View allAll Photos Tagged bituminous
Sunset in Appalachia, bituminous bulwark
Against the western skydrop.
An Advent of gold and green, an Easter of ashes.
If night is our last address,
This is the place we moved from,
Backs on fire, our futures hard-edged and sure to arrive.
These are the towns our lives abandoned,
Wind in our faces,
The idea of incident like a box beside us on the Trailways seat.
And where were we headed for?
The country of Narrative, that dark territory
Which spells out our stories in sentences, which gives them an end and a beginning...
Goddess of Bad Roads and Inclement Weather, take down
Our names, remember us in the drip
And thaw of the wintry mix, remember us when the light cools.
Help us never to get above our raising, help us
To hold hard to what was there,
Orebank and Reedy Creek, Surgoinsville down the line.
--Charles Wright, "Appalachian Farewell"
Balmedie Quarry opened in 1919 just outside the village of Belhelvie in Aberdeenshire which is 7 miles to the North of the city of Aberdeen. Covering an area of betweenn 6.41-6.58 hectares it produces a large volume and range of Bituminous mixtures characterised as Asphalt concrete and Hot rolled asphalts. Some of which were used in the road between Ellon and the Bridge of Don.
Aberdeenshire Council have owned this since 1932.
Fossiliferous bituminous coal (bedding plane view) from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA.
This is bituminous coal, a common type of coal. It is a higher rank coal than lignite and a lower rank coal than anthracite. Bituminous coal has blocky weathering and is moderately sooty to the touch. This sample is noticeably fossiliferous, with flattened and carbonized plant fragments.
Stratigraphy: float apparently derived from the Clarion Coal, Allegheny Group, Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: talus from Prattsville West Outcrop - roadcut on the southern side of Rt. 50, west of the town of Prattsville & east of the town of McArthur, far-western Madison Township, east-central Vinton County, southeastern Ohio, USA
Bituminous coal in the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA.
The Pottsville Group is a Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic succession in eastern Ohio that contains nonmarine shales, marine shales, siltstones, sandstones, coals, marine limestones, and chert ("flint"). The lower Pottsville dates to the late Early Pennsylvanian. The upper part dates to the early Middle Pennsylvanian. The Lower-Middle Pennsylvanian boundary is apparently somewhere near the Boggs Member (?).
The black material littering the ground is weathered bituminous coal, derived from the Vandusen Coal bed, which occurs just below the Poverty Run Limestone. The latter is a relatively thin, marine, fossiliferous limestone horizon in the lower Pottsville Group
The light to medium gray material below the weathered coal (= near-upper right part of the photo) is "underclay", which refers to weathered mudshales that occur immediately below coal beds. Underclays have often been subjected to sulfuric acid chemical weathering. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) forms by the oxidation of pyrite ("fool's gold" - FeS2) in the presence of water.
Stratigraphy: Vandusen Coal, just below the Poverty Run Limestone, lower Pottsville Group, upper Morrowan Stage, upper Lower Pennsylvanian
Locality: Irish Ridge East Outcrop - roadcut along the northern side of the eastbound entrance ramp from Rt. 60 to Rt. 16 (southeastern portion of Rt. 16-Rt. 60 interchange), north-northwest of the towns of Trinway & Dresden, northern Cass Township, northwestern Muskingum County, eastern Ohio, USA (~40° 09’ 13.56” North latitude, ~82° 01’ 29.37” West longitude)
This type of hard compact bituminous coal is also called cannel coal, or soft coal.
From a roadcut at the Virginia-Kentucky border between Lynch, KY and Appalachia, VA.
Bituminous coal from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA. (bedding plane view; ~8.2 cm across along the base)
Coal is a carbon-rich, biogenic sedimentary rock. It is not composed of minerals - it has macerals of various types of organic matter. Coal represents buried, compacted, and altered peat deposits from a swamp environment.
The sample shown here is bituminous coal, a common type of coal. It is a higher rank coal than lignite and a lower rank coal than anthracite. Bituminous coal has blocky weathering and is moderately sooty to the touch.
Stratigraphy: float from the Washington Coal, lower Washington Formation, lower Dunkard Group, Upper Pennsylvanian
Locality: Narrows Run South Outcrop - upper part of large roadcut on the western side of Rt. 7, immediately south of Narrows Run, north of the town of Powhatan Point, next to the Ohio River, Belmont County, Ohio, USA (39° 54' 06.70" North latitude, 80° 48' 38.80" West longitude)
Location: II Region
Operator: AES Gener
Configuration: 2 X 272 MW
Operation: 2011
Fuel: bituminous & subbituminous coal
Boiler supplier: Doosan
T/G supplier: Ansaldo
EPC: Posco E&C
Quick facts: The Angamos plant near Mejillones was the first large facility to go online in the SING in 10yrs. It cost about $1.3bn and in large part was built to serve Escondida, the world's largest copper mine. The foundataion stone was laid on 27 Aug 2008. BNP Paribas and ABN AMRO were mandated lead arrangers and bookrunners in the $998mn senior secured non-recourse project financing $675mn of the debt was insured by the Korean Export Insurance Co, KEIC's first transaction in the Americas. Anagamos will have the largest lithium batteries powerplant backup in the world. Construction of the 20-MW system began in Jun 2011.
