View allAll Photos Tagged bituminous
Fossiliferous bituminous coal (bedding plane view) from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA.
This is bituminous coal, a common type of coal. It is a higher rank coal than lignite and a lower rank coal than anthracite. Bituminous coal has blocky weathering and is moderately sooty to the touch. This sample is fossiliferous - the brownish structure is a mostly pyritized, flattened, originally-carbonized plant stem or branch.
Stratigraphy: float apparently derived from the Clarion Coal, Allegheny Group, Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: talus from Prattsville West Outcrop - roadcut on the southern side of Rt. 50, west of the town of Prattsville & east of the town of McArthur, far-western Madison Township, east-central Vinton County, southeastern Ohio, USA
Fossil wood in coal from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA.
This rock is from the Pottsville Group, a Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic succession containing nonmarine shales, marine shales, siltstones, sandstones, coals, marine limestones, and chert ("flint"). The lower Pottsville dates to the late Early Pennsylvanian. The upper part dates to the early Middle Pennsylvanian. The Lower-Middle Pennsylvanian boundary is apparently somewhere near the Boggs Member (?).
Shown above is a sample derived from the Bedford Coal, a horizon that occurs just below the Upper Mercer Limestone (or Upper Mercer Flint). Lithologically, the Bedford ranges from carbonaceous shale to argillaceous coal to bituminous coal to cannel coal. The cannel coal in the Bedford was targeted for mining in the 1800s as a source of fuel. It was particularly useful in the manufacture of kerosene, an illuminating fuel. After the petroleum industry started in the 1860s, production of kerosene from cannel coal essentially ceased.
At this locality, the Bedford Coal consists of cannel coal and bituminous coal.
The striations running from lower left to upper right are part of the surface texture of a piece of flattened, carbonized fossil wood.
Stratigraphy: Bedford Coal, upper Pottsville Group, Atokan Stage, lower Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: Tunnel Hill North Portal Outcrop (= Noland Tunnel's northern portal), ~1.75 air miles north-northeast of the town of Tunnel Hill, western Coshocton County, eastern Ohio, USA (~40° 16’ 33.27” North latitude, ~82° 01’ 53.04” West longitude)
Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago
The 999 Steam Locomotive was a new concept in speed locomotives. Engine 999 was assigned to haul the New York Central Railroad's brilliant new passenger train, the Empire State Express. On May 10, 1893, the 999 became the fastest land vehicle when it reached a record speed of 112.5 mph. The 999 maintained the record for a decade.
Designed by William Buchanan and manufactured by the New York Central Railroad in West Albany, New York in 1893, the 999 was commissioned to haul the Empire State Express, which ran from Syracuse to Buffalo. This relatively smooth run and the 999's cutting-edge design gave the new locomotive an opportunity to make history.
Following its record-setting run, "The World's Fastest Locomotive" toured the country and was displayed at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. After the Exposition, the 999 continued to provide passenger and freight service for many years. The famous locomotive returned to Chicago in 1933 for the Century of Progress World's Fair and again from 1948-49 for the Chicago Railroad Fair.
Eventually, technological innovation in the railroad industry limited the 999's use. In May of 1952, following a reenactment of its record-breaking run, the 999 was retired from service.
In 1962, the Museum of Science and Industry acquired the 999 and displayed it outside. Following a complete restoration from June to October 1993, the 999 was brought inside to its present location in November 1993.
999 Technical Facts-
Fuel: Bituminous Coal
Cylinders: 2 horizontal
Bore: 19"
Stroke: 24"
Steam Pressure: 160 lbs/psi
Tractive Effort: 16,270 lbs
Drive Wheels: 7'2" dia.
Max. Speed: 112.5 mph
Total Weight: 124,000 lbs
Original Cost: $13,000
Fossiliferous bituminous coal (bedding plane view) from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA.
This is bituminous coal, a common type of coal. It is a higher rank coal than lignite and a lower rank coal than anthracite. Bituminous coal has blocky weathering and is moderately sooty to the touch. This sample is noticeably fossiliferous, with flattened and carbonized plant fragments.
Stratigraphy: float apparently derived from the Clarion Coal, Allegheny Group, Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: talus from Prattsville West Outcrop - roadcut on the southern side of Rt. 50, west of the town of Prattsville & east of the town of McArthur, far-western Madison Township, east-central Vinton County, southeastern Ohio, USA
In B871 in Scottish Highland Macaferri steel grid has been installed inside the pavement with about 100 mm bituminous layers on the top of reinforcement
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Fossiliferous bituminous coal (bedding plane view) from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA.
This is bituminous coal, a common type of coal. It is a higher rank coal than lignite and a lower rank coal than anthracite. Bituminous coal has blocky weathering and is moderately sooty to the touch. This sample is noticeably fossiliferous, with flattened and carbonized wood.
