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Another cool photo. It was a cloudy day, the light was coming from behind me as it was later in the day. I love this shot.
Mazzali fully furnished executive offices, entrance areas and bathrooms of the new headquarters and production unit of OPEM, leader company in the international market for the construction of industrial plants.
Mazzali furnished:
. the office of Chairman of the Board
. the office of Chief Executive Officer
. the entrance area
. 6 bathrooms and hallway areas.
Mazzali ha realizzato:
. l’ Ufficio di Presidenza
. l’ Ufficio di Direzione
. l’ Area ingresso
. 6 aree bagni e disimpegno.
In linea con il valori dell’azienda OPEM, il progetto, on demand, ha previsto l’utilizzo esclusivo di materiali ad alta qualità e sensibilità ambientale con una verniciatura esclusivamente all’acqua.
Since I'm home sick, I might as well make myself look how horrible I feel. I used alcohol activated paints and different eyeshadows and highlighters to make this makeup look. I will be putting this into photoshop later.
VIP Contracts have quite a few low floor Darts. T51KLD is one of the more recent arrivals, and still carries its former owners, AM-PM Travel, livery. It is seen on one of VIP's commercial services, the 101 between Birmingham and Oxhill.
Out of work
My contract for the week was cancelled but my fashion plans remain!
For a three-day seminar in New Mexico, I planned to do a 3 Days 3 Ways series with this houndstooth skirt. When the government shutdown cancelled my contract, I decided to modify my style plans, but still show you three ways to wear this skirt over three days. On the bright side, I can now incorporate denim, novelty tights, extreme pattern mixing, and high heels into the outfits.
Jacket, Jessica Simpson. Turtleneck, A New Day. Skirt, Outlander (thrifted and gifted). Tights, Disney. Boots, Vince Camuto. Sunglasses, Earthbound Trading Co. Necklace, Zad. Bag, Anne Klein (thrifted).
Space Florida President and CEO Frank DiBello looks on, at left, as Space Florida Chairman of the Board of Directors William T. Dymond Jr. and NASA Kennedy Space Center Director Robert Cabana, at right, shake hands following the signing of a new agreement, marking another step in the transformation of NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida to a multi-user spaceport. A 30-year property agreement for the operations and management of the historic Shuttle Landing Facility, located at Kennedy, was signed June 22, 2015, by NASA and Space Florida, the aerospace and spaceport development authority for the state of Florida. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
twitter.com/keltruck/status/1334650204444913664
Four more new @prichards1995 #ScaniaXT G410 & G450 vehicles #SuppliedByKeltruck
#TomPrichardContracting #TomPrichard #Llantrisant #Wales #SouthWales #Cymru #CF72 | prichardholdings.co.uk
#ScaniaTough #payload
Spec & order your new #Scania at keltruckscania.com/sales
Contracted to Shell Bitumen UK, Ltd., is this August, 2010 registered Scania R440 - fleet no:- H3439 of DHL Supply Chain, pictured at M56 Chester Services, Hapsford on 5th September, 2014, hauling a temperature controlled tanker semi-trailer.
Truck : Scania P 82 tipper truck with flatbed trailer
Company : Flagge Contracting Inc from NEWARK (NJ)
Date : 12/07/2012
Location : Flatbush Ave, Brooklin, NYC
Contract Mission: Ivan Drackoff - Leader of the Shazir Cell in Bandaud
20.
The sniper using his silenced rifle, shoot at the guard in the balcony, same time as...
After First Devon & Cornwall pulled out of running the X80 around 18 months before, the final remaining First operated working in Torbay was the Dartmouth Academy service, which took students from the Torquay, Paignton, Brixham areas to Dartmouth Academy, leaving just after 7am from Torquay & arriving back around 5pm. Sadly however they discontinued running the service from the end of that term (24 July). Tally Ho! taking over the running of the service from the start of the Autumn term (1 September 2015)
Regular bus, Volvo Olympian 34003-K803ORL was having some maintenance carried out on at the start of this week, so Dennis Trident 33173-LR02LYS stood in for a few days. It is pictured here heading along past Livermead with the morning working to Dartmouth.
Company: First Devon & Cornwall
Registration: LR02LYS
Fleet Number: 33173
New: 2002
Chassis: Dennis Trident
Bodywork: Plaxton president H63F
Route: Contract (Torquay-Dartmouth Academy)
Location: Torbay Road, Livermead, Torquay
Exposure: 1/640 @ f6.3 400ISO
Date: 1 July 2015
Forest Contract Ltd is UK based leading furniture company in Greater Manchester. We manufacture durable contract furniture usable for governmental and commercial companies.
Space Florida President and CEO Frank DiBello (left) and NASA Kennedy Space Center Director Robert Cabana shake hands following the signing of a new agreement, marking another step in the transformation of NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida to a multi-user spaceport. A 30-year property agreement for the operations and management of the historic Shuttle Landing Facility, located at Kennedy, was signed June 22, 2015, by NASA and Space Florida, the aerospace and spaceport development authority for the state of Florida. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
This image is excerpted from a U.S. GAO report:
www.gao.gov/products/GAO-16-19
SCREENING PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM: TSA Can Benefit from Improved Cost Estimates
Note: Kansas City International Airport (MCI) is not included in our analysis because the contract award was the subject of ongoing litigation and subsequent negotiations at the time of our review.
An example of the data archive in action. Some datasets require researchers to sign a contract and implement a security plan to keep data with potentially identifying information secure. We manage several large contracts at PRI.
Forest Contract Ltd is a leading Contract Furniture Supplier in UK. We manufacture quality furniture for hotel, offices and restaurants for commercial purposes.
Thanks to all my contacts and everyone else who always comes back to my stream. It's appreciated so much!
Portfolio: Ivo Vuk Photography
You should folow me on twitter _ @ivovuk
.
A few oddbods amongst the almost 300 trucks that took part in the 2017 Haulin the Hume Hwy31 re-enactment from Sydney to Yass. Seen turning off onto the old highwat via Cullarin and Gunning.
Spaceflight (or space flight) is ballistic flight into or through outer space. Spaceflight can occur with spacecraft with or without humans on board. Yuri Gagarin of the Soviet Union was the first human to conduct a spaceflight. Examples of human spaceflight include the U.S. Apollo Moon landing and Space Shuttle programs and the Russian Soyuz program, as well as the ongoing International Space Station. Examples of unmanned spaceflight include space probes that leave Earth orbit, as well as satellites in orbit around Earth, such as communications satellites. These operate either by telerobotic control or are fully autonomous.
Spaceflight is used in space exploration, and also in commercial activities like space tourism and satellite telecommunications. Additional non-commercial uses of spaceflight include space observatories, reconnaissance satellites and other Earth observation satellites.
A spaceflight typically begins with a rocket launch, which provides the initial thrust to overcome the force of gravity and propels the spacecraft from the surface of the Earth. Once in space, the motion of a spacecraft – both when unpropelled and when under propulsion – is covered by the area of study called astrodynamics. Some spacecraft remain in space indefinitely, some disintegrate during atmospheric reentry, and others reach a planetary or lunar surface for landing or impact.