Bituminous coal in the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA.
The Pottsville Group is a Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic succession in eastern Ohio that contains nonmarine shales, marine shales, siltstones, sandstones, coals, marine limestones, and chert ("flint"). The lower Pottsville dates to the late Early Pennsylvanian. The upper part dates to the early Middle Pennsylvanian. The Lower-Middle Pennsylvanian boundary is apparently somewhere near the Boggs Member (?).
The black material littering the ground is weathered bituminous coal, derived from the Vandusen Coal bed, which occurs just below the Poverty Run Limestone. The latter is a relatively thin, marine, fossiliferous limestone horizon in the lower Pottsville Group
The light to medium gray material below the weathered coal is "underclay", which refers to weathered mudshales that occur immediately below coal beds. Underclays have often been subjected to sulfuric acid chemical weathering. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) forms by the oxidation of pyrite ("fool's gold" - FeS2) in the presence of water.
Stratigraphy: Vandusen Coal, just below the Poverty Run Limestone, lower Pottsville Group, upper Morrowan Stage, upper Lower Pennsylvanian
Locality: Irish Ridge East Outcrop - roadcut along the northern side of the eastbound entrance ramp from Rt. 60 to Rt. 16 (southeastern portion of Rt. 16-Rt. 60 interchange), north-northwest of the towns of Trinway & Dresden, northern Cass Township, northwestern Muskingum County, eastern Ohio, USA (~40° 09’ 13.56” North latitude, ~82° 01’ 29.37” West longitude)
Example of vintage, thick cork pipe insulation with non-asbestos, bituminous tar-like outer coating and asbestos-containing seam compound. The outer black coating is approx. 2-3mm thick, but did not test positive for asbestos. However, there is a black mastic compound applied along the sectional seams that did test positive for chrysotile asbestos.
This pipe fitting insulation, with manufacturer's name indentations as "Armstrong - Brine", is shown partially damaged with a small section missing. The absent portion demonstrates the material's layers and how the pipe insulation is designed to surround the pipe. Also shown are original wire-bracings that keep the fitting insulation together on the pipe.
Fossil charcoal in weathered coal from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA. (~6.4 cm across at its widest)
This rock is from the Pottsville Group, a Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic succession containing nonmarine shales, marine shales, siltstones, sandstones, coals, marine limestones, and chert ("flint"). The lower Pottsville dates to the late Early Pennsylvanian. The upper part dates to the early Middle Pennsylvanian. The Lower-Middle Pennsylvanian boundary is apparently somewhere near the Boggs Member (?).
The sample is derived from the Bedford Coal, a horizon that occurs just below the Upper Mercer Limestone (or Upper Mercer Flint). Lithologically, the Bedford ranges from carbonaceous shale to argillaceous coal to bituminous coal to cannel coal. The cannel coal in the Bedford was targeted for mining in the 1800s as a source of fuel. It was particularly useful in the manufacture of kerosene, an illuminating fuel. After the petroleum industry started in the 1860s, production of kerosene from cannel coal essentially ceased.
At this locality, the Bedford Coal consists of cannel coal and bituminous coal. This specimen is weathered bituminous coal with many pieces of compressed fossil charcoal (= striated structures). The Pennsylvanian was a time of relatively high atmospheric oxygen (O2) levels, and forest fires were relatively common events. Charcoalized fossil wood can be found in some abundance in Pennsylvanian sedimentary successions. The original wood microstructure is usually well preserved, but the charcoal fragments themselves are quite delicate. A gentle rub with a finger turns these fragments into black powder. Sometimes, the fossil charcoal is partially pyritized.
Stratigraphy: Bedford Coal, upper Pottsville Group, Atokan Stage, lower Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: Tunnel Hill North Portal Outcrop (= Noland Tunnel's northern portal), ~1.75 air miles north-northeast of the town of Tunnel Hill, western Coshocton County, eastern Ohio, USA (~40° 16’ 33.27” North latitude, ~82° 01’ 53.04” West longitude)
This is the head end of a parked, east-bound, loaded coal train at Rozet, Wyoming on 20 June 2018. Loaded coal trains are common along this east-west line in northern Wyoming. The trains transport coal to various power plants, where the coal is burned to generate electricity. The coal is of sub-bituminous rank and comes from the Wyodak Coal, a 70 to 90 feet thick coal bed in the Fort Union Formation (Upper Paleocene). This is the thickest economic coal bed in America. It is extensively mined in the vicinity of the town of Gillette in Wyoming's Powder River Basin.
The train's lead unit is Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway # 5984, a General Electric ES44AC that was built in May 2006.
Fossiliferous bituminous coal (bedding plane view) from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA.
This is bituminous coal, a common type of coal. It is a higher rank coal than lignite and a lower rank coal than anthracite. Bituminous coal has blocky weathering and is moderately sooty to the touch. This sample is noticeably fossiliferous, with flattened and carbonized wood.
