View allAll Photos Tagged bituminous
The Meigs Creek Coal is a bituminous coal horizon in the Upper Pennsylvanian Monongahela Group of eastern Ohio. The specimen seen here is a gradational contact sample from the top of the coal bed (= black) to the base of the overlying nonmarine limestone (an intraclastic or peloidal limestone) (= dark gray).
Stratigraphy: uppermost Meigs Creek Coal (also known as the Sewickley Coal), Monongahela Group, Virgilian Series, upper Upper Pennsylvanian
Locality: near the base of the Narrows Run North outcrop - roadcut on the western side of Route 7, just north of Narrows Run (an east-flowing tributary of the Ohio River), northeastern York Township, southeastern Belmont County, Ohio, USA (39° 54’ 25.94” North latitude, 80° 48’ 36.73” West longitude)
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
"Coke is a fuel with few impurities and a high carbon content, usually made from coal. It is the solid carbonaceous material derived from destructive distillation of low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal. Cokes made from coal are grey, hard, and porous. While coke can be formed naturally, the commonly used form is man-made. The form known as petroleum coke, or pet coke, is derived from oil refinery coker units or other cracking processes." [ Wiki ]
Steel tape armour over bituminous fibrous bedding. Also broken section of earthenware duct from the melted joint (so it's interior is covered in bitumen)
Semi-anthracite coal in the Mississippian of Virginia, USA. (geology hammer for scale)
This is the best outcrop anywhere of the only economically significant Mississippian-aged coal occurrence in the world. The beds are structurally tilted - this occurred during the Allegheny Orogeny in the Pennsylvanian.
The coal bed shown here is the Merrimac Coal. Its rank is semi-anthracite coal, which results from very low grade metamorphism of bituminous coal. Adjacent beds are not metamorphosed. The Merrimac Coal (& the subjacent Langhorne Coal - not visible in this shot) have been mined in the past. Thin interbeds of fossiliferous clayshale are present within the Merrimac Coal.
Stratigraphy: Merrimac Coal, lower part of the upper member, Price Formation, Osagean Stage, upper Lower Mississippian
Locality: roadcut on the eastern side of Rt. 100, western end of Cloyds Mountain, south of the town of Poplar Hill, Pulaski County, Valley Coalfield, southwestern Virginia, USA (= locality shown in figure 9 of Bartholomew & Brown, 1992) (37° 10' 42.39" North latitude, 80° 42' 48.48" West longitude)
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Some info. from:
Bartholomew, M.J. & K.E. Brown. 1992. The Valley Coalfield (Mississippian age) in Montgomery and Pulaski Counties, Virginia. Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 124. 33 pp. 2 pls.
Gensel, P.G. & K.B. Pigg. 2010. An arborescent lycopsid from the Lower Carboniferous Price Formation, southwestern Virginia, USA and the problem of species delimitation. International Journal of Coal Geology 83: 132-145.
The Monongahela River valley was the site of a famous, if small, battle that was one of the first in the French and Indian War — the Braddock Expedition (May–July 1755). It resulted in a sharp defeat for British and Colonial forces against those of the French and their Native American allies.
In 1817, the Pennsylvania legislature authorized the Monongahela Navigation Company to build 16 dams with bypass locks to create a river transportation system between Pittsburgh and West Virginia. Originally planned to run as far south as the Cheat River, the system was extended to Fairmont, and bituminous coal from West Virginia was the chief product transported downstream. After a canal tunnel through Grant's Hill in Pittsburgh was completed in 1832, boats could travel between the Monongahela River and the Western Division Canal of Pennsylvania's principal east-west canal and railroad system, the Main Line of Public Works. In 1897, the federal government took possession of the Monongahela Navigation through condemnation proceedings. Later, the dam-lock combinations were increased in size and reduced in number. In 2006, the navigation system, operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, had nine dam-locks along 128.7 miles (207.1 km) of waterway. The locks overcame a change in elevation of about 147 feet (44.8 m).
Briefly linked to the Monongahela Navigation was the Youghiogheny Navigation, a slack water system of 18.5 miles (29.8 km) between McKeesport and West Newton. It had two dam-locks overcoming a change in elevation of about 27 feet (8.2 m). Opening in 1850, it was destroyed by a flood in 1865.
During the 19th century, the Monongahela was heavily used by industry, and several U.S. Steel plants, including the Homestead Works, site of the Homestead Strike of 1892, were built along its banks. Following the killing of several workers in the course of the strike, anarchist Emma Goldman wrote: "Words had lost their meaning in the face of the innocent blood spilled on the banks of the Monongahela."
Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago
The 999 Steam Locomotive was a new concept in speed locomotives. Engine 999 was assigned to haul the New York Central Railroad's brilliant new passenger train, the Empire State Express. On May 10, 1893, the 999 became the fastest land vehicle when it reached a record speed of 112.5 mph. The 999 maintained the record for a decade.
