View allAll Photos Tagged bituminous
Anthracite coal from the Pennsylvanian of Pennsylvania, USA.
Anthracite coal is the highest-rank of coal. It forms by very low-grade metamorphism (anchimetamorphism) of bituminous coal. Anthracite is always black-colored, with a glassy texture, and is harder and heavier than other coals, although it is still relatively soft and lightweight for its size. In comparison with lignite and bituminous coal, anthracite is less sooty to the touch. Anthracite burns hotter than other coal types, due to its high carbon content (~90% C). It is also the cleanest-burning of all the coal ranks.
Anthracite is a scarce variety of coal. The highest concentration of anthracite on Earth is in the Pennsylvanian-aged coal fields of eastern Pennsylvania, USA. There is still some uncertainty in the details about the origin of Pennsylvania anthracite coal. In Colorado, an anthracite coal deposit occurs next to an igneous intrusion - the anthracite formed by heating from contact or hydrothermal metamorphism. It's been suggested that Pennsylvania anthracite was hydrothermally metamorphosed. The anthracite in Pennsylvania was originally deposited in coal swamps that were relatively high on ancient alluvial plains - those environments are usually not preserved in mountain belts (they get uplifted and eroded). In Pennsylvania, the high alluvial plain facies were downdropped and got preserved, resulting in anthracites representing different facies from those seen in bituminous coal fields.
Age: Pennsylvanian
Locality: unrecorded/undisclosed site at or near the town of Hazelton (probably a coal mine), eastern Pennsylvania, USA
Dont try this at home, or at least test you're hearing before you do so you'll know when somethings approaching. Taken on the Military road heading towards Freshwater bay on the IOW.
The archive photo amnesty shows no signs of letting up as i set more golden oldies free from my hard disk prison. Thanks to everyone who takes the time to look through and leave comments, i hope you're having fun seeing these random offerings.
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©2010 Jason Swain, All Rights Reserved
This image is not available for use on websites, blogs or other media without the explicit written permission of the photographer.
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Links to my website, facebook and twitter can be found on my flickr profile
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University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
"Coke is a fuel with few impurities and a high carbon content, usually made from coal. It is the solid carbonaceous material derived from destructive distillation of low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal. Cokes made from coal are grey, hard, and porous. While coke can be formed naturally, the commonly used form is man-made. The form known as petroleum coke, or pet coke, is derived from oil refinery coker units or other cracking processes." [ Wiki ]
Cannel coal from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA. (8.5 cm across at its widest)
Cannel coal is a scarce, fossil spore-rich variety of coal - it is hard and weathering-resistant, has a velvety to satiny luster, little to no stratification, and a conchoidal fracture. The differences in physical characterstics between cannel coal and other ranks of coal (lignite, bituminous, anthracite) are due to the organic matter content. Cannel coals are composed principally of fossil spores (sporinite phytoclasts). Garden-variety coals are composed principally of a mix of altered fragmented plant debris that was originally woody tissue, leaves, bark, fungi, and spores. Cannel coals are generally interpreted to have formed in pond, lagoon, or channel facies within a larger coal swamp setting.
This eastern Ohio sample is from the Bedford Coal in the Pottsville Group, a Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic succession containing nonmarine shales, marine shales, siltstones, sandstones, coals, marine limestones, and chert ("flint"). The lower Pottsville dates to the late Early Pennsylvanian. The upper part dates to the early Middle Pennsylvanian. The Lower-Middle Pennsylvanian boundary is apparently somewhere near the Boggs Member (?).
The Bedford Coal occurs just below the Upper Mercer Limestone, which is often a flint-dominated interval. Lithologically, the Bedford ranges from carbonaceous shale to argillaceous coal to bituminous coal to cannel coal. The cannel coal in the Bedford was targeted for mining in the 1800s as a source of fuel. It was particularly useful in the manufacture of kerosene, an illuminating fuel. After the petroleum industry started in the 1860s, production of kerosene from cannel coal essentially ceased.
The sample shown above is not high-quality cannel.
Stratigraphy: Bedford Coal, upper Pottsville Group, Atokan Stage, lower Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: Tunnel Hill North Portal Outcrop (= Noland Tunnel's northern portal), ~1.75 air miles north-northeast of the town of Tunnel Hill, western Coshocton County, eastern Ohio, USA (~40° 16’ 33.27” North latitude, ~82° 01’ 53.04” West longitude)
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For more info. on cannel coal in general, see:
Bituminous coal from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA.
The Meigs Creek Coal is a bituminous coal horizon in the Upper Pennsylvanian Monongahela Group of eastern Ohio, USA. Bituminous coal is a type of "soft coal" - it ranks above lignite coal and sub-bituminous coal, but below anthracite coal.