History
Main articles: History of spaceflight and Timeline of spaceflight
Tsiolkovsky, early space theorist
The first theoretical proposal of space travel using rockets was published by Scottish astronomer and mathematician William Leitch, in an 1861 essay "A Journey Through Space".[1] More well-known (though not widely outside Russia) is Konstantin Tsiolkovsky's work, "Исследование мировых пространств реактивными приборами" (The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices), published in 1903.
Spaceflight became an engineering possibility with the work of Robert H. Goddard's publication in 1919 of his paper A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes. His application of the de Laval nozzle to liquid fuel rockets improved efficiency enough for interplanetary travel to become possible. He also proved in the laboratory that rockets would work in the vacuum of space;[specify] nonetheless, his work was not taken seriously by the public. His attempt to secure an Army contract for a rocket-propelled weapon in the first World War was defeated by the November 11, 1918 armistice with Germany. Working with private financial support, he was the first to launch a liquid-fueled rocket in 1926. Goddard's paper was highly influential on Hermann Oberth, who in turn influenced Wernher von Braun. Von Braun became the first to produce modern rockets as guided weapons, employed by Adolf Hitler. Von Braun's V-2 was the first rocket to reach space, at an altitude of 189 kilometers (102 nautical miles) on a June 1944 test flight.[2]
Tsiolkovsky's rocketry work was not fully appreciated in his lifetime, but he influenced Sergey Korolev, who became the Soviet Union's chief rocket designer under Joseph Stalin, to develop intercontinental ballistic missiles to carry nuclear weapons as a counter measure to United States bomber planes. Derivatives of Korolev's R-7 Semyorka missiles were used to launch the world's first artificial Earth satellite, Sputnik 1, on October 4, 1957, and later the first human to orbit the Earth, Yuri Gagarin in Vostok 1, on April 12, 1961.[3]
At the end of World War II, von Braun and most of his rocket team surrendered to the United States, and were expatriated to work on American missiles at what became the Army Ballistic Missile Agency. This work on missiles such as Juno I and Atlas enabled launch of the first US satellite Explorer 1 on February 1, 1958, and the first American in orbit, John Glenn in Friendship 7 on February 20, 1962. As director of the Marshall Space Flight Center, Von Braun oversaw development of a larger class of rocket called Saturn, which allowed the US to send the first two humans, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, to the Moon and back on Apollo 11 in July 1969. Over the same period, the Soviet Union secretly tried but failed to develop the N1 rocket to give them the capability to land one person on the Moon.
Phases
Launch
Main article: Rocket launch
See also: List of space launch system designs
Rockets are the only means currently capable of reaching orbit or beyond. Other non-rocket spacelaunch technologies have yet to be built, or remain short of orbital speeds. A rocket launch for a spaceflight usually starts from a spaceport (cosmodrome), which may be equipped with launch complexes and launch pads for vertical rocket launches, and runways for takeoff and landing of carrier airplanes and winged spacecraft. Spaceports are situated well away from human habitation for noise and safety reasons. ICBMs have various special launching facilities.
A launch is often restricted to certain launch windows. These windows depend upon the position of celestial bodies and orbits relative to the launch site. The biggest influence is often the rotation of the Earth itself. Once launched, orbits are normally located within relatively constant flat planes at a fixed angle to the axis of the Earth, and the Earth rotates within this orbit.
A launch pad is a fixed structure designed to dispatch airborne vehicles. It generally consists of a launch tower and flame trench. It is surrounded by equipment used to erect, fuel, and maintain launch vehicles. Before launch, the rocket can weigh many hundreds of tonnes. The Space Shuttle Columbia, on STS-1, weighed 2,030 tonnes (4,480,000 lb) at take off.
Reaching space
The most commonly used definition of outer space is everything beyond the Kármán line, which is 100 kilometers (62 mi) above the Earth's surface. The United States sometimes defines outer space as everything beyond 50 miles (80 km) in altitude.
Rockets are the only currently practical means of reaching space. Conventional airplane engines cannot reach space due to the lack of oxygen. Rocket engines expel propellant to provide forward thrust that generates enough delta-v (change in velocity) to reach orbit.
For manned launch systems launch escape systems are frequently fitted to allow astronauts to escape in the case of emergency.
Alternatives
Main article: Non-rocket spacelaunch
Many ways to reach space other than rockets have been proposed. Ideas such as the space elevator, and momentum exchange tethers like rotovators or skyhooks require new materials much stronger than any currently known. Electromagnetic launchers such as launch loops might be feasible with current technology. Other ideas include rocket assisted aircraft/spaceplanes such as Reaction Engines Skylon (currently in early stage development), scramjet powered spaceplanes, and RBCC powered spaceplanes. Gun launch has been proposed for cargo.
Leaving orbit
This section possibly contains original research. Relevant discussion may be found on Talk:Spaceflight. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (June 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Main articles: Escape velocity and Parking orbit
Launched in 1959, Luna 1 was the first known man-made object to achieve escape velocity from the Earth.[4] (replica pictured)
Achieving a closed orbit is not essential to lunar and interplanetary voyages. Early Russian space vehicles successfully achieved very high altitudes without going into orbit. NASA considered launching Apollo missions directly into lunar trajectories but adopted the strategy of first entering a temporary parking orbit and then performing a separate burn several orbits later onto a lunar trajectory. This costs additional propellant because the parking orbit perigee must be high enough to prevent reentry while direct injection can have an arbitrarily low perigee because it will never be reached.
However, the parking orbit approach greatly simplified Apollo mission planning in several important ways. It substantially widened the allowable launch windows, increasing the chance of a successful launch despite minor technical problems during the countdown. The parking orbit was a stable "mission plateau" that gave the crew and controllers several hours to thoroughly check out the spacecraft after the stresses of launch before committing it to a long lunar flight; the crew could quickly return to Earth, if necessary, or an alternate Earth-orbital mission could be conducted. The parking orbit also enabled translunar trajectories that avoided the densest parts of the Van Allen radiation belts.
Apollo missions minimized the performance penalty of the parking orbit by keeping its altitude as low as possible. For example, Apollo 15 used an unusually low parking orbit (even for Apollo) of 92.5 nmi by 91.5 nmi (171 km by 169 km) where there was significant atmospheric drag. But it was partially overcome by continuous venting of hydrogen from the third stage of the Saturn V, and was in any event tolerable for the short stay.
Robotic missions do not require an abort capability or radiation minimization, and because modern launchers routinely meet "instantaneous" launch windows, space probes to the Moon and other planets generally use direct injection to maximize performance. Although some might coast briefly during the launch sequence, they do not complete one or more full parking orbits before the burn that injects them onto an Earth escape trajectory.
Note that the escape velocity from a celestial body decreases with altitude above that body. However, it is more fuel-efficient for a craft to burn its fuel as close to the ground as possible; see Oberth effect and reference.[5] This is another way to explain the performance penalty associated with establishing the safe perigee of a parking orbit.
Plans for future crewed interplanetary spaceflight missions often include final vehicle assembly in Earth orbit, such as NASA's Project Orion and Russia's Kliper/Parom tandem.
