View allAll Photos Tagged bituminous
Semi-anthracite coal in the Mississippian of Virginia, USA.
This is the best outcrop anywhere of the only economically significant Mississippian-aged coal occurrence in the world. The beds were structurally tilted during the Allegheny Orogeny in the Pennsylvanian.
The coal bed shown above is the Langhorne Coal. Just below it (to the left) is a hard sandstone. Stratigraphically above the Langhorne Coal (to the right of it) is a mudshale-dominated interval.
At this site, the Langhorne Coal is tectonically-thickened and sheared. The unit contains semi-anthracite coal, which is the result of very low grade metamorphism of bituminous coal. Adjacent beds (shales and sandstones) are not metamorphosed. The Langhorne Coal has been mined in the past.
Stratigraphy: uppermost lower member (= sandstone at left) & lowermost upper member (= coal + overlying shale), Price Formation, Osagean Stage, upper Lower Mississippian
Locality: roadcut on the eastern side of Rt. 100, western end of Cloyds Mountain, south of the town of Poplar Hill, Pulaski County, Valley Coalfield, southwestern Virginia, USA (= locality shown in figure 9 of Bartholomew & Brown, 1992) (37° 10' 42.39" North latitude, 80° 42' 48.48" West longitude)
----------------------
Some info. from:
Bartholomew, M.J. & K.E. Brown. 1992. The Valley Coalfield (Mississippian age) in Montgomery and Pulaski Counties, Virginia. Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 124. 33 pp. 2 pls.
Gensel, P.G. & K.B. Pigg. 2010. An arborescent lycopsid from the Lower Carboniferous Price Formation, southwestern Virginia, USA and the problem of species delimitation. International Journal of Coal Geology 83: 132-145.
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Bituminous coal in the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA. (geology hammer for scale)
The blackish-colored layer shown above is bituminous coal (= Lower Mercer Coal) - it is part of the Pottsville Group, a Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic succession containing nonmarine shales, marine shales, siltstones, sandstones, coals, marine limestones, and chert ("flint"). The lower Pottsville dates to the late Early Pennsylvanian. The upper part dates to the early Middle Pennsylvanian. The Lower-Middle Pennsylvanian boundary is apparently somewhere near the Boggs Limestone horizon (?).
Stratigraphy: Lower Mercer Coal (= Number 3 Coal), just below the Boggs Limestone, middle Pottsville Group, lower Atokan Stage, lower Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: Mt. Pleasant North Outcrop - near the top of a roadcut on the eastern side of Rt. 93, just north of the town of Mt. Pleasant, southern Washington Township, southern Hocking County, southeastern Ohio, USA (39° 23' 51.35" North latitude, 82° 27' 14.15" West)
Underclay in the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA.
This eastern Ohio exposure is in the Pottsville Group, a Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic succession containing nonmarine shales, marine shales, siltstones, sandstones, coals, marine limestones, and chert ("flint"). The lower Pottsville dates to the late Early Pennsylvanian. The upper part dates to the early Middle Pennsylvanian. The Lower-Middle Pennsylvanian boundary is apparently somewhere near the Boggs Member (?).
The ledge at the top of this photo is the Bedford Coal, which is here composed of bituminous coal and cannel coal. Below the coal is a gray-colored, soft "underclay", composed of shale that has been subjected to chemical weathering from minor sulfuric acid percolating downward from the coal. The sulfuric acid was generated by oxidation of pyrite (in the presence of water) in the coal. Pyrite in the Bedford Coal occurs as small nodules, disseminated tiny crystals, and is in partially pyritized fossil charcoal.
Stratigraphy: Upper Mercer Limestone over Bedford Coal, upper Pottsville Group, Atokan Stage, lower Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: Tunnel Hill North Portal Outcrop (= Noland Tunnel's northern portal), ~1.75 air miles north-northeast of the town of Tunnel Hill, western Coshocton County, eastern Ohio, USA (~40° 16’ 33.27” North latitude, ~82° 01’ 53.04” West longitude)
Bituminous coal from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA.
The Meigs Creek Coal is a bituminous coal horizon in the Upper Pennsylvanian Monongahela Group of eastern Ohio, USA. Bituminous coal is a type of "soft coal" - it ranks above lignite coal and sub-bituminous coal, but below anthracite coal.
Stratigraphy: Meigs Creek Coal (also known as the Sewickley Coal), Monongahela Group, Virgilian Series, upper Upper Pennsylvanian
Locality: Narrows Run North outcrop - roadcut on the western side of Route 7, just north of Narrows Run (an east-flowing tributary of the Ohio River), northeastern York Township, southeastern Belmont County, Ohio, USA (39° 54’ 25.94” North latitude, 80° 48’ 36.73” West longitude)
Railroads – like any well-run business – constantly seek to control costs and find more efficient methods to accomplish their goals. One of the more unique ways this concept manifested itself in the early days of steam railroading was the innovative “Camelback” locomotive design.