Stratigraphy: Meigs Creek Coal (also known as the Sewickley Coal), Monongahela Group, Virgilian Series, upper Upper Pennsylvanian
Locality: Narrows Run North outcrop - roadcut on the western side of Route 7, just north of Narrows Run (an east-flowing tributary of the Ohio River), northeastern York Township, southeastern Belmont County, Ohio, USA (39° 54’ 25.94” North latitude, 80° 48’ 36.73” West longitude)
"Coke is a fuel with few impurities and a high carbon content, usually made from coal. It is the solid carbonaceous material derived from destructive distillation of low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal. Cokes made from coal are grey, hard, and porous. While coke can be formed naturally, the commonly used form is man-made. The form known as petroleum coke, or pet coke, is derived from oil refinery coker units or other cracking processes." [ Wiki ]
America's huge coal reserves are principally used to generate electricity at coal-burning power plants. The example seen here is the Wyodak Power Plant in Wyoming. A large coal mine is adjacent to the power plant. At the mine, a very thick coal horizon called the Wyodak Coal is extracted. Coal gets sent straight this power plant and is also shipped to other power plants via train.
The Wyodak Coal is a sub-bituminous coal interval in the Fort Union Formation (Upper Paleocene).
Locality: Wyodak Power Plant, southern side of Interstate 90, east of Gillette, Powder River Basin, northeastern Wyoming, USA
Another "field-fresh find" during asbestos survey, a one-gallon can of DeWitt's Asbestos Plastic Roof Cement, a bituminous black mastic typically used along roof flashing seams, chimney edges, and minor repairs to roofing materials.
Milwaukee Road Tap-Lounge 165. Ordered 5/1947, Delivered 2/1946-6/1946 - 9/1947. Retired 1971. Used on the Michigan Star Clipper dinner train and sold to a private collector. Roof stripping to remove old paint, roofing cement and bituminous material prior to prep and new paint.
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
This is a Mississippian-Pennsylvanian boundary section in eastern Ohio. At most sites in North America, the boundary is a significant unconformity - it's actually a megasequence boundary (Sloss sequence boundary) between the Absaroka Megasequence (above) and the Kaskaskia Megasequence (below). The boundary is just above the middle of the photo.
The cliff-forming unit in the upper part of the picture is a quartzose sandstone that represents the basal-preserved Pottsville Group at this locality. Mixed siliciclastics occur above. The sandstone unit is here interpreted to be the Massillon Sandstone, a variably-developed member in the lower to middle Pottsville Group.
Laterally at this site, a relatively thin bituminous coal horizon is present just below the sandstone. The identity of this coal bed is uncertain, but it may be the Quakertown Coal (or Number 2 Coal), or an unnamed coal, or the Wellston Coal (a name from Jackson County, Ohio). If the sandstone unit is misidentified (i.e., it's not the Massillon), it could be the Sharon Sandstone. If so, the underlying coal is the Sharon Coal.
The grayish rocks in the bottom half of the picture are siliciclastics of the Vinton Member, the uppermost of four members of the Logan Formation. The Vinton consists of marine mixed siliciclastics - principally shales, siltstones, and sandstones.
Stratigraphy: inferred Massillon Sandstone (lower Pottsville Group, upper Lower Pennsylvanian) over Vinton Member, (upper Logan Formation, Osagean Series, upper Lower Mississippian)
Locality: Trinway West 6 Outcrop - roadcut on the northwestern side of Rt. 16, 1.0 miles northeast of the Rt. 16-Old Riley Road intersection, northeast of the town of Frazeysburg & west of the town of Trinway, northwestern Muskingum County, Ohio, USA (40° 08' 41.54" North latitude, 82° 05' 06.18" West longitude)
Balmedie Quarry opened in 1919 just outside the village of Belhelvie in Aberdeenshire which is 7 miles to the North of the city of Aberdeen. Covering an area of betweenn 6.41-6.58 hectares it produces a large volume and range of Bituminous mixtures characterised as Asphalt concrete and Hot rolled asphalts. Some of which were used in the road between Ellon and the Bridge of Don.
Aberdeenshire Council have owned this since 1932.
Fossil charcoal in bituminous coal from the Pennsylvanian of Kentucky, USA. (bedding plane view; ~12.0 cm across at its widest)
This is a sample of bituminous coal from a large roadcut north of the town of Jackson, Kentucky. The outcrop has Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic sedimentary rocks of the Breathitt Group (formerly the Breathitt Formation). The succession is dominated by interbedded sandstones and shales, with some coal horizons. The latter include bituminous coal and cannel coal (see elsewhere in this photo album).
The striated, shiny silvery pieces seen on this coal bedding plane are fossil charcoal (= burned wood fragments). The Pennsylvanian was a time of low carbon dioxide (CO2) and high oxygen (O2) levels in Earth's atmosphere; forest fires were relatively common events. The source of oxygen was abundant photosynthesizing trees in widespread forests. Earth's first global forestation event occurred during the Pennsylvanian. (See: www.jsjgeology.net/Berner-talk.htm). Charcoalized fossil wood can be found in some abundance in Pennsylvanian sedimentary successions. The original wood microstructure is usually well preserved, but the charcoal fragments themselves are quite delicate. A gentle rub with a finger turns these fragments into black powder. At some localities & in some horizons, the fossil charcoal is partially pyritized.
