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Coordinates: 20°12′53″N 87°25′44″W
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the pre-Columbian Maya site.
Location on the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico
Coordinates: 20°12′53″N 87°25′44″W
CountryMexico
StateQuintana Roo
MunicipalityTulum
Earliest inscriptionAD 564
Constructed1200 and 1450
Elevation12 m (39 ft)
Time zoneUTC-5 (EST)
Tulum (Spanish pronunciation: [tuˈlun], Yucatec Maya: Tulu'um) is the site of a pre-Columbian Mayan walled city which served as a major port for Coba, in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo.[1] The ruins are situated on 12-meter-tall (39 ft) cliffs along the east coast of the Yucatán Peninsula on the Caribbean Sea.[1] Tulum was one of the last cities built and inhabited by the Maya and achieved its greatest prominence between the 13th and 15th centuries. Maya continued to occupy Tulum for about 70 years after the Spanish began occupying Mexico, but the city was abandoned by the end of the 16th century. Tulum is one of the best-preserved coastal Maya sites, and today a popular site for tourists.
The site might have been called Zama, meaning City of Dawn, because it faces the sunrise. Tulum stands on a bluff facing east toward the Caribbean Sea. Tulúm is also the Yucatán Mayan word for fence, wall[1] or trench. The walls surrounding the site allowed the Tulum fort to be defended against invasions. Tulum had access to both land and sea trade routes, making it an important trade hub, especially for obsidian. From numerous depictions in murals and other works around the site, Tulum appears to have been an important site for the worship of the Diving or Descending god.[1]
Tulum was first mentioned by Juan Díaz, a member of Juan de Grijalva's Spanish expedition of 1518, the first Europeans to spot Tulum.[1] The first detailed description of the ruins was published by John Lloyd Stephens and Frederick Catherwood in 1843 in the book Incidents of Travel in Yucatan. As they arrived from the sea, Stephens and Catherwood first saw a tall building that impressed them greatly, most likely the great Castillo of the site. They made accurate maps of the site's walls, and Catherwood made sketches of the Castillo and several other buildings. Stephens and Catherwood also reported an early classic stele at the site, with an inscribed date of AD 564 (now in the British Museum's collection). This has been interpreted as meaning that the stele was likely built elsewhere and brought to Tulum to be reused.[3]
Work conducted at Tulum continued with that of Sylvanus Morley and George P. Howe, beginning in 1913. They worked to restore and open the public beaches. The work was continued by the Carnegie Institution from 1916 to 1922, Samuel Lothrop in 1924 who also mapped the site, Miguel Ángel Fernández in the late 1930s and early 1940s, William Sanders in 1956, and then later in the 1970s by Arthur G. Miller. Through these later investigations done by Sanders and Miller, it has been determined that Tulum was occupied during the late Postclassic period around AD 1200. The site continued to be occupied until contact with the Spanish was made in the early 16th century. The site was abandoned by the end of the 16th century.[4]
In 2016, an underwater archaeological expedition led by Jerónimo Avilés exploring the cenote cave system discovered the skeleton of a female about 30 years of age that may be at least 9,900 years old. According to craniometric measurements, the skull is believed to conform to the mesocephalic pattern, like the other three skulls found in Tulum caves. Three different scars on the skull of the woman showed that she was hit with something hard and her skull bones were broken. Her skull also had crater-like deformations and tissue deformities that appeared to be caused by a bacterial relative of syphilis.[5]
According to study lead researcher Wolfgang Stinnesbeck, "It really looks as if this woman had a very hard time and an extremely unhappy end of her life. Obviously, this is speculative, but given the traumas and the pathological deformations on her skull, it appears a likely scenario that she may have been expelled from her group and was killed in the cave, or was left in the cave to die there”.[citation needed]
The newly discovered skeleton was 140 meters away from the Chan Hol 2 site. Although archeologists assumed the divers found the remains of the missing Chan Hol 2, the analysis proved that these assumptions were erroneous in a short time. Stinnesbeck compared the new bones to old photographs of Chan Hol 2 and showed that the two skeletons represent different individuals.[6]
Due to their distinctive features, study co-researcher Samuel Rennie suggest the existence of at least two morphologically diverse groups of people living separately in Mexico during the transition from Pleistocene to Holocene.[7]