The Philadelphia and Reading Railroad served numerous anthracite coal mines in Eastern Pennsylvania. Anthracite is harder and denser than typical bituminous coal and burns slowly with high heat and minimal smoke. These properties made anthracite a popular choice for heating buildings in the days before gas and electric heating. The mines shipped anthracite in gravel-sized lumps; the remaining dust and small pieces (referred to as “culm”) were piled outside the mine and forgotten about.
John Wooten served as the General Manager of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad beginning in 1876, having previously worked as the P&R’s Superintendent of Motive Power. He noted the growing culm piles along the railroad and envisioned using this anthracite waste for low-cost locomotive fuel. To do so, the locomotive firebox needed to be wider and shallower than the designs that were then popular. By widening the firebox grate to the full width of the locomotive and moving it above the drive wheels, Wooten created a locomotive which could make use of anthracite and save his company money. With these changes, however, the locomotive cab no longer could fit on the rear of the boiler; the solution was to move it forward, straddling the boiler in front of the firebox. The engineer would operate the engine from this cramped enclosure; the fireman scooped coal while standing on the tender deck and was almost completely exposed to the elements. This unique design was nicknamed “Mother Hubbard” or, more popularly, “Camelback.”
The Camelback concept saw mixed success; anthracite-hauling railroads embraced the idea but the engines were never especially popular with crews. The cramped cab sat directly over the driving rods, which put the engineer in danger should a rod break at speed. The fireman suffered through all four seasons of Pennsylvania weather with minimal shelter. Noting these safety concerns, the Interstate Commerce Commission eventually outlawed construction of new Camelbacks in the late 1920’s.
Philadelphia & Reading 0-4-0 No. 1187 was built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1903. After a long career switching cars in yards for its owner (and its successor, the re-organized Reading Company), the engine was sold into industrial use with the E&G Brooke Iron Company in Birdsboro, Pennsylvania and re-numbered No. 4. The Strasburg Railroad – a pioneering tourist railroad in Lancaster County, PA – acquired the engine in 1962, and it was run to Strasburg under its own power. The little Camelback proved too light for most of Strasburg’s trains, and it last ran in 1967. After being displayed in the Strasburg yard as well as at the neighboring Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania, the engine was eventually deemed surplus. Age of Steam Roundhouse Museum purchased No. 1187, and the engine arrived at the Roundhouse on August 3rd, 2020.
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Semi-anthracite coal in the Mississippian of Virginia, USA.
This is the best outcrop anywhere of the only economically significant Mississippian-aged coal occurrence in the world. The beds are structurally tilted - this occurred during the Allegheny Orogeny in the Pennsylvanian.
The coal bed shown here is the Merrimac Coal. Its rank is semi-anthracite coal, which results from very low grade metamorphism of bituminous coal. Adjacent beds are not metamorphosed. The Merrimac Coal (& the subjacent Langhorne Coal - not visible in this shot) have been mined in the past. Thin interbeds of fossiliferous clayshale are present within the Merrimac Coal.
Stratigraphy: Merrimac Coal, lower part of the upper member, Price Formation, Osagean Stage, upper Lower Mississippian
Locality: roadcut on the eastern side of Rt. 100, western end of Cloyds Mountain, south of the town of Poplar Hill, Pulaski County, Valley Coalfield, southwestern Virginia, USA (= locality shown in figure 9 of Bartholomew & Brown, 1992) (37° 10' 42.39" North latitude, 80° 42' 48.48" West longitude)
----------------------
Some info. from:
Bartholomew, M.J. & K.E. Brown. 1992. The Valley Coalfield (Mississippian age) in Montgomery and Pulaski Counties, Virginia. Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 124. 33 pp. 2 pls.
Gensel, P.G. & K.B. Pigg. 2010. An arborescent lycopsid from the Lower Carboniferous Price Formation, southwestern Virginia, USA and the problem of species delimitation. International Journal of Coal Geology 83: 132-145.
This is a Mississippian-Pennsylvanian boundary section in eastern Ohio. At most sites in North America, the boundary is a significant unconformity - it's actually a megasequence boundary (Sloss sequence boundary) between the Absaroka Megasequence (above) and the Kaskaskia Megasequence (below). The boundary is below the middle of the photo.
The cliff-forming unit in the middle part of the picture is a quartzose sandstone that represents the basal-preserved Pottsville Group at this locality. Mixed siliciclastics occur above. The sandstone unit is here interpreted to be the Massillon Sandstone, a variably-developed member in the lower to middle Pottsville Group.
Laterally at this site, a relatively thin bituminous coal horizon is present just below the sandstone. The identity of this coal bed is uncertain, but it may be the Quakertown Coal (or Number 2 Coal), or an unnamed coal, or the Wellston Coal (a name from Jackson County, Ohio). If the sandstone unit is misidentified (i.e., it's not the Massillon), it could be the Sharon Sandstone. If so, the underlying coal is the Sharon Coal.