Astrodynamics
Main article: Orbital mechanics
Astrodynamics is the study of spacecraft trajectories, particularly as they relate to gravitational and propulsion effects. Astrodynamics allows for a spacecraft to arrive at its destination at the correct time without excessive propellant use. An orbital maneuvering system may be needed to maintain or change orbits.
Non-rocket orbital propulsion methods include solar sails, magnetic sails, plasma-bubble magnetic systems, and using gravitational slingshot effects.
Ionized gas trail from Shuttle reentry
Recovery of Discoverer 14 return capsule by a C-119 airplane
Transfer energy
The term "transfer energy" means the total amount of energy imparted by a rocket stage to its payload. This can be the energy imparted by a first stage of a launch vehicle to an upper stage plus payload, or by an upper stage or spacecraft kick motor to a spacecraft.[6][7]
Reentry
Main article: Atmospheric reentry
Vehicles in orbit have large amounts of kinetic energy. This energy must be discarded if the vehicle is to land safely without vaporizing in the atmosphere. Typically this process requires special methods to protect against aerodynamic heating. The theory behind reentry was developed by Harry Julian Allen. Based on this theory, reentry vehicles present blunt shapes to the atmosphere for reentry. Blunt shapes mean that less than 1% of the kinetic energy ends up as heat that reaches the vehicle, and the remainder heats up the atmosphere.
Landing
The Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo capsules all splashed down in the sea. These capsules were designed to land at relatively low speeds with the help of a parachute. Russian capsules for Soyuz make use of a big parachute and braking rockets to touch down on land. The Space Shuttle glided to a touchdown like a plane.
Recovery
After a successful landing the spacecraft, its occupants and cargo can be recovered. In some cases, recovery has occurred before landing: while a spacecraft is still descending on its parachute, it can be snagged by a specially designed aircraft. This mid-air retrieval technique was used to recover the film canisters from the Corona spy satellites.
Types
Uncrewed
See also: Uncrewed spacecraft and robotic spacecraft
Sojourner takes its Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer measurement of Yogi Rock on Mars
The MESSENGER spacecraft at Mercury (artist's interpretation)
Uncrewed spaceflight (or unmanned) is all spaceflight activity without a necessary human presence in space. This includes all space probes, satellites and robotic spacecraft and missions. Uncrewed spaceflight is the opposite of manned spaceflight, which is usually called human spaceflight. Subcategories of uncrewed spaceflight are "robotic spacecraft" (objects) and "robotic space missions" (activities). A robotic spacecraft is an uncrewed spacecraft with no humans on board, that is usually under telerobotic control. A robotic spacecraft designed to make scientific research measurements is often called a space probe.
Uncrewed space missions use remote-controlled spacecraft. The first uncrewed space mission was Sputnik I, launched October 4, 1957 to orbit the Earth. Space missions where other animals but no humans are on-board are considered uncrewed missions.
Benefits
Many space missions are more suited to telerobotic rather than crewed operation, due to lower cost and lower risk factors. In addition, some planetary destinations such as Venus or the vicinity of Jupiter are too hostile for human survival, given current technology. Outer planets such as Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are too distant to reach with current crewed spaceflight technology, so telerobotic probes are the only way to explore them. Telerobotics also allows exploration of regions that are vulnerable to contamination by Earth micro-organisms since spacecraft can be sterilized. Humans can not be sterilized in the same way as a spaceship, as they coexist with numerous micro-organisms, and these micro-organisms are also hard to contain within a spaceship or spacesuit.
Telepresence
Telerobotics becomes telepresence when the time delay is short enough to permit control of the spacecraft in close to real time by humans. Even the two seconds light speed delay for the Moon is too far away for telepresence exploration from Earth. The L1 and L2 positions permit 400-millisecond round trip delays, which is just close enough for telepresence operation. Telepresence has also been suggested as a way to repair satellites in Earth orbit from Earth. The Exploration Telerobotics Symposium in 2012 explored this and other topics.[8]
Human
Main article: Human spaceflight
ISS crew member stores samples
The first human spaceflight was Vostok 1 on April 12, 1961, on which cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin of the USSR made one orbit around the Earth. In official Soviet documents, there is no mention of the fact that Gagarin parachuted the final seven miles.[9] Currently, the only spacecraft regularly used for human spaceflight are the Russian Soyuz spacecraft and the Chinese Shenzhou spacecraft. The U.S. Space Shuttle fleet operated from April 1981 until July 2011. SpaceShipOne has conducted two human suborbital spaceflights.
Sub-orbital
Main article: Sub-orbital spaceflight
The International Space Station in Earth orbit after a visit from the crew of STS-119
On a sub-orbital spaceflight the spacecraft reaches space and then returns to the atmosphere after following a (primarily) ballistic trajectory. This is usually because of insufficient specific orbital energy, in which case a suborbital flight will last only a few minutes, but it is also possible for an object with enough energy for an orbit to have a trajectory that intersects the Earth's atmosphere, sometimes after many hours. Pioneer 1 was NASA's first space probe intended to reach the Moon. A partial failure caused it to instead follow a suborbital trajectory to an altitude of 113,854 kilometers (70,746 mi) before reentering the Earth's atmosphere 43 hours after launch.
The most generally recognized boundary of space is the Kármán line 100 km above sea level. (NASA alternatively defines an astronaut as someone who has flown more than 50 miles (80 km) above sea level.) It is not generally recognized by the public that the increase in potential energy required to pass the Kármán line is only about 3% of the orbital energy (potential plus kinetic energy) required by the lowest possible Earth orbit (a circular orbit just above the Kármán line.) In other words, it is far easier to reach space than to stay there. On May 17, 2004, Civilian Space eXploration Team launched the GoFast Rocket on a suborbital flight, the first amateur spaceflight. On June 21, 2004, SpaceShipOne was used for the first privately funded human spaceflight.
Point-to-point
Point-to-point is a category of sub-orbital spaceflight in which a spacecraft provides rapid transport between two terrestrial locations. Consider a conventional airline route between London and Sydney, a flight that normally lasts over twenty hours. With point-to-point suborbital travel the same route could be traversed in less than one hour.[10] While no company offers this type of transportation today, SpaceX has revealed plans to do so as early as the 2020s using its BFR vehicle.[11] Suborbital spaceflight over an intercontinental distance requires a vehicle velocity that is only a little lower than the velocity required to reach low Earth orbit.[12] If rockets are used, the size of the rocket relative to the payload is similar to an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM). Any intercontinental spaceflight has to surmount problems of heating during atmosphere re-entry that are nearly as large as those faced by orbital spaceflight.
Orbital
Main article: Orbital spaceflight
Apollo 6 heads into orbit
A minimal orbital spaceflight requires much higher velocities than a minimal sub-orbital flight, and so it is technologically much more challenging to achieve. To achieve orbital spaceflight, the tangential velocity around the Earth is as important as altitude. In order to perform a stable and lasting flight in space, the spacecraft must reach the minimal orbital speed required for a closed orbit.