Stratigraphy: float apparently derived from the Clarion Coal, Allegheny Group, Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: talus from Prattsville West Outcrop - roadcut on the southern side of Rt. 50, west of the town of Prattsville & east of the town of McArthur, far-western Madison Township, east-central Vinton County, southeastern Ohio, USA
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Typical view at Rainbow Mountain Preserve in Madison, Alabama. The park is quite rocky in areas, comprised of a formation called the Hartselle Sandstone, the formation being made up of sandstone, limestone, and shale laid down in the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian periods of the Paleozoic Era (570-225 million years ago). These sediments accumulated in depositional settings ranging from shallow shelf to back-barrier lagoons and tidal flats, all areas relating to shallow seas. Trace fossils and to a lesser extent body fossils can be abundant in the formation, particularly worms, bivalves, bryozoans, asteroids (starfish), and ophiuroids (brittle stars). Brachiopods are in my experience the most common fossil, though crinoid fragments can be common.
The formation has been quarried in several locations for sandstone for use in building, landscaping and civil engineering and ground into sand for casting. In some areas, such as near Littleville in Colbert County the sandstone is impregnated with bituminous alphaltum, leading some to explore the possibility that the bed harbors oil reserves, perhaps extending below the Warrior coal fields of Northwest Alabama.
www.bhamwiki.com/w/Hartselle_sandstone
www.envs.emory.edu/faculty/MARTIN/ichnology/IN-Hartselle-...
Structural polish in semi-anthracite coal in the Mississippian of Virginia, USA.
This is the best outcrop anywhere of the only economically significant Mississippian-aged coal occurrence in the world. The beds are structurally tilted, which occurred during the Allegheny Orogeny in the Pennsylvanian.
Shown above is an outcrop of the Langhorne Coal. At this site, the unit is tectonically-thickened and sheared. The rank is semi-anthracite coal, which results from very low grade metamorphism of bituminous coal. Adjacent beds (shales and sandstones) are not metamorphosed. The Langhorne Coal has been mined in the past.
The surface facing the viewer is smooth and polished, the result of shearing (= fault movement) in incompetent rocks. Such surfaces are called "structural polish". High polish can also occur on some bedrock-smoothed glacial surfaces.
Stratigraphy: lowermost upper member, Price Formation, Osagean Stage, upper Lower Mississippian
Locality: roadcut on the eastern side of Rt. 100, western end of Cloyds Mountain, south of the town of Poplar Hill, Pulaski County, Valley Coalfield, southwestern Virginia, USA (= locality shown in figure 9 of Bartholomew & Brown, 1992) (37° 10' 42.39" North latitude, 80° 42' 48.48" West longitude)
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Some info. from:
Bartholomew, M.J. & K.E. Brown. 1992. The Valley Coalfield (Mississippian age) in Montgomery and Pulaski Counties, Virginia. Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 124. 33 pp. 2 pls.
Gensel, P.G. & K.B. Pigg. 2010. An arborescent lycopsid from the Lower Carboniferous Price Formation, southwestern Virginia, USA and the problem of species delimitation. International Journal of Coal Geology 83: 132-145.
Bituminous coal from the Pennsylvanian of Kentucky, USA. (cross-section view, showing horizontal bedding; ~11.0 cm across at its widest)
This is a sample of bituminous coal from a large roadcut north of the town of Jackson, Kentucky. The outcrop has Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic sedimentary rocks of the Breathitt Group (formerly the Breathitt Formation). The succession is dominated by interbedded sandstones and shales, with some coal horizons. The latter include bituminous coal and cannel coal (see elsewhere in this photo album).
Stratigraphy: float from the Pikeville Formation, Breathitt Group, lower Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: Jackson North outcrop - loose piece from coal bed exposed in the wall above the 1st bench on the southern side of a large roadcut on the eastern side of new Rt. 15, just south of the southbound old Rt. 15-new Rt. 15 split, north of the town of Jackson, north-central Breathitt County, eastern Kentucky, USA (~37° 34’ 51” North latitude, ~83° 23’ 09” West longitude)
Fossiliferous bituminous coal (bedding plane view) from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA.
This is bituminous coal, a common type of coal. It is a higher rank coal than lignite and a lower rank coal than anthracite. Bituminous coal has blocky weathering and is moderately sooty to the touch. This sample is noticeably fossiliferous, with flattened and carbonized plant fragments.
Stratigraphy: float apparently derived from the Clarion Coal, Allegheny Group, Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: talus from Prattsville West Outcrop - roadcut on the southern side of Rt. 50, west of the town of Prattsville & east of the town of McArthur, far-western Madison Township, east-central Vinton County, southeastern Ohio, USA
Tiny terraces of salty, bituminous mud deposits occur at one of the "salinelle" mud volcanoes at the south base of Etna, near the town of Paternò. Photo taken on 13 June 2008
BNSF unit coal trains go back and forth between coal mines in the Power River Basin of Wyoming and Montana and the utilities that use coal in the midwest, near Thedford in the Nebraska Sandhills region, USA [No property release; available for editorial licensing only]
Panorama of the Highvale mine the used to provide sub bituminous coal to the sundance and keephills power stations. The two Marion 8750 draglines "Parkland Prince" and "Lady of the Lake" sit idle,
This project will turn an abandoned rail corridor into a walking trail. Phase I of the greenway will convert one mile of the rail corridor into a non-motorized greenway linking the Riverfront and Tri-Centennial State Park to Eastern Market. The greenway will be recessed 20-25 feet and will be landscaped with both native and ornamental plants. The new greenway will provide a continuous 20-foot bituminous path for walking, biking and in-line skating along one side of the corridor. The other side of the rail corridor will be planted with grass in preparation for a possible future transit system. Access ramps will be built at Lafayette and Gratiot Avenue. Lights, security cameras and signs are also apart of the project
The Pottsville Group is a Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic succession containing nonmarine shales, marine shales, siltstones, sandstones, coals, marine limestones, and chert ("flint"). The lower Pottsville dates to the late Early Pennsylvanian. The upper part dates to the early Middle Pennsylvanian. The Lower-Middle Pennsylvanian boundary is apparently somewhere near the Boggs Limestone horizon (?).