Stratigraphy: float apparently derived from the Clarion Coal, Allegheny Group, Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: talus from Prattsville West Outcrop - roadcut on the southern side of Rt. 50, west of the town of Prattsville & east of the town of McArthur, far-western Madison Township, east-central Vinton County, southeastern Ohio, USA
Fossiliferous bituminous coal (bedding plane view) from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA.
This is bituminous coal, a common type of coal. It is a higher rank coal than lignite and a lower rank coal than anthracite. Bituminous coal has blocky weathering and is moderately sooty to the touch. This sample is fossiliferous - the brownish structure is a mostly pyritized, flattened, originally-carbonized plant stem or branch.
Stratigraphy: float apparently derived from the Clarion Coal, Allegheny Group, Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: talus from Prattsville West Outcrop - roadcut on the southern side of Rt. 50, west of the town of Prattsville & east of the town of McArthur, far-western Madison Township, east-central Vinton County, southeastern Ohio, USA
The Pottsville Group is a Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic succession containing nonmarine shales, marine shales, siltstones, sandstones, coals, marine limestones, and chert ("flint"). The lower Pottsville dates to the late Early Pennsylvanian. The upper part dates to the early Middle Pennsylvanian. The Lower-Middle Pennsylvanian boundary is apparently somewhere near the Boggs Limestone horizon (?).
The gray unit in the middle of the photo is the Lower Mercer Limestone, a Middle Pennsylvanian-aged, laterally persistent, marine fossiliferous limestone unit in the Pottsville Group of eastern Ohio, USA. It is richly fossiliferous, principally dominated by brachiopods and crinoid stems.
Above the Lower Mercer Limestone is the Lower Mercer Shale, a marine mudshale to calcareous mudshale unit with fossils. The relatively thin, dark-colored horizon below the Lower Mercer Limestone (at the bottom of the photo) is the Middle Mercer Coal. It usually consists of bituminous coal, but in places at this locality, it is a cannel coal.
Stratigraphy: Lower Mercer Shale over Lower Mercer Limestone over Middle Mercer Coal, Pottsville Group, lower Atokan Stage, lower Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: Rock Cut railroad cut - outcrop along the southern side of Ohio Central Railroad tracks (west of milepost 134), ~southwest of Copeland Island & south-southeast of the town of Dresden, northern Muskingum County, eastern Ohio, USA (~vicinity of 40° 04’ 24.41” North latitude, ~81° 59’ 11.25” West longitude)
LeakBarrier® PS200HT Ice and Water Armor
LeakBarrier PS200HT Ice and Water Armor is a premium, SBS modified, glass fiber reinforced, self adhesive modified bituminous roofing underlayment for use under tile, metal, slate and asphalt shingles. PS200HT is manufactured with a specially engineered Hybrid Polymer System formulation that allows the underlayment to withstand high temperatures (resistant up to 260° F). PS200HT is surfaced with a polyester fabric on the upper layer to provide a non-abrasive surface that also offers excellent walkability.
PS200HT Case Studies
Usage
LeakBarrier PS200HT Ice and Water Armor helps to protect a building's deck or internal structure against leaks caused by ice and water damming and wind-driven rain. It is highly effective in critical roofing areas such as valleys, ridges, coping joints, chimneys, vents, dormers, skylights and low-slope sections.
Features and Benefits
Polyester fabric surface allows for better walkability and cooler surface temperatures.
Specifically designed for the demands of metal and tile roofing systems, with high temperature stability of 260 °F, and polyester fabric surface for maximum walkability. Non-skid surface also helps prevent tile from sliding off the roof.
Split-back release film peels off for easy installation and handling.
120 day exposure limitation allows for long term dry in.
Adheres directly to concrete, plywood, wood composition board and gypsum sheathing decks.
Self-sealing around nails preventing moisture penetration.
Product available for multi climates.
Functions as a vapor barrier for commercial roofing applications.
Meets ASTM D 1970.
Miami Dade County Approval NOA No. 09-0824.06.
ICC-ES ESR-2116.
Florida Building Code FL 10450-R1.
UL Prepared Roofing File No. 16744.
The machine is mainly used in processing powder of mineral materials of metallurgy, building materials, chemical industry, mining, etc. It can grind non-flammable and non-explosive materials with moisture less than 6% such as Feldspar, calcite, talc, barite, fluorite, rare earth, marble, ceramics, bauxite, manganese ore, iron ore, copper ore, phosphate rock, iron oxide red, slag, slag, activated carbon, dolomite, granite, iron oxide yellow, bean cake, chemical fertilizer, compound fertilizer, fly ash, bituminous coal, coke, lignite, Ling U.S. sand, gold, red mud, clay, Kaolin, coke, coal gangue, porcelain clay, kyanite, fluorspar, bentonite, muddy green rock, leaf wax rock, shale, purple rock, Diego rock, basalt, gypsum, graphite, insulation material, etc.
Fossiliferous bituminous coal (bedding plane view) from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA.
This is bituminous coal, a common type of coal. It is a higher rank coal than lignite and a lower rank coal than anthracite. Bituminous coal has blocky weathering and is moderately sooty to the touch. This sample is fossiliferous - the brownish structure is a mostly pyritized, flattened, originally-carbonized plant stem or branch.