Stratigraphy: float from the Pikeville Formation, Breathitt Group, lower Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: Jackson North outcrop - loose piece from coal bed exposed in the wall above the 1st bench on the southern side of a large roadcut on the eastern side of new Rt. 15, just south of the southbound old Rt. 15-new Rt. 15 split, north of the town of Jackson, north-central Breathitt County, eastern Kentucky, USA (~37° 34’ 51” North latitude, ~83° 23’ 09” West longitude)
Worm holes in the plane of the fault, the rock may be softer here or maybe the worms invaded the rock whilst it was in motion and the burrows are actually fossilized
We, Corro Care Industries have been established in the year 1982 and are having our works and Registered Office at Vatva, Ahmedabad. Initially we were in the business of manufacturing all types of Acid Resisting Mortar and taking Turn-Key Projects for Acid Resisting Bricks / Tiles Linings. These products are being used widely in Chemical / Pharmaceutical / Petrochemical / Agro chemicals / Textiles and Fertilizer Industries who are using certain Chemicals which are prone to corrode M.S. / R.C.C., Storage Tanks, Vessels etc. We have successfully taken up the challenge of saving the Plant and Machinery of Chemical and other Industries from corrosion.
Corro Care Industries
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Ahmedabad - 382445,
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Anthracite coal from the Pennsylvanian of Pennsylvania, USA.
Anthracite coal is the highest-rank of coal. It forms by very low-grade metamorphism (anchimetamorphism) of bituminous coal. Anthracite is always black-colored, with a glassy texture, and is harder and heavier than other coals, although it is still relatively soft and lightweight for its size. In comparison with lignite and bituminous coal, anthracite is less sooty to the touch. Anthracite burns hotter than other coal types, due to its high carbon content (~90% C). It is also the cleanest-burning of all the coal ranks.
Anthracite is a scarce variety of coal. The highest concentration of anthracite on Earth is in the Pennsylvanian-aged coal fields of eastern Pennsylvania, USA. There is still some uncertainty in the details about the origin of Pennsylvania anthracite coal. In Colorado, an anthracite coal deposit occurs next to an igneous intrusion - the anthracite formed by heating from contact or hydrothermal metamorphism. It's been suggested that Pennsylvania anthracite was hydrothermally metamorphosed. The anthracite in Pennsylvania was originally deposited in coal swamps that were relatively high on ancient alluvial plains - those environments are usually not preserved in mountain belts (they get uplifted and eroded). In Pennsylvania, the high alluvial plain facies were downdropped and got preserved, resulting in anthracites representing different facies from those seen in bituminous coal fields.
Age: Pennsylvanian
Locality: unrecorded/undisclosed site at or near the town of Hazelton (probably a coal mine), eastern Pennsylvania, USA
Pyritic cannel coal/bituminous coal from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA. (bedding plane view; ~10.4 centimeters across at its widest)
Cannel coal is a scarce, fossil spore-rich variety of coal - it is hard and weathering-resistant, has a velvety to satiny luster, little to no stratification, and a conchoidal fracture. The differences in physical characterstics between cannel coal and other ranks of coal (lignite, bituminous, anthracite) are due to the organic matter content. Cannel coals are composed principally of fossil spores (sporinite phytoclasts). Garden-variety coals are composed principally of a mix of altered fragmented plant debris that was originally woody tissue, leaves, bark, fungi, and spores. Cannel coals are generally interpreted to have formed in pond, lagoon, or channel facies within a larger coal swamp setting.
This eastern Ohio sample is from the Bedford Coal in the Pottsville Group, a Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic succession containing nonmarine shales, marine shales, siltstones, sandstones, coals, marine limestones, and chert ("flint"). The lower Pottsville dates to the late Early Pennsylvanian. The upper part dates to the early Middle Pennsylvanian. The Lower-Middle Pennsylvanian boundary is apparently somewhere near the Boggs Member (?).
The Bedford Coal occurs just below the Upper Mercer Limestone, which is often a flint-dominated interval. Lithologically, the Bedford ranges from carbonaceous shale to argillaceous coal to bituminous coal to cannel coal. The cannel coal in the Bedford was targeted for mining in the 1800s as a source of fuel. It was particularly useful in the manufacture of kerosene, an illuminating fuel. After the petroleum industry started in the 1860s, production of kerosene from cannel coal essentially ceased.
This sample is bituminous coal in part and cannel coal in part. The dark brassy-colored patches are pyrite concretions.
Stratigraphy: Bedford Coal, upper Pottsville Group, Atokan Stage, lower Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: Tunnel Hill North Portal Outcrop (= Noland Tunnel's northern portal), ~1.75 air miles north-northeast of the town of Tunnel Hill, western Coshocton County, eastern Ohio, USA (~40° 16’ 33.27” North latitude, ~82° 01’ 53.04” West longitude)
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For more info. on cannel coal in general, see:
Bituminous coal from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA.