The gray unit in the middle of the photo is the Lower Mercer Limestone, a Middle Pennsylvanian-aged, laterally persistent, marine fossiliferous limestone unit in the Pottsville Group of eastern Ohio, USA. It is richly fossiliferous, principally dominated by brachiopods and crinoid stems.
Above the Lower Mercer Limestone is the Lower Mercer Shale, a marine mudshale to calcareous mudshale unit with fossils. The relatively thin, dark-colored horizon below the Lower Mercer Limestone (& just above the talus) is the Middle Mercer Coal. It usually consists of bituminous coal, but in places at this locality, it is a cannel coal.
At the top of the photo is a unnamed, ledge-like unit of sandstone - the large talus block at the bottom detached from it.
Stratigraphy: Lower Mercer Shale over Lower Mercer Limestone over Middle Mercer Coal, Pottsville Group, lower Atokan Stage, lower Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: Rock Cut railroad cut - outcrop along the southern side of Ohio Central Railroad tracks (west of milepost 134), ~southwest of Copeland Island & south-southeast of the town of Dresden, northern Muskingum County, eastern Ohio, USA (~vicinity of 40° 04’ 24.41” North latitude, ~81° 59’ 11.25” West longitude)
(public display, Geology Department, Wittenberg University, Springfield, Ohio, USA)
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Coal is a carbon-rich, biogenic sedimentary rock. It forms by the burial and alteration of organic matter from fossil land plants that lived in ancient swamps. Coal starts out as peat (see elsewhere in this photo album). With burial and diagenetic alteration, peat becomes lignite coal, the lowest rank of coal. Lignite is basically a compacted, slightly lithified peat. Lignite coals are soft, fragile, brown to black in color, and dull in luster. Many lignites are called “brown coals”.
Lignites can spontaneously combust. Sometimes lightning strikes and wildfires ignite lignite coal beds Clinker beds are jumbled deposits adjacent to burned-out lignite beds (see: www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/sets/72157647078229482). Lignite coals and clinker beds are somewhat common in parts of northeastern Wyoming, eastern Montana, and western North Dakota, USA.
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From exhibit signage:
Origin of Coal
Coal is formed from accumulated vegetation that grew in peat-forming swamps on broad lowlands that were near sea level. Cyclothems indicate that the land must have been at a "critical level" since the change from marine to non-marine sediments shows that the seas periodically encroached upon the land.
Formation of Coal
The change from plant debris to coal involves biochemical action producing partial decay, preserval of this material from further decay, and later dynamochemical processes. The biochemical changes involve attack by bacteria which liberate volatile constituents, and the preserval of the residual waxes and resins in the bottom of the swamps where the water is too toxic for the decay-promoting bacteria to live. The accumulated material forms "peat bogs". The dynamochemical process involves further chemical reactions produced by the increased pressure and temperature brought about by the weight of sediment that is deposited on top of it. These reactions are also ones in which the volatile constituents are driven off.
Rank of Coal
The different types of coal are commonly referred to in terms of rank. From lowest upward, they are peat (actually not a coal), lignite, bituminous, and anthracite. The rank of the coal is the result of the different amounts of pressure and time involved in producing the coal.
Lignite
Lignite represents the second stage. It is a brownish black coal that is composed of woody matter embedded in macerated and decomposed vegetable matter. It is banded, jointed and because of its high moisture content, slacks or disintegrates after drying in air. It is subject to spontaneous combustion and has low heating value. It is used for local fuels and to make gas. In Germany it supplies synthetic petroleum.
In the United States, large deposits are found in the northern Great Plains and on a belt across southeastern Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Mississippi.
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"Coke is a fuel with few impurities and a high carbon content, usually made from coal. It is the solid carbonaceous material derived from destructive distillation of low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal. Cokes made from coal are grey, hard, and porous. While coke can be formed naturally, the commonly used form is man-made. The form known as petroleum coke, or pet coke, is derived from oil refinery coker units or other cracking processes." [ Wiki ]
Sheared semi-anthracite coal in the Mississippian of Virginia, USA.
This is the best outcrop anywhere of the only economically significant Mississippian-aged coal occurrence in the world. The beds are structurally tilted, which occurred during the Allegheny Orogeny in the Pennsylvanian.