The grayish rocks in the bottom part of the picture are siliciclastics of the Vinton Member, the uppermost of four members of the Logan Formation. The Vinton consists of marine mixed siliciclastics - principally shales, siltstones, and sandstones.
Stratigraphy: inferred Massillon Sandstone (lower Pottsville Group, upper Lower Pennsylvanian) over Vinton Member, (upper Logan Formation, Osagean Series, upper Lower Mississippian)
Locality: Trinway West 6 Outcrop - roadcut on the northwestern side of Rt. 16, 1.0 miles northeast of the Rt. 16-Old Riley Road intersection, northeast of the town of Frazeysburg & west of the town of Trinway, northwestern Muskingum County, Ohio, USA (40° 08' 41.54" North latitude, 82° 05' 06.18" West longitude)
Semi-anthracite coal from the Mississippian of Virginia, USA. (handlens for scale)
This sample is from the best outcrop anywhere of the only economically significant Mississippian-aged coal occurrence in the world. The beds are structurally tilted - this occurred during the Allegheny Orogeny in the Pennsylvanian.
The coal shown above is from the Langhorne Coal. At this site, the unit is tectonically-thickened and sheared. The rank is semi-anthracite coal, which results from very low grade metamorphism of bituminous coal. Adjacent beds (shales and sandstones) are not metamorphosed. The Langhorne Coal has been mined in the past.
Stratigraphy: lowermost upper member, Price Formation, Osagean Stage, upper Lower Mississippian
Locality: roadcut on the eastern side of Rt. 100, western end of Cloyds Mountain, south of the town of Poplar Hill, Pulaski County, Valley Coalfield, southwestern Virginia, USA (= locality shown in figure 9 of Bartholomew & Brown, 1992) (37° 10' 42.39" North latitude, 80° 42' 48.48" West longitude)
----------------------
Some info. from:
Bartholomew, M.J. & K.E. Brown. 1992. The Valley Coalfield (Mississippian age) in Montgomery and Pulaski Counties, Virginia. Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 124. 33 pp. 2 pls.
Gensel, P.G. & K.B. Pigg. 2010. An arborescent lycopsid from the Lower Carboniferous Price Formation, southwestern Virginia, USA and the problem of species delimitation. International Journal of Coal Geology 83: 132-145.
Semi-anthracite coal in the Mississippian of Virginia, USA.
This is the best outcrop anywhere of the only economically significant Mississippian-aged coal occurrence in the world. The beds are structurally tilted - this occurred during the Allegheny Orogeny in the Pennsylvanian.
The coal bed shown here is the Merrimac Coal. Its rank is semi-anthracite coal, which results from very low grade metamorphism of bituminous coal. Adjacent beds are not metamorphosed. The Merrimac Coal (& the subjacent Langhorne Coal - not visible in this shot) have been mined in the past. Thin interbeds of fossiliferous clayshale are present within the Merrimac Coal.
Stratigraphy: Merrimac Coal, lower part of the upper member, Price Formation, Osagean Stage, upper Lower Mississippian
Locality: roadcut on the eastern side of Rt. 100, western end of Cloyds Mountain, south of the town of Poplar Hill, Pulaski County, Valley Coalfield, southwestern Virginia, USA (= locality shown in figure 9 of Bartholomew & Brown, 1992) (37° 10' 42.39" North latitude, 80° 42' 48.48" West longitude)
----------------------
Some info. from:
Bartholomew, M.J. & K.E. Brown. 1992. The Valley Coalfield (Mississippian age) in Montgomery and Pulaski Counties, Virginia. Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 124. 33 pp. 2 pls.
Gensel, P.G. & K.B. Pigg. 2010. An arborescent lycopsid from the Lower Carboniferous Price Formation, southwestern Virginia, USA and the problem of species delimitation. International Journal of Coal Geology 83: 132-145.
Structural polish in semi-anthracite coal in the Mississippian of Virginia, USA.
This is the best outcrop anywhere of the only economically significant Mississippian-aged coal occurrence in the world. The beds are structurally tilted, which occurred during the Allegheny Orogeny in the Pennsylvanian.
Shown above is an outcrop of the Langhorne Coal. At this site, the unit is tectonically-thickened and sheared. The rank is semi-anthracite coal, which results from very low grade metamorphism of bituminous coal. Adjacent beds (shales and sandstones) are not metamorphosed. The Langhorne Coal has been mined in the past.
The surface facing the viewer is smooth and polished, the result of shearing (= fault movement) in incompetent rocks. Such surfaces are called "structural polish". High polish can also occur on some bedrock-smoothed glacial surfaces.
