 am - 3:00 pm M-F at the CACC office photography lab (217) 529-5431 ext 162 or by appointment MTW 8am-9amClass website: www.classes.

Required Material:

Text: Photojournalism6th Editionby Ken KobreISBN: 978-0-7506-8593-1

SLR or equivalent camera (digital preferred). The university does have a few cameras that can be checked out.USB Device with min. 2gb capacity, Proper Memory card.

Grades:

•Portrait photo - 100 points•Coverage photo - 200 points•Photo essay - 150 points•Shoot off - 50 points•Final - 85 points•Attendance - 15 points Photojournalist -50 points

Total: 500 points

Grading scale

500 - 450 A449 - 400 B399 - 350C349 - 300 D299 - 0 F

There is no rounding up of pointsAttendance policy:• Two or less classes missed - 15 points• Three classes missed - 7 points• Four or more classes missed - 0 points

I do not differentiate between excused and unexcused absences. Save your two “free” days for when you really need them.

There will be an attendance sheet for you to sign every day. The sheet is the arbiter on missed classes, so don’t forget to sign in.

Assignments

Benedictine Magazine - This will be a semester long project which will use photographs the class has created about our University.Cover design, articles about students and staff, sports, activities and school architecture will be the content to be published at the end of the semester. This will become a regular publication for the University with proper funding as generated by the class marketing activities. Most assignments will contribute to this final publication project. The students will learn from the actual production of a photojournalistic publication.

Portrait photo(s) - This is an image of a person that conveys something about that person. The photo should be done as an environmental portrait, not a canned one (like your senior photo). Proper lighting, composition, focus and exposure are part of the grade as well. An accurate cutline should also be included.This assignment will be one of our first in order to identify with each other and will be repeated for other University staff and students. You will also present your photo(s) to the class; it will count towards the grade.

Coverage photo(s) - This can be photos from a news event or a sporting event. Benedictine events are fine, as are any other venues (community activities, intramural sports, etc.) The key moment(s) should be presented as well as good lighting, composition, focus and exposure. An accurate cutline should also be included. You will have several of these assignments with multiple subjects or themes. You will also present your photo(s) to the class; it will count towards the grade.

Architecture - This project will capture the rich historical building on campus. You will also present your photo(s) to the class; it will count towards the grade.

Seasonal - This project will have a theme relative to a season or celebration. October, November and December are times when seasonal atmosphere can really effect the creative process. You will also present your photo(s) to the class; it will count towards the grade.

Photo essay - Each student will choose an event or person and record an in-depth photographic story. This assignment should contain quality images. It should be between ten and fifteen frames, effective lighting, composition, and editing (enhancement) are part of the grade as well. You will also present your photo essay to the class; it will count towards the grade.

Shoot today - Student will be assigned a topic at the start of class and then have the rest of the period to wander around campus to fulfill that assignment. The following class period, students will edit their shoot and present their images to the class. There will be several of these assignments when conditions allow. You will also present your photo(s) to the class; it will count towards the grade.

Photo Journalist research - This assignment each student will research a specific photojournalist and discuss his best photograph with the class

Quiz - Multiple choice, fill in the blank and short answer questions, which will cover the material from class as well as the material in the textbook. The quiz will be open book.

- Students need to have a decent camera; a SLR or equivalent. The university does have a few that can be checked out. Film cameras are OK, but processing costs are the student’s responsibility. All projects must be turned in as digital files, as well as all photos from a student’s shoot. Most film processors can burn you a CD with digital copies of your prints. You may also use the darkrooms at the Capital Area Career Center under the direction of lab assistants. See your instructor for details.

- All photos can be uploaded to the class Flickr site: www.flickr.com/groups/benedictinephotojournalism335/ (click to join the group) this is so we can learn from each other and get the experience of actually producing something. We will spend class time examining everyone’s projects. This website will be live to the world; anybody will be able to see your work. Being able to critique other photographers work and to benefit from others who critique your work is most critical. You must also have your original projects and photographs available for critique during class on your camera media card or USB device. The quality of your work and your participation during critiques is the most import part of this class.