Architecture
Mayan ruin at archeological site in Tulum
Tulum has architecture typical of Maya sites on the east coast of the Yucatán Peninsula. This architecture is recognized by a step running around the base of the building, which sits on a low substructure. Doorways of this type are usually narrow, with columns used as support if the building is big enough. As the walls flare out there are usually two sets of molding near the top. The room usually contains one or two small windows with an altar at the back wall, roofed by either a beam-and-rubble ceiling or being vaulted.[8] This type of architecture resembles what can be found in the nearby Chichen Itza, just on a much smaller scale.[4]
Windows in El Castillo's sea-facing wall
Tulum was protected on one side by steep sea cliffs and on the landward side by a wall that averaged about 3–5 meters (9.8–16.4 ft) in height. The wall also was about 8 m (26 ft) thick and 400 m (1,300 ft) long on the side parallel to the sea. The part of the wall that ran the width of the site was slightly shorter and only about 170 meters (560 ft) on both sides. Constructing this massive wall would have taken an enormous amount of energy and time, which shows how important defense was to the Maya when they chose this site. On the southwest and northwest corners there are small structures that have been identified as watch towers, showing again how well defended the city was. There are five narrow gateways in the wall with two each on the north and south sides and one on the west. The seaward side is protected by the steep cliffs, except for one small cove with a sandy beach. It was in this small cove where the canoes would return from trading and fishing. Near the northern side of the wall a small cenote provided the city with fresh water. It is this impressive wall that makes Tulum one of the most well-known fortified sites of the Maya.[9]
Most famous buildings
There are three major structures of interest at the Tulum archeological site. El Castillo, the Temple of the Frescoes, and the Temple of the Descending God.
Temple of the Frescoes
Among the more spectacular buildings here is the Temple of the Frescoes that included a lower gallery and a smaller second story gallery. The Temple of the Frescoes was used as an observatory for tracking the movements of the sun. Niched figurines of the Maya "diving god" or Venus deity decorate the facade of the temple. This "diving god" is also depicted in the Temple of the Diving God in the central precinct of the site. Above the entrance in the western wall a stucco figure of the "diving god" is still preserved, giving the temple its name. A mural can still be seen on the eastern wall that resembles that of a style that originated in highland Mexico, called the Mixteca-Puebla style, though visitors are no longer permitted to enter.
Temple of the Frescos
Temple of the Descending God
The Temple of the Descending God consists of a single room with a door to the west and a narrow staircase that was built on top of another temple that served as its base.
In the niche located at the top of the door stands a sculpture that's found throughout Tulum. He has wings, a headdress, and holds an object in his hands.[10]
El Castillo
Also in the central precinct is the pyramid, which is 7.5 m (25 ft) tall. The Castillo was built on a previous building that was colonnaded and had a beam and mortar roof. The lintels in the upper rooms have serpent motifs carved into them. The construction of the Castillo appears to have taken place in stages. A small shrine appears to have been used as a beacon for incoming canoes. This shrine marks a break in the barrier reef that is opposite the site. Here there is a cove and landing beach in a break in the sea cliffs that would have been perfect for trading canoes coming in. This characteristic of the site may be one of the reasons the Maya founded the city of Tulum exactly here, as Tulum later became a prominent trading port during the late Postclassic.[4]
Both coastal and land routes converged at Tulum. A number of artifacts found in or near the site show contacts with areas all over Central Mexico and Central America. Copper artifacts from the Mexican highlands have been found near the site, as have flint artifacts, ceramics, incense burners, and gold objects from all over the Yucatán. Salt and textiles were among some of the goods brought by traders to Tulum by sea that would be dispersed inland. Typical exported goods included feathers and copper objects that came from inland sources. These goods could be transported by sea to rivers such as the Río Motagua and the Río Usumacincta/Pasión system, which could be traveled inland, giving seafaring canoes access to both the highlands and the lowlands.