Designed by William Buchanan and manufactured by the New York Central Railroad in West Albany, New York in 1893, the 999 was commissioned to haul the Empire State Express, which ran from Syracuse to Buffalo. This relatively smooth run and the 999's cutting-edge design gave the new locomotive an opportunity to make history.
Following its record-setting run, "The World's Fastest Locomotive" toured the country and was displayed at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. After the Exposition, the 999 continued to provide passenger and freight service for many years. The famous locomotive returned to Chicago in 1933 for the Century of Progress World's Fair and again from 1948-49 for the Chicago Railroad Fair.
Eventually, technological innovation in the railroad industry limited the 999's use. In May of 1952, following a reenactment of its record-breaking run, the 999 was retired from service.
In 1962, the Museum of Science and Industry acquired the 999 and displayed it outside. Following a complete restoration from June to October 1993, the 999 was brought inside to its present location in November 1993.
999 Technical Facts-
Fuel: Bituminous Coal
Cylinders: 2 horizontal
Bore: 19"
Stroke: 24"
Steam Pressure: 160 lbs/psi
Tractive Effort: 16,270 lbs
Drive Wheels: 7'2" dia.
Max. Speed: 112.5 mph
Total Weight: 124,000 lbs
Original Cost: $13,000
Fossiliferous bituminous coal (bedding plane view) from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA.
This is bituminous coal, a common type of coal. It is a higher rank coal than lignite and a lower rank coal than anthracite. Bituminous coal has blocky weathering and is moderately sooty to the touch. This sample is noticeably fossiliferous, with flattened and carbonized plant fragments.
Stratigraphy: float apparently derived from the Clarion Coal, Allegheny Group, Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: talus from Prattsville West Outcrop - roadcut on the southern side of Rt. 50, west of the town of Prattsville & east of the town of McArthur, far-western Madison Township, east-central Vinton County, southeastern Ohio, USA
Coal seems to be the "boogie man" of fuels lately. Clean Coal? Truth? Myth? lots of people have opinions on this.
Pennsylvania is coal rich. Western PA especially. Because of this, our power rates are lower than say California or other parts of the country (although not the lowest). It's one of the reasons we had steel mills in Pittsburgh.
I did recently see some commercials calling "clean coal" a myth. While it's true, you'll never be able to burn coal and not have a by-product, the way the by-products are being portrayed are at best foolish and at worst stupid.
The main by-product of burning coal is fly ash. What use is Fly Ash? Well, if you have drywall in your house, you have fly ash in your house. Yes, fly ash is a cheap alternative to what's in dry wall so they use it to make dry wall. In fact, next to most coal power plants, there's a dry wall factory because it makes sense. Do you have a concrete driveway or do you drive on a concrete road? Chances are, there's fly ash in there. The Romans used ash in their concrete to make it stronger and today, they use coal fly ash to do the same thing. It's cheap and abundant (you can easily research these points if you don't believe me).
What's my point? Don't believe everything you hear. Do some research and don't always believe the propaganda.
Coal ball from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA. (~6.5 centimeters across at its widest)
"Coal balls" are fossiliferous limestone nodules that occur in some coal beds. They contain three dimensionally-preserved plant fossils, which are significant for paleobotanical studies. This example comes from a sub-bituminous coal horizon in eastern Ohio called the Duquesne Coal (pronounced "Doo-kane").
Coal ball fossils can be examined using thin sections or acetate peels. The latter involve cutting and polishing a coal ball, etching the surface with hydrochloric acid, adding a thin film of acetone, and rolling a piece of acetate paper onto the surface. When dry, the acetate paper is peeled off and placed under a microscope to see cellular-level details of the fossils. The treated acetate paper can be put between two pieces of glass and taped together.
Stratigraphy: Duquesne Coal, lower Casselman Formation, middle Conemaugh Group, Missourian Series, lower Upper Pennsylvanian
Locality: Steubenville West outcrop - roadcut on the southern side of Route 22, just east of Reeds Mills Junction, west of Steubenville, eastern Ohio, USA (40º 21' 46.89" North latitude, 80º 45' 45.65" West longitude)
Dactylioceras Ammonite Group
from Germany
183 Million Years, Early Jurassic Period
Measurements Approx.
Height - 8.2 cm
Width - 18.5 cm
Length - 22.1 cm
Dactylioceras, meaning ‘Finger Horn’ is a species of Ammonite which in habited the open seas during the Early Jurassic period 200-175 million years ago.
Dactylioceras is a common find in Jurassic bituminous shales. These shales formed when limited water circulation allowed stagnant (still, oxygen-poor) conditions to develop in dense sediments on the sea floor. This was favourable for preservation of ammonites and other shells in various ways.
The impermeable nature of the sediment prevented the shell’s structure of aragonite material from dissolving away.