Shown above is an outcrop of the Langhorne Coal. At this site, the unit is tectonically-thickened and sheared. The rank is semi-anthracite coal, which results from very low grade metamorphism of bituminous coal. Adjacent beds (shales and sandstones) are not metamorphosed. The Langhorne Coal has been mined in the past.
Stratigraphy: lowermost upper member, Price Formation, Osagean Stage, upper Lower Mississippian
Locality: roadcut on the eastern side of Rt. 100, western end of Cloyds Mountain, south of the town of Poplar Hill, Pulaski County, Valley Coalfield, southwestern Virginia, USA (= locality shown in figure 9 of Bartholomew & Brown, 1992) (37° 10' 42.39" North latitude, 80° 42' 48.48" West longitude)
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Some info. from:
Bartholomew, M.J. & K.E. Brown. 1992. The Valley Coalfield (Mississippian age) in Montgomery and Pulaski Counties, Virginia. Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 124. 33 pp. 2 pls.
Gensel, P.G. & K.B. Pigg. 2010. An arborescent lycopsid from the Lower Carboniferous Price Formation, southwestern Virginia, USA and the problem of species delimitation. International Journal of Coal Geology 83: 132-145.
Semi-anthracite coal and sandstone in the Mississippian of Virginia, USA.
This is the best outcrop anywhere of the only economically significant Mississippian-aged coal occurrence in the world. The beds are structurally tilted, which occurred during the Allegheny Orogeny in the Pennsylvanian.
Shown above is an outcrop of the Langhorne Coal's lower contact with underlying hard sandstone. At this site, the Langhorne is tectonically-thickened and sheared. The rank is semi-anthracite coal, which results from very low grade metamorphism of bituminous coal. Adjacent beds (shales and sandstones) are not metamorphosed. The Langhorne Coal has been mined in the past.
Stratigraphy: uppermost lower member (= sandstone) & lowermost upper member (= coal), Price Formation, Osagean Stage, upper Lower Mississippian
Locality: roadcut on the eastern side of Rt. 100, western end of Cloyds Mountain, south of the town of Poplar Hill, Pulaski County, Valley Coalfield, southwestern Virginia, USA (= locality shown in figure 9 of Bartholomew & Brown, 1992) (37° 10' 42.39" North latitude, 80° 42' 48.48" West longitude)
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Some info. from:
Bartholomew, M.J. & K.E. Brown. 1992. The Valley Coalfield (Mississippian age) in Montgomery and Pulaski Counties, Virginia. Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 124. 33 pp. 2 pls.
Gensel, P.G. & K.B. Pigg. 2010. An arborescent lycopsid from the Lower Carboniferous Price Formation, southwestern Virginia, USA and the problem of species delimitation. International Journal of Coal Geology 83: 132-145.
.What’s behind a Glass object? Which is the prime material from which an idea of Glass Design takes shape? What defines a Semi-worked? A short journey through sand and rivers and furnaces, to get an idea of what there is behind the creation of a glass work shaped by a Murano Glass Master.
Raw material? The silica sand A Glass Master needs this resource (often as semi-worked) to be able to start off with his/her own artistic creativity. The silica sand is the basis of various types of products. All fine quality products as well as glue, adhesive materials, bituminous sheaths … and Glass. The latter is composed of a homogeneous mixture of various substances, assuming a pasty consistency when heated to high temperatures. Its first component is the silica, in the form of silica sand, to which other substances will be added to facilitate its melting and to make stable (and also particularize) the structure of the manufactured product.
The sand of silica sands? To date it comes from Fontainebleau. A fine and purified river sand that makes the glass transparent without the metal oxides which would instead colour it. During the processing, Glass transparency as well as its colourless determine the purity of the mixture (silica sand + melting substances such as sodium oxide). As a matter of fact some oxides contain impurities that give a more or less intense reflection/colour of green depending on the oxide’s invasiveness. Here is the difference of Fontainebleau’s sand. Its capacity of optimizing the combination of the sand with the melting substances necessary for the process without losing transparency and beauty.
From Flux to Dyes, the Semi-worked takes shape Therefore, to the silica sand one adds the melting substances and then dyes such as metal oxides to obtain well defined shades/colours. For example: cobalt to obtain blue; copper to obtain azure; iron for green … This mixture is put in oven at 1500o , the degrees required to make it workable, in order to create a mouldable mass glass (Semi-worked) which after 6/8 hours of honing will make possible the actual glasswork. The Semi-worked (among which, for example, glass pipes or plate glass) are produced directly in Murano by companies specialized in this field.
Fossil plant stem in coal from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA. (~6.4 cm across at its widest)
This rock is from the Pottsville Group, a Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic succession containing nonmarine shales, marine shales, siltstones, sandstones, coals, marine limestones, and chert ("flint"). The lower Pottsville dates to the late Early Pennsylvanian. The upper part dates to the early Middle Pennsylvanian. The Lower-Middle Pennsylvanian boundary is apparently somewhere near the Boggs Member (?).
The sample is derived from the Bedford Coal, a horizon that occurs just below the Upper Mercer Limestone (or Upper Mercer Flint). Lithologically, the Bedford ranges from carbonaceous shale to argillaceous coal to bituminous coal to cannel coal. The cannel coal in the Bedford was targeted for mining in the 1800s as a source of fuel. It was particularly useful in the manufacture of kerosene, an illuminating fuel. After the petroleum industry started in the 1860s, production of kerosene from cannel coal essentially ceased.
