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Seen at the National Botanic Garden of Wales at Llanarthne.
Paeonia lactiflora, also Chinese Peony and common garden peony is a herbaceous perennial flowering plant in the family Paeoniaceae, native to central and eastern Asia from eastern Tibet across northern China to eastern Siberia. It is about 60-100 cm tall with large compound leaves 20-40 cm long. The flower buds are large and round, opening into large flowers 8–16 cm diameter, with 5-10 white, pink, or crimson petals and yellow stamens.
Chinese Peony is widely grown as an ornamental plant in gardens, with several hundred selected cultivars; many of the cultivars have double flowers, with the stamens modified into additional petals. It was first introduced to England in the mid-18th century, and is the species that has produced most common garden peonies today. It was known as P. albiflora for many years, and as the white peony when first introduced into Europe. There are many colours now available, from pure milk white, to pink, rose, and near red - along with single to full double forms. They are prolific bloomers, and have become the main source of peonies for the cut flower business.
It is used as a medicinal herb in traditional Chinese medicine, where it is called "Peony Medicine" or "White Peony Medicine"). The root is used to reduce fever and pain, and on wounds to stop bleeding and prevent infection. An antispasmodic effect is apparently also recorded in the Japanese pharmacopoeia. The leaves of many cultivars are high in oleanolic and ursolic acid.
Edible Parts: Fruit, Leaves, Shoots,
Edible Uses: Salad, Potherb, Jams, Preserves,
Fruit - cooked. Used in preserves, jams and pies. A pleasant musky taste. Somewhat like a tomato, but much less pleasant, it improves slightly after a frost. Only the fully ripe fruits should be used, the unripe fruits contain the toxin solanine. The fruit contains about 2.5% protein, 0.6% fat, 5.6% carbohydrate, 1.2% ash. The fruit is about 9mm in diameter. Young leaves and new shoots - raw or cooked as a potherb or added to soups. This plant is cultivated as a leaf crop in some areas, but see the notes below regarding possible toxicity.
CAUTION: There is a lot of disagreement over whether or not the leaves or fruit of this plant are poisonous. Views vary from relatively poisonous to perfectly safe to eat. The plant is cultivated as a food crop, both for its fruit and its leaves, in some parts of the world and it is probably true to say that toxicity can vary considerably according to where the plant is grown and the cultivar that is being grown. The unripe fruit contains the highest concentration of toxins.
MEDICINAL USES: Antiperiodic, Antiphlogistic, Antipsoriatic, Diaphoretic, Diuretic, Emollient, Febrifuge, Narcotic, Purgative, Sedative
The whole plant is antiperiodic, antiphlogistic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emollient, febrifuge, narcotic, purgative and sedative. It is harvested in the autumn when both flowers and fruit are upon the plant, and is dried for later use. Use with caution, see notes above on toxicity. The leaves, stems and roots are used externally as a poultice, wash etc., in the treatment of cancerous sores, boils, leucoderma and wounds. Extracts of the plant are analgesic, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory and vasodilator. The plant has been used in the manufacture of locally analgesic ointments and the juice of the fruit has been used as an analgesic for toothaches.
Medical use: Fennel helps to release gas from the stomach and bowels and relieve its associated pain and cramping. It helps to clear phlegm from the lungs. It can act as a stimulant and diuretic which calms the nerves, improves appetite and digestion, and acts as an antispasmodic. It is helpful for nursing mothers as it promotes lactation and calms colic. Fennel helps regulate energy to the spleen, stomach, liver and kidneys and can be used topically for joint inflammation. The dried powder is said to keep fleas away from kennels and stables.
In the tropics it will grow 1800 meters above sea level.
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I’m working towards organizing my stones better I think using picture over memory is key in successfully achieving my goal.
Info from Dr. Flora Peschek-Bohmer and Gisela Schreiber book Healing Crystals and Gemstones
Edible Parts: Stems, Leaves,
Edible Uses: Vegetable, Asparagus,
The whole plant can be cooked. It is tasteless if eaten raw, but has a taste like asparagus when it is cooked.
CAUTION: The plant contains several glycosides and is possibly toxic.