The Río Motagua starts from the highlands of Guatemala and empties into the Caribbean. The Río Pasión/Ucamacincta river system also originates in the Guatemalan highlands and empties into the Gulf of Mexico. It may have been one of these seafaring canoes that Christopher Columbus first encountered off the shores of the Bay Islands of Honduras.[11] Jade and obsidian appear to be some of the more valuable found here. The obsidian would have been brought from Ixtepeque in northern Guatemala, which was nearly 700 kilometers (430 mi) away from Tulum. This huge distance, coupled with the density of obsidian found at the site, show that Tulum was a major center for the trading of obsidian.[12]
Part of the ruins of Tulum
Tulum archaeological site is relatively compact compared with many other Maya sites in the vicinity, and is one of the best-preserved coastal Maya sites. Its proximity to the modern tourism developments along the Mexican Caribbean coastline and its short distance from Cancún and the surrounding "Riviera Maya" has made it a popular Maya tourist site in the Yucatán Península. Daily tour buses bring a constant stream of visitors to the site. The Tulum ruins are the third most-visited archeological site in Mexico, after Teotihuacan and Chichen Itza, receiving over 2.2 million visitors in 2017.[13]
Quite a bit found out as a result this article.
A&B Motors not a dealer I'm familiar with, but there are a couple of mentions of them on this forum (sadly I can't see any photos there):
www.newton-le-willows.com/history/viewtopic.php?f=1&t...
newton-le-willows.org/history/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=192...
Alan Bott would appear to be involved in Motocross still, as well as running Pemberton Tyres in Wigan: www.pembertontyres.co.uk/motor-sport/alan-bott/
Article published in issue 176 Split Screen Scene, the magazine of the Split Screen Van Club, by Alan and Jill Powell.
Australian Adventurers, and HHK.456
SSVC members Alan and Jill Powell wonder if this Australian built Deluxe ever survived, or maybe even made it to the UK?
Alan’s sister and husband, Thelma and Richard Poulter, emigrated to Australia as ‘Ten Pound Pomms’ in the mid‘60s. They initially bought an old 1961 Dove Blue panelvan and ran it into the ground as they worked and travelled in it all across Australia. The little panelvan must have left a good impression because they then found another bus to continue their travels. This time they upgraded from the panelvan to a lovely 1962 sealing wax red and beige grey deluxe samba! They bought HHK 456 in Melbourne, Vic. on the 28th October 1967, and it was their home and transport for the next 9 months.With many of their Australian friends being called up for the Vietnam war, their thoughts turned to their own families back in UK. By 1967 Thelma and Richard had been in Australia for over two years and they decided it was time to return home. Our intrepid couple wanted to bring their pride and joy back with them, and had planned to drive it overland, but Thelma was expecting their first child, an there were ongoing troubles in the Middle East, so they very reluctantly sold HHK 456 on the 31st of August 1968, and never saw it again. Thelma and Richard stayed faithful to Volkswagen, and owned Bay Windows back in England, but would still love to know whatever happened to their faithful Deluxe back in Oz ... If you have any details of it they would love to hear from you, and have many more photos and history of the van to share.Alan and Jill Powell
An article about wikipedia-article. This article by Tuukka Yli-Anttila is about the Wikipedia article of J. P. Roos.
Article from Fangoria #62. Behind the scenes of Nightmare on Elm Street III: Dream Warriors.
See Page 1 of the article here.
See Page 3 here.
A photo of the pages in my old Eminem scrapbook. i started this scrapbook years ago and no longer add to this book anymore. There is a collection of images and interviews from the internet but mostly magazines.
This was an illustration which will become an exclusive print for the free Sheffield based publication ARTICLE.
Its a bit of a play on the Sheffield city council logo with a modern twist. You can check them out here...