In addition, the stagnant conditions encountered by the shells when they sank to the bottom meant that burrowing animals or currents would not disturb them as the fossilisation process occurred.
Several individuals are preserved in the block shown here, discovered that Dactylioceras had gregarious (group-living) habits.
Possibly, like many modern cephalopods, such as squid, they congregated in large swarms or schools to breed.
www.london-fossils-crystals.co.uk/dactylioceras-ammonite-...
The Pottsville Group is a Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic succession containing nonmarine shales, marine shales, siltstones, sandstones, coals, marine limestones, and chert ("flint"). The lower Pottsville dates to the late Early Pennsylvanian. The upper part dates to the early Middle Pennsylvanian. The Lower-Middle Pennsylvanian boundary is apparently somewhere near the Boggs Limestone horizon (?).
The gray-colored, projecting ledge in the upper part of the photo shown above is the Lower Mercer Limestone, a laterally persistent, marine fossiliferous limestone unit in the upper Pottsville Group of eastern Ohio, USA. It is weathering-resistant and often forms ledges along roadcuts and stream cuts. Just below that is a dark-colored, weathered bituminous coal horizon - the Middle Mercer Coal.
Locality: creek cut along the northern bank of Symmes Creek, just upstream of the North Fork/North Branch confluence & just upstream of the Mollies Rock Road bridge over Symmes Creek, Madison Township, northern Muskingum County, eastern Ohio, USA
This railroad mostly parallels Route 82 south of the town of Leigh Creek in the South Australian Outback. When the large open-pit coal mine near Leigh Creek was active, about one loaded coal train per day ran from Leigh Creek to Port Augusta. Each train was extremely long - up to 2 or 3 kilometers. Trains usually ran at night to avoid heat-buckled tracks. The coal at the mine is brown sub-bituminous coal.
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Fossil charcoal in weathered coal from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA. (~5.9 cm across at its widest)
This rock is from the Pottsville Group, a Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic succession containing nonmarine shales, marine shales, siltstones, sandstones, coals, marine limestones, and chert ("flint"). The lower Pottsville dates to the late Early Pennsylvanian. The upper part dates to the early Middle Pennsylvanian. The Lower-Middle Pennsylvanian boundary is apparently somewhere near the Boggs Member (?).
The sample is derived from the Bedford Coal, a horizon that occurs just below the Upper Mercer Limestone (or Upper Mercer Flint). Lithologically, the Bedford ranges from carbonaceous shale to argillaceous coal to bituminous coal to cannel coal. The cannel coal in the Bedford was targeted for mining in the 1800s as a source of fuel. It was particularly useful in the manufacture of kerosene, an illuminating fuel. After the petroleum industry started in the 1860s, production of kerosene from cannel coal essentially ceased.
At this locality, the Bedford Coal consists of cannel coal and bituminous coal. This specimen is weathered coal with pieces of compressed fossil charcoal (= striated structures). The Pennsylvanian was a time of relatively high atmospheric oxygen (O2) levels, and forest fires were relatively common events. Charcoalized fossil wood can be found in some abundance in Pennsylvanian sedimentary successions. The original wood microstructure is usually well preserved, but the charcoal fragments themselves are quite delicate. A gentle rub with a finger turns these fragments into black powder. Sometimes, the fossil charcoal is partially pyritized.
Stratigraphy: Bedford Coal, upper Pottsville Group, Atokan Stage, lower Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: Tunnel Hill North Portal Outcrop (= Noland Tunnel's northern portal), ~1.75 air miles north-northeast of the town of Tunnel Hill, western Coshocton County, eastern Ohio, USA (~40° 16’ 33.27” North latitude, ~82° 01’ 53.04” West longitude)
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Engine Number 15 exiting the East Broad Top Railroad service yard.
The East Broad Top is a narrow-gauge railroad nestled amongst the Allegheny Mountains in south central Pennsylvania. Chartered in 1856 to tap into the vast semi-bituminous coal fields located on Broad Top Mountain, the EBT dutifully carried coal to fuel the booming iron furnaces located in Rockhill Furnace, PA. The East Broad Top was abandoned in April 1956 and the future looked grim. However, in the summer of 1960, the railroad was resurrected during the Bicentennial of the twin boroughs of Orbisonia and Rockhill Furnace, the home operating base of the East Broad Top.
Sandstone-coal-tonsteins in the Cretaceous of Wyoming, USA.
The outcrop seen here consists of Upper Cretaceous sedimentary rocks near the town of Superior, Wyoming. The unit at top is a quartzose sandstone of the basal Ericson Sandstone. Below the Ericson Sandstone is the uppermost Rock Springs Formation. The black layers are coals (hand samples indicate that these are apparently sub-bituminous coals) - this is the Rock Springs No. 5 Coal Bed. The thin, whitish-colored beds in the coal interval are soft claystones that were originally volcanic ash beds. They have been chemically altered as a result of deposition and burial in the acidic, reducing conditions of a coal swamp environment. Such altered volcanic ash beds are called tonsteins.