Medicinal Uses
Antibacterial; Antispasmodic, Febrifuge, Hypnotic, Nervine, Odontalgic, Ophthalmic, Sedative, Tonic, Warts
An infusion of the root is antispasmodic, hypnotic, nervine, sedative, tonic. It is a good remedy for spasms, fainting spells and various nervous conditions. It has been given to children who suffer from fits, epilepsy and convulsions. The plant was used by some native North American Indian tribes to treat eye problems, the stem was bruised and the clear fluid of the stems applied to the eyes. The juice from the stems has also been used to treat nervous irritability, including fits and spasms. It has been suggested in the past as a possible opium substitute. An infusion of the leaves has been used to treat colds and fevers. The crushed plant has been rubbed on bunions and warts in order to destroy them. A poultice of the plant has been applied to sores that are difficult to heal. The flowers have been chewed in order to bring relief from toothache. Water extracts of the plant are bactericidal.
Medical use : Oil seed used for illumination and medicine, mixed with coconut oil to give tongan oil for massage. Use as hair tonic/alopecia. In Indonesia, cures scable: kudis. Seed as analgesic and emetic. Bark used as analgesic, emollient, diuretic, laxative, emetic, depurative and antispasmodic.
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Edible Parts: Leaves, Root,
Edible Uses: Salad, Potherb,
Leaves - raw or cooked. The young spring shoots are finely chopped and added to salads. Rather pungent, they should be used sparingly or mixed with other salad plants. Root - raw.. Used in spring.
MEDICINAL USES: Antispasmodic, Antitussive, Diaphoretic, Diuretic, Emmenagogue, Tonic, Vulnerary
The whole plant, and especially the flowers, is antispasmodic, antitussive, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, tonic and vulnerary. It is harvested in May and June then dried for later use. The plant has been employed successfully in the treatment of whooping cough, asthma and nervous excitability. Externally it is used as a lotion on bruises, wounds, ulcers and some cutaneous diseases. A decoction of the dried flowers and stems has been used as a wash for chapped hands. A distilled water made from the flowers is an effective eye lotion in the treatment of conjunctivitis
www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leucanthemum+vulgare
The following information is from: The Deerholme Foraging Book: Wild Foods from the Pacific Northwest (Kindle Location 558). Touchwood Editions. Kindle Edition.
This daisy is a common wildflower that is abundant in fields and along roadsides in the region, The white petals and yellow center are very visible in the summer when the plant flowers by the thousands. The leaves in the spring are one of the best edibles available, growing as a rosette of green, beautifully cut leaves. The flavor is reminiscent of green apples and sage with a sweet aftertaste. Add young leaves to salad mixes or mix into dressing and sauces. A tea from the leaves can be used as a mild, relaxing tonic. As the plant matures, a green flower stem shoots up with a tightly closed emerging flower head. The whole shoot is edible and tasty as a vegetable or soup herb. The flower buds resemble caper berries and can be pickled. Once the flower opens up, the petals can be used in salads and dried for tea. The greens become bitter once the plant flowers and have a very pungent and somewhat overpowering aroma. The mature leaves were traditionally used as an insect repellant.*
Edible Parts: Leaves, Shoots, Oil
Edible Uses: Oil, Salad, Asparagus,Vegetable, Potherb,
Young leaves - raw or cooked. A bitter flavor. The young tender leaves are mild and make an excellent salad, but the whole plant becomes bitter as it gets older, especially when coming into flower. As a potherb it needs very little cooking. Large quantities can cause digestive upsets. Young shoots - cooked. Used as an asparagus substitute. An edible oil is obtained from the seed. The oil must be refined before it is edible. A pleasant flavor.
MEDICINAL USES: Anodyne; Antipyretic; Diuretic; Homeopathy; Hypnotic; Narcotic; Sedative, Antispasmodic, Digestive, Sedative,
The whole plant is rich in a milky sap that flows freely from any wounds. This hardens and dries when in contact with the air. The sap contains 'lactucarium', which is used in medicine for its anodyne, antispasmodic, digestive, diuretic, hypnotic, narcotic and sedative properties. Lactucarium has the effects of a feeble opium, but without its tendency to cause digestive upsets, nor is it addictive. It is taken internally in the treatment of insomnia, anxiety, neuroses, hyperactivity in children, dry coughs, whooping cough, rheumatic pain etc.. Concentrations of lactucarium are low in young plants and most concentrated when the plant comes into flower. It is collected commercially by cutting the heads of the plants and scraping the juice into china vessels several times a day until the plant is exhausted. This species does not contain as much lactucarium as L. virosa. An infusion of the fresh or dried flowering plant can also be used. The plant should be used with caution, and never without the supervision of a skilled practitioner. Even normal doses can cause drowsiness while excess causes restlessness and overdoses can cause death through cardiac paralysis. The fixed oil from the seeds is said to possess antipyretic and hypnotic properties. A homeopathic remedy is made from the plant. It is used in the treatment of chronic catarrh, coughs, swollen liver, flatulence and ailments of the urinary tract.