Stratigraphy: float apparently derived from the Clarion Coal, Allegheny Group, Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: talus from Prattsville West Outcrop - roadcut on the southern side of Rt. 50, west of the town of Prattsville & east of the town of McArthur, far-western Madison Township, east-central Vinton County, southeastern Ohio, USA
Fossil wood in coal from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA.
This rock is from the Pottsville Group, a Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic succession containing nonmarine shales, marine shales, siltstones, sandstones, coals, marine limestones, and chert ("flint"). The lower Pottsville dates to the late Early Pennsylvanian. The upper part dates to the early Middle Pennsylvanian. The Lower-Middle Pennsylvanian boundary is apparently somewhere near the Boggs Member (?).
Shown above is a sample derived from the Bedford Coal, a horizon that occurs just below the Upper Mercer Limestone (or Upper Mercer Flint). Lithologically, the Bedford ranges from carbonaceous shale to argillaceous coal to bituminous coal to cannel coal. The cannel coal in the Bedford was targeted for mining in the 1800s as a source of fuel. It was particularly useful in the manufacture of kerosene, an illuminating fuel. After the petroleum industry started in the 1860s, production of kerosene from cannel coal essentially ceased.
At this locality, the Bedford Coal consists of cannel coal and bituminous coal.
The striations running from lower left to upper right are part of the surface texture of a piece of flattened, carbonized fossil wood.
Stratigraphy: Bedford Coal, upper Pottsville Group, Atokan Stage, lower Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: Tunnel Hill North Portal Outcrop (= Noland Tunnel's northern portal), ~1.75 air miles north-northeast of the town of Tunnel Hill, western Coshocton County, eastern Ohio, USA (~40° 16’ 33.27” North latitude, ~82° 01’ 53.04” West longitude)
Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago
The 999 Steam Locomotive was a new concept in speed locomotives. Engine 999 was assigned to haul the New York Central Railroad's brilliant new passenger train, the Empire State Express. On May 10, 1893, the 999 became the fastest land vehicle when it reached a record speed of 112.5 mph. The 999 maintained the record for a decade.
Designed by William Buchanan and manufactured by the New York Central Railroad in West Albany, New York in 1893, the 999 was commissioned to haul the Empire State Express, which ran from Syracuse to Buffalo. This relatively smooth run and the 999's cutting-edge design gave the new locomotive an opportunity to make history.
Following its record-setting run, "The World's Fastest Locomotive" toured the country and was displayed at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. After the Exposition, the 999 continued to provide passenger and freight service for many years. The famous locomotive returned to Chicago in 1933 for the Century of Progress World's Fair and again from 1948-49 for the Chicago Railroad Fair.
Eventually, technological innovation in the railroad industry limited the 999's use. In May of 1952, following a reenactment of its record-breaking run, the 999 was retired from service.
In 1962, the Museum of Science and Industry acquired the 999 and displayed it outside. Following a complete restoration from June to October 1993, the 999 was brought inside to its present location in November 1993.
999 Technical Facts-
Fuel: Bituminous Coal
Cylinders: 2 horizontal
Bore: 19"
Stroke: 24"
Steam Pressure: 160 lbs/psi
Tractive Effort: 16,270 lbs
Drive Wheels: 7'2" dia.
Max. Speed: 112.5 mph
Total Weight: 124,000 lbs
Original Cost: $13,000
Fossiliferous bituminous coal (bedding plane view) from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA.
This is bituminous coal, a common type of coal. It is a higher rank coal than lignite and a lower rank coal than anthracite. Bituminous coal has blocky weathering and is moderately sooty to the touch. This sample is noticeably fossiliferous, with flattened and carbonized plant fragments.
Stratigraphy: float apparently derived from the Clarion Coal, Allegheny Group, Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: talus from Prattsville West Outcrop - roadcut on the southern side of Rt. 50, west of the town of Prattsville & east of the town of McArthur, far-western Madison Township, east-central Vinton County, southeastern Ohio, USA
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
In B871 in Scottish Highland Macaferri steel grid has been installed inside the pavement with about 100 mm bituminous layers on the top of reinforcement
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Fossiliferous bituminous coal (bedding plane view) from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA.
This is bituminous coal, a common type of coal. It is a higher rank coal than lignite and a lower rank coal than anthracite. Bituminous coal has blocky weathering and is moderately sooty to the touch. This sample is noticeably fossiliferous, with flattened and carbonized wood.
Stratigraphy: float apparently derived from the Clarion Coal, Allegheny Group, Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: talus from Prattsville West Outcrop - roadcut on the southern side of Rt. 50, west of the town of Prattsville & east of the town of McArthur, far-western Madison Township, east-central Vinton County, southeastern Ohio, USA
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Marion 8200 walking dragline
Caterpillar prime movers & electrical generators
four 1,045 horsepower hoist motors
boom length: 328 feet
bucket capacity: 60-80 cubic yards
working weight 8.5 – 9.1 million pounds
www.empire-cat.com/equipment/new/catalog/draglines/dragli...