Stratigraphy: lower Ericson Sandstone over upper Rock Springs Formation, Upper Cretaceous
Locality: hairpin curve roadcut along Superior Cutoff Road, northeastern side of Horse Thief Canyon, east of the town of Superior, central Sweetwater County, southwestern Wyoming, USA (41° 45' 58.04" North latitude, 108° 56' 22.36" West longitude)
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Notes: These touring exhibits promoted anthracite coal at a time when bituminous coal dominated the industry. The Anthracade went to Washington, DC, where UMW president John L. Lewis (descending the ramp) was interviewed by Tele-News.
Housed: United Mine Workers of America, Journal Office records, circa 1890-1980,
Historical Collections and Labor Archives
Repository: Penn State Special Collections, University Park, PA, USA.
Semi-anthracite coal in the Mississippian of Virginia, USA.
This is the best outcrop anywhere of the only economically significant Mississippian-aged coal occurrence in the world. The beds are structurally tilted - this occurred during the Allegheny Orogeny in the Pennsylvanian.
The coal bed shown here is the Merrimac Coal. Its rank is semi-anthracite coal, which results from very low grade metamorphism of bituminous coal. Adjacent beds are not metamorphosed. The Merrimac Coal (& the subjacent Langhorne Coal - not visible in this shot) have been mined in the past. Thin interbeds of fossiliferous clayshale are present within the Merrimac Coal.
Stratigraphy: Merrimac Coal, lower part of the upper member, Price Formation, Osagean Stage, upper Lower Mississippian
Locality: roadcut on the eastern side of Rt. 100, western end of Cloyds Mountain, south of the town of Poplar Hill, Pulaski County, Valley Coalfield, southwestern Virginia, USA (= locality shown in figure 9 of Bartholomew & Brown, 1992) (37° 10' 42.39" North latitude, 80° 42' 48.48" West longitude)
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Some info. from:
Bartholomew, M.J. & K.E. Brown. 1992. The Valley Coalfield (Mississippian age) in Montgomery and Pulaski Counties, Virginia. Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 124. 33 pp. 2 pls.
Gensel, P.G. & K.B. Pigg. 2010. An arborescent lycopsid from the Lower Carboniferous Price Formation, southwestern Virginia, USA and the problem of species delimitation. International Journal of Coal Geology 83: 132-145.
Thurber, Texas is an unincorporated community in northern Erath County, near the Palo Pinto county line, about 75 miles west of Fort Worth along what is today Interstate 20. Between 1888 and 1921, the town was one of the largest producers of bituminous coal in Texas and the largest company town in the state, with a population of over 10,000. The population of the community in 2010 was 48, based on the Census Bureau count.
The company that owned the town, the Texas and Pacific Coal Company, also produced vitrified paving bricks that were used throughout Texas and the Southern United States.
The Thurber Historic District was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.
Information from: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurber,_Texas
The Pottsville Group is a Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic succession in eastern Ohio that contains nonmarine shales, marine shales, siltstones, sandstones, coals, marine limestones, and chert ("flint"). The lower Pottsville dates to the late Early Pennsylvanian. The upper part dates to the early Middle Pennsylvanian. The Lower-Middle Pennsylvanian boundary is apparently somewhere near the Boggs Member (?).
The gray ledge in the middle of the photo is the Lower Mercer Limestone, a laterally persistent, marine fossiliferous limestone unit in the Pottsville Group of eastern Ohio, USA. The overlying rocks are shales and sandstones. Just below the Lower Mercer Limestone is a relatively thin coal bed (= just above the slope, mostly in the shadows - click on the photo to zoom in), the Middle Mercer Coal. It ranges from bituminous coal to semi-cannel coal to cannel coal to carbonaceous shale. At this site, it is principally a bituminous coal horizon, but there is a semi-cannel occurrence.
Stratigraphy: Lower Mercer Limestone, Pottsville Group, lower Atokan Stage, lower Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: Rock Cut railroad cut - outcrop along the southern side of Ohio Central Railroad tracks (west of milepost 134), ~southwest of Copeland Island & south-southeast of the town of Dresden, northern Muskingum County, eastern Ohio, USA (~vicinity of 40° 04’ 24.41” North latitude, ~81° 59’ 11.25” West longitude)
Structural polish in semi-anthracite coal in the Mississippian of Virginia, USA.
This is the best outcrop anywhere of the only economically significant Mississippian-aged coal occurrence in the world. The beds are structurally tilted, which occurred during the Allegheny Orogeny in the Pennsylvanian.
Shown above is an outcrop of the Langhorne Coal. At this site, the unit is tectonically-thickened and sheared. The rank is semi-anthracite coal, which results from very low grade metamorphism of bituminous coal. Adjacent beds (shales and sandstones) are not metamorphosed. The Langhorne Coal has been mined in the past.