About your instructor

Mr. Schneider has been a photographer for 35 years. He has served on the faculty at Southern Illinois University, University of Illinois, District 186 Springfield,Lincoln Land Community College, The Lincoln Institute, Lincoln Scholars, the Capital Area Career Center and the Springfield Art Association. He has administered a private photography business for 35 years. He has attended Southern Illinois University, University of Illinois, Illinois StateUniversity, Chicago State University, Royal Academy London, University ofNotre Dame . University Policies1. The search for truth and the dissemination of knowledge are the central missions of a university. Benedictine University pursues these missions in an environment guided by our Roman Catholic tradition and our Benedictine heritage. Integrity and honesty are therefore expected of all members of the University community, including students, faculty members, administration, and staff.Actions such as cheating, plagiarism, collusion, fabrication, forgery, falsification, destruction, multiple submission, solicitation, and misrepresentation, are violations of these expectations and constitute unacceptable behavior in the University community. The penalties for such actions can range from a private verbal warning, all the way to expulsion from the University. The University’s Academic Honesty Policy is available at http:/www.ben.edu/AHP and students are expected to read it.2. A student whose religious obligation conflicts with a course requirement may request an academic accommodation from the instructor.Students must make such requests in writing by theend of the first week of the class.

3. Benedictine University at Springfield strives to provide individuals with disabilities reasonable accommodations to participate in educational programs, activities and services. Students with a documented permanent or temporary disability requiring accommodations should contact Disability Services as early in the semester as possible. Disability Services works with students, faculty and other campus personnel in a cooperative and confidential effort to find appropriate solutions to each individual’s special needs.

To request an appointment or for further information please contact Disability Services at 217-525-1420 X 3306 or email springaccess@ben.edu. If you need help Email me jschneider@caccschool.org or gschneider@ben.edu Class Policies•All assignments must be turned in on the day they are due and at the beginning of class. Late work will not be accepted and there are no extra credit assignments. Assignments notturned in when they are due will result in a score of zero points for that assignment.

•Turn OFF all cell phones, beepers,.mp3 players, etc. If you are waiting for an emergency phone call, see me before class. Do not check messages during class time, but before class is fine.

•Please do not bring laptops/netbooks into class unless we are working with photoshop.Do not surf the Internet during class time. If you need to take notes on a computer, please clearit with me first.

•Respect your fellow students and teacher.Disruptions (such as talking with friends during class, doing homework during class, reading newspapers during class, etc.) will not be tolerated. • Do not be tardy to class. If you cannot make the start of class regularly, see me. There will be an attendance sheet for you to sign. Remember to sign in each class period.

•You are responsible for the material if you miss a class; either get the notes from a fellow student or see me during office hours. Do not email me something like: “Did I miss anything important?”

•Your campus email address will be the official way I contact you with course and/or academic performance information. Check your email often. “I didn’t get your email,” is not an excuse for missed work and/or information.

•Check D2L, the Twitter feed and the class website often. Your grades will be posted on D2L.

•Feedback on your projects will be during critique sessions.

Class schedule - COMM 335 MW 9:00 am - 10:15 am (3) (3105) room D 220

Week 1Aug. 26: Intro, class expectationsAug. 28: Camera basics / Photo gear/check out procedures/-Chapter 1

Week 2Sept. 2: Labor Day, no classSept. 4: 35mm SLR basics /Picture editing workshop/Chapter 2/research a photojournalist choose his best photograph and be prepared to discuss it at next class

Week 3Sept. 9: Quiz on camera operation and care/discuss photojournalistSept. 11: Project # 1 Shoot a portrait of someone in the class and write a brief biography about that student./-Chapter 3/research a photojournalist choose his best photograph and be prepared to discuss it at next class

Week 4Sept. 16: Basic composition and lighting - critique project 1/Chapter 4/discuss photojournalistSept. 18: Basic composition and lighting - Project # 2 Coverage of an event, activity, Benedictine staff or student story, Historical building on or off campus/research a photojournalist choose his best photograph and be prepared to discuss it at next class

Week 5Sept. 23: PhotoShop basics - critique project 2 /-Chapter 5/discuss photojournalistSept. 25: PhotoShop basics-Project # 3 Coverage of an event, activity, Benedictine staff or student story, Historical building on or off campus/research a photojournalist choose his best photograph and be prepared to discuss it at next class

Week 6Sept. 30: Portrait - Chapter 5/critique project #3/photoShop basics cont./-Chapter 6/discuss photojournalistOct. 2: In-class: Portraits / Photoshop / Project # 4 Coverage of an event, activity, Benedictine staff or student story, Historical building on or off campus/research a photojournalist choose his best photograph and be prepared to discuss it at next class