Stratigraphy: lowermost upper member, Price Formation, Osagean Stage, upper Lower Mississippian
Locality: roadcut on the eastern side of Rt. 100, western end of Cloyds Mountain, south of the town of Poplar Hill, Pulaski County, Valley Coalfield, southwestern Virginia, USA (= locality shown in figure 9 of Bartholomew & Brown, 1992) (37° 10' 42.39" North latitude, 80° 42' 48.48" West longitude)
----------------------
Some info. from:
Bartholomew, M.J. & K.E. Brown. 1992. The Valley Coalfield (Mississippian age) in Montgomery and Pulaski Counties, Virginia. Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 124. 33 pp. 2 pls.
Gensel, P.G. & K.B. Pigg. 2010. An arborescent lycopsid from the Lower Carboniferous Price Formation, southwestern Virginia, USA and the problem of species delimitation. International Journal of Coal Geology 83: 132-145.
And very very colourfully. But I hope the tar spraying will not be as ahem wanton as it was on one unfortunate occasion I recall.
-----------------------
In Hope, Derbyshire, England, on August 12th, 2017, Edale Road at its intersection with Castleton Road (A6187 road).
-----------------------
Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names terms:
• Derbyshire (7008118)
• Hope (4005117)
• Hope Valley (7460398)
• Peak District (7458045)
Art & Architecture Thesaurus terms:
• asphalt (bituminous material) (300012966)
• blue (color) (300129361)
• orange yellow (300128002)
• red (color) (300311118)
• traffic signs (300211849)
• warning signs (300211851)
Wikidata items:
• 12 August 2017 (Q37787876)
• A6187 road (Q15930883)
• August 12 (Q2777)
• August 2017 (Q23994854)
• High Peak (Q1458060)
• Hope (Q2121162)
Transportation Research Thesaurus terms:
• Road markings (Dcmthru)
Library of Congress Subject Headings:
• Road work zones (sh2005005055)
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Bituminous coal from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA.
The Meigs Creek Coal is a bituminous coal horizon in the Upper Pennsylvanian Monongahela Group of eastern Ohio, USA. Bituminous coal is a type of "soft coal" - it ranks above lignite coal and sub-bituminous coal, but below anthracite coal.
Stratigraphy: Meigs Creek Coal (also known as the Sewickley Coal), Monongahela Group, Virgilian Series, upper Upper Pennsylvanian
Locality: Narrows Run North outcrop - roadcut on the western side of Route 7, just north of Narrows Run (an east-flowing tributary of the Ohio River), northeastern York Township, southeastern Belmont County, Ohio, USA (39° 54’ 25.94” North latitude, 80° 48’ 36.73” West longitude)
This is an exposure of the Pottsville Group, a Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic succession containing nonmarine shales, marine shales, siltstones, sandstones, coals, marine limestones, and chert ("flint"). The lower Pottsville dates to the late Early Pennsylvanian. The upper part dates to the early Middle Pennsylvanian. The Lower-Middle Pennsylvanian boundary is apparently somewhere near the Boggs Member (?).
The ledge in this photo is the Bedford Coal, a horizon that occurs just below the Upper Mercer Limestone (or Upper Mercer Flint). Lithologically, the Bedford ranges from carbonaceous shale to argillaceous coal to bituminous coal to cannel coal. The cannel coal in the Bedford was targeted for mining in the 1800s as a source of fuel. It was particularly useful in the manufacture of kerosene, an illuminating fuel. After the petroleum industry started in the 1860s, production of kerosene from cannel coal essentially ceased.
In this outcrop, the Bedford Coal consists of cannel coal and bituminous coal.
Stratigraphy: Bedford Coal, upper Pottsville Group, Atokan Stage, lower Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: Tunnel Hill North Portal Outcrop (= Noland Tunnel's northern portal), ~1.75 air miles north-northeast of the town of Tunnel Hill, western Coshocton County, eastern Ohio, USA (~40° 16’ 33.27” North latitude, ~82° 01’ 53.04” West longitude)
Bituminous coal in the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA.
The Pottsville Group is a Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic succession in eastern Ohio that contains nonmarine shales, marine shales, siltstones, sandstones, coals, marine limestones, and chert ("flint"). The lower Pottsville dates to the late Early Pennsylvanian. The upper part dates to the early Middle Pennsylvanian. The Lower-Middle Pennsylvanian boundary is apparently somewhere near the Boggs Member (?).