Interplanetary
Main article: Interplanetary spaceflight
Interplanetary travel is travel between planets within a single planetary system. In practice, the use of the term is confined to travel between the planets of our Solar System.
Interstellar
Main article: Interstellar travel
Five spacecraft are currently leaving the Solar System on escape trajectories, Voyager 1, Voyager 2, Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, and New Horizons. The one farthest from the Sun is Voyager 1, which is more than 100 AU distant and is moving at 3.6 AU per year.[13] In comparison, Proxima Centauri, the closest star other than the Sun, is 267,000 AU distant. It will take Voyager 1 over 74,000 years to reach this distance. Vehicle designs using other techniques, such as nuclear pulse propulsion are likely to be able to reach the nearest star significantly faster. Another possibility that could allow for human interstellar spaceflight is to make use of time dilation, as this would make it possible for passengers in a fast-moving vehicle to travel further into the future while aging very little, in that their great speed slows down the rate of passage of on-board time. However, attaining such high speeds would still require the use of some new, advanced method of propulsion.
Intergalactic
Main article: Intergalactic travel
Intergalactic travel involves spaceflight between galaxies, and is considered much more technologically demanding than even interstellar travel and, by current engineering terms, is considered science fiction.
Spacecraft
Main article: Spacecraft
An Apollo Lunar Module on the lunar surface
Spacecraft are vehicles capable of controlling their trajectory through space.
The first 'true spacecraft' is sometimes said to be Apollo Lunar Module,[14] since this was the only manned vehicle to have been designed for, and operated only in space; and is notable for its non aerodynamic shape.
Propulsion
Main article: Spacecraft propulsion
Spacecraft today predominantly use rockets for propulsion, but other propulsion techniques such as ion drives are becoming more common, particularly for unmanned vehicles, and this can significantly reduce the vehicle's mass and increase its delta-v.
Launch systems
Main article: Launch vehicle
Launch systems are used to carry a payload from Earth's surface into outer space.
Expendable
Main article: Expendable launch system
Most current spaceflight uses multi-stage expendable launch systems to reach space.
Reusable
Main article: Reusable launch system
Ambox current red.svg
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2019)
The first reusable spacecraft, the X-15, was air-launched on a suborbital trajectory on July 19, 1963. The first partially reusable orbital spacecraft, the Space Shuttle, was launched by the USA on the 20th anniversary of Yuri Gagarin's flight, on April 12, 1981. During the Shuttle era, six orbiters were built, all of which have flown in the atmosphere and five of which have flown in space. The Enterprise was used only for approach and landing tests, launching from the back of a Boeing 747 and gliding to deadstick landings at Edwards AFB, California. The first Space Shuttle to fly into space was the Columbia, followed by the Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis, and Endeavour. The Endeavour was built to replace the Challenger, which was lost in January 1986. The Columbia broke up during reentry in February 2003.
The Space Shuttle Columbia seconds after engine ignition on mission STS-1
Columbia landing, concluding the STS-1 mission
Columbia launches again on STS-2
The first automatic partially reusable spacecraft was the Buran (Snowstorm), launched by the USSR on November 15, 1988, although it made only one flight. This spaceplane was designed for a crew and strongly resembled the US Space Shuttle, although its drop-off boosters used liquid propellants and its main engines were located at the base of what would be the external tank in the American Shuttle. Lack of funding, complicated by the dissolution of the USSR, prevented any further flights of Buran.
Per the Vision for Space Exploration, the Space Shuttle was retired in 2011 due mainly to its old age and high cost of the program reaching over a billion dollars per flight. The Shuttle's human transport role is to be replaced by the partially reusable Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) no later than 2021. The Shuttle's heavy cargo transport role is to be replaced by expendable rockets such as the Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) or a Shuttle Derived Launch Vehicle.
Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne was a reusable suborbital spaceplane that carried pilots Mike Melvill and Brian Binnie on consecutive flights in 2004 to win the Ansari X Prize. The Spaceship Company has built its successor SpaceShipTwo. A fleet of SpaceShipTwos operated by Virgin Galactic planned to begin reusable private spaceflight carrying paying passengers (space tourists) in 2008, but this was delayed due to an accident in the propulsion development.[15]
Challenges
Main article: Effect of spaceflight on the human body
Space disasters
Main article: Space accidents and incidents
All launch vehicles contain a huge amount of energy that is needed for some part of it to reach orbit. There is therefore some risk that this energy can be released prematurely and suddenly, with significant effects. When a Delta II rocket exploded 13 seconds after launch on January 17, 1997, there were reports of store windows 10 miles (16 km) away being broken by the blast.[16]
Space is a fairly predictable environment, but there are still risks of accidental depressurization and the potential failure of equipment, some of which may be very newly developed.
In 2004 the International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety was established in the Netherlands to further international cooperation and scientific advancement in space systems safety.[17]
Weightlessness
Main article: Weightlessness
Astronauts on the ISS in weightless conditions. Michael Foale can be seen exercising in the foreground.
In a microgravity environment such as that provided by a spacecraft in orbit around the Earth, humans experience a sense of "weightlessness." Short-term exposure to microgravity causes space adaptation syndrome, a self-limiting nausea caused by derangement of the vestibular system. Long-term exposure causes multiple health issues. The most significant is bone loss, some of which is permanent, but microgravity also leads to significant deconditioning of muscular and cardiovascular tissues.
Radiation
Once above the atmosphere, radiation due to the Van Allen belts, solar radiation and cosmic radiation issues occur and increase. Further away from the Earth, solar flares can give a fatal radiation dose in minutes, and the health threat from cosmic radiation significantly increases the chances of cancer over a decade exposure or more.[18]
Life support
Main article: Life support system
In human spaceflight, the life support system is a group of devices that allow a human being to survive in outer space. NASA often uses the phrase Environmental Control and Life Support System or the acronym ECLSS when describing these systems for its human spaceflight missions.[19] The life support system may supply: air, water and food. It must also maintain the correct body temperature, an acceptable pressure on the body and deal with the body's waste products. Shielding against harmful external influences such as radiation and micro-meteorites may also be necessary. Components of the life support system are life-critical, and are designed and constructed using safety engineering techniques.
Space weather
Main article: Space weather
Aurora australis and Discovery, May 1991.
Space weather is the concept of changing environmental conditions in outer space. It is distinct from the concept of weather within a planetary atmosphere, and deals with phenomena involving ambient plasma, magnetic fields, radiation and other matter in space (generally close to Earth but also in interplanetary, and occasionally interstellar medium). "Space weather describes the conditions in space that affect Earth and its technological systems. Our space weather is a consequence of the behavior of the Sun, the nature of Earth's magnetic field, and our location in the Solar System."[20]
Space weather exerts a profound influence in several areas related to space exploration and development. Changing geomagnetic conditions can induce changes in atmospheric density causing the rapid degradation of spacecraft altitude in Low Earth orbit. Geomagnetic storms due to increased solar activity can potentially blind sensors aboard spacecraft, or interfere with on-board electronics. An understanding of space environmental conditions is also important in designing shielding and life support systems for manned spacecraft.