Jewett Lignite Mine – Texas Westmoreland Mining (idled)
working capacity before idling: 7,000,000 tons annually
reserve capacity: 22,888,000 tons
(mine currently idled for cleaner Powder River Basin sub-bituminous coal)
NRG Texas Power – Limestone Electric Generating Station
1689 megawatts (combined) Units 1 and 2,
Jewett, Texas, USA
30 March 2022
© 2022 ~ Philip M. Goldstein
Typical view at Rainbow Mountain Preserve in Madison, Alabama. The park is quite rocky in areas, comprised of a formation called the Hartselle Sandstone, the formation being made up of sandstone, limestone, and shale laid down in the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian periods of the Paleozoic Era (570-225 million years ago). These sediments accumulated in depositional settings ranging from shallow shelf to back-barrier lagoons and tidal flats, all areas relating to shallow seas. Trace fossils and to a lesser extent body fossils can be abundant in the formation, particularly worms, bivalves, bryozoans, asteroids (starfish), and ophiuroids (brittle stars). Brachiopods are in my experience the most common fossil, though crinoid fragments can be common.
The formation has been quarried in several locations for sandstone for use in building, landscaping and civil engineering and ground into sand for casting. In some areas, such as near Littleville in Colbert County the sandstone is impregnated with bituminous alphaltum, leading some to explore the possibility that the bed harbors oil reserves, perhaps extending below the Warrior coal fields of Northwest Alabama.
www.bhamwiki.com/w/Hartselle_sandstone
www.envs.emory.edu/faculty/MARTIN/ichnology/IN-Hartselle-...
Structural polish in semi-anthracite coal in the Mississippian of Virginia, USA.
This is the best outcrop anywhere of the only economically significant Mississippian-aged coal occurrence in the world. The beds are structurally tilted, which occurred during the Allegheny Orogeny in the Pennsylvanian.
Shown above is an outcrop of the Langhorne Coal. At this site, the unit is tectonically-thickened and sheared. The rank is semi-anthracite coal, which results from very low grade metamorphism of bituminous coal. Adjacent beds (shales and sandstones) are not metamorphosed. The Langhorne Coal has been mined in the past.
The surface facing the viewer is smooth and polished, the result of shearing (= fault movement) in incompetent rocks. Such surfaces are called "structural polish". High polish can also occur on some bedrock-smoothed glacial surfaces.
Stratigraphy: lowermost upper member, Price Formation, Osagean Stage, upper Lower Mississippian
Locality: roadcut on the eastern side of Rt. 100, western end of Cloyds Mountain, south of the town of Poplar Hill, Pulaski County, Valley Coalfield, southwestern Virginia, USA (= locality shown in figure 9 of Bartholomew & Brown, 1992) (37° 10' 42.39" North latitude, 80° 42' 48.48" West longitude)
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Some info. from:
Bartholomew, M.J. & K.E. Brown. 1992. The Valley Coalfield (Mississippian age) in Montgomery and Pulaski Counties, Virginia. Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 124. 33 pp. 2 pls.
Gensel, P.G. & K.B. Pigg. 2010. An arborescent lycopsid from the Lower Carboniferous Price Formation, southwestern Virginia, USA and the problem of species delimitation. International Journal of Coal Geology 83: 132-145.
Bituminous coal from the Pennsylvanian of Kentucky, USA. (cross-section view, showing horizontal bedding; ~11.0 cm across at its widest)
This is a sample of bituminous coal from a large roadcut north of the town of Jackson, Kentucky. The outcrop has Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic sedimentary rocks of the Breathitt Group (formerly the Breathitt Formation). The succession is dominated by interbedded sandstones and shales, with some coal horizons. The latter include bituminous coal and cannel coal (see elsewhere in this photo album).
Stratigraphy: float from the Pikeville Formation, Breathitt Group, lower Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: Jackson North outcrop - loose piece from coal bed exposed in the wall above the 1st bench on the southern side of a large roadcut on the eastern side of new Rt. 15, just south of the southbound old Rt. 15-new Rt. 15 split, north of the town of Jackson, north-central Breathitt County, eastern Kentucky, USA (~37° 34’ 51” North latitude, ~83° 23’ 09” West longitude)
Fossiliferous bituminous coal (bedding plane view) from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA.
This is bituminous coal, a common type of coal. It is a higher rank coal than lignite and a lower rank coal than anthracite. Bituminous coal has blocky weathering and is moderately sooty to the touch. This sample is noticeably fossiliferous, with flattened and carbonized plant fragments.