OTHER USES: Oil
The seed contains 35.2% of a semi-drying oil. It is used in soap making, paints, varnishes etc..
Edible Parts: Leaves, Root,
Edible Uses: Salad, Potherb,
Leaves - raw or cooked. The young spring shoots are finely chopped and added to salads. Rather pungent, they should be used sparingly or mixed with other salad plants. Root - raw.. Used in spring.
MEDICINAL USES: Antispasmodic, Antitussive, Diaphoretic, Diuretic, Emmenagogue, Tonic, Vulnerary
The whole plant, and especially the flowers, is antispasmodic, antitussive, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, tonic and vulnerary. It is harvested in May and June then dried for later use. The plant has been employed successfully in the treatment of whooping cough, asthma and nervous excitability. Externally it is used as a lotion on bruises, wounds, ulcers and some cutaneous diseases. A decoction of the dried flowers and stems has been used as a wash for chapped hands. A distilled water made from the flowers is an effective eye lotion in the treatment of conjunctivitis
www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leucanthemum+vulgare
The following information is from: The Deerholme Foraging Book: Wild Foods from the Pacific Northwest (Kindle Location 558). Touchwood Editions. Kindle Edition.
This daisy is a common wildflower that is abundant in fields and along roadsides in the region, The white petals and yellow center are very visible in the summer when the plant flowers by the thousands. The leaves in the spring are one of the best edibles available, growing as a rosette of green, beautifully cut leaves. The flavor is reminiscent of green apples and sage with a sweet aftertaste. Add young leaves to salad mixes or mix into dressing and sauces. A tea from the leaves can be used as a mild, relaxing tonic. As the plant matures, a green flower stem shoots up with a tightly closed emerging flower head. The whole shoot is edible and tasty as a vegetable or soup herb. The flower buds resemble caper berries and can be pickled. Once the flower opens up, the petals can be used in salads and dried for tea. The greens become bitter once the plant flowers and have a very pungent and somewhat overpowering aroma. The mature leaves were traditionally used as an insect repellant.*
Black Cohosh (Actea racemosa - syn. - Cimicifuga racemosa)
By Christa Sinadinos
Black cohosh can be used as an anti-inflammatory, which often works most effectively when combined with other herbs for the treatment of arthritis and headaches.
It has an antispasmodic effect on smooth muscle tissues, which makes this herb helpful in treating digestive cramps, menstrual cramps, cramping of the gall bladder or kidney caused by passing of stones, as well as asthmatic bronchial spasms. Black cohosh helps to relieve nervous conditions.
It can also enhance female reproductive health and can be used to tone the uterus. Black cohosh is said to mimic estrogen in the body without actually raising estrogen levels. It can be used by women who are perimenopausal or menopausal to reduce hot flashes and to tone the uterus. It does not affect uterine and breast tissue negatively as synthetic estrogen might.
**Contraindications: do not consume black cohosh during the first 36 weeks of pregnancy. High doses of black cohosh can cause a frontal headache.**
Folkloric
- Infusion of leaves used for gonorrhea.
- Poultice of leaves for snake bites.
- Leaves used for menorrhagia and leucorrhea.
- Juice of the leaves mixed with lime, applied to tumors and abscesses.
- Salted juice from the pods used for ear inflammation and sore throat.
- Used as stomachic and antiseptic; given for abdominal pains, diarrhea, and vomiting.
- The Malays make of poultice of the leaves mixed with rice-flowers and tumeric used for eczema.
- In Indo-China, Infusion of leaves for colic; flowers used as emmenagogue.
- Flowers prescribed for menorrhagia and leucorrhea.
- Seeds are considered aphrodisiac; also used to stop nose bleeds.
- In China, boiled ripe seeds used as tonic and carminative.
- Seeds used as febrifuge, stomachic, and antispasmodic.
source: stuart xchange
Introduction:
Latin Name: Trifolium pratense L.
Red clover was used in Chinese traditional medicine and western folk medicine for similar purposes. It has been traditionally used as an antispasmodic, an expectorant, and a sedative for asthma, bronchitis and respiratory spasms. It is also used as blood purifier.
Red clover is used for menopausal symptoms, cancer prevention, indigestion, whooping cough, cough, asthma and bronchitis. For lowering cholesterol, some effects of red clover isoflavones might be involved in modulating lipid metabolism, some researchers think red clover may plays a role in preventing cardiovascular disease due to its potential effects on cholesterol levels.