Environmental considerations
Rockets as a class are not inherently grossly polluting. However, some rockets use toxic propellants, and most vehicles use propellants that are not carbon neutral. Many solid rockets have chlorine in the form of perchlorate or other chemicals, and this can cause temporary local holes in the ozone layer. Re-entering spacecraft generate nitrates which also can temporarily impact the ozone layer. Most rockets are made of metals that can have an environmental impact during their construction.
In addition to the atmospheric effects there are effects on the near-Earth space environment. There is the possibility that orbit could become inaccessible for generations due to exponentially increasing space debris caused by spalling of satellites and vehicles (Kessler syndrome). Many launched vehicles today are therefore designed to be re-entered after use.
The News Line: Feature Friday, 8 April 2016
‘We are fighting for the NHS! Everyone must come out and join this fight!’
EMILY MILLS, NISA SEKHON and SAIRA SIDDIQUI were among the lively crowd of campaigning junior doctors outside Liverpool St station
www.wrp.org.uk/images/photos/16-04-07-11928.jpg
‘SUPPORT junior doctors! Save the NHS! Let’s stop this unfair, untested and unsafe contract from being imposed. This contract is bad for patient safety, it’s a bad contract. We are one profession and we stand together!’ junior doctor Saira Siddiqui from the Royal London Hospital in east London declared to the crowds who had stopped to listen outside Liverpool Street station.
Junior doctors were mass leafleting outside the busy station as thousands of people were passing by on their way to work. They won big support with people constantly stopping to take stickers, badges, leaflets and show their support.
Saira Siddiqui told News Line: ‘Everyone should come out on strike together because the NHS is for everyone, this strike is for everyone.’ A junior doctor, also from the Royal London Hospital, Mohamed Mohamed, said: ‘I am from Ireland where there is a mix between public and private health care. To see your GP costs 50 euros, to visit the A&E without a GP referral is 100 euros. I left because I was demoralised by the lack of availability to those who need it. I can’t help but feel quite a profound sense of deja vu.
‘This strike is about protecting patients.’
Outside the Royal London Hospital in Whitechapel, junior doctors had come out to the main road to win support from passing motorists and passers-by. Vishnu Parameshwaran said: ‘Yesterday’s strike was fantastic. We had a lot of support from the public. We organised a bone marrow recruitment drive at the Ideas Centre in Whitechapel and had a Teaching CPR session at St Paul’s.
‘This morning has been a real success and as always we have had very positive feedback. Our consultants are dedicated to providing emergency cover. With our full walk-out at the end of the month our senior doctors are committed to looking after patients. Patients are our number one priority. We just want to get on with our jobs and look after our patients. All the government have to do is get rid of the imposition of this unsafe contract. How can 55,000 junior doctors be wrong?’
On the picket line at Whipps Cross Hospital in Walthamstow, east London BMA junior doctors rep Niki Fitzgerald told News Line: ‘I was really pleased with how yesterday’s strike went. From the picket here outside Whipps Cross Hospital, we marched at lunch through the streets of Walthamstow to Walthamstow Central, where we did a Meet the Doctors event.
‘We got a lot of media coverage this time and it felt more like our position came across – that imposition is unacceptable. We are moving towards our full walk-out and we want everyone to know that we would not do it unless we absolutely had to. The government are digging their heels in and are being pig-headed. This is down to Cameron. They could end this tomorrow. We have to win, there is no other option.’
Alliyah Campbell, from Walthamstow YS supported the junior doctors picket at Whipps Cross. She said: ‘It is ridiculous to make doctors work so many hours a week. This is not only dangerous for patients but it is dangerous for doctors as well. Cameron must be kicked out!’
At Ealing Hospital there was a big picket with a rally at lunchtime attended by local MPs. The doctors set up their picket alongside the West London Council of Action banner fighting against the planned closure of the hospital. BMA member Edward Botcherby said: ‘By August, when they intend to impose the new contract it will be difficult to turn back what they have done already.
‘My main problem with the contract is that it has been pitched as a pay rise, and indeed it is for the very small proportion of people working in the least stressful jobs.
‘However, the renegotiation of out-of-hours pay is ultimately going to lead to a significant pay cut for those working very stressful rotas with a high out-of-hours component.’
Manmeet Matharoo brought her two young sons to the picket. She said: ‘I have been explaining to my sons how health secretary Hunt is taking action against our pay and conditions. I essentially work for free on my days off to do research. This contract disadvantages those doing part-time work, those that are carers, and those doing academic work alongside clinical work.
‘It stifles diversity in the NHS. Hunt has got his sights first on junior doctors, consultants, then nursing teams. Now we want real support from the rest of the trade union movement,’ she concluded. BMA member Joe Wacher said: ‘We have to rally together to defeat the imposition of this contract. The wording in the contract concerning female colleagues is something that I might have expected to hear fifty years ago.’
Junior doctor Anne Ryan came off her A&E night shift to join the picket line outside the Royal Free Hospital, north west London. She told News Line: ‘I moved from America ten years ago because I believed in the principles of the NHS and wanted to work in it.
‘I still simply believe in those principles.
‘I am currently very concerned about the impact of the new contract on patient safety.
‘I’m particularly concerned because I am an A&E doctor and work increasingly long hours already. I’m happy to do that but not to the detriment of my patients. Tired doctors make mistakes.’
Fellow BMA member James Williams said: ‘We’re still reaching out for the government to come back to the table to negotiate. There’s grave concerns among the medical community, including the Royal Colleges and the World Health Organisation, that the new contract is unsafe and unfair. The contract was only released last week. Imposing a contract that has not been tested or trialled goes to show a complete disregard for the way the NHS is staffed. It’s each individual union’s decision, if they feel ours is a fair dispute it’s good for them to show support.’
UCL medical student Harry Williams joined the picket line. He said: ‘I’m here supporting the junior doctors’ strike. I think it is really important we get behind the strike and challenge the imposition, hopefully to get a more equitable outcome for patients and doctors.’
Junior doctors on strike at Charing Cross hospital in Hammersmith were bombarded with horns tooting along the busy Fulham Palace Road yesterday morning.‘I’d give the nine million to you!’ shouted one lorry driver to the pickets in response to the government’s spending on a pro-EU leaflet.
Hammersmith NUT members joined the picket and brought along plenty of cakes. Mark Hopper from Hammersmith NUT told News Line, ‘We face the same problems as junior doctors, privatisation and a government that’s not listening to us and is not good for public services. At the NUT conference, we discussed joint action with junior doctors.’
Junior doctor Sarah Hogan said: ‘I’m proud to be on strike because it is for the greater good and it’s great to see so much public support and we want more action.’ Jennifer Burgess, another junior doctor on strike at Charing Cross, said: ‘I came into medicine to work for people not a private company. I want a future of socialist medicine that provides for people’s needs. It’s not right to make a profit out of people’s health. I’ve been amazed at the range of public support from white vans to four by fours. I see doctors, who are not political people, becoming politicised by this strike.’
Hammersmith Hospital striking junior doctor, Antonio de Marvao, said: ‘I think a general strike would be awesome – doctors, teachers, civil servants, all those who keep our public services running against a government that is trying to destroy them.’