The surface facing the viewer is smooth and polished, the result of shearing (= fault movement) in incompetent rocks. Such surfaces are called "structural polish". High polish can also occur on some bedrock-smoothed glacial surfaces.
Stratigraphy: lowermost upper member, Price Formation, Osagean Stage, upper Lower Mississippian
Locality: roadcut on the eastern side of Rt. 100, western end of Cloyds Mountain, south of the town of Poplar Hill, Pulaski County, Valley Coalfield, southwestern Virginia, USA (= locality shown in figure 9 of Bartholomew & Brown, 1992) (37° 10' 42.39" North latitude, 80° 42' 48.48" West longitude)
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Some info. from:
Bartholomew, M.J. & K.E. Brown. 1992. The Valley Coalfield (Mississippian age) in Montgomery and Pulaski Counties, Virginia. Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 124. 33 pp. 2 pls.
Gensel, P.G. & K.B. Pigg. 2010. An arborescent lycopsid from the Lower Carboniferous Price Formation, southwestern Virginia, USA and the problem of species delimitation. International Journal of Coal Geology 83: 132-145.
The Pottsville Group is a Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic succession containing nonmarine shales, marine shales, siltstones, sandstones, coals, marine limestones, and chert ("flint"). The lower Pottsville dates to the late Early Pennsylvanian. The upper part dates to the early Middle Pennsylvanian. The Lower-Middle Pennsylvanian boundary is apparently somewhere near the Boggs Limestone horizon (?).
The gray unit in the middle of the photo is the Lower Mercer Limestone, a Middle Pennsylvanian-aged, laterally persistent, marine fossiliferous limestone unit in the Pottsville Group of eastern Ohio, USA. It is richly fossiliferous, principally dominated by brachiopods and crinoid stems.
Above the Lower Mercer Limestone is the Lower Mercer Shale, a marine mudshale to calcareous mudshale unit with fossils. The relatively thin, dark-colored horizon below the Lower Mercer Limestone (& just above the talus at the bottom of the picture) is the Middle Mercer Coal. It usually consists of bituminous coal, but in places at this locality, it is a cannel coal.
Stratigraphy: Lower Mercer Shale over Lower Mercer Limestone over Middle Mercer Coal, Pottsville Group, lower Atokan Stage, lower Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: Rock Cut railroad cut - outcrop along the southern side of Ohio Central Railroad tracks (west of milepost 134), ~southwest of Copeland Island & south-southeast of the town of Dresden, northern Muskingum County, eastern Ohio, USA (~vicinity of 40° 04’ 24.41” North latitude, ~81° 59’ 11.25” West longitude)
Wombwell Main Colliery Brickworks, Wombwell, Barnsley.
Wombwell Main Colliery was established by The Wombwell Main Co. in 1865 and became the property of the National Coal Board when it was nationalised in 1947.
The associated brickworks seems to have been operated by The Wombwell Main Co. and The Wombwell Coke & Bituminous Products Co. prior to nationalisation and by the National Coal Board and the Midland Brick Co. (on behalf of the NCB) after nationalisation,.
This is a Mississippian-Pennsylvanian boundary section in eastern Ohio. At most sites in North America, the boundary is a significant unconformity - it's actually a megasequence boundary (Sloss sequence boundary) between the Absaroka Megasequence (above) and the Kaskaskia Megasequence (below). The boundary is along the middle of the photo.
The cliff-forming unit in the middle part of the picture is a quartzose sandstone that represents the basal-preserved Pottsville Group at this locality. Mixed siliciclastics occur above. The sandstone unit is here interpreted to be the Massillon Sandstone, a variably-developed member in the lower to middle Pottsville Group.
Laterally at this site, a relatively thin bituminous coal horizon is present just below the sandstone. The identity of this coal bed is uncertain, but it may be the Quakertown Coal (or Number 2 Coal), or an unnamed coal, or the Wellston Coal (a name from Jackson County, Ohio). If the sandstone unit is misidentified (i.e., it's not the Massillon), it could be the Sharon Sandstone. If so, the underlying coal is the Sharon Coal.
The grayish rocks in the bottom half of the picture are siliciclastics of the Vinton Member, the uppermost of four members of the Logan Formation. The Vinton consists of marine mixed siliciclastics - principally shales, siltstones, and sandstones.
Stratigraphy: inferred Massillon Sandstone (lower Pottsville Group, upper Lower Pennsylvanian) over Vinton Member, (upper Logan Formation, Osagean Series, upper Lower Mississippian)
Locality: Trinway West 6 Outcrop - roadcut on the northwestern side of Rt. 16, 1.0 miles northeast of the Rt. 16-Old Riley Road intersection, northeast of the town of Frazeysburg & west of the town of Trinway, northwestern Muskingum County, Ohio, USA (40° 08' 41.54" North latitude, 82° 05' 06.18" West longitude)
Semi-anthracite coal from the Mississippian of Virginia, USA.