Week 7Oct. 7: Fall break, no class Oct. 9: Portrait photo due/critique project # 4/photoshop practice/-Chapter 7/research a photojournalist choose his best photograph and be prepared to discuss it at next class/discuss photojournalist

Week 8Oct. 14:Midsemester Break Oct. 16: Event coverage — Sports - Chapter 6 /Project # 5 Coverage of an event, activity, Benedictine staff or student story, Historical building on or off campus/photoShop practice/discuss photojournalistcritique project # 4/PhotoShop practice/-Chapter 8/research a photojournalist choose his best photograph and be prepared to discuss it at next class

Week 9 Oct. 21: Seasonal project #6 /Chapter 9/critique project # 5 /PhotoShop practice /research a photojournalist choose his best photograph and be prepared to discuss it at next class//discuss photojournalist Oct. 23: No class,

Week 10 Oct. 28: PhotoShop practice / Critique project # 6 /discuss photojournalist Oct. 30: Photo essay - Chapter 10/photoShop practice/research a photojournalist choose his best photograph and be prepared to discuss it at next class Week 11 Nov. 4: Shoot-today, project #7 / Chapter 11//discuss photojournalist Nov. 6: Shoot-today , photoshop project #7

Week 12 Nov. 11:Critique Project #7 / Chapter 12 Nov. 13: Final project presentation and discussion

Week 13 Nov. 18: Photo essay of seasonal activity/-Chapter 13 Nov. 20: In-class: write cut lines for photo essay

Week 14 Nov. 25: Photoshop lab/- Chapter 14 Nov. 27: Photoshop lab

Week 15 Dec. 2: Career Day Dec. 4: Open day (work on make up assignments) photoshop lab/-Chapter 15&16/Final Exam presentation Week 16 : Dec. 9 : Final Exam presentation Dec.11: Final Exam due

*Note: Changes to the schedule may occur during the semester, depending on access to labs and equipment.

Grading scale

500 - 450 A449 - 400 B399 - 350C349 - 300 D299 - 0 F•Portrait photo/pohtojournalist discussions - 100 points•Coverage photo - 250 points•Shoot off - 50 points•Final Exam - 85 points•Attendance - 15 points

Total: 500 points

Defibrillator by Steven Rodriquez

6 4

This is the Guidant defibrillator that was implanted in May of 2003 after I survived an episode of cardiac arrest, Whew! It replaced my old pacemaker, and is a pacemaker/defibrillator, better known as an AICD, Automatic Implantable Cardiac Device. This device was removed and replaced with a new one on March 21st, 2007, the 1st day of spring. That device was replaced on January 4th, 2012.

Bloodletting device by Indiana Medical History Museum

IMHM has an extensive collection of medical artifacts in storage. Due to space constraints, you won't be able to see these artifacts if you visit the museum, but we wanted to share a behind-the scenes look at some of our more interesting items.

Dublin Marathon 2014 - FINISH - Mount Street Bridge by Peter Mooney

This is a photograph from the SSE Airticity Dublin Marathon which was held in Dublin City, Ireland on Monday October 27th 2014 at 09:00. This is the 35th year of the SSE Airtricity Dublin Marathon, which is run through the historic Georgian streets of Dublin, Ireland's largest and capital city. This photograph was taken in Dublin City Center Mount Street Canal Bridge which is just before the 26 mile mark on Mount Street.

PLEASE NOTE: These are completely unofficial photographs. We have no linkages whatsoever to the official photography outlets for the marathon

Please read the information below on how to use these photographs on social media or other media

Can I use these photographs directly from Flickr on my social media account(s)?

Yes - of course you can! Flickr provides several ways to share this and other photographs in this Flickr set. You can share to: email, Facebook, Pinterest, Twitter, Tumblr, LiveJournal, and Wordpress and Blogger blog sites. Your mobile, tablet, or desktop device will also offer you several different options for sharing this photo page on your social media outlets.

We take these photographs as a hobby and as a contribution to the running community in Ireland. Our only "cost" is our request that if you are using these images: (1) on social media sites such as Facebook, Tumblr, Pinterest, Twitter,LinkedIn, Google+, etc or (2) other websites, blogs, web multimedia, commercial/promotional material that you must provide a link back to our Flickr page to attribute us.