The black material littering the ground is weathered bituminous coal, derived from the Vandusen Coal bed, which occurs just below the Poverty Run Limestone. The latter is a relatively thin, marine, fossiliferous limestone horizon in the lower Pottsville Group
Stratigraphy: Vandusen Coal, just below the Poverty Run Limestone, lower Pottsville Group, upper Morrowan Stage, upper Lower Pennsylvanian
Locality: Irish Ridge East Outcrop - roadcut along the northern side of the eastbound entrance ramp from Rt. 60 to Rt. 16 (southeastern portion of Rt. 16-Rt. 60 interchange), north-northwest of the towns of Trinway & Dresden, northern Cass Township, northwestern Muskingum County, eastern Ohio, USA (~40° 09’ 13.56” North latitude, ~82° 01’ 29.37” West longitude)
Baynard House was designed by William Holford and is a classic example of brutalistic architecture. The real beauty of the building is the view you get from the roof of the London skyline.
Sandstone-coal-tonsteins in the Cretaceous of Wyoming, USA.
The outcrop seen here consists of Upper Cretaceous sedimentary rocks near the town of Superior, Wyoming. The unit at top is a quartzose sandstone of the basal Ericson Sandstone. Below the Ericson Sandstone is the uppermost Rock Springs Formation. The black layers are coals (hand samples indicate that these are apparently sub-bituminous coals) - this is the Rock Springs No. 5 Coal Bed. The thin, whitish-colored beds in the coal interval are soft claystones that were originally volcanic ash beds. They have been chemically altered as a result of deposition and burial in the acidic, reducing conditions of a coal swamp environment. Such altered volcanic ash beds are called tonsteins.
Stratigraphy: lower Ericson Sandstone over upper Rock Springs Formation, Upper Cretaceous
Locality: hairpin curve roadcut along Superior Cutoff Road, northeastern side of Horse Thief Canyon, east of the town of Superior, central Sweetwater County, southwestern Wyoming, USA (41° 45' 58.04" North latitude, 108° 56' 22.36" West longitude)
Semi-anthracite coal in the Mississippian of Virginia, USA.
This is the best outcrop anywhere of the only economically significant Mississippian-aged coal occurrence in the world. The beds are structurally tilted - this occurred during the Allegheny Orogeny in the Pennsylvanian.
The coal bed shown here is the Merrimac Coal. Its rank is semi-anthracite coal, which results from very low grade metamorphism of bituminous coal. Adjacent beds are not metamorphosed. The Merrimac Coal (& the subjacent Langhorne Coal - not visible in this shot) have been mined in the past. Thin interbeds of fossiliferous clayshale are present within the Merrimac Coal.
Stratigraphy: Merrimac Coal, lower part of the upper member, Price Formation, Osagean Stage, upper Lower Mississippian
Locality: roadcut on the eastern side of Rt. 100, western end of Cloyds Mountain, south of the town of Poplar Hill, Pulaski County, Valley Coalfield, southwestern Virginia, USA (= locality shown in figure 9 of Bartholomew & Brown, 1992) (37° 10' 42.39" North latitude, 80° 42' 48.48" West longitude)
----------------------
Some info. from:
Bartholomew, M.J. & K.E. Brown. 1992. The Valley Coalfield (Mississippian age) in Montgomery and Pulaski Counties, Virginia. Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 124. 33 pp. 2 pls.
Gensel, P.G. & K.B. Pigg. 2010. An arborescent lycopsid from the Lower Carboniferous Price Formation, southwestern Virginia, USA and the problem of species delimitation. International Journal of Coal Geology 83: 132-145.
Out today (4/17) looked at some blacktop and found (more typical looking, infertile) P. caesia, so obviously its common on that substrate around here - another example of seeing something once its "on the radar". Initial remarks below example of my mental process.
on pavement (blacktop)
Seattle
substrates include "asphalt pavements" - Smith, C.W., Aptroot, A., Coppins, B.J., Fletcher, A., Gilbert, O.L., James, P.W. and Wolseley, P.A. (2009) The Lichens of Great Britain and Ireland
"Many records of Physcia phaea have turned out to be either the saxicolous P. alnophila or fertile P. caesia..." -
Soili Stenroos et al. (editors) 2016 Lichens of Finland
initial remarks:
looks like Physcia phaea - seems like an odd place to find it
or maculate P. tenella without cilia possibly?
or P. caesia - laminal soralia? - will post another photo
pro - on rock (although bituminous), upper cortex strongly maculate, lack of cilia, lack of soralia (although see note on image) numerous apothecia some crenulate
con - unusual in city, unusually ? pale, usually tighter and more symmetric
my lichen photos by genus - www.flickr.com/photos/29750062@N06/collections/7215762439...
my photos arranged by subject, e.g. mountains - www.flickr.com/photos/29750062@N06/collections
f11
The Monongahela and Lackawanna heritage units lead U NSDFYN0 07T (Reybold, DE - Fryborg, ND) down Track 3 at Western Springs. My shot that actually centered the 8025 between the break in the fence was foiled by a kid who peaked out over the tracks for a better look at the train. Oh well. Interestingly, these two units painted for coal hauling roads (one bituminous one anthracite) haul oil today.