This sample is from the best outcrop anywhere of the only economically significant Mississippian-aged coal occurrence in the world. The beds are structurally tilted - this occurred during the Allegheny Orogeny in the Pennsylvanian.
The coal shown above is from the Langhorne Coal. At this site, the unit is tectonically-thickened and sheared. The rank is semi-anthracite coal, which results from very low grade metamorphism of bituminous coal. Adjacent beds (shales and sandstones) are not metamorphosed. The Langhorne Coal has been mined in the past.
Stratigraphy: lowermost upper member, Price Formation, Osagean Stage, upper Lower Mississippian
Locality: roadcut on the eastern side of Rt. 100, western end of Cloyds Mountain, south of the town of Poplar Hill, Pulaski County, Valley Coalfield, southwestern Virginia, USA (= locality shown in figure 9 of Bartholomew & Brown, 1992) (37° 10' 42.39" North latitude, 80° 42' 48.48" West longitude)
----------------------
Some info. from:
Bartholomew, M.J. & K.E. Brown. 1992. The Valley Coalfield (Mississippian age) in Montgomery and Pulaski Counties, Virginia. Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 124. 33 pp. 2 pls.
Gensel, P.G. & K.B. Pigg. 2010. An arborescent lycopsid from the Lower Carboniferous Price Formation, southwestern Virginia, USA and the problem of species delimitation. International Journal of Coal Geology 83: 132-145.
With a plentiful and gracious heads up from my inside source, I was alerted to this coming through on the H-TEAAMY 1-18A. As stated to me “a “weird looking color schemed engine” departing Teague third in consist at 16:00 which would put it through Flynn at approximately 17:15.
Now, it’s been blisteringly hot and dry here for the last 2½ months, so no railfanning for me. Of course this comes through and we’ve got a major thunderstorm line bearing down from the west. Trust me, we need the rain desperately, but the timing?
What was going to get here first: the locomotive or the storm line? Well, the locomotive made it by about 5 minutes before the rain. No sooner does the EOT pass me does the first line of downpours hit.
I was fortunate enough to catch the logo.
Cerrajón
carbón para el mundo
Progreso para Columbia.
Which translates to”
Coal for the world,
Progress for Columbia
Cerrajón Mining located in La Guajira, Columbia is an open pit low sulfur low ash bituminous coal mine.
Photos on the internet show Cerrajón had a fleet of GE B36-7 units and is in the progress of upgrading to ES44ACs.
BNSF
Red River Division
Houston Subdivision
MP168.46 – FM 977gc
Flynn, Texas, USA
18 August 2020 – 17:22 CDT
BNSF H-TEAAMY 1-18A (sb manifest, Teague, TX to PTRA American Yard; Houston, TX)
BNSF 5497 [GE C44-9W]
BNSF 6701 [GE ES44C4]
Cerrajon 1026 [GE ES44AC]
all images: © 2022 ~ Phantastic Pherroequinology / Philip M. Goldstein
Thurber, Texas is an unincorporated community in northern Erath County, near the Palo Pinto county line, about 75 miles west of Fort Worth along what is today Interstate 20. Between 1888 and 1921, the town was one of the largest producers of bituminous coal in Texas and the largest company town in the state, with a population of over 10,000. The population of the community in 2010 was 48, based on the Census Bureau count.
The company that owned the town, the Texas and Pacific Coal Company, also produced vitrified paving bricks that were used throughout Texas and the Southern United States.
The Thurber Historic District was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.
Information from: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurber,_Texas
Balmedie Quarry opened in 1919 just outside the village of Belhelvie in Aberdeenshire which is 7 miles to the North of the city of Aberdeen. Covering an area of betweenn 6.41-6.58 hectares it produces a large volume and range of Bituminous mixtures characterised as Asphalt concrete and Hot rolled asphalts. Some of which were used in the road between Ellon and the Bridge of Don.
Aberdeenshire Council have owned this since 1932.
Coal ball from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA. (~6.5 centimeters across at its widest)
"Coal balls" are fossiliferous limestone nodules that occur in some coal beds. They contain three dimensionally-preserved plant fossils, which are significant for paleobotanical studies. This example comes from a sub-bituminous coal horizon in eastern Ohio called the Duquesne Coal (pronounced "Doo-kane").
Coal ball fossils can be examined using thin sections or acetate peels. The latter involve cutting and polishing a coal ball, etching the surface with hydrochloric acid, adding a thin film of acetone, and rolling a piece of acetate paper onto the surface. When dry, the acetate paper is peeled off and placed under a microscope to see cellular-level details of the fossils. The treated acetate paper can be put between two pieces of glass and taped together.