On the picket line at Hammersmith Hospital, junior doctor Flora Kormendy said: ‘This is my first hour on strike. I have only worked in Britain for two months but I am glad to show my support for the future of the NHS.’
At St Mary’s Hospital in Paddington, junior doctor Helen Nightingale said: ‘I think people are realising that if the government gets away with imposing this contract on us, they will then go for nurses and other NHS staff. Decisions are taken before the public is told. The Paediatric Department at Ealing is due to be closed. I worked in the baby unit there which was a really lovely unit with great staff and now that’s been closed.’
Patients were queuing to sign the junior doctors’ petition on the picket line at Barnet hospital. BMA rep Matteo De Martano told News Line: ‘It is sad that we find ourselves striking again but this is the action we have to take for our patients’ safety in the future. We appreciate the messages of solidarity from teachers, and the government clearly have a plan beyond just dismantling the NHS.
‘The unsafe, unfunded, irresponsible contract being imposed is just the beginning. Nicky Morgan’s recent speech to teachers may as well have been written by Jeremy Hunt and we will stand with the teachers against irresponsible impositions by the government.’
At St. Thomas’ Hospital across from Parliament a lively picket ensured that Hunt knew he was on a loser. Dr Joe Lipton, Anaesthetics Registrar, said: ‘The junior doctors appreciate the support we’re getting from the trade union movement and we hope for a co-ordinated approach to resist the incursions into the pay and conditions of all public sector workers.’
The picket lines outside King’s College Hospital (KCH) were stronger, livelier and even more determined than yesterday, Dr Chris James told News Line. There were twenty of us outside here at 8am this morning. People are starting to realise that this is more than just about the doctors’ contracts; this is about saving our NHS.
‘Junior doctors will be holding public meetings, demonstrations and all sorts of activities between now and the full walk-out on the 26th and 27th of this month. We want the population to join us.’
Sarah Muldoon, junior doctor at KCH, said: ‘I am back at the picket line today because the government has further exacerbated my anger by publishing the details of a contract which openly discriminates against women, which would see female parents or any parent in fact paid less per hour than other doctors.
‘As a woman I am not willing to sign up to a contract which values my worth less than my male counterparts, particularly when women now make up the majority of this valuable profession. This contract remains fundamentally unfair for the doctors it will shackle, unsafe for the patients who will be at the mercy of it, and junior doctors remain united and are fighting to see this contract torn up.’
Asked if she supported the lobby of the TUC General Council to organise general strike action, Sarah said: ‘I think this government has unleashed a broad range of policies, which are disadvantageous to the working people of the United Kingdom and the public servants who work for them.
‘They are attacking teachers, nurses doctors, police and firefighters. This is an issue that affects everyone across the UK and for that reason I would like to see every workers’ union unite to reject this government’s policies, the junior doctors’ contract included amongst that.
‘I fundamentally reject this government. They are not the government that people of this country voted for and I look forward to the day when we see Cameron walk out of Downing Street never to return.’
Dr David Codling outside Maudsley Hospital said: ‘I’m here because the threat of imposition by the government is unfair, heavy handed and contrary to all the rules of democracy. The contract we are threatened with is unsafe, it doesn’t give us the required amount of breaks to practice our jobs safely and fairly. It is inequitable to women and to those doing part time, or have caring responsibilities and I think it is utterly wrong.’
Asked if he thought the other trade unions should take strike action in support of the junior doctors he said: ‘I think that the fight against austerity, the enforced regime of public sector cuts that we have been put under is everyone’s fight and I really hope that everybody will take part in action to try and prevent this.’
At St George’s Hospital in Tooting, Wandsworth National Union of Teachers (NUT) joined the picket. Jan Nielsen, NUT Joint Secretary, told News Line: ‘We are here because the doctors’ fight is our fight, against privatisation and the destruction of the welfare state. At the NUT conference at Easter, teachers made it clear that they want to actively support and join with the doctors’ strike. We all need to be out together.’
Doctor Christina Micanovic, picketing outside St. George’s Hospital told News Line: ‘The public are on our side and we are extremely grateful for their support.
‘We are fighting for the NHS. We want to be able to provide the highest possible care for the public, which is not possible with the contract that the government is imposing.
‘Everyone should come out and join the conversation. As it stands there are not enough doctors to properly staff the NHS, and more are set to leave as a result of the contract.’
At Northwick Park Hospital in Harrow north west London, busworkers joined the junior doctors’ picket line. Jamil Abbasi said: ‘I am a Unite member and was union rep for my bus garage in North Harrow. We organised a few strikes to fight for our Olympic bonus in 2012.
‘Junior doctors work for low pay. When they leave university, their starting salary is £22,000. They used to have free accommodation for the first year. The Tory government took that away. The junior doctors need as much support as they can get. We need strike action from busmen, postmen, firemen etc. All the busworkers in my depot support the junior doctors. We must all strike together in a general strike to save our NHS.’
Dr. Bennet Woodland said: ‘Doctors require a balanced work/life like anyone else to provide good healthcare for patients. You want your doctors on night shift to be bright and awake so they can make safe clinical decisions. The imposition of the contract removes these safeguards and will put patients in harm’s way.’
Junior doctor Malvike Gulah said: ‘We are fighting for the NHS. We have the strongest healthcare union and if we fall, everyone else including the structure of the NHS falls behind us. We need to be listened to. We are fighting for our patients and our NHS.’
• More pictures on photo gallery
The News Line: News Friday, 8 April 2016
‘No option but to escalate!’ says Doctor Malawana
Junior doctors midday rally in Hackney
www.wrp.org.uk/images/photos/16-04-07-11930.jpg
THOUSANDS of junior doctors joined more than 140 picket lines across England yesterday to protest against the imposition of a new contract.
Junior doctors took action for the fourth time over concerns the new contract is unfair for junior doctors and will be bad for the delivery of patient care in the long term. They were joined by MPs, celebrities, and members of the public who support their campaign, while the hard-work and support of other NHS staff ensured that many services continued to be delivered.
During the two days of industrial action this week, junior doctors also organised a number of blood drives and life-saving skills courses, and hosted a series of ‘Meet the Doctor’ events across England to talk with the public about the reasons behind this week’s action.
Dr Johann Malawana, BMA junior doctor committee chair, said: ‘No junior doctor wants to take this action but we have been left with no choice. The government is trying to impose a contract that is unfair and could undermine the long-term delivery of patient care.
‘The fact that junior doctors have again turned out in their thousands demonstrates the ongoing anger and rejection of this contract imposition. It is not only doctors who oppose the government’s plans; patient groups, senior managers and the government’s own safety adviser have all raised questions about the government’s approach.
‘The government has admitted that the new contract must enable employers to roster doctors for less money across seven-days, but junior doctors already work seven days a week, around the clock under the existing contract.
‘Devaluing the work we do is not the way to increase seven-day services. It will only serve to demotivate the current workforce and will risk doctors voting with their feet, which will impact patient care in the long term.