At this locality, the Bedford Coal consists of cannel coal and bituminous coal. This bituminous coal specimen has a compressed plant stem from a lycopod, or scale tree.
Classification: Plantae, Lycophyta
Stratigraphy: Bedford Coal, upper Pottsville Group, Atokan Stage, lower Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: Tunnel Hill North Portal Outcrop (= Noland Tunnel's northern portal), ~1.75 air miles north-northeast of the town of Tunnel Hill, western Coshocton County, eastern Ohio, USA (~40° 16’ 33.27” North latitude, ~82° 01’ 53.04” West longitude)
W. H. Davis, Gen. Supt. THE WILLS CREEK COAL CO.
The bone and sinew of Byesville and community is and always has been “Old King Coal.” Without it Bvesville would not be on the map today. Take from her the many thousand dollars paid monthly to her inhabitants from the bowels cf the earth and her payrolls would be comparably unnoticeable. There are many of these mines that add to her wealth, but none of them compare to the immense amount of money paid out by the Wills Creek Coal Co.
This company began business here more than eleven years ago and has continued to grow and expand until today the company is known wherever bituminous coal is used, and the demand for their product is general for steam purposes.
The operations of this company began in June 1896, when they purchased old Central Mine (now extinct) located on the southern edge of Byesville. During her palmy days old Central employed about 350 men and at the then low price of coal and mining, paid out to miners about $14,000 monthly.
Next we find on their pay-rolls Cisco Mine south of town (now extinct) with 250 men and an average pay-roll of about $15,000. * *Then came in their turns, and all are now working, with the appended number of men and pay-rolls for the month of September of the present year:
Walhonding, employs 162; payroll $7,866.55.
Ideal, employs 383; pay-roll $20,131.80.
Blue Bell, employs 300; payroll $10,388.29.
Detroit, employs 338, pay-roll $18,589.53.
Midway, employs 170; pay-roll $9,551.11.
Hartford, employs 266; pay-roll $14,407.15.
Trail Run No. 1, employs 197; pay-roll $10,271.06.
Trail Run No. 2, employs 145; pay-roll $7,295.86.
Lyonsdale, employs 150; payroll $6,895.03.
Beach Grove, employs Ic; payroll $6,029.02.
There are ten of the mines now working in full which paid out for te month of September the magnificent sum of $111,485.40. Two of these mines, Lyonsdale and Beach Grove, are located in Perry county, while the remaining eight are close to Byesville.
The company employs in and about the mines 2,594 persons, mostly high priced men.
Aside from these we find an office force of bookkeepers to the number of eight persons, located in the Burt block that will soon be removed to their own new office building. Their own machine shops located here employs about a dozen skilled workmen, besides scores of teamsters, laborers etc.
W. H. Davis, general superintendent and his able assistant, A. R. Pollock, have been connected with the company since it began business, and to their efficiency and untiring energy is much of the success of the company due. They are both leading citizens of Byesville and we are glad to be able to present their pictures here.
We also present a picture of their machine shops and two of their mines-Old Central, their first and Ideal, probably their best mines..
A. R. POLLOCK, Asst. Supt.
IDEAL MINES. OLD CENTRAL MINES.
The Pottsville Group is a Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic succession containing nonmarine shales, marine shales, siltstones, sandstones, coals, marine limestones, and chert ("flint"). The lower Pottsville dates to the late Early Pennsylvanian. The upper part dates to the early Middle Pennsylvanian. The Lower-Middle Pennsylvanian boundary is apparently somewhere near the Boggs Limestone horizon (?).
The gray unit in the middle of the photo is the Lower Mercer Limestone, a Middle Pennsylvanian-aged, laterally persistent, marine fossiliferous limestone unit in the Pottsville Group of eastern Ohio, USA. It is richly fossiliferous, principally dominated by brachiopods and crinoid stems.
Above the Lower Mercer Limestone is the Lower Mercer Shale, a marine mudshale to calcareous mudshale unit with fossils. The relatively thin, dark-colored horizon below the Lower Mercer Limestone (& just above the talus) is the Middle Mercer Coal. It usually consists of bituminous coal, but in places at this locality, it is a cannel coal.
About one-fifth of the way down from the top of the photo is a unnamed, ledge-like unit of sandstone - the large talus block at the bottom detached from it.
Stratigraphy: Lower Mercer Shale over Lower Mercer Limestone over Middle Mercer Coal, Pottsville Group, lower Atokan Stage, lower Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: Rock Cut railroad cut - outcrop along the southern side of Ohio Central Railroad tracks (west of milepost 134), ~southwest of Copeland Island & south-southeast of the town of Dresden, northern Muskingum County, eastern Ohio, USA (~vicinity of 40° 04’ 24.41” North latitude, ~81° 59’ 11.25” West longitude)
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
LeakBarrier® PS200MU Ice and Water Armor
LeakBarrier® PS200MU Ice and Water Armor is a self-adhesive, glass fiber reinforced, modified bituminous roofing underlayment designed for use under metal roofing. Manufactured using a polyolefinic film on the upper side, this unique film laminate is non-abrasive and has anti-skid properties that provide good walkability. PS200MU is specially formulated for use in high temperature environments.