Stratigraphy: Duquesne Coal, lower Casselman Formation, middle Conemaugh Group, Missourian Series, lower Upper Pennsylvanian
Locality: Steubenville West outcrop - roadcut on the southern side of Route 22, just east of Reeds Mills Junction, west of Steubenville, eastern Ohio, USA (40º 21' 46.89" North latitude, 80º 45' 45.65" West longitude)
LeakBarrier® PS200MU Ice and Water Armor
LeakBarrier® PS200MU Ice and Water Armor is a self-adhesive, glass fiber reinforced, modified bituminous roofing underlayment designed for use under metal roofing. Manufactured using a polyolefinic film on the upper side, this unique film laminate is non-abrasive and has anti-skid properties that provide good walkability. PS200MU is specially formulated for use in high temperature environments.
Usage
LeakBarrier® PS200MU Ice and Water Armor helps to protect a building’s deck or internal structure against leaks caused by ice and water damming and wind-driven rain. Ideally suited for use under metal roofing. It is also an excellent choice as an underlayment for shingles, slate, and mechanically attached tiles. PS200MU is highly effective in critical roofing areas such as valleys, ridges, coping joints, chimneys, vents, dormers, skylights, and low-slope sections.
Features and Benefits
Cost-effective sheet
Clean, easy to handle, self-adhering application
Specially formulated SBS with 250°F temperature rating
Polymer modified asphalt gives excellent pliability
UV resistant film surface
Anti-skid treatment allows for good walkability
Exceptionally durable - High tensile and tear strengths
Glass fiber reinforcement imparts high dimensional stability
Adheres to a variety of substrates
Membrane lays flat and resists wrinkling for ease of application
60-day exposure allows for long term dry in
Split-back release film peels off for easy installation and handling
Instant watertight laps
Self-seals around nails
Meets ASTM D1970
Miami-Dade County Approval NOA No. 09-0824.06
ICC-ES ESR-2116
Florida Building Code FL 10450-R1
UL Prepared Roofing File No. 16744
We drove through rural Wyoming (as if there's any other type) and back into Nebraska along a route that paralleled one of the main Union Pacific rail lines. These routes carry nothing but coal, constant coal from giant mines in the Powder River basin of Wyoming to power plants all across the east. I didn't count just how many trains we saw this day or the next, or how many coal cars these trains pulled. If you look on Google Earth at the current picture taken around Keeline, Wyoming, you'll see a train 8,300 feet long pulling more than 160 cars. A book I have on this phenomenon published in 2006 says that at that time, 65 trains left the Powder River headed east every day. We didn't go more than 15 minutes without seeing a full train headed out or an empty one coming back.
Think about that. A coal car holds about 120 tons of coal. A 160-car train would carry 19200 tons of coal. Sixty-five of those trains would take 1.2 million tons of coal out of Wyoming every day. That's 1.13 billion kilograms. The internet suggests broken bituminous coal has a density of 833 kg per cubic meter. Do math, and this works out to a cube of Wyoming 363 feet on a side carried east every day. Over the course of a year, that cube grows to about 2,600 feet on a side, the size of a respectable mountain, all so that power plants can change it into Facebook. That's what it takes to keep us going.
This is the head end of a parked, east-bound, loaded coal train at Rozet, Wyoming on 20 June 2018. Loaded coal trains are common along this east-west line in northern Wyoming. The trains transport coal to various power plants, where the coal is burned to generate electricity. The coal is of sub-bituminous rank and comes from the Wyodak Coal, a 70 to 90 feet thick coal bed in the Fort Union Formation (Upper Paleocene). This is the thickest economic coal bed in America. It is extensively mined in the vicinity of the town of Gillette in Wyoming's Powder River Basin.
The engines are Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway diesel locomotives. The lead unit, # 5984, is a General Electric ES44AC, built in May 2006. The second unit, # 9184, is a General Motors Electro-Motive Division SD70ACe, apparently built in early 2009.
Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago
The 999 Steam Locomotive was a new concept in speed locomotives. Engine 999 was assigned to haul the New York Central Railroad's brilliant new passenger train, the Empire State Express. On May 10, 1893, the 999 became the fastest land vehicle when it reached a record speed of 112.5 mph. The 999 maintained the record for a decade.
Designed by William Buchanan and manufactured by the New York Central Railroad in West Albany, New York in 1893, the 999 was commissioned to haul the Empire State Express, which ran from Syracuse to Buffalo. This relatively smooth run and the 999's cutting-edge design gave the new locomotive an opportunity to make history.
Following its record-setting run, "The World's Fastest Locomotive" toured the country and was displayed at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. After the Exposition, the 999 continued to provide passenger and freight service for many years. The famous locomotive returned to Chicago in 1933 for the Century of Progress World's Fair and again from 1948-49 for the Chicago Railroad Fair.
Eventually, technological innovation in the railroad industry limited the 999's use. In May of 1952, following a reenactment of its record-breaking run, the 999 was retired from service.