This also extends the use of these images for Facebook profile pictures. In these cases please make a separate wall or blog post with a link to our Flickr page. If you do not know how this should be done for Facebook or other social media please email us and we will be happy to help suggest how to link to us.

I want to download these pictures to my computer or device?

You can download the photographic image here direct to your computer or device. This version is the low resolution web-quality image. How to download will vary slight from device to device and from browser to browser. However - look for a symbol with three dots 'ooo' or the link to 'View/Download' all sizes. When you click on either of these you will be presented with the option to download the image. Remember just doing a right-click and "save target as" will not work on Flickr.

I want get full resolution, print-quality, copies of these photographs?

If you just need these photographs for online usage then they can be used directly once you respect their Creative Commons license and provide a link back to our Flickr set if you use them. For offline usage and printing all of the photographs posted here on this Flickr set are available free, at no cost, at full image resolution.

Please email petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com with the links to the photographs you would like to obtain a full resolution copy of. We also ask race organisers, media, etc to ask for permission before use of our images for flyers, posters, etc. We reserve the right to refuse a request.

In summary please remember when requesting photographs from us - If you are using the photographs online all we ask is for you to provide a link back to our Flickr set or Flickr pages. You will find the link above clearly outlined in the description text which accompanies this photograph. Taking these photographs and preparing them for online posting does take a significant effort and time. We are not posting photographs to Flickr for commercial reasons. If you really like what we do please spread the link around your social media, send us an email, leave a comment beside the photographs, send us a Flickr email, etc. If you are using the photographs in newspapers or magazines we ask that you mention where the original photograph came from.

I would like to contribute something for your photograph(s)?

Many people offer payment for our photographs. As stated above we do not charge for these photographs. We take these photographs as our contribution to the running community in Ireland. If you feel that the photograph(s) you request are good enough that you would consider paying for their purchase from other photographic providers or in other circumstances we would suggest that you can provide a donation to any of the great charities in Ireland who do work for Cancer Care or Cancer Research in Ireland.

We use Creative Commons Licensing for these photographs

We use the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License for all our photographs here in this photograph set. What does this mean in reality?

The explaination is very simple.

Attribution- anyone using our photographs gives us an appropriate credit for it. This ensures that people aren't taking our photographs and passing them off as their own. This usually just mean putting a link to our photographs somewhere on your website, blog, or Facebook where other people can see it.

ShareAlike – anyone can use these photographs, and make changes if they like, or incorporate them into a bigger project, but they must make those changes available back to the community under the same terms.

Creative Commons aims to encourage creative sharing. See some examples of Creative Commons photographs on Flickr: www.flickr.com/creativecommons/

I ran in the race - but my photograph doesn't appear here in your Flickr set! What gives?

As mentioned above we take these photographs as a hobby and as a voluntary contribution to the running community in Ireland. Very often we have actually ran in the same race and then switched to photographer mode after we finished the race. Consequently, we feel that we have no obligations to capture a photograph of every participant in the race. However, we do try our very best to capture as many participants as possible. But this is sometimes not possible for a variety of reasons:

►You were hidden behind another participant as you passed our camera

►Weather or lighting conditions meant that we had some photographs with blurry content which we did not upload to our Flickr set

►There were too many people - some races attract thousands of participants and as amateur photographs we cannot hope to capture photographs of everyone

►We simply missed you - sorry about that - we did our best!

You can email us petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com to enquire if we have a photograph of you which didn't make the final Flickr selection for the race. But we cannot promise that there will be photograph there. As alternatives we advise you to contact the race organisers to enquire if there were (1) other photographs taking photographs at the race event or if (2) there were professional commercial sports photographers taking photographs which might have some photographs of you available for purchase. You might find some links for further information above.

Don't like your photograph here?

That's OK! We understand!

If, for any reason, you are not happy or comfortable with your picture appearing here in this photoset on Flickr then please email us at petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com and we will remove it as soon as possible. We give careful consideration to each photograph before uploading.

I want to tell people about these great photographs!

Great! Thank you! The best link to spread the word around is probably http://www.flickr.com/peterm7/sets

Woodcut printer's device of Johann Setzer of Haguenau by POP

2 1

Woodcut printer's device of Johann Setzer of Haguenau.