Usage
LeakBarrier® PS200MU Ice and Water Armor helps to protect a building’s deck or internal structure against leaks caused by ice and water damming and wind-driven rain. Ideally suited for use under metal roofing. It is also an excellent choice as an underlayment for shingles, slate, and mechanically attached tiles. PS200MU is highly effective in critical roofing areas such as valleys, ridges, coping joints, chimneys, vents, dormers, skylights, and low-slope sections.
Features and Benefits
Cost-effective sheet
Clean, easy to handle, self-adhering application
Specially formulated SBS with 250°F temperature rating
Polymer modified asphalt gives excellent pliability
UV resistant film surface
Anti-skid treatment allows for good walkability
Exceptionally durable - High tensile and tear strengths
Glass fiber reinforcement imparts high dimensional stability
Adheres to a variety of substrates
Membrane lays flat and resists wrinkling for ease of application
60-day exposure allows for long term dry in
Split-back release film peels off for easy installation and handling
Instant watertight laps
Self-seals around nails
Meets ASTM D1970
Miami-Dade County Approval NOA No. 09-0824.06
ICC-ES ESR-2116
Florida Building Code FL 10450-R1
UL Prepared Roofing File No. 16744
Tiny terraces of salty, bituminous mud deposits occur at one of the "salinelle" mud volcanoes at the south base of Etna, near the town of Paternò. Photo taken on 13 June 2008
The Pottsville Group is a Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic succession containing nonmarine shales, marine shales, siltstones, sandstones, coals, marine limestones, and chert ("flint"). The lower Pottsville dates to the late Early Pennsylvanian. The upper part dates to the early Middle Pennsylvanian. The Lower-Middle Pennsylvanian boundary is apparently somewhere near the Boggs Limestone horizon (?).
The gray unit in the middle of the photo is the Lower Mercer Limestone, a Middle Pennsylvanian-aged, laterally persistent, marine fossiliferous limestone unit in the Pottsville Group of eastern Ohio, USA. It is richly fossiliferous, principally dominated by brachiopods and crinoid stems.
Above the Lower Mercer Limestone is the Lower Mercer Shale, a marine mudshale to calcareous mudshale unit with fossils. The relatively thin, dark-colored horizon below the Lower Mercer Limestone (& just above the talus at the bottom of the picture) is the Middle Mercer Coal. It usually consists of bituminous coal, but in places at this locality, it is a cannel coal.
Stratigraphy: Lower Mercer Shale over Lower Mercer Limestone over Middle Mercer Coal, Pottsville Group, lower Atokan Stage, lower Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: Rock Cut railroad cut - outcrop along the southern side of Ohio Central Railroad tracks (west of milepost 134), ~southwest of Copeland Island & south-southeast of the town of Dresden, northern Muskingum County, eastern Ohio, USA (~vicinity of 40° 04’ 24.41” North latitude, ~81° 59’ 11.25” West longitude)
Cannel coal/bituminous coal from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA. (bedding plane view; ~8.1 centimeters across along the base)
Cannel coal is a scarce, fossil spore-rich variety of coal - it is hard and weathering-resistant, has a velvety to satiny luster, little to no stratification, and a conchoidal fracture. The differences in physical characterstics between cannel coal and other ranks of coal (lignite, bituminous, anthracite) are due to the organic matter content. Cannel coals are composed principally of fossil spores (sporinite phytoclasts). Garden-variety coals are composed principally of a mix of altered fragmented plant debris that was originally woody tissue, leaves, bark, fungi, and spores. Cannel coals are generally interpreted to have formed in pond, lagoon, or channel facies within a larger coal swamp setting.
This eastern Ohio sample is from the Bedford Coal in the Pottsville Group, a Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic succession containing nonmarine shales, marine shales, siltstones, sandstones, coals, marine limestones, and chert ("flint"). The lower Pottsville dates to the late Early Pennsylvanian. The upper part dates to the early Middle Pennsylvanian. The Lower-Middle Pennsylvanian boundary is apparently somewhere near the Boggs Member (?).
The Bedford Coal occurs just below the Upper Mercer Limestone, which is often a flint-dominated interval. Lithologically, the Bedford ranges from carbonaceous shale to argillaceous coal to bituminous coal to cannel coal. The cannel coal in the Bedford was targeted for mining in the 1800s as a source of fuel. It was particularly useful in the manufacture of kerosene, an illuminating fuel. After the petroleum industry started in the 1860s, production of kerosene from cannel coal essentially ceased.
This sample is cannel coal in part and bituminous coal in part.
Stratigraphy: Bedford Coal, upper Pottsville Group, Atokan Stage, lower Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: Tunnel Hill North Portal Outcrop (= Noland Tunnel's northern portal), ~1.75 air miles north-northeast of the town of Tunnel Hill, western Coshocton County, eastern Ohio, USA (~40° 16’ 33.27” North latitude, ~82° 01’ 53.04” West longitude)
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For more info. on cannel coal in general, see:
1938-39 by Mullett and Denton Smith for William Cairns.