The Pottsville Group is a Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic succession containing nonmarine shales, marine shales, siltstones, sandstones, coals, marine limestones, and chert ("flint"). The lower Pottsville dates to the late Early Pennsylvanian. The upper part dates to the early Middle Pennsylvanian. The Lower-Middle Pennsylvanian boundary is apparently somewhere near the Boggs Limestone horizon (?).
This sample is from the Middle Mercer Coal. Stratigraphically, the coal horizon occurs immediately below the Lower Mercer Limestone, a widespread marine fossiliferous limestone unit. The Middle Mercer Coal usually consists of bituminous coal, but in places it is a cannel coal.
Stratigraphy: Middle Mercer Coal, Pottsville Group, lower Atokan Stage, lower Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: roadcut along the northern side Rt. 16, southern margin of Irish Ridge, west of the Rt. 16-Rt. 60 intersection, northwest of the town of Trinway, northwestern Muskingum County, eastern Ohio, USA (40° 09’ 12.95” North latitude, 82° 02’ 43.27” West longitude)
Milwaukee Road Tap-Lounge 165. Ordered 5/1947, Delivered 2/1946-6/1946 - 9/1947. Retired 1971. Used on the Michigan Star Clipper dinner train and sold to a private collector. Roof stripping to remove old paint, roofing cement and bituminous material prior to prep and new paint.
Skeleton of a primeval horse displayed at the exhibition of Grube Messel (Messel Pit), Hessen (Hesse), Germany.
Grube Messel is inscribed in the World Heritage List of the UNESCO as Messel Pit Fossil Site.
---quotation from en.wikipedia.org:---
The Messel Pit (German: Grube Messel) is a disused quarry near the village of Messel (Landkreis Darmstadt-Dieburg, Hesse) about 35 km (22 mi) southeast of Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Bituminous shale was mined there. Because of its abundance of well-preserved fossils dating from the middle of the Eocene, it has significant geological and scientific importance. Over 1000 species of plants and animals have been found at the site. After almost becoming a landfill, strong local resistance eventually stopped these plans and the Messel Pit was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site on 9 December 1995. Significant scientific discoveries about the early evolution of mammals and birds are still being made at the Messel Pit, and the site has increasingly become a tourist site as well.
---end of quotation---
Hesse/Taunus short trip August 2014
"Coke is a fuel with few impurities and a high carbon content, usually made from coal. It is the solid carbonaceous material derived from destructive distillation of low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal. Cokes made from coal are grey, hard, and porous. While coke can be formed naturally, the commonly used form is man-made. The form known as petroleum coke, or pet coke, is derived from oil refinery coker units or other cracking processes." [ Wiki ]
"Coke is a fuel with few impurities and a high carbon content, usually made from coal. It is the solid carbonaceous material derived from destructive distillation of low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal. Cokes made from coal are grey, hard, and porous. While coke can be formed naturally, the commonly used form is man-made. The form known as petroleum coke, or pet coke, is derived from oil refinery coker units or other cracking processes." [ Wiki ]
Late Dec 85. Bituminous concrete work in progress.
Photographs in this set taken by Hughes Trueman PTY LTD.
this print has been with me since the late 1990s. i cannot remember when i "took" it as i can't find the negatives nor remember anymore. but i've had this image with me. it's one of a handful that somehow have survived being stashed or stored away, destroyed, forgotten, lost, etc.
i love freefrom. i love "street" aspects of expression because it is a kind of ephemeral equalizer that doesn't allow so much fuss over the permanence of things. sure you can install a sculpture or long-lived installation (cristo) but in that street moment - that saturation of each instance to each instance.. street photography and other forms of immediate expression require that you connect more than attempt your constructions- your controls.
all you have time for is to appreciate, well that and snap off a couple of images if you have the means.
there are two related mmm.. "mediums" that i salivate over... in similar ways to "street." they are the photocopied image and the video screen composition.
i can get swept away with any photocopied image (or most). enlarging, changing the settings, shrinking, and then shaping the new parts around - it's great stuff.
likewise i have this reaction to the framed image especially as captured on an electronic monitor/screen such as on a phone, camera, video camera, or similar electronic devices.
so great that.
Cannel coal/bituminous coal from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA. (bedding plane view; ~14.7 centimeters across at its widest)
Cannel coal is a scarce, fossil spore-rich variety of coal - it is hard and weathering-resistant, has a velvety to satiny luster, little to no stratification, and a conchoidal fracture. The differences in physical characterstics between cannel coal and other ranks of coal (lignite, bituminous, anthracite) are due to the organic matter content. Cannel coals are composed principally of fossil spores (sporinite phytoclasts). Garden-variety coals are composed principally of a mix of altered fragmented plant debris that was originally woody tissue, leaves, bark, fungi, and spores. Cannel coals are generally interpreted to have formed in pond, lagoon, or channel facies within a larger coal swamp setting.
This eastern Ohio sample is from the Bedford Coal in the Pottsville Group, a Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic succession containing nonmarine shales, marine shales, siltstones, sandstones, coals, marine limestones, and chert ("flint"). The lower Pottsville dates to the late Early Pennsylvanian. The upper part dates to the early Middle Pennsylvanian. The Lower-Middle Pennsylvanian boundary is apparently somewhere near the Boggs Member (?).