Stratigraphy: float apparently derived from the Clarion Coal, Allegheny Group, Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: talus from Prattsville West Outcrop - roadcut on the southern side of Rt. 50, west of the town of Prattsville & east of the town of McArthur, far-western Madison Township, east-central Vinton County, southeastern Ohio, USA
Tiny terraces of salty, bituminous mud deposits occur at one of the "salinelle" mud volcanoes at the south base of Etna, near the town of Paternò. Photo taken on 13 June 2008
BNSF unit coal trains go back and forth between coal mines in the Power River Basin of Wyoming and Montana and the utilities that use coal in the midwest, near Thedford in the Nebraska Sandhills region, USA [No property release; available for editorial licensing only]
Panorama of the Highvale mine the used to provide sub bituminous coal to the sundance and keephills power stations. The two Marion 8750 draglines "Parkland Prince" and "Lady of the Lake" sit idle,
This project will turn an abandoned rail corridor into a walking trail. Phase I of the greenway will convert one mile of the rail corridor into a non-motorized greenway linking the Riverfront and Tri-Centennial State Park to Eastern Market. The greenway will be recessed 20-25 feet and will be landscaped with both native and ornamental plants. The new greenway will provide a continuous 20-foot bituminous path for walking, biking and in-line skating along one side of the corridor. The other side of the rail corridor will be planted with grass in preparation for a possible future transit system. Access ramps will be built at Lafayette and Gratiot Avenue. Lights, security cameras and signs are also apart of the project
The Pottsville Group is a Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic succession containing nonmarine shales, marine shales, siltstones, sandstones, coals, marine limestones, and chert ("flint"). The lower Pottsville dates to the late Early Pennsylvanian. The upper part dates to the early Middle Pennsylvanian. The Lower-Middle Pennsylvanian boundary is apparently somewhere near the Boggs Limestone horizon (?).
The gray unit in the middle of the photo is the Lower Mercer Limestone, a Middle Pennsylvanian-aged, laterally persistent, marine fossiliferous limestone unit in the Pottsville Group of eastern Ohio, USA. It is richly fossiliferous, principally dominated by brachiopods and crinoid stems.
Above the Lower Mercer Limestone is the Lower Mercer Shale, a marine mudshale to calcareous mudshale unit with fossils. The relatively thin, dark-colored horizon below the Lower Mercer Limestone (& just above the talus) is the Middle Mercer Coal. It usually consists of bituminous coal, but in places at this locality, it is a cannel coal.
At the top of the photo is a unnamed, ledge-like unit of sandstone - the large talus block at the bottom detached from it.
Stratigraphy: Lower Mercer Shale over Lower Mercer Limestone over Middle Mercer Coal, Pottsville Group, lower Atokan Stage, lower Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: Rock Cut railroad cut - outcrop along the southern side of Ohio Central Railroad tracks (west of milepost 134), ~southwest of Copeland Island & south-southeast of the town of Dresden, northern Muskingum County, eastern Ohio, USA (~vicinity of 40° 04’ 24.41” North latitude, ~81° 59’ 11.25” West longitude)
(public display, Geology Department, Wittenberg University, Springfield, Ohio, USA)
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Coal is a carbon-rich, biogenic sedimentary rock. It forms by the burial and alteration of organic matter from fossil land plants that lived in ancient swamps. Coal starts out as peat (see elsewhere in this photo album). With burial and diagenetic alteration, peat becomes lignite coal, the lowest rank of coal. Lignite is basically a compacted, slightly lithified peat. Lignite coals are soft, fragile, brown to black in color, and dull in luster. Many lignites are called “brown coals”.
Lignites can spontaneously combust. Sometimes lightning strikes and wildfires ignite lignite coal beds Clinker beds are jumbled deposits adjacent to burned-out lignite beds (see: www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/sets/72157647078229482). Lignite coals and clinker beds are somewhat common in parts of northeastern Wyoming, eastern Montana, and western North Dakota, USA.
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From exhibit signage:
Origin of Coal
Coal is formed from accumulated vegetation that grew in peat-forming swamps on broad lowlands that were near sea level. Cyclothems indicate that the land must have been at a "critical level" since the change from marine to non-marine sediments shows that the seas periodically encroached upon the land.
Formation of Coal
The change from plant debris to coal involves biochemical action producing partial decay, preserval of this material from further decay, and later dynamochemical processes. The biochemical changes involve attack by bacteria which liberate volatile constituents, and the preserval of the residual waxes and resins in the bottom of the swamps where the water is too toxic for the decay-promoting bacteria to live. The accumulated material forms "peat bogs". The dynamochemical process involves further chemical reactions produced by the increased pressure and temperature brought about by the weight of sediment that is deposited on top of it. These reactions are also ones in which the volatile constituents are driven off.
Rank of Coal
The different types of coal are commonly referred to in terms of rank. From lowest upward, they are peat (actually not a coal), lignite, bituminous, and anthracite. The rank of the coal is the result of the different amounts of pressure and time involved in producing the coal.
Lignite
Lignite represents the second stage. It is a brownish black coal that is composed of woody matter embedded in macerated and decomposed vegetable matter. It is banded, jointed and because of its high moisture content, slacks or disintegrates after drying in air. It is subject to spontaneous combustion and has low heating value. It is used for local fuels and to make gas. In Germany it supplies synthetic petroleum.
In the United States, large deposits are found in the northern Great Plains and on a belt across southeastern Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Mississippi.
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"Coke is a fuel with few impurities and a high carbon content, usually made from coal. It is the solid carbonaceous material derived from destructive distillation of low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal. Cokes made from coal are grey, hard, and porous. While coke can be formed naturally, the commonly used form is man-made. The form known as petroleum coke, or pet coke, is derived from oil refinery coker units or other cracking processes." [ Wiki ]
Sheared semi-anthracite coal in the Mississippian of Virginia, USA.
This is the best outcrop anywhere of the only economically significant Mississippian-aged coal occurrence in the world. The beds are structurally tilted, which occurred during the Allegheny Orogeny in the Pennsylvanian.