‘Junior doctors deeply regret any disruption caused to patients and don’t want to escalate action any further but by continually ignoring our concerns, the government is leaving us with no other option.’
1001v 4f 1/28/17
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Also known as McDonnell Douglas CF-18 Hornet.
McDonnell-Douglas F-18 Hornet CF-188B.
In the 1970s, the Air Force decided that a single multi-role fighter type would replace its CF-101 Voodoos , CF-104 Starfighters and CF-116 Freedom Fighters. The resulting New Fighter Aircraft competition culminated in the selection of the McDonnell-Douglas F/A-18 Hornet. Canada became the first export customer for the type in a contract worth $2.34 (Cdn) billion. A number of Canadian-unique modifications were incorporated into the aircraft design. These included changes for Canadian unique weapons, a 600,000 candle power searchlight in the starboard nose for night intercepts, a modified survival kit and a land based ILS system replacing the USN automatic carrier landing system. Deployed to Canadian air defence (NORAD) and NATO squadrons, the CF-18 Hornet has lived up to all expectations. The multi-role capability of the Hornet has been repeatedly proven in CF use and the aircraft have been operationally employed in the Gulf War and more recently, in the NATO campaign over Kosovo. In the Gulf War, the aircraft were employed in both CAP and conventional strikes. Flying from Aviano, Italy, in the skies over Kosovo and Serbia, the aircraft was primarily employed in the attack role dropping both conventional and precision guided munitions.
The need to upgrade the CF-18 was demonstrated during the Gulf War I deployment and during the 1998 Kosovo conflict as advances in technology had rendered some of the avionics on board the CF-18 obsolete and incompatible with NATO allies. In 2000, CF-18 upgrades became possible when the government increased the defence budget.
In 2001 the Incremental Modernization Project (IMP) was initiated. The project was broken into two phases over a period of eight years and was designed to improve air-to-air and air-to-ground combat capabilities, upgrade sensors and the defensive suite, and replace the datalinks and communications systems on board the CF-18 from the old F/A-18A and F/A-18B standard to the current F/A-18C and D standard. Boeing and L-3 Communications, was issued a contract for the modernization project starting in 2002. A total of 80 CF-18s, consisting of 62 single-seat and 18 dual-seat models were selected from the fleet for the upgrade program. The project along with the IMP II will extend the life of the CF-18 until around 2017 to 2020 when they are to be replaced by the F-35 Lightning II JSF.
Aircraft Specifications
CDN Reg: CF-188
US/NATO Reg.: F/A-18A
Manufacturer: McDonnell-Douglas Aircraft Corporation.
Crew / Passengers: 1 pilot (CF-18A) or 2 pilots (CF-18B).
Power Plant(s): 2 x General Electric F404-GE-400 low-bypass turbofans @ 16,000 lb (7,258 kg) thrust.
Performance: Max Speed: Mach 1.8 Service Ceiling: 49,000 ft (15,000 m) Unrefuelled Range: 2,300 mi (3,704 km) *(retractable air-to-air refueling probe fitted).
Weights: Empty: 23,400 lb (10,614 kg) Gross: 37,000 lb (16,783 kg) Maximum Take-off: 49,355 lb (22,387 kg).
Dimensions: Unfolded Span: 40 ft 5 in (12.32 m) (with missiles) Folded Span: 27 ft 6 in (8.38 m) Length: 56 ft 0 in (17.07 m) Height: 15 ft 3 in (4.66 m) Wing Area: 400 sq ft (37.16 sq m)
Armament: Internally mounted M61A1 20mm cannon & provisions for AIM9 Sidewinder and AIM7 Sparrow air-to-air missiles, Maverick air-to-ground missiles, conventional bombs and precision-guided bombs, unguided CRV7 rockets, fuel tanks etc.
Two CF-18 fighter squadrons are assigned the air defence role in North America. They maintain limited air-to-surface capability to provide support to maritime operations, as well as support to land operations in defence of Canada. They are also available for contingency operations anywhere in the world.
CFB Cold Lake - Cold lake, Alberta, Canada
■410 Cougar Tactical Fighter (Operational Training) Squadron
■409 Nighthawk Tactical Fighter Squadron*
CFB Bagotville - Bagotville, Quebec, Canada
■425 Alouétte Tactical Fighter Squadron**
*Detachment at CFB Comox, British Columbia, Canada
** Detachment at CFB Goosebay, Labrador, Canada
Note: Current operational aircraft strength is 60 aircraft with the additional 60 aircraft undergoing upgrading and rotation.
www.canadianwings.com/Aircraft/aircraftDetail.php?HORNET-37
www.aviation.technomuses.ca/collections/artifacts/aircraf...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_CF-18_Hornet
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Dassault Falcon 50EX.
Dassault Aviation was the first to create a private jet with intercontinental range: the Falcon 50. Seventeen years later, they re-created it, keeping the features that made it such a success, while modifying others with more advanced technology. The result is a private jet that looks and feels like its predecessor, but easily supersedes it. The Falcon 50EX cruises faster at high altitudes; flies further; burns less fuel; and generally outperforms the Falcon 50 in every respect.
The cabin of the Falcon 50EX is perhaps the part of the jet that has changed the least. It still has a height and width of 5.9 and 6.1 feet, respectively. At 23.5 feet in length the Falcon 50EX features a total cabin volume of 700 cubic feet. 115 cubic feet of baggage storage is available in internal compartments. Three closets in the cabin provide space for coats, suits, and briefcases. All baggage compartments are fully pressurized. A total of 2,205 pounds of bags can be stored.
The nine-passenger seating configuration is generally laid out in one four-seat club arrangement, and a separate section of two facing seats and a three-seat divan. Work tables fold out between facing seats so work can be completed in-flight. Power plugs are available for laptops and office equipment. Temperature control is separate for the cockpit and the cabin, so both parties are comfortable in-flight. Space and equipment for hot and cold food preparation come standard, including an oven, ice chest, and coffee maker.
The Falcon 50EX uses three Honeywell TFE731-40 turbofan engines, the second generation of the TFE731 series. They provide more thrust at cruise speeds and burn less fuel than the Falcon 50’s TFE731-3-1C engines. Providing the same amount of thrust for a sea level takeoff as the -3-1C engines, the -40s have an increased ambient temperature, meaning that they perform nearly the same at high altitudes and temperatures as they do at sea level. At an elevation of 5,000 feet and a temperature of 77°F, the -40 engines produce 3,440 pounds of thrust – 93% of the thrust produced at standard sea level conditions.
Furthermore, the -40 engines are equipped with FADEC (Full Authority N1-reference Digital Electronic Engine Control) systems, which automatically start and restart the engines on the ground, reducing pilot workload and optimizing fuel burn and performance. The engine manufacturing process used on the -40 engines is more precise, resulting in higher tolerances and reduced leakage.
The Falcon 50EX, like the Falcon 50, has great runway performance. It can take off in 4,935 feet at sea level and in 7,247 at an elevation of 5,000 feet and a temperature of 77°F. Its maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) has increased from 38,800 pounds to 39,700 pounds – a 900 pound increase. The Falcon 50EX can climb directly to an altitude of 37,000 feet in 17 minutes (13 minutes more quickly than the Falcon 50). It can cruise at 417 knots at an altitude of 43,000 feet for long range trips, or at 481 knots and an altitude of 39,000 feet for optimum speed. The maximum flight ceiling for the Falcon 50 is 49,000 feet.