걸그룹 티아라 지연이 28일 오후 경상북도 경주 시민운동장에서 열린 ‘2014 한류 드림 페스티벌’에서 화려한 공연을 펼치고 있다. 이날 콘서트에는 엑소-케이(EXO-K)를 비롯해 카라, 씨스타, 포미닛, 빅스, 비투비, 블락비, 에일리, 시크릿, 비에이피, 크레용팝, 티아라, 달샤벳, 탑독, 포커즈, 갓세븐, 베스티, 딕펑스, 레드벨벳, 소년공화국, 헤일로, 루커스 등이 출연했다.
No Paper or No Plastic?
By Jon Dalton
Reluctantly setting aside the lofty and complicated socioeconomic maladies
Michigan’s largest city faces, and even more reluctantly setting aside
possible solutions, there is one issue that everybody living in Detroit
knows about more than any student of sociology. For too long a time now,
Detroiters have had to drive at least ten miles out of their way to get the
groceries they need.
This isn’t to say that there are no places to get groceries in Detroit.
Honey Bee Market, Eastern Market, University Food Center, a downright
enviable amount of private convenient stores and plenty of places that sell
food secondarily such as CVS Pharmacy are all great places to get certain
items and can absolutely provide enough to tide an average not-too-picky
shopper over. For an area as bustling as the Motor City, however, it just
isn’t enough.
Try this: Think of your favorite chain grocery store, the place you can get
everything you need and cheap! Now open another tab (don’t use this one!)
and google that store. Now click on google maps and take a moment to bask
in the awe of the convenience that is the twenty first century and how
quickly you can get almost anything should the mood strike. In the event of
a nuclear war, Global Warming doom, a SARS outbreak or even a zombie attack,
you can rest assured knowing you can fully stock your underground bunker
without breaking the bank. Now go back to the search bar with your favorite
store and type “Detroit” next to it. Notice anything? A standoffish bubble
around a certain city, maybe?
It might be the fault of ineffectual city planners, it might be that your
favorite store didn’t care to help Detroit out, or it could be that the
amount of crime in every inch of the city simply makes doing business here
more trouble than it’s worth. Whatever the reason, the abundance, quality,
convenience and thrift of major chain grocery stores is something Detroit is
going to have to do without. This is just tough luck for those men and women
who work long hours and only have later at night to shop, anyone who prefers
a certain variety and doesn’t have transportation, or for a family on a
budget who like to buy in bulk and keep an eye out for sales. But really,
how many people fitting those descriptions could be in Detroit?
Hypothetically, if just one superstore planted itself firmly in an
accessible location of the city how much might the roughly 30% of Detroiters
who are on food stamps save on grocery costs? How much gas money would they
get to keep? How many lives could be improved in untold ways by someone
simply having one thing they need to help them through the week? Let’s not
even deal with the jobs that would be created or we might start getting
depressed.
Sociologists have noticed the lack of grocery stores in urban areas vs.
suburbs in other cities as well, on the off chance that anyone out there
isn’t tired of hearing this though, analysts say it’s particularly bad in
Detroit. As usual, assigning blame is too easy… and too difficult, and if
anyone isn’t doing all they can to fix the problem, they surely know who
they are. Let’s just make sure that if and when a Wal-Mart, Kroger, Meijer,
etc. decides to join our city, the first thing they see is a welcome mat
and a group of eager shoppers waiting with bells on… and food stamps…
Truly the ultimate! Inspiration for my first HO Aurora Model Motoring race track in the late sixties, and still for my more recent custom-routed small-scale track.
Article found in a batch of magazines recently purchased off eBay. Not a piece I'd seen before or a car I know, although it apparently lasted until 2000 by which time the Datsun Owners Club had been going for a few years.
It was comparitively rare for Datsuns to get modified in the UK, so interesting to read about this one. The use of Janspeed parts is of little surprise, nobody else was really doing anything here for them.
Surprised to see that 'ROD' plate didn't get transferred onto another car.