Established heading: Setzer, Johann, -1532

Penn Libraries call number: GC5 M4804 523a 1526

All images from this book

"Device to Root Out Evil" by Bill Longstaff

Ramsay, Calgary

This sculpture by New York artist Dennis Oppenheim was rejected by Stanford University, his alma mater, and subsequently purchased by a Vancouver foundation who erected it in Harbour Green Park in downtown Vancouver. Controversy followed the upside-down church and the Vancouver Public Parks Committee voted to remove it. Calgary's Glenbow Museum jumped at the opportunity to display it and here it seems to have found a home.

Tuning device by Jorge Franganillo

Everything under the sun must be in tune.

Clifford's torture by Nekoglyph

3 2

Replica medieval punishment and torture devices inside Clifford's Tower, York. Pillory on the left, from which we get the verb 'to pillory', meaning to mock, stocks on the right (although the real ones wouldn't have been padded, haha), also a scold's bridle on the table. This was a metal head harness with a tongue depressor that stopped someone nagging, typically a woman (or "Typical. A woman.").

And souvenirs!

Medical device testing by Juhan Sonin

HRH Prince Charles Visits Troops in Afghanistan by Defence Imagery

His Royal Highness Prince Charles tries out a counter IED (improvised explosive device) detector at Camp Bastion, Helmand.

On Friday 26th March 2010 HRH Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, visited troops at Camp Bastion in Afghanistan where he spoke with soldiers of the Joint Helicopter Force (Afghanistan), the UK Joint Force Medical Group, and the Joint Force EOD (Explosive Ordnance Disposal) teams.

The Prince also laid a wreath at the Camp Bastion memorial, in memory of British soldiers killed during the campaign.

www.defenceimages.mod.uk

IED training aboard USS Rushmore by The JIDA

150318-M-ST621-020-- U.S. Marines with Kilo Company, Battalion Landing Team, 3rd Battalion, 1st Marines, 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit learn about improvised explosive devices aboard the USS Rushmore (LSD 47), during Composite Training Unit Exercise (COMPTUEX) off the coast of San Diego March 18, 2015. The class covered lessons learned about improvised explosives used by Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. (U.S. Marine Corps photo by Sgt. Emmanuel Ramos/Released)

20120305-OSEC-LSC-6971 by U.S. Department of Agriculture

3 1

Unlike most events where mobile communication devices are asked to be turned off, Agriculture Deputy Secretary Kathleen Merrigan asked that they remain on allowing people to have access to social media conversations in a continuations the National Conversation on Local and Regional Food projects and how they offer economic opportunities to local farmers, ranchers and food entrepreneurs. using the new web -based Know Your Food Compass, the conversation covered many aspects about food, such as infrastructure, stewardship, local meat and poultry, Healthy food access, careers in agriculture and local food knowledge. The virtual conversation took place at the White House, and Twitter was used to expand the conversation worldwide, from Washington, D.C., on Monday, March 5, 2012. USDA Photo by Lance Cheung.

Computer - Phone - Tablet - Technology by Blue Coat Photos

1 1

Connected devices in the modern cloud. Data is shared everywhere.

When using this image please provide photo credit (link) to: www.bluecoat.com/

Testing CPAP Cleaning Devices - 2521 by The U.S. Food and Drug Administration

FDA scientists test devices that claim to use UV light to clean Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) machines. To date, UV light has not been proven to be safe or effective for this use. While cleaning your CPAP is important, most CPAPs can be cleaned safely and effectively with mild soap and water as described in the owner’s manual, with some manufacturers recommending the use of diluted vinegar.

Scientists from left to right: Ilko K. Ilev, Ph.D., Senior Research Physicist, and Nandini Duraiswamy, Ph.D., General Engineer

This photo is free of all copyright restrictions and available for use and redistribution without permission. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration is appreciated but not required.

FDA photo by Michael J. Ermarth

Funny Videos by Muhammad Tahir

Get it on your mobile device by just 1 Click

Funny Videos

play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.moboquest.funny...

Funny Videos is an epic app for peoples to enjoy there time and have great smile on there faces, and can pass there time

by smiling.In #Funny_Videos app we are giving our users really funny videos that can force them to Laugh Loudely.

We have a large collection of #Funny_Videos in our database.

If you like our app, please share it with your family & friends.

Microsoft Surace RT by Orde Saunders

1 2 ••• 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 ••• 79 80

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