On our trip down south, February 24, 2018. We stopped at Shag Point/Matakaea as I had never been there before. Matakaea is the name of the pa (fortified village). We have left Dunedin and going to stay in Timaru for a night before heading back to Christchurch.
Shag Point/Matakaea has a rich history, from early Ngai Tahu settlement to historic coalmining. The area has diverse marine life. It has interesting flora, is great for wildlife viewing, and is geologically fascinating.
Flat rock platforms provide an easy haul-out site for New Zealand fur seals, and cliff-top viewing areas allow you to observe seal behaviour without disturbing their rest.
Whalers discovered the first bituminous coal in New Zealand here in the 1830s. By 1862 the exposed coal seams were found to be commercially viable and were successfully mined until 1972, when flooding eventually closed shafts that extended under the coast. Evidence of coal mining is still obvious throughout the reserve.
Matakaea is jointly managed by DOC and Te Runanga o Ngai Tahu. Matakaea has Topuni status. The mana (authority) and rangatiratanga (chieftainship) of Ngai Tahu over the area is recognised publicly by this status. Ngai Tahu takes an active role in managing the natural and cultural values of the area.
For More Info: www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-go/otago/p...
Bituminous coal under fossiliferous limestone in the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA. (geology hammer for scale)
The rocks shown above are part of the Pottsville Group, a Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic succession containing nonmarine shales, marine shales, siltstones, sandstones, coals, marine limestones, and chert ("flint"). The lower Pottsville dates to the late Early Pennsylvanian. The upper part dates to the early Middle Pennsylvanian. The Lower-Middle Pennsylvanian boundary is apparently somewhere near the Boggs Limestone horizon (?).
The blackish-colored layer near the bottom of the photo is bituminous coal (= Lower Mercer Coal). The light brown-colored layer at the center & top of the photo is fossiliferous limestone with chert nodules (= Boggs Limestone).
Stratigraphy: Lower Mercer Coal (= Number 3 Coal), just below the Boggs Limestone, middle Pottsville Group, lower Atokan Stage, lower Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: Mt. Pleasant North Outcrop - near the top of a roadcut on the eastern side of Rt. 93, just north of the town of Mt. Pleasant, southern Washington Township, southern Hocking County, southeastern Ohio, USA (39° 23' 51.35" North latitude, 82° 27' 14.15" West)
Part of my "250 Years in Chester" set - www.flickr.com/photos/58696328@N04/sets/72157628164944467
Swimming pools became popular in Britain in the mid 19th century. By 1837, six indoor pools with diving boards were built in London, England.
After the modern Olympic Games began in 1896 and included swimming races, the popularity of swimming pools began to spread.
The public baths were built for Chester City Council between 1898 and 1901 and were designed by the local architect John Douglas on whose land they were constructed. It was an unusual commission for Douglas, as most of his previous designs had been for churches and houses. Designing the baths involved "technical complexity and specialist engineering work". During the design process Douglas advised that because of possible leakage through the concrete linings of the baths, it should be replaced by a bituminous lining at an additional cost of £150 (£12,000 as of 2012); the council agreed to this.
In the 1970s the city council were building Northgate Arena, a leisure complex which included a swimming pool, and they stated that they would not be able to afford to run both this and the old baths. However the City of Chester Swimming Club were of the opinion that the new baths would not be suitable for competitive swimming or for water polo. The Chester Swimming Association was formed and they took over the management of the baths on 14 April 1977.
The structure is partly in two storeys and partly in one storey. The frontage on Union Street is in two storeys. The lower storey is in red Ruabon brick with stone dressings, the upper storey is half-timbered, and the decorated chimney stacks are brick. Behind the frontage are the swimming baths and the boiler house is at the rear. Between the entrances is a pair of ogee-headed windows, over which is a stone panel containing the city's coat of arms. Internally there are two swimming baths. The larger, the Atlantic, 25 yards (23 m) long, is deep enough for diving, and is surrounded by galleries. The other bath, the Pacific, is 20 yards (18 m) long.
Project engineer at Monroeville, Pa., laboratory of Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., checks samples of gas produced from coal in batch autoclaves (inside safety cubicle) during bench-scale tests of BCR's two-stage, super-pressure coal-gasification process.
For more information or additional images, please contact 202-586-5251.
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Manufactured by the Stanton Ironworks Co Ltd in Ilkeston, Derbyshire (the iron connection is in the mould pattern) was the WWII Stanton Air Raid Shelter. A segment shelter made by the former workshop producing spun-concrete lighting columns ceased production and turned over to concrete air-raid shelters, of which 100,000 tons were manufactured, principally for the air ministry.