The Bedford Coal occurs just below the Upper Mercer Limestone, which is often a flint-dominated interval. Lithologically, the Bedford ranges from carbonaceous shale to argillaceous coal to bituminous coal to cannel coal. The cannel coal in the Bedford was targeted for mining in the 1800s as a source of fuel. It was particularly useful in the manufacture of kerosene, an illuminating fuel. After the petroleum industry started in the 1860s, production of kerosene from cannel coal essentially ceased.
This sample is cannel coal in part and bituminous coal in part.
Stratigraphy: Bedford Coal, upper Pottsville Group, Atokan Stage, lower Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: Tunnel Hill North Portal Outcrop (= Noland Tunnel's northern portal), ~1.75 air miles north-northeast of the town of Tunnel Hill, western Coshocton County, eastern Ohio, USA (~40° 16’ 33.27” North latitude, ~82° 01’ 53.04” West longitude)
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For more info. on cannel coal in general, see:
“The Description of a Well, and Earth in Lancashire, taking Fire by a Candle approached to it.
This was imparted by that Ingenious and Worthy Gentleman, Thomas Shirley Esq, an Eye-witness of the thing, now to be related in his own words; viz.
About the later end of February 1659, returning from a Journey to my house in Wigan, I was entertained with the relation of an odd Spring, scituated in one Mr Hawkley's Ground (if I mistake not) about a mile from the Town, in that Road which leads to Warrington and Chester.
The people of this Town did confidently affirm, that the Water of this Spring did burn like Oyle; into which Error they suffered themselves to fall for want of a due examination of the following particulars.
For when we came to the said Spring (being five or six in company together) and applied a lighted Candle to the surface of the Water; 'tis true, there was suddenly a large flame produced, which burnt vigorously; at the sight of which they all began to laugh at me for denying, what they had positively asserted. But I, who did not think my self confuted by a laughter grounded upon inadvertancy, began to examine what I saw; and observing that this Spring had its eruption at the foot of a Tree, growing on the top of a neighbouring Bank, the Water of which Spring fill'd a Ditch that was there, and covered the burning place lately mention'd; I then applied the lighted Candle to divers parts of the Water, contained in the said Ditch, and found as I expected, that upon the touch of the Candle and the Water, the Flame was extinct.
Again, having taken up a dishfull of Water at the flaming place, and held the lighted Candle toit, it went out. Yet I observed that the Water at the burning place did boyle, and heave like Water in a Pot upon the Fire, though my hand put into it perceived it not so much as warm.
This boyling I conceived to proceed from the Eruption of some bituminous or sulphureous Fumes; considering, this place was not above 30 or 40 yards distant from the mouth of a Coal-pit there. And indeed Wigan, Ashton, and the whole Country, for many miles compass, is underlaid with Coal. Then applying my hand to the surface of the Burning place of the Water, I found a strong breath, as it were a Wind, to bear against my hand.
Then I caused a Dam to be made, and thereby hindering the recourse of fresh water to the Burning place, I caused that, which was already there, to be drained away; and then applying the burning Candle to the surface of the dry Earth at the same point, where the Water burned before, the Fumes took fire, and burn'd very bright and vigorous. The Cone of Flame ascended a foot and a half from the Superficies of the Earth. The Basis of it was of the Compass of a Mans hat about the brims. I then caused a Bucket-full of Water to be poured on the fire, by which it was perfectly quenched, as well as my companions laughter was stopped, who then began to think, the Water did not burn.
I did not perceive the Flame to be discolour'd, like that of sulphureous Bodies, nor to have any manifest scent with it. The Fumes, when they broke out of the Earth, and prest against my hand, were not, to my best remembrance, at all hot.”
From “Philosophical Transactions”, Number 26, Monday June 3 1667. Although doubted by some (see, eg, Phoebe Peck in Medical History, Vol 6(3), July 1962), the author is usually identified as the physician and natural philosopher Thomas Sherley -otherwise Shirley- who was born in London and baptised there in 1638. Sherley was educated at Oxford, studied medicine in France and, by 1672, was claiming to be physician-in-ordinary to Charles II. He died in 1678. The report in “Philosophical Transactions” was criticized by Adam Martindale (1623–1686) -a preacher at Manchester- who, in a letter to Sherley's friend and former tutor Henry Oldenburg, maintained that the matters described were of no scientific interest or consequence (letter of 4 November 1670 in R A and M B Hall, eds, “The Correspondence of Henry Oldenburg”, Vol 7, Wisconsin UP, 1970).
This is a Mississippian-Pennsylvanian boundary section in eastern Ohio. At most sites in North America, the boundary is a significant unconformity - it's actually a megasequence boundary (Sloss sequence boundary) between the Absaroka Megasequence (above) and the Kaskaskia Megasequence (below). The boundary is somewhere in the lower half of the photo.