Modern Movement style. Painted brick laid in stretcher bond; bituminous felt roofs.
Plan consists of single-storey wing running west-east butting into a 2-storey cross wing at east end terminating to south in a full-width bow fitted with 3 3-light Crittall windows to each floor.
Flat roof with wide painted fascia boards. Single-storey wing with quadrant corner at south-west corner, emphasised by a curved Crittall window.
Projecting sun lounge butts against south flank: 3 plate-glass windows and a double-leaf glazed door. Flat roof with swept parapet.
Curved roof patio projects from 2-storey block supported on 2 timber posts of square section. Partition walls and Crittall windows inserted c.1950 to form kitchen.
Rear (north) elevation pierced by 1-, 2- and 3-light Crittall windows and a door. .
(Smith, D, Smith, M: Architects' plans: 1936)
Fossiliferous bituminous coal (bedding plane view) from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA.
This is bituminous coal, a common type of coal. It is a higher rank coal than lignite and a lower rank coal than anthracite. Bituminous coal has blocky weathering and is moderately sooty to the touch. This sample is noticeably fossiliferous, with flattened and carbonized plant fragments.
Stratigraphy: float apparently derived from the Clarion Coal, Allegheny Group, Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: talus from Prattsville West Outcrop - roadcut on the southern side of Rt. 50, west of the town of Prattsville & east of the town of McArthur, far-western Madison Township, east-central Vinton County, southeastern Ohio, USA
Fossiliferous bituminous coal (bedding plane view) from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA.
This is bituminous coal, a common type of coal. It is a higher rank coal than lignite and a lower rank coal than anthracite. Bituminous coal has blocky weathering and is moderately sooty to the touch. This sample is noticeably fossiliferous, with flattened and carbonized wood.
Stratigraphy: float apparently derived from the Clarion Coal, Allegheny Group, Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: talus from Prattsville West Outcrop - roadcut on the southern side of Rt. 50, west of the town of Prattsville & east of the town of McArthur, far-western Madison Township, east-central Vinton County, southeastern Ohio, USA
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
The Pottsville Group is a Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic succession in eastern Ohio that contains nonmarine shales, marine shales, siltstones, sandstones, coals, marine limestones, and chert ("flint"). The lower Pottsville dates to the late Early Pennsylvanian. The upper part dates to the early Middle Pennsylvanian. The Lower-Middle Pennsylvanian boundary is apparently somewhere near the Boggs Member (?).
The light-colored blocks littering the slope are all (or almost all) sandstone. The dark-colored slope under the surface talus is weathered shales. The black chunks and the black to dark brown-weathering horizon near the top of the photo (= just below the vegetation) is bituminous coal - the Vandusen Coal.
Stratigraphy: lower Pottsville Group, upper Morrowan Stage, upper Lower Pennsylvanian
Locality: Irish Ridge East Outcrop - roadcut along the northern side of the eastbound entrance ramp from Rt. 60 to Rt. 16 (southeastern portion of Rt. 16-Rt. 60 interchange), north-northwest of the towns of Trinway & Dresden, northern Cass Township, northwestern Muskingum County, eastern Ohio, USA (~40° 09’ 13.56” North latitude, ~82° 01’ 29.37” West longitude)
Fossil wood in coal from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA.
This rock is from the Pottsville Group, a Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic succession containing nonmarine shales, marine shales, siltstones, sandstones, coals, marine limestones, and chert ("flint"). The lower Pottsville dates to the late Early Pennsylvanian. The upper part dates to the early Middle Pennsylvanian. The Lower-Middle Pennsylvanian boundary is apparently somewhere near the Boggs Member (?).
Shown above is a sample derived from the Bedford Coal, a horizon that occurs just below the Upper Mercer Limestone (or Upper Mercer Flint). Lithologically, the Bedford ranges from carbonaceous shale to argillaceous coal to bituminous coal to cannel coal. The cannel coal in the Bedford was targeted for mining in the 1800s as a source of fuel. It was particularly useful in the manufacture of kerosene, an illuminating fuel. After the petroleum industry started in the 1860s, production of kerosene from cannel coal essentially ceased.
At this locality, the Bedford Coal consists of cannel coal and bituminous coal.
The striations running from lower left to upper right are part of the surface texture of a piece of flattened, carbonized fossil wood.
Stratigraphy: Bedford Coal, upper Pottsville Group, Atokan Stage, lower Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: Tunnel Hill North Portal Outcrop (= Noland Tunnel's northern portal), ~1.75 air miles north-northeast of the town of Tunnel Hill, western Coshocton County, eastern Ohio, USA (~40° 16’ 33.27” North latitude, ~82° 01’ 53.04” West longitude)
Weathered bituminous coal in the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA.
The Pottsville Group is a Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic succession containing nonmarine shales, marine shales, siltstones, sandstones, coals, marine limestones, and chert ("flint"). The lower Pottsville dates to the late Early Pennsylvanian. The upper part dates to the early Middle Pennsylvanian. The Lower-Middle Pennsylvanian boundary is apparently somewhere near the Boggs Limestone horizon (?).