Shown above is an outcrop of the Langhorne Coal. At this site, the unit is tectonically-thickened and sheared. The rank is semi-anthracite coal, which results from very low grade metamorphism of bituminous coal. Adjacent beds (shales and sandstones) are not metamorphosed. The Langhorne Coal has been mined in the past.
Stratigraphy: lowermost upper member, Price Formation, Osagean Stage, upper Lower Mississippian
Locality: roadcut on the eastern side of Rt. 100, western end of Cloyds Mountain, south of the town of Poplar Hill, Pulaski County, Valley Coalfield, southwestern Virginia, USA (= locality shown in figure 9 of Bartholomew & Brown, 1992) (37° 10' 42.39" North latitude, 80° 42' 48.48" West longitude)
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Some info. from:
Bartholomew, M.J. & K.E. Brown. 1992. The Valley Coalfield (Mississippian age) in Montgomery and Pulaski Counties, Virginia. Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 124. 33 pp. 2 pls.
Gensel, P.G. & K.B. Pigg. 2010. An arborescent lycopsid from the Lower Carboniferous Price Formation, southwestern Virginia, USA and the problem of species delimitation. International Journal of Coal Geology 83: 132-145.
Semi-anthracite coal and sandstone in the Mississippian of Virginia, USA.
This is the best outcrop anywhere of the only economically significant Mississippian-aged coal occurrence in the world. The beds are structurally tilted, which occurred during the Allegheny Orogeny in the Pennsylvanian.
Shown above is an outcrop of the Langhorne Coal's lower contact with underlying hard sandstone. At this site, the Langhorne is tectonically-thickened and sheared. The rank is semi-anthracite coal, which results from very low grade metamorphism of bituminous coal. Adjacent beds (shales and sandstones) are not metamorphosed. The Langhorne Coal has been mined in the past.
Stratigraphy: uppermost lower member (= sandstone) & lowermost upper member (= coal), Price Formation, Osagean Stage, upper Lower Mississippian
Locality: roadcut on the eastern side of Rt. 100, western end of Cloyds Mountain, south of the town of Poplar Hill, Pulaski County, Valley Coalfield, southwestern Virginia, USA (= locality shown in figure 9 of Bartholomew & Brown, 1992) (37° 10' 42.39" North latitude, 80° 42' 48.48" West longitude)
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Some info. from:
Bartholomew, M.J. & K.E. Brown. 1992. The Valley Coalfield (Mississippian age) in Montgomery and Pulaski Counties, Virginia. Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 124. 33 pp. 2 pls.
Gensel, P.G. & K.B. Pigg. 2010. An arborescent lycopsid from the Lower Carboniferous Price Formation, southwestern Virginia, USA and the problem of species delimitation. International Journal of Coal Geology 83: 132-145.
.What’s behind a Glass object? Which is the prime material from which an idea of Glass Design takes shape? What defines a Semi-worked? A short journey through sand and rivers and furnaces, to get an idea of what there is behind the creation of a glass work shaped by a Murano Glass Master.
Raw material? The silica sand A Glass Master needs this resource (often as semi-worked) to be able to start off with his/her own artistic creativity. The silica sand is the basis of various types of products. All fine quality products as well as glue, adhesive materials, bituminous sheaths … and Glass. The latter is composed of a homogeneous mixture of various substances, assuming a pasty consistency when heated to high temperatures. Its first component is the silica, in the form of silica sand, to which other substances will be added to facilitate its melting and to make stable (and also particularize) the structure of the manufactured product.
The sand of silica sands? To date it comes from Fontainebleau. A fine and purified river sand that makes the glass transparent without the metal oxides which would instead colour it. During the processing, Glass transparency as well as its colourless determine the purity of the mixture (silica sand + melting substances such as sodium oxide). As a matter of fact some oxides contain impurities that give a more or less intense reflection/colour of green depending on the oxide’s invasiveness. Here is the difference of Fontainebleau’s sand. Its capacity of optimizing the combination of the sand with the melting substances necessary for the process without losing transparency and beauty.
From Flux to Dyes, the Semi-worked takes shape Therefore, to the silica sand one adds the melting substances and then dyes such as metal oxides to obtain well defined shades/colours. For example: cobalt to obtain blue; copper to obtain azure; iron for green … This mixture is put in oven at 1500o , the degrees required to make it workable, in order to create a mouldable mass glass (Semi-worked) which after 6/8 hours of honing will make possible the actual glasswork. The Semi-worked (among which, for example, glass pipes or plate glass) are produced directly in Murano by companies specialized in this field.
Fossil plant stem in coal from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA. (~6.4 cm across at its widest)
This rock is from the Pottsville Group, a Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic succession containing nonmarine shales, marine shales, siltstones, sandstones, coals, marine limestones, and chert ("flint"). The lower Pottsville dates to the late Early Pennsylvanian. The upper part dates to the early Middle Pennsylvanian. The Lower-Middle Pennsylvanian boundary is apparently somewhere near the Boggs Member (?).