Article by DENISA R. SUPERVILLE
HERALD NEWS
RUTHERFORD – Victor Ri Victolee is infatuated with religious imagery and biblical stories, and the attention-getting Moses sculpture in his yard is proof of his passion.
Since April, Victolee, a borough resident and semiretired painter, has been working hard creating the 10.5-foot sculpture of Moses.
This is not just any three-dimensional representation of the biblical figure: Victolee's Moses is an imposing concrete sculpture so far that includes seven heads and 10 hands.
The creation is called "Multiplism Moses," or multiple Moses, meant to show Moses' different roles and thought processes during his lifetime, Victolee said.
Victolee said his inspiration for creating the sculpture came from the history of Moses and the way people connect spiritually with him.
"Multiplism is the activities of the mind, emotions, the spirit and the soul," the 64-year-old Victolee, said Wednesday, after taking a break from chiseling the figure's beard.
His art is meant to represent the multi-dimensional nature of his subjects, Victolee said.
"Everybody has all different views," Victolee said about "multiplism," a new art form that he might have created. "Sometimes they are happy. Sometimes they are sad. Sometimes they are really not sure who they are themselves."
For his Moses sculpture, Victolee chose seven heads because seven is a recurring number in many religions and the 10 hands are references to the Ten Commandments.
One hand is pointing toward Moses' head, (Moses the philosopher), another is holding a lantern, (Moses the leader), and yet another is grasping a tablet, (Moses the law giver). The expression on the sculpture's faces range from humbleness to thoughtfulness.
Victolee said he came to the United States in 1972 from Paris. Although Victolee has an art background, he said he never formally studied sculpting and is largely self-taught. Until 2000, he owned Victor's Gallery, on Park Avenue in Manhattan, he said.
Almost all the walls on the first floor of his house -- including the ceilings -- are covered with murals inspired by biblical stories. Many of his paintings, including Jesus and the Last Supper (Multiplism Last Supper bear his unique trademark - multiple faces.)
"I study each character separately before I put it in there," Victolee said, adding that it took about five months to complete the Last Supper painting.
The Moses sculpture will be officially unveiled on Sept. 15 at his home, Victolee said. But already neighbors are casting curious stares at the structure towering over small, white clay statues of Venus and Jupiter on Victolee's property at the corner of Ridge Road and East Passaic Avenue.
"Everybody has their own ideas," said Maria Victolee, the artist's wife of 28 years. "You hear people arguing in their cars about what it is or isn't."
Sheila Dawalt, a borough resident, was one of those curious onlookers who halted her car for an extra second or so at the stop sign to get a good luck at the sculpture.
"I think it's amazing artwork," said Dawalt, who drove around the block just to ask Victolee about his inspiration. "I've never seen anything like it."
Victolee did not have to get a building permit before beginning his work, said Charles F. Flenner, assistant construction official.
"We have seen it driving by, and we consider it no different from a fountain or any other lawn ornament that somebody would put in their yard," Flenner said Wednesday.
The artist estimated that he used 100 bags of cement and more than $10,000 in labor, materials and time.
"That's what they call love of art," he said.
There is some finishing yet to be done on the Moses sculpture. The fingers and ragged concrete have to be sanded and smoothed, and the sculpture has to be painted before its September debut. Eventually, Victolee hopes to add Buddha, Zeus and Jesus to the collection.
"Enough with the crucifixion," Victolee said about the planned Jesus sculpture, "now I am going to have a glorious return from the heavens."
From the New York Times of August 10, 2009: "WideNoise: Monitor Noise Levels on Your iPhone" by Richard McManus
nytimes.com/external/readwriteweb/2009/08/10/10readwritew...
"Using WideNoise I discovered that I live in a "sleeping cat" area -- although it felt more like a "rock concert area" last Friday about 2am when the neighbour had his mates around! So your mileage may vary. ... Both WideNoise and OpenSpime are the creation of the company WideTag, Inc., which looks to be building some innovative Internet of Things products. iPhone users can purchase WideNoise for US$1.99 from the Apple App Store."