The photo shows weathered, loose talus pieces of bituminous coal eroded from the Middle Mercer Coal. Stratigraphically, this coal horizon occurs immediately below the Lower Mercer Limestone, a widespread marine fossiliferous limestone unit. The Middle Mercer Coal usually consists of bituminous coal, but in places it is a cannel coal. At this locality, the Middle Mercer is bituminous. Portions of the horizon at this site are remarkable because the coal contains marine fossils (brachiopods, crinoids, gastropods) [DON'T tell the creationists!]. Applying Walther's Law (conformable facies now in vertical succession were originally next to each other), the coal swamp that formed the Middle Mercer Coal was near a marine shoreline. A storm likely washed in shells and fragmented skeletons from the shallow ocean into the swamp. Swamps directly adjacent to the sea can be observed in many places on modern Earth.
Stratigraphy: Middle Mercer Coal, Pottsville Group, lower Atokan Stage, lower Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: roadcut along the northern side Rt. 16, southern margin of Irish Ridge, west of the Rt. 16-Rt. 60 intersection, northwest of the town of Trinway, northwestern Muskingum County, eastern Ohio, USA (40° 09’ 12.95” North latitude, 82° 02’ 43.27” West longitude)
Fossiliferous bituminous coal (bedding plane view) from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA.
This is bituminous coal, a common type of coal. It is a higher rank coal than lignite and a lower rank coal than anthracite. Bituminous coal has blocky weathering and is moderately sooty to the touch. This sample is noticeably fossiliferous, with flattened and carbonized plant fragments.
Stratigraphy: float apparently derived from the Clarion Coal, Allegheny Group, Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: talus from Prattsville West Outcrop - roadcut on the southern side of Rt. 50, west of the town of Prattsville & east of the town of McArthur, far-western Madison Township, east-central Vinton County, southeastern Ohio, USA
Некоторые виды деятельности, на которые распространяется Конвенция Эспо ЕЭК ООН, если не исключены серьезные трансграничные последствия.
A list of some activities which are subject to the UNECE Espoo Convention, if an adverse transboundary impact cannot be excluded.
English version here.
Cannel coal from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA. (8.5 cm across at its widest)
Cannel coal is a scarce, fossil spore-rich variety of coal - it is hard and weathering-resistant, has a velvety to satiny luster, little to no stratification, and a conchoidal fracture. The differences in physical characterstics between cannel coal and other ranks of coal (lignite, bituminous, anthracite) are due to the organic matter content. Cannel coals are composed principally of fossil spores (sporinite phytoclasts). Garden-variety coals are composed principally of a mix of altered fragmented plant debris that was originally woody tissue, leaves, bark, fungi, and spores. Cannel coals are generally interpreted to have formed in pond, lagoon, or channel facies within a larger coal swamp setting.
This eastern Ohio sample is from the Bedford Coal in the Pottsville Group, a Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic succession containing nonmarine shales, marine shales, siltstones, sandstones, coals, marine limestones, and chert ("flint"). The lower Pottsville dates to the late Early Pennsylvanian. The upper part dates to the early Middle Pennsylvanian. The Lower-Middle Pennsylvanian boundary is apparently somewhere near the Boggs Member (?).
The Bedford Coal occurs just below the Upper Mercer Limestone, which is often a flint-dominated interval. Lithologically, the Bedford ranges from carbonaceous shale to argillaceous coal to bituminous coal to cannel coal. The cannel coal in the Bedford was targeted for mining in the 1800s as a source of fuel. It was particularly useful in the manufacture of kerosene, an illuminating fuel. After the petroleum industry started in the 1860s, production of kerosene from cannel coal essentially ceased.
The sample shown above is not high-quality cannel.
Stratigraphy: Bedford Coal, upper Pottsville Group, Atokan Stage, lower Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: Tunnel Hill North Portal Outcrop (= Noland Tunnel's northern portal), ~1.75 air miles north-northeast of the town of Tunnel Hill, western Coshocton County, eastern Ohio, USA (~40° 16’ 33.27” North latitude, ~82° 01’ 53.04” West longitude)
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For more info. on cannel coal in general, see:
In addition to being a railfan/photographer, I collect stamps, covers and postcards...most anything philatelic. Yesterday while cleaning up, I found this in an old lot I had forgotten about. It's a large-size postcard (not in great shape) with no date. The back says: "The Norfolk and Western Railway's daylight streamliner flashes over the rails daily from the port city of Norfolk through scenic and historic Virginia, the rich bituminous coal fields of southern West Virginia and eastern Kentucky, and the fertile farmlands of Ohio to Cincinnati and Columbus. The Powhatan Arrow is one of the truly great trains of America.
Bituminous coal in the Burgoon Sandstone, lower Osagean, Lower Mississippian. Covington Township, Clearfield County, Pennsylvania, USA. Hammer for scale. Abundant crusts of sulfur and iron sulfate are derived not from the coal, but from thin pyrite horizons overlying it (visible at the base of the hammer handle).