The Falcon 50EX was designed using computer-molded fluid dynamics software and lightweight materials. Its primary structures are made of aluminum monocoque, while composites are used for some secondary structures. The aerodynamic design and materials slightly decrease the sound produced by the Falcon 50EX on takeoff to 83.8 EPNdB.
The three fuel tanks for the Falcon 50EX are regulated by electrical transfer pumps. These pumps can be used as emergency backup systems if both of the hydraulic systems that power the avionics fail. As unlikely as it would be to have all three systems fail, a fourth option is still available – all flight controls can be operated manually.
The avionics suite of the Falcon 50EX is based on the Collins Pro Line 4 suite. Four 7.25×7.25 inch screens display flight information. Flight controls are located close to the corresponding displays in an intuitive cockpit layout. The cockpit comes standard with a dual Pro Line II radio system, dual digital air-computers, a TWR-850 Doppler turbulence detection radar, an AlliedSignal dual Global GNS-XMS Flight Management System, and several other flight control and environmental awareness systems.
The Falcon 50 was a successful and high-performing private jet, but the Falcon 50EX outdoes it in every way. Everything from its cabin to its engines has been improved, resulting in a decidedly better private jet.
First have ran 398/399 for years in Huddersfield. Ironically a Ex First Scania is on the route with Yorkshire Buses.
SN05 HWV - 36027 ex First Scotland East
1818 - Ex McGills
Description: Marriage contract
Object Origin: Verona, Italy
Date: 1786
Medium: ink and paint on vellum
Persistent URL: digital.cjh.org/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=244156
Repository: Yeshiva University Museum, 15 West 16th Street, New York, NY 10011
Call Number: 1983.006
Rights Information: No known copyright restrictions; may be subject to third party rights. For more copyright information, click here.
See more information about this image and others at CJH Museum Collections.
twitter.com/keltruck/status/1168266623603675136
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I was originally enrolled into the GETTY IMAGES collection as a contributor on April 9th 2012, and when links with FLICKR were terminated in March 2014, I was retained and fortunate enough to be signed up via a second contract, both of which have proved to be successful with sales of my photographs all over the world now handled exclusively by them.
On November 12th 2015 GETTY IMAGES unveiled plans for a new stills upload platform called ESP (Enterprise Submission Platform), to replace the existing 'Moment portal', and on November 13th I was invited to Beta test the new system prior to it being officially rolled out in December. ESP went live on Tuesday December 15th 2015 and has smoothed out the upload process considerably.
These days I take a far more leisurely approach to my photographic exploits, and having moved from professional Nikon equipment to consumer bodies and lenses, I travel light less constraints and more emphasis on the pure capture of the beauty that I see, more akin to my original persuits and goals some five decades previously when starting out. I would like to say a huge and heartfelt 'THANK YOU' to GETTY IMAGES, and the 22.325+ Million visitors to my FLICKR site.
***** Selected for sale in the GETTY IMAGES COLLECTION on November 26th 2017
CREATIVE RF gty.im/874281918 MOMENT OPEN COLLECTION**
This photograph became my 2,949th frame to be selected for sale in the Getty Images collection and I am very grateful to them for this wonderful opportunity.
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Photograph taken at an altitude Eighty three metres at 12:44pm on Thursday 2nd November 2017 off Fairview Lane at The High Rocks, in Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England.
High Rocks is a 3.2 hectare (7.9 acre) geological Site of special scientific interest 3 km (1.9 mi) west of Tunbridge Wells in East Sussex, England. The site was notified in 1986 under the Wildlife and Counntryside Act 1981, and is an important geomorphological site for sandstone weathering features
The location was formed when a melting ice sheet at the end of the last Ice age uncovered hardened silt deposited when the area was part of the Wealden Lake. There are traces of Middle Stone Age and Iron Age residents, including a 1st-century A.D. fort guarding against the Roman invasion of Britain
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Nikon D7200 10mm 1/50s f/10.0 iso100 RAW (14Bit) Size L (6000x4000)DX. Hand held. Auto focus AF-C with 3D-tracking enabled. Manual exposure. Matrix metering. Auto white balance.Auto Active D-lighting. Adobe RGB. Auto distortion control enabled. Vignette control normal.
Nikkor AF-S 10-24mm f/3.5-4.5G ED. Phot-R 77mm UV filter.Nikon MB-D15 Battery grip pack. Nikon EN-EL battery (2). Hoodman H-EYEN22S soft rubber eyecup. Matin quick release neckstrap. My Memory 32GB Class 10 SDHC. Lowepro Flipside 400 AW camera bag. Nikon GP-1 GPS module.
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LATITUDE: N 51d 7m 19.60s
LONGITUDE: E 0d 13m 34.70s
ALTITUDE: 83.0m
RAW (TIFF) FILE SIZE: 69.00MB
PROCESSED (JPeg) SIZE: 36.10MB
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PROCESSING POWER:
Nikon D7200 Firmware versions A 1.10 C 1.02 (9/3/17) L 2.015 (Lens distortion control version 2)
HP 110-352na Desktop PC with AMD Quad-Core A6-5200 APU 64Bit processor. Radeon HD8400 graphics. 8 GB DDR3 Memory with 1TB SATA storage. 64-bit Windows 10. Verbatim USB 2.0 1TB desktop hard drive. WD My Passport Ultra 1tb USB3 Portable hard drive. Nikon ViewNX-1 64bit (Version 1.2.4 24/11/2016). Adobe photoshop Elements 8 Version 8.0 64bit.
MAZZALI Contract: “LA STECCA”, residenza universitaria di Imt Alti Studi Lucca
"La Stecca", l'imponente immobile originariamente parte del complesso del convento di San Francesco, è sede dell’ IMT (Istituzioni, Mercati, Tecnologie) Istituto di Alti Studi , un istituto statale di istruzione universitaria, di ricerca e di alta formazione.
Mazzali ha realizzato:
100 camere residenziali per docenti, ricercatori e studenti.
16 spazi ufficio e multimediali.
MAZZALI Contract : “ LA STECCA ” IMT campus, Lucca.
IMT is an Institute for Advanced Studies that aims to push the frontiers of knowledge and to contribute to the formation of international professional elites for business and institutions.
Mazzali made:
N° 100 short to medium term housing bedrooms for professors, students and visitors;
N° 16 office spaces for faculty and staff
The beautifully and painstakingly restored complex includes the San Francesco Church (to be used for major events), the Guinigi Chapel (for seminars and smaller events), the "Sala delle Colonne" (for seminars and meetings), classrooms, residential facilities for students, short- to medium-term housing for visiting faculty, office spaces for faculty and staff, the canteen, and numerous internal and external areas for study and socialization. PhD students who qualify for a scholarship are offered free housing in the San Francesco complex, while all students and faculty have free access to the canteen.