Functions:
1. For women, stimulate eostrogenic activity, increase fertility, and reduce “hot flashes” experienced by women during menopause.
2. Anti-cancer.
3. One of the most useful remedies for children with skin problems.
4. Expectorant and anti-spasmodic.
5. Relieve the syndrome of irritation and inflammation of urinary tract.
6. Relieve constipation and help soothe inflammation of the bowel, stomach and intestines.
7. Relieve tension due to stress and associated headaches.
Edible Parts: Leaves, Flowers
Edible Uses: Tea.
An aromatic, slightly bitter tea can be made by infusing the dried leaves in boiling water for 5 - 10 minutes. A sweeter tea can be made by infusing the fresh or dried flowers.
CAUTION: The leaves contain rotenone and coumarin, though the quantities are not given. Rotenone is used as an insecticide and coumarin can prevent the blood from clotting. Hairs on the leaves can act as an irritant.
MEDICINAL USES: Anodyne; Antiseptic; Astringent; Demulcent; Emollient; Expectorant; Homeopathy; Narcotic;
Odontalgic; Vulnerary.
Great mullein is a commonly used domestic herbal remedy, valued for its efficacy in the treatment of pectoral complaints. It acts by reducing the formation of mucus and stimulating the coughing up of phlegm, and is a specific treatment for tracheitis and bronchitis. The leaves and the flowers are anodyne, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, demulcent, diuretic, emollient, expectorant and vulnerary. An infusion is taken internally in the treatment of a wide range of chest complaints and also to treat diarrhea. The plant combines well with other expectorants such as coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris). Externally, a poultice of the leaves is a good healer of wounds and is also applied to ulcers, tumors and piles. Any preparation made from the leaves needs to be carefully strained in order to remove the small hairs which can be an irritant. The plant is harvested when in flower and is dried for later use. An infusion of the flowers in olive oil is used as earache drops, or as a local application in the treatment of piles and other mucous membrane inflammations. This infusion is also strongly bactericidal. A decoction of the roots is said to alleviate toothache and also relieve cramps and convulsions. The juice of the plant and powder made from the dried roots is said to quickly remove rough warts when rubbed on them. It is not thought to be so useful for smooth warts. The seeds are slightly narcotic and also contain saponins. A poultice made from the seeds and leaves is used to draw out splinters. A decoction of the seeds is used to soothe chilblains and chapped skin. A homeopathic remedy is made from the fresh leaves. It is used in the treatment of long-standing headaches accompanied with oppression of the ear.
OTHER USES: Dye; Insecticide; Insulation; Lighting; Tinder; Wick.
A yellow dye is obtained from the flowers by boiling them in water. When used with dilute sulphuric acid they produce a rather permanent green dye, this becomes brown with the addition of alkalis. An infusion of the flowers is sometimes used to dye the hair a golden color. The flowering stems can be dipped in wax and used as torches. The down on the leaves and stems makes an excellent tinder when quite dry. It is also used as an insulation in shoes to keep the feet warm and to make wicks for candle. One report says that the leaves contain rotenone, though it does not say in what quantity. Rotenone is used as an insecticide.
Botanical Name: Fenniculum vulgare
Indian Name: Saunf
Fennel is an aromatic, yellowish green, biennial or perennial herb. The leaves of the fennel are digestive, appetizing and stimulating. Oil of fennel, distilled from the dry seeds is aromatic, carminative and antispasmodic. It is used in various carminative preparations.
Funnel consist of moisture 6.3 percent, fat 10 percent, protein 9.5 percent, minerals 13.4 percent, fiber 18.5 percent and carbohydrates 42.3 percent. Its mineral and vitamin contents are calcium, sodium, phosphorus, iron, thiamine, potassium, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin C.
The composition of oil varies widely according to the variety and origin. Indian fennel oil contains substantial amount of anethole and fenchone. It possesses a sweet taste. The fatty acids of the oil are palmitic acid and petroselinic acid.
The white trillium is the official flower of Ontario,Canada :-) !!!
The flowers blooms from April to May and is sometimes called a Wakerobin as it symbolizes the arrival of robins. Its colour will change from light pink to red as it ages.
Trillium is one of many plants whose seeds are spread by ants. At maturity, the base and core of the trillium ovary turns soft and spongy. Trillium seeds have a fleshy organ called an elaiosome that attracts ants. The ants extract the seeds from the decaying ovary and take them to their nest, where they eat the elaiosomes and put the seeds in their garbage, where they germinate in a rich growing medium.