The cliff-forming unit in the middle and upper part of the picture is a quartzose sandstone that represents the basal-preserved Pottsville Group at this locality. Mixed siliciclastics occur above. The sandstone unit is here interpreted to be the Massillon Sandstone, a variably-developed member in the lower to middle Pottsville Group.
Just below the inferred Massillon (= black-colored horizon & in the shadow of the overhanging sandstone) is a relatively thin bituminous coal horizon. The identity of this coal bed is uncertain, but it may be the Quakertown Coal (or Number 2 Coal), or an unnamed coal, or the Wellston Coal (a name from Jackson County, Ohio). If the sandstone unit is misidentified (i.e., it's not the Massillon), it could be the Sharon Sandstone. If so, the underlying coal is the Sharon Coal.
The grayish rocks in the bottom part of the picture are siliciclastics of the Vinton Member, the uppermost of four members of the Logan Formation. The Vinton consists of marine mixed siliciclastics - principally shales, siltstones, and sandstones.
Stratigraphy: inferred Massillon Sandstone (lower Pottsville Group, upper Lower Pennsylvanian) over Vinton Member, (upper Logan Formation, Osagean Series, upper Lower Mississippian)
Locality: Trinway West 6 Outcrop - roadcut on the northwestern side of Rt. 16, 1.0 miles northeast of the Rt. 16-Old Riley Road intersection, northeast of the town of Frazeysburg & west of the town of Trinway, northwestern Muskingum County, Ohio, USA (40° 08' 41.54" North latitude, 82° 05' 06.18" West longitude)
Source:
www.footnote.com/search.php?query=Construction-+Airfields
Merci à Bernard Paich et franavia pour le texte suivant:
Le PBS (Prefabricatecl Bituminous Surfacing (ruban bitumé préfabriqué) était également appelé Hessian Mat,
Hessian est une variété de toile de jute comme le burlap par exemple (toile tissée par les indiens similaire dans son aspect). Ce nom vient de la toile servant à confectionner les uniformes des volontaires allemands du Land de Hesse qui combattaient dans les troupes britanniques lors de la guerre d'indépendance des États-Unis.
Ce type de matériel, développé par les Britanniques fut essentiellement mis en œuvre par les Américains, du fait de son coût élevé pour sa fabrication et sa pose. Conditionné en rouleaux de 61 mètres de long par environ un mètre de large et 1/4 de pouce d'épaisseur (environ 4 mm), le PBS nécessitait une technique de pose assez contraignante. Les rouleaux, une fois déposés et alignes sur le terrain à préparer, étalent chargés à bord de remorques fixées derrière des camions GMC modifiés disposant de bidons de mélange gas-oil/essence permettant de diluer et coller le ruban bitumé, à la manière d'un solvant. Ce véhicule P.B.S. Laying Machine, également appelé Stamplicker (encolleur de timbre) était fabriqué en Grande-Bretagne par les établissements Pullen & Co à Londres, déroulait le ruban, guidé par deux hommes, tandis que deux autres, au sol, contrôlaient le bon placage sur la piste avant qu'un rouleau métallique fixé à l'arrière de la remorque ne vienne l'aplanir. Deux hommes supplémentaires munis de balais et du mélange diluant assuraient enfin le collage des morceaux de ruban entre eux, à chaque changement de ruban. Un second passage avec une autre couche de ruban chevauchant la précédente sur une demi-largeur en augmentait l'épaisseur totale (près de 8 mm). Toutes les opérations de « soudure» des différentes bandes de ruban bitumé étaient assurées par le mélange diluant gas-oil/essence. On considère que, selon la longueur de la piste à réaliser, il fallait entre 1 400 et 2 000 rouleaux de PBS et une journée de travail pour un aérodrome.
Opération finale après la pose du revêtement Hessian Mat, une pulvérisation d'un mélange solvant sur l'ensemble de la surface était effectuée, permettant de fixer et rigidifier la structure, Un véhicule adapté, attelé d'une remorque lourdement lestée et dotée de sept larges roues basse pression espacées d'une vingtaine de centimètres, circulait sur la future piste afin d'en parfaire la planéité. On constate en fin de compte que ce procédé, moins lourd à transporter que les plaques d'acier perforées ou les rouleaux de grillage à mailles carrées, nécessitait moins de travail de la part des sapeurs du génie US. Mais son coût de fabrication, sa mise en œuvre d « riche» (essence, gas-oil, goudron, véhicules spéciaux) dont les Américains ne manquaient pas, restreignait forcément son utilisation.
Seuls deux ALG britanniques ( B-10 Plumetot et B-16 Villons-les-Buissons) reçurent ce type de revêtement en Normandie contre 14 américains. Ils déroulèrent parfois de la toile de jute sous le SMT pour éviter, autant que faire se pouvait, les remontées de poussière lors des roulages et décollages. La combinaison PBS + SMT fut parfois employée par les américains lors des allongements de piste.
Voir également:
www.flickr.com/photos/mlq/27025607140/in/dateposted-friend/
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University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Semi-anthracite coal in the Mississippian of Virginia, USA.