Reinforced concrete proved an ideal material for air-raid shelters, being strong and resistant to shock with no deterioration with the passing of time. This type of segment shelter was of simple design and of low cost, of which any length of shelter could be built up from the pre-cast steel reinforced concrete segments usually for 50 personnel. The segments were 20 inches wide, a pair of them formed an arch 7ft high and transverse struts were provided to ensure rigidity. These fitted into longitudinal bearers which were grooved to receive the foot of each segment. Each pair of segments was bolted together at the apex of the arch and each segment was also bolted to its neighbour, the joints being sealed with a bituminous compound. The convenient handling of these segments enabled them to be transported onto sites where close access by motor lorry was not possible. Partly buried in the ground, covered with earth/turf, sometimes a suitably brick lined entrance and concrete steps if required, escape hatch at the opposite end. These bolted together air raid shelters afforded safe protection against blast and splinters.
Another wacky willow for you, this time grown for it's bituminous black catkins in early spring which sprout pale yellow anthers and have red highlights.
A bit ordinary the rest of the year but not unsightly.
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
UP coal hoppers charge up Logan Hill westward on main 2 as loads begin the descent on main 3 (UP, with DPU at right) and main 1 (BNSF, at left). The massive quantity of sub-bituminous coal found in the region, and its close proximity to the surface, makes the coal reasonably inexpensive - today's spot market price for Powder River coal is about $14.10 per short ton.
This is an exposure of the Pottsville Group, a Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic succession containing nonmarine shales, marine shales, siltstones, sandstones, coals, marine limestones, and chert ("flint"). The lower Pottsville dates to the late Early Pennsylvanian. The upper part dates to the early Middle Pennsylvanian. The Lower-Middle Pennsylvanian boundary is apparently somewhere near the Boggs Member (?).
The ledge in the middle and bottom of the photo is the Bedford Coal, a horizon that occurs just below the Upper Mercer Limestone (or Upper Mercer Flint). Lithologically, the Bedford ranges from carbonaceous shale to argillaceous coal to bituminous coal to cannel coal. The cannel coal in the Bedford was targeted for mining in the 1800s as a source of fuel. It was particularly useful in the manufacture of kerosene, an illuminating fuel. After the petroleum industry started in the 1860s, production of kerosene from cannel coal essentially ceased.
In this outcrop, the Bedford Coal consists of cannel coal and bituminous coal.
Stratigraphy: Bedford Coal, upper Pottsville Group, Atokan Stage, lower Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: Tunnel Hill North Portal Outcrop (= Noland Tunnel's northern portal), ~1.75 air miles north-northeast of the town of Tunnel Hill, western Coshocton County, eastern Ohio, USA (~40° 16’ 33.27” North latitude, ~82° 01’ 53.04” West longitude)
Semi-anthracite coal in the Mississippian of Virginia, USA.
This is the best outcrop anywhere of the only economically significant Mississippian-aged coal occurrence in the world. The beds are structurally tilted - this occurred during the Allegheny Orogeny in the Pennsylvanian.
The coal bed shown here is the Merrimac Coal. Its rank is semi-anthracite coal, which results from very low grade metamorphism of bituminous coal. Adjacent beds are not metamorphosed. The Merrimac Coal (& the subjacent Langhorne Coal - not visible in this shot) have been mined in the past. Thin interbeds of fossiliferous clayshale are present within the Merrimac Coal.
Stratigraphy: Merrimac Coal, lower part of the upper member, Price Formation, Osagean Stage, upper Lower Mississippian
Locality: roadcut on the eastern side of Rt. 100, western end of Cloyds Mountain, south of the town of Poplar Hill, Pulaski County, Valley Coalfield, southwestern Virginia, USA (= locality shown in figure 9 of Bartholomew & Brown, 1992) (37° 10' 42.39" North latitude, 80° 42' 48.48" West longitude)
----------------------
Some info. from:
Bartholomew, M.J. & K.E. Brown. 1992. The Valley Coalfield (Mississippian age) in Montgomery and Pulaski Counties, Virginia. Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 124. 33 pp. 2 pls.
Gensel, P.G. & K.B. Pigg. 2010. An arborescent lycopsid from the Lower Carboniferous Price Formation, southwestern Virginia, USA and the problem of species delimitation. International Journal of Coal Geology 83: 132-145.
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
This is an exposure of the Pottsville Group, a Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic succession containing nonmarine shales, marine shales, siltstones, sandstones, coals, marine limestones, and chert ("flint"). The lower Pottsville dates to the late Early Pennsylvanian. The upper part dates to the early Middle Pennsylvanian. The Lower-Middle Pennsylvanian boundary is apparently somewhere near the Boggs Member (?).
The ledge in the middle of the photo is the Bedford Coal, a horizon that occurs just below the Upper Mercer Limestone (or Upper Mercer Flint). Lithologically, the Bedford ranges from carbonaceous shale to argillaceous coal to bituminous coal to cannel coal. The cannel coal in the Bedford was targeted for mining in the 1800s as a source of fuel. It was particularly useful in the manufacture of kerosene, an illuminating fuel. After the petroleum industry started in the 1860s, production of kerosene from cannel coal essentially ceased.