Properties : White Trillium is edible and medicinal and has a long history of use by Native Americans.The root is medicinal as an abortifacient, antiseptic, antispasmodic, diuretic, emmenagogue,and opthalmic.I won’t put it all here as is would be too long to write what it can do.
But is is also illegal to pick this flowers in many areas. Picking a trillium seriously injures the plant by preventing the leaf-like bracts from producing food for the next year. A plant takes many years to recover.
Very interesting flowers and so much more to be said about it but way to much to put here.I think I covered the basics.
Edible Parts: Leaves,
Edible Uses: Condiment, Tea, Salad, Potherb,
Leaves - raw or cooked. A rather bitter flavor, they make an acceptable addition to mixed salads and are best used when young. The leaves are also used as a hop-substitute for flavoring and as a preservative for beer etc. Although in general yarrow is a very nutritious and beneficial plant to add to the diet, some caution should be exercised. See the notes below on possible toxicity. An aromatic tea is made from the flowers and leaves. An essential oil from the flowering heads is used as a flavoring for soft drinks.
CAUTION
Extended use of this plant, either medicinally or in the diet, can cause allergic skin rashes or lead to photosensitivity in some people. Theoretically yarrow can enhance the sedative effects of other herbs (e.g. valerian, kava, German chamomile, hops) & sedative drugs. Possible sedative & diuretic effects from ingesting large amounts .
MEDICINAL USES: Antidiarrheal, Anti-inflammatory, Antiseptic, Antispasmodic, Appetizer, Aromatic, Astringent, Carminative, Cholagogue, Diaphoretic, Digestive, Emmenagogue, Odontalgic, Stimulant, Tonic, Vasodilator, Vulnerary,
Yarrow has a high reputation and is widely employed in herbal medicine, administered both internally and externally. It is used in the treatment of a very wide range of disorders but is particularly valuable for treating wounds, stopping the flow of blood, treating colds, fevers, kidney diseases, menstrual pain etc. The whole plant is used, both fresh and dried, and is best harvested when in flower. Some caution should be exercised in the use of this herb since large or frequent doses taken over a long period may be potentially harmful, causing allergic rashes and making the skin more sensitive to sunlight. The herb combines well with Sambucus nigra flowers (Elder) and Mentha x piperita vulgaris (Peppermint) for treating colds and influenza. The herb is antiseptic, antispasmodic, mildly aromatic, astringent, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, digestive, emmenagogue, Odontalgic, stimulant, bitter tonic, vasodilator and vulnerary. It also contains the anti-inflammatory agent azulene, though the content of this varies even between plants in the same habitat. The herb is harvested in the summer when in flower and can be dried for later use. The fresh leaf can be applied direct to an aching tooth in order to relieve the pain.
OTHER USES: Compost, Cosmetic, Dye, Yellow, Green, Essential, Hair, Liquid feed, Repellent
The growing plant repels beetles, ants and flies. The plant has been burnt in order to ward off mosquitoes. A liquid plant feed can be made from the leaves. You fill a container with the leaves and then add some water. Leave it to soak for a week or two and then dilute the rather smelly dark liquid, perhaps 10 - 1 with water though this figure is not crucial. This plant is an essential ingredient of 'Quick Return' herbal compost activator. This is a dried and powdered mixture of several herbs that can be added to a compost heap in order to speed up bacterial activity and thus shorten the time needed to make the compost. The fragrant seeds have been used to impart a pleasant smell indoors. An essential oil obtained from the leaves is used medicinally. The leaves contain from 0.6 to 0.85% essential oil. The leaves have been used as a cosmetic cleanser for greasy skin. Yellow and green dyes are obtained from the flowers. A good ground cover plant, spreading quickly by its roots.
Even thinking of a pleasant soak in the tub makes hearts leap for joy! Certainly the Egyptians, Greeks and Romans knew how to enjoy a relaxing bath and also the supportive and balancing health benefits were well-known: it stimulates the blood circulation, is antispasmodic and relaxes tense muscles.
Our bath oils gently caress the skin, the goat milk bath keeps it silkily-soft, sea salts and algae purify and detoxify, herbal extracts calm and relax and the sisalnest offers a wonderfully, satisfying scrub. Simply dangle your soul, relax and enjoy our miraculous bath products – isn’t life beautiful?