Evening News (Sydney, NSW : 1869 - 1931) | Thu 13 Mar 1879 | Page 2
New Roman Catholic Church, Gundaroo.
GOULBURN, Wednesday, — Dr. Lannigan, Roman Catholic Bishop of Goulburn, the Revs. Fathers O'Keefe and Carr, Hon. M. Fitzpatrick and Mr. Thompson, M.P., have been guests for the last few days of Messrs. C. A. Massey and P. J. B. Donelly, at Gundaroo. On Sunday morning the foundation stone of the new Roman Catholic Church at Gundaroo was laid by the bishop, assisted by the clergy. A splendid view is obtained from the lofty site chosen on which to erect the building. About £200 has been collected for the building fund. On Sunday afternoon sixty adults and children were confirmed at Gundaroo by the Bishop. The girls were dressed in white, with white roses in their hair. The ceremony took place in a shed on the hill at the northern end of the town, Mr.Booth, hotelkeeper, supplied the decorations and flowers. On Monday morning the Gundaroo Roman Catholic burial ground, south of the new bridge, was consecrated.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Goulburn Evening Penny Post (NSW : 1881 - 1940) | Thu 17 Nov 1881 | Page 4
OPENING OF SAINT JOSEPH'S R. C. CHURCH AT GUNDAROO.
THE above church was blessed and opened at Gundaroo on last Sunday in the presence of a large number of people.
Owing to the illness of His Lordship the Bishop of Goulburn, the Rev. Father O'Keeffe, assisted by the Rev. Fathers O'Dwyer and Gallagher, performed the usual ceremonies. The proceedings commenced at 11 a.m. by a procession. After marching around the church the procession entered the building. The altar, vestry, and sacristy were then blessed in the usual manner, after which mass was celebrated by the Rev. Father O'Dwyer, Mr. and Mrs. Gallagher leading the choir.
At the conclusion of the mass the Rev. Father Gallagher (president of St. Patrick's College, Goulburn) ascended the altar steps and delivered an impressive sermon, dwelling more particularly on the
past and present state of the Church of Rome. The Rev. Father was listened to with intense interest by all the congregation, which included many of dillerent persuasions.
When Father Gallagher had finished his sermon, the Rev. Father O'Keefe addressed the congregation, and expressed his regret at the absence of his Lordship the Bishop of Goulburn, who, he said, had
given him the power to bless and open the church on that day. He also regretted to state that the Rev. Father Carr, who had worked so ardently for the erection of that little church, could not attend, as he was conducting the jubilee at Cootamundra. He then read the acconuts, which showed the cost in connection with building the church to have been over £400, and the amount collected to be over £200. He then announced that a collection would take place at the door, and expressed a hope that it would do a groat deal towards the liquidation of the £200 which still remained on the church. The proceeds of the collection amounted to something over £100, and Mr. Donnelly in a generous manner gave a cheque for thd deficiency, so that the Catholic church at Guadaroo is entirely out of debt. A luncheon then took place in a large room adjoining Mr. T. Booth's Royal Hotel, and over two hundred persons sat down to do justice to the good things provided by the ladies of Gundaroo; who deserve great praise for the manner in which the luncheon was laid out. The church is built of blue stone, with shingled roof, and the inside cemented. A statue of St. Joseph is over the altar, under which is a large crucifix, and on each side stands three large and beautiful candelabra. The candelabra and crucifix were presented to the church by Mrs. Jennings, wife of Sir P. A.
Jennings.
The jubilee commenced at the eleven o'clock mass, and will continue for a few days, the Revs, Father O'Dwyer and Gallagher conducting the same. Very great praise is due to Mr. and Mrs. Gallagher for their services in the choir.—Yass Courier.
This photo links to my blog article
http://www.heatheronhertravels.com/we-were-silhouetted-at-rovinj-in-istria-croatia/
This photo is licenced under Creative commons for use including commercial on condition that you link back to or credit http://www.heatheronhertravels.com/.
See my profile for more detail.