This is the best outcrop anywhere of the only economically significant Mississippian-aged coal occurrence in the world. The beds are structurally tilted - this occurred during the Allegheny Orogeny in the Pennsylvanian.
The coal bed shown here is the Merrimac Coal. Its rank is semi-anthracite coal, which results from very low grade metamorphism of bituminous coal. Adjacent beds are not metamorphosed. The Merrimac Coal (& the subjacent Langhorne Coal - not visible in this shot) have been mined in the past. Thin interbeds of fossiliferous clayshale are present within the Merrimac Coal (= very thin, light gray bands).
Stratigraphy: Merrimac Coal, lower part of the upper member, Price Formation, Osagean Stage, upper Lower Mississippian
Locality: roadcut on the eastern side of Rt. 100, western end of Cloyds Mountain, south of the town of Poplar Hill, Pulaski County, Valley Coalfield, southwestern Virginia, USA (= locality shown in figure 9 of Bartholomew & Brown, 1992) (37° 10' 42.39" North latitude, 80° 42' 48.48" West longitude)
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Some info. from:
Bartholomew, M.J. & K.E. Brown. 1992. The Valley Coalfield (Mississippian age) in Montgomery and Pulaski Counties, Virginia. Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 124. 33 pp. 2 pls.
Gensel, P.G. & K.B. Pigg. 2010. An arborescent lycopsid from the Lower Carboniferous Price Formation, southwestern Virginia, USA and the problem of species delimitation. International Journal of Coal Geology 83: 132-145.
Anthracite coal from the Pennsylvanian of Pennsylvania, USA.
Anthracite coal is the highest-rank of coal. It forms by very low-grade metamorphism (anchimetamorphism) of bituminous coal. Anthracite is always black-colored, with a glassy texture, and is harder and heavier than other coals, although it is still relatively soft and lightweight for its size. In comparison with lignite and bituminous coal, anthracite is less sooty to the touch. Anthracite burns hotter than other coal types, due to its high carbon content (~90% C). It is also the cleanest-burning of all the coal ranks.
Anthracite is a scarce variety of coal. The highest concentration of anthracite on Earth is in the Pennsylvanian-aged coal fields of eastern Pennsylvania, USA. There is still some uncertainty in the details about the origin of Pennsylvania anthracite coal. In Colorado, an anthracite coal deposit occurs next to an igneous intrusion - the anthracite formed by heating from contact or hydrothermal metamorphism. It's been suggested that Pennsylvania anthracite was hydrothermally metamorphosed. The anthracite in Pennsylvania was originally deposited in coal swamps that were relatively high on ancient alluvial plains - those environments are usually not preserved in mountain belts (they get uplifted and eroded). In Pennsylvania, the high alluvial plain facies were downdropped and got preserved, resulting in anthracites representing different facies from those seen in bituminous coal fields.
Age: Pennsylvanian
Locality: unrecorded/undisclosed site at or near the town of Hazelton (probably a coal mine), eastern Pennsylvania, USA
Typical view at Rainbow Mountain Preserve in Madison, Alabama. The park is quite rocky in areas, comprised of a formation called the Hartselle Sandstone, the formation being made up of sandstone, limestone, and shale laid down in the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian periods of the Paleozoic Era (570-225 million years ago). These sediments accumulated in depositional settings ranging from shallow shelf to back-barrier lagoons and tidal flats, all areas relating to shallow seas. Trace fossils and to a lesser extent body fossils can be abundant in the formation, particularly worms, bivalves, bryozoans, asteroids (starfish), and ophiuroids (brittle stars). Brachiopods are in my experience the most common fossil, though crinoid fragments can be common.
The formation has been quarried in several locations for sandstone for use in building, landscaping and civil engineering and ground into sand for casting. In some areas, such as near Littleville in Colbert County the sandstone is impregnated with bituminous alphaltum, leading some to explore the possibility that the bed harbors oil reserves, perhaps extending below the Warrior coal fields of Northwest Alabama.
www.bhamwiki.com/w/Hartselle_sandstone
www.envs.emory.edu/faculty/MARTIN/ichnology/IN-Hartselle-...
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Cannel coal from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA. (cross-section view; field of view: ~9.8 centimeters across)
Cannel coal is a scarce, fossil spore-rich variety of coal - it is hard and weathering-resistant, has a velvety to satiny luster, little to no stratification, and a conchoidal fracture. The differences in physical characterstics between cannel coal and other ranks of coal (lignite, bituminous, anthracite) are due to the organic matter content. Cannel coals are composed principally of fossil spores (sporinite phytoclasts). Garden-variety coals are composed principally of a mix of altered fragmented plant debris that was originally woody tissue, leaves, bark, fungi, and spores. Cannel coals are generally interpreted to have formed in pond, lagoon, or channel facies within a larger coal swamp setting.