In this outcrop, the Bedford Coal consists of cannel coal and bituminous coal.
The ledge at the very top of the photo is the basal Upper Mercer Limestone.
Stratigraphy: Bedford Coal, upper Pottsville Group, Atokan Stage, lower Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: Tunnel Hill North Portal Outcrop (= Noland Tunnel's northern portal), ~1.75 air miles north-northeast of the town of Tunnel Hill, western Coshocton County, eastern Ohio, USA (~40° 16’ 33.27” North latitude, ~82° 01’ 53.04” West longitude)
Let this sink in south of the Forty-ninth Parallel, tariffs and retaliatory tariffs no longer matter. Having now declared (economic) war on Canada, most of us Canadians are going out of our way to avoid American products and services. Since your government didn’t think twice about threatening our livelihoods without just cause, I won’t think twice, nor shed a tear, if we put export taxes on hydro, uranium, potash, lumber, aluminum, oil, and other commodities you claim not to need from Canada. In a similar sentiment, shove your F-35 aircraft where the sun doesn’t shine, and enjoy your fentanyl ridden journey into economic and geopolitical obscurity; the rest of the planet, except Russia and North Korea, thinks you’re an untrustworthy joke of a nation. Have a nice day America!
Donald Trump: “Canada doesn’t have anything we need”
Premier Ford: “Okay, let’s put a surcharge of 25% on Ontario’s hydroelectricity exports”
Next day: Trump doubles tariffs on Canadian aluminum and steel, while contemplating declaring a national energy emergency—on electricity he keeps claiming not to need.
Later the next day: Trump decides not to double the tariffs. Imagine trying to run a business in this environment…
Just wait until a few more provinces join in and cut off your oil—Drill baby, drill all you want—because most of your refineries are setup to refine Canadian (heavy, bituminous) oil and it will take years and $billions to convert them. Keystone XL pipeline—Donald, go fuck yourself, because Canada now has pipelines to the West coast (for both oil and LNG). American oil companies meddled in Canadian energy infrastructure for years by surreptitiously funding anti-pipeline activists, all to keep Canadian oil hemmed in and deeply discounted. We eventually figured out what you dickheads were up to!
Bring it on Agent Krasnov!
Hey Marco, to set foot on Canadian soil and then openly justify threatening Canada’s right to its sovereignty is really ignorant, so let me put an average Canadian’s perspective into equally ignorant terms you and your boss might understand. Canada is NOT for sale, go fuck yourself!
Here's what the placard says about this machine: "After winding, two or more silk filaments were twisted together to form usable yarn. In this process, filaments passed from the bobbin rack on top to delivery rollers that combined them. The filaments then passed through a ring traveler that revolved at a high rate of speed, twisting them together. Lastly, the silk was wound onto a rotating bobbin which gathered the newly twisted yarn."
Can you just imagine how much more thread could be produced with this thing than before there was this kind of industry? It is mind boggling.
This is the last photo from the Anthracite Heritage Museum. I really enjoyed this and the Lackawanna Coal Mine Tour. Anthracite coal was a HUGE factor in the industrial revolution, because it burned efficiently. It's much more rare than bituminous coal. What if there hadn't been anthracite? How could that have affected the industrial revolution? I tried to get museum staff to riff on this topic, but no dice.
Visit the Anthracite Heritage Museum in Scranton, Pennsylvania
Semi-anthracite coal from the Mississippian of Virginia, USA.
This sample is from the best outcrop anywhere of the only economically significant Mississippian-aged coal occurrence in the world. The beds are structurally tilted - this occurred during the Allegheny Orogeny in the Pennsylvanian.
The coal shown above is from the Langhorne Coal. At this site, the unit is tectonically-thickened and sheared. The rank is semi-anthracite coal, which results from very low grade metamorphism of bituminous coal. Adjacent beds (shales and sandstones) are not metamorphosed. The Langhorne Coal has been mined in the past.
Stratigraphy: lowermost upper member, Price Formation, Osagean Stage, upper Lower Mississippian
Locality: roadcut on the eastern side of Rt. 100, western end of Cloyds Mountain, south of the town of Poplar Hill, Pulaski County, Valley Coalfield, southwestern Virginia, USA (= locality shown in figure 9 of Bartholomew & Brown, 1992) (37° 10' 42.39" North latitude, 80° 42' 48.48" West longitude)
----------------------
Some info. from:
Bartholomew, M.J. & K.E. Brown. 1992. The Valley Coalfield (Mississippian age) in Montgomery and Pulaski Counties, Virginia. Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 124. 33 pp. 2 pls.
Gensel, P.G. & K.B. Pigg. 2010. An arborescent lycopsid from the Lower Carboniferous Price Formation, southwestern Virginia, USA and the problem of species delimitation. International Journal of Coal Geology 83: 132-145.