The sample is derived from the Bedford Coal, a horizon that occurs just below the Upper Mercer Limestone (or Upper Mercer Flint). Lithologically, the Bedford ranges from carbonaceous shale to argillaceous coal to bituminous coal to cannel coal. The cannel coal in the Bedford was targeted for mining in the 1800s as a source of fuel. It was particularly useful in the manufacture of kerosene, an illuminating fuel. After the petroleum industry started in the 1860s, production of kerosene from cannel coal essentially ceased.
At this locality, the Bedford Coal consists of cannel coal and bituminous coal. This bituminous coal specimen has a compressed plant stem from a lycopod, or scale tree.
Classification: Plantae, Lycophyta
Stratigraphy: Bedford Coal, upper Pottsville Group, Atokan Stage, lower Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: Tunnel Hill North Portal Outcrop (= Noland Tunnel's northern portal), ~1.75 air miles north-northeast of the town of Tunnel Hill, western Coshocton County, eastern Ohio, USA (~40° 16’ 33.27” North latitude, ~82° 01’ 53.04” West longitude)
W. H. Davis, Gen. Supt. THE WILLS CREEK COAL CO.
The bone and sinew of Byesville and community is and always has been “Old King Coal.” Without it Bvesville would not be on the map today. Take from her the many thousand dollars paid monthly to her inhabitants from the bowels cf the earth and her payrolls would be comparably unnoticeable. There are many of these mines that add to her wealth, but none of them compare to the immense amount of money paid out by the Wills Creek Coal Co.
This company began business here more than eleven years ago and has continued to grow and expand until today the company is known wherever bituminous coal is used, and the demand for their product is general for steam purposes.
The operations of this company began in June 1896, when they purchased old Central Mine (now extinct) located on the southern edge of Byesville. During her palmy days old Central employed about 350 men and at the then low price of coal and mining, paid out to miners about $14,000 monthly.
Next we find on their pay-rolls Cisco Mine south of town (now extinct) with 250 men and an average pay-roll of about $15,000. * *Then came in their turns, and all are now working, with the appended number of men and pay-rolls for the month of September of the present year:
Walhonding, employs 162; payroll $7,866.55.
Ideal, employs 383; pay-roll $20,131.80.
Blue Bell, employs 300; payroll $10,388.29.
Detroit, employs 338, pay-roll $18,589.53.
Midway, employs 170; pay-roll $9,551.11.
Hartford, employs 266; pay-roll $14,407.15.
Trail Run No. 1, employs 197; pay-roll $10,271.06.
Trail Run No. 2, employs 145; pay-roll $7,295.86.
Lyonsdale, employs 150; payroll $6,895.03.
Beach Grove, employs Ic; payroll $6,029.02.
There are ten of the mines now working in full which paid out for te month of September the magnificent sum of $111,485.40. Two of these mines, Lyonsdale and Beach Grove, are located in Perry county, while the remaining eight are close to Byesville.
The company employs in and about the mines 2,594 persons, mostly high priced men.
Aside from these we find an office force of bookkeepers to the number of eight persons, located in the Burt block that will soon be removed to their own new office building. Their own machine shops located here employs about a dozen skilled workmen, besides scores of teamsters, laborers etc.
W. H. Davis, general superintendent and his able assistant, A. R. Pollock, have been connected with the company since it began business, and to their efficiency and untiring energy is much of the success of the company due. They are both leading citizens of Byesville and we are glad to be able to present their pictures here.
We also present a picture of their machine shops and two of their mines-Old Central, their first and Ideal, probably their best mines..
A. R. POLLOCK, Asst. Supt.
IDEAL MINES. OLD CENTRAL MINES.
The Pottsville Group is a Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic succession containing nonmarine shales, marine shales, siltstones, sandstones, coals, marine limestones, and chert ("flint"). The lower Pottsville dates to the late Early Pennsylvanian. The upper part dates to the early Middle Pennsylvanian. The Lower-Middle Pennsylvanian boundary is apparently somewhere near the Boggs Limestone horizon (?).
The gray unit in the middle of the photo is the Lower Mercer Limestone, a Middle Pennsylvanian-aged, laterally persistent, marine fossiliferous limestone unit in the Pottsville Group of eastern Ohio, USA. It is richly fossiliferous, principally dominated by brachiopods and crinoid stems.
Above the Lower Mercer Limestone is the Lower Mercer Shale, a marine mudshale to calcareous mudshale unit with fossils. The relatively thin, dark-colored horizon below the Lower Mercer Limestone (& just above the talus) is the Middle Mercer Coal. It usually consists of bituminous coal, but in places at this locality, it is a cannel coal.
About one-fifth of the way down from the top of the photo is a unnamed, ledge-like unit of sandstone - the large talus block at the bottom detached from it.
Stratigraphy: Lower Mercer Shale over Lower Mercer Limestone over Middle Mercer Coal, Pottsville Group, lower Atokan Stage, lower Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: Rock Cut railroad cut - outcrop along the southern side of Ohio Central Railroad tracks (west of milepost 134), ~southwest of Copeland Island & south-southeast of the town of Dresden, northern Muskingum County, eastern Ohio, USA (~vicinity of 40° 04’ 24.41” North latitude, ~81° 59’ 11.25” West longitude)