In 1962, the Museum of Science and Industry acquired the 999 and displayed it outside. Following a complete restoration from June to October 1993, the 999 was brought inside to its present location in November 1993.
999 Technical Facts-
Fuel: Bituminous Coal
Cylinders: 2 horizontal
Bore: 19"
Stroke: 24"
Steam Pressure: 160 lbs/psi
Tractive Effort: 16,270 lbs
Drive Wheels: 7'2" dia.
Max. Speed: 112.5 mph
Total Weight: 124,000 lbs
Original Cost: $13,000
The geology of Kimmeridge civil parish comprises bedrock formed in the Late Jurassic epoch, overlain in many places by superficial Quaternary head deposits. The bedrock is mostly Kimmeridge clay, except for the top of Smedmore Hill and along to Swyre Head, which is formed from Portland stone. Between this and the Kimmeridge clay, and outcropping just beneath the top of the hill, is a thin band of Portland sand. Landslip deposits from the Portland stone cover most of the steep southwest-facing slopes of the hills. Within the Kimmeridge clay are bands of bituminous shale and dolostone, which form flat ledges within Kimmeridge Bay that are exposed at low tide.
Kimmeridge gives its name to the Kimmeridgian, the division of the Jurassic period in which the beds were laid down, because of the quality of the cliffs and the fossils they yield. Kimmeridge is also the type locality for the Jurassic age Kimmeridge Clay formation, which is well represented in southern England, and provides one of the source rocks for hydrocarbons found in the Wessex and North Sea Basins.
Wikipedia
The picture above is of the marine platform on the western side of the bay. The base rock here is a dolomitic limestone with a beautiful detailed limestone pavement pattern.
In the midst of Kentucky coal mining country what could be more appropriate than a chamber of commerce constructed from Kentucky coal? According to kyhometown.com the structure was built in 1926 using 46 tones of bituminous coal.
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
SS400 Ice and Water Armor
LeakBarrier SS400 Ice and Water Armor is a self-adhesive modified bituminous roofing underlayment reinforced with a heavy weight fiberglass mat for use under tile, slate, and asphalt shingles. Glass fiber reinforcement on the upper surface provides enhanced skid resistant properties.
Usage
LeakBarrier SS400 Ice and Water Armor helps to protect a building’s deck or internal structure against leaks caused by ice and water damming and wind-driven rain. It is highly effective in critical roofing areas such as valleys, ridges, coping joints, chimneys, vents, dormers, skylights and low-slope sections.
Features and Benefits
Lightweight – Easy to carry and install
Skid resistant glass fiber surface provides improved footin
Split-back release film peels off for easy installation and handling.
30 day exposure limit.
Adheres directly to concrete, plywood, wood composition board, and gypsum sheathing.
Self-sealing around nails, preventing moisture penetration.
Packaged in paper wrappers. No bulky (empty) boxes to dispose of.
Meets ASTM D 1970.
Miami-Dade County Approval NOA No. 09-0824.06.
Florida Building Code FL 10450-R1.
Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago
The 999 Steam Locomotive was a new concept in speed locomotives. Engine 999 was assigned to haul the New York Central Railroad's brilliant new passenger train, the Empire State Express. On May 10, 1893, the 999 became the fastest land vehicle when it reached a record speed of 112.5 mph. The 999 maintained the record for a decade.
Designed by William Buchanan and manufactured by the New York Central Railroad in West Albany, New York in 1893, the 999 was commissioned to haul the Empire State Express, which ran from Syracuse to Buffalo. This relatively smooth run and the 999's cutting-edge design gave the new locomotive an opportunity to make history.
Following its record-setting run, "The World's Fastest Locomotive" toured the country and was displayed at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. After the Exposition, the 999 continued to provide passenger and freight service for many years. The famous locomotive returned to Chicago in 1933 for the Century of Progress World's Fair and again from 1948-49 for the Chicago Railroad Fair.
Eventually, technological innovation in the railroad industry limited the 999's use. In May of 1952, following a reenactment of its record-breaking run, the 999 was retired from service.
In 1962, the Museum of Science and Industry acquired the 999 and displayed it outside. Following a complete restoration from June to October 1993, the 999 was brought inside to its present location in November 1993.
999 Technical Facts-
Fuel: Bituminous Coal
Cylinders: 2 horizontal
Bore: 19"
Stroke: 24"
Steam Pressure: 160 lbs/psi
Tractive Effort: 16,270 lbs
Drive Wheels: 7'2" dia.
Max. Speed: 112.5 mph
Total Weight: 124,000 lbs
Original Cost: $13,000
"Coke is a fuel with few impurities and a high carbon content, usually made from coal. It is the solid carbonaceous material derived from destructive distillation of low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal. Cokes made from coal are grey, hard, and porous. While coke can be formed naturally, the commonly used form is man-made. The form known as petroleum coke, or pet coke, is derived from oil refinery coker units or other cracking processes." [ Wiki ]