This eastern Ohio sample is from the Bedford Coal in the Pottsville Group, a Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic succession containing nonmarine shales, marine shales, siltstones, sandstones, coals, marine limestones, and chert ("flint"). The lower Pottsville dates to the late Early Pennsylvanian. The upper part dates to the early Middle Pennsylvanian. The Lower-Middle Pennsylvanian boundary is apparently somewhere near the Boggs Member (?).
The Bedford Coal occurs just below the Upper Mercer Limestone, which is often a flint-dominated interval. Lithologically, the Bedford ranges from carbonaceous shale to argillaceous coal to bituminous coal to cannel coal. The cannel coal in the Bedford was targeted for mining in the 1800s as a source of fuel. It was particularly useful in the manufacture of kerosene, an illuminating fuel. After the petroleum industry started in the 1860s, production of kerosene from cannel coal essentially ceased.
Stratigraphy: Bedford Coal, upper Pottsville Group, Atokan Stage, lower Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: Tunnel Hill North Portal Outcrop (= Noland Tunnel's northern portal), ~1.75 air miles north-northeast of the town of Tunnel Hill, western Coshocton County, eastern Ohio, USA (~40° 16’ 33.27” North latitude, ~82° 01’ 53.04” West longitude)
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For more info. on cannel coal in general, see:
Anthracite coal from the Pennsylvanian of Pennsylvania, USA.
Anthracite coal is the highest-rank of coal. It forms by very low-grade metamorphism (anchimetamorphism) of bituminous coal. Anthracite is always black-colored, with a glassy texture, and is harder and heavier than other coals, although it is still relatively soft and lightweight for its size. In comparison with lignite and bituminous coal, anthracite is less sooty to the touch. Anthracite burns hotter than other coal types, due to its high carbon content (~90% C). It is also the cleanest-burning of all the coal ranks.
Anthracite is a scarce variety of coal. The highest concentration of anthracite on Earth is in the Pennsylvanian-aged coal fields of eastern Pennsylvania, USA. There is still some uncertainty in the details about the origin of Pennsylvania anthracite coal. In Colorado, an anthracite coal deposit occurs next to an igneous intrusion - the anthracite formed by heating from contact or hydrothermal metamorphism. It's been suggested that Pennsylvania anthracite was hydrothermally metamorphosed. The anthracite in Pennsylvania was originally deposited in coal swamps that were relatively high on ancient alluvial plains - those environments are usually not preserved in mountain belts (they get uplifted and eroded). In Pennsylvania, the high alluvial plain facies were downdropped and got preserved, resulting in anthracites representing different facies from those seen in bituminous coal fields.
Age: Pennsylvanian
Locality: unrecorded/undisclosed site at or near the town of Hazelton (probably a coal mine), eastern Pennsylvania, USA
Milwaukee Road Tap-Lounge 165. Ordered 5/1947, Delivered 2/1946-6/1946 - 9/1947. Retired 1971. Used on the Michigan Star Clipper dinner train and sold to a private collector. Roof stripping to remove old paint, roofing cement and bituminous material prior to prep and new paint.
We were hanging out in Bonny Doon near Santa Cruz, CA and took a bit of a Christmas Day hike. It was a beautiful sunny afternoon in the low 60's. This old road is one of the oldest in Santa Cruz Co, made from tar quarried not far away.
Note the intricate flow structures in the asphalt: this is
one of the oldest paved roads in Santa Cruz County, utilizing locally quarried bituminous sandstone.
Majors Creek. The black-colored cliffs, are composed of bitumen-saturated sandstone that was injected into the overlying Santa Cruz Mudstone in a liquid state. Numerous sandstone dikes and sills, most of which contain some bituminous material, are exposed in the modern seacliff between Wilder Creek and Greyhound Rock. The Santa Margarita Sandstone, the source of these intrusions, contains varying amounts of bitumen throughout its outcrop area, from Santa Cruz to the vicinity of Big Basin State Park. The hydrocarbons are believed to have migrated into the Santa Margarita Sandstone from the underlying Monterey Formation.
The bituminous sandstones in this area have been mined since the late 1880’s for paving material. The asphaltic content of the sand ranges from about 4 percent to as much as 18 percent by weight. These oil-impregnated layers vary from 1 to 40 feet in thickness and range in character from dry and brittle to soft and gummy. In some outcrops, tar will drip or flow out of the bituminous sands when sufficiently warmed by the sun. San Francisco streets were reportedly paved in the 1890’s with bituminous sandstone mined near Majors Creek and transported to San Francisco by boat. An estimated 614,000 tons of asphaltic paving material, worth approximately $2,360,000, was produced from this area between 1888 and 1914 (Page and Holmes, 1945). Production was intermittent after the 1920’s, with the last of the quarries (Calrock Quarry) ceasing operations in the 1940’s. Page and Holmes (1945) estimated reserves of approximately 9.8 million cubic yards of asphaltic sand in the area west of Santa Cruz. This sand contains approximately 10 million barrels of asphalt. In oilfield terms, this is about 24 gallons of bitumen per ton, or equivalent to a tar sand with 38 percent porosity, 53 percent oil saturation, and a recovery factor of 1,562 barrels of oil per acre-foot.