A very poisonous plant, the toxins are especially concentrated in the seed. The stems contain up to 0.06% of the toxic alkaloids, the leaves between 0.03 and 0.8%, the flowers from 0.09 to 0.24% and the green fruit from 0.73 to 0.98%. The toxins, however, are very volatile and decompose readily, especially when the plant is dried or cooked. The toxins paralyze the respiratory nerves, causing death by suffocation. Children have been known to die after using the hollow stems as blowpipes. The poisonous nature of the plant varies considerably, with many people believing that the plant is less toxic when grown in cooler climates.
MEDICINAL USES: Analgesic; Antirheumatic; Antispasmodic; Cancer; Emetic; Galactofuge; Homeopathy; Sedative.
Hemlock is a very poisonous plant that has a long history of medicinal use, though it is very rarely used in modern herbalism. It is a narcotic plant that sedates and relieves pain. The plant contains coniine, an extremely toxic substance that can also cause congenital defects. The whole plant is analgesic, antispasmodic, emetic, galactofuge and sedative. It is a traditional folk treatment for cancer and was formerly widely used internally in very small doses to treat a variety of complaints including tumors, epilepsy, whooping cough, rabies and as an antidote to strychnine poisoning. It is still used externally, usually in ointments and oils, in the treatment of mastitis, malignant tumors (especially breast cancer) anal fissure and hemorrhoids. The leaves and stems should be harvested when the first fruits are forming, since they are then at their most active medicinally. The fruits are gathered either when fully ripe, or before they turn from green to yellow, and are then dried. Because of the extremely toxic nature of this herb, it is seldom employed nowadays. Use with extreme caution and only under the guidance of a qualified practitioner. See also the notes above on toxicity. A homeopathic remedy is prepared from a tincture of the fresh plant, harvested when in flower It is used for treating complaints such as dizziness, coughs, insomnia, exhaustion, arteriosclerosis and prostate problems.
Valerian is a common flowering plant ( angiosperm ) belonging to the family of Valerianacee . She is best known of the genus Valeriana , consisting of more than 150 species , most disclosed in forested regions in Europe and , to some extent, in North America and in the tropical regions of South America .
The botanical name is deduced from the Latin assert ( strict , healthy ) . The popular name , cat grass , stems from the fact that the fresh plant exerts a kind of " amazing " about cats and perhaps this is the reason why , despite being decorative , it is rarely encountered in the gardens .
And perennial herbaceous plant , with short rhizome stolonifero , erect and furrowed surface grooves , fibrous roots emanating an unpleasant and penetrating odor; in optimal conditions can reach heights of about 150 cm .
The leaves are opposite and without stipules , petiole present only in the lower ( the upper are sessile ) ; all you have composed and imparipinnate , consist of 11-19 leaflets entire or toothed blade and a nice deep green color .
The flowers , slightly fragrant , are united to form a particular type of inflorescence said corimbo ; are hermaphrodites , with reduced calyx and corolla with 5 petals , tubular and pale pink ; The androecium consists of stamens 3 , the harem of a tri- carpellare pistil with inferior ovary and unilocular . Flowering occurs in April-June and pollination is entomogama (by insects ) .
The fruit is an achene striped fitted with feathery bristles arising from the modification that the small teeth of the calyx suffer with age . Their presence it helps the dispersion by means of the wind.
The V.officinalis prefers cool and moist ( mesofita ) and grows at the edge of the woods and shady lawns up to an altitude of 1400 meters .
All species of valerian contain :
essential oils ( esters of valproic acid, valerenic , caryophyllene , terpinolene , valerenolo , valerenale and diterpene compounds known under the name of iridoids ) ;
some alkaloids ( Valerina , actinidina , catinina and alpha- pirrilchetone ) ;
and flavonoids ( linarina , 6 - metilapigenina and hesperidin ) .
You use the root of the plant but has an unpleasant odor. It has sedative and calming , aiding sleep .
The mechanism of action of its constituents is fairly well known. You must esters of valeric acids and iridoid to the animal inhibit the enzyme gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase , responsible for the metabolic degradation of the neurotransmitter gamma- aminobutirrato (GABA) . This chemical mediator is known to be associated with neuronal inhibitory phenomena and is also responsible for the induction of sleep in humans.
More recent studies have shown that even some of the alkaloids may have a more or less direct influence on the metabolism of GABA, but its mechanism is still unclear. Finally , it seems that some of the terpenes and flavonoids may act as agonists for adenosine receptors (those inhibited by caffeine ), and in part be responsible for the action - inducing hypnotic , antispasmodic in the intestine and reducing blood pressure .
Remarks:
In small doses (below the amount specified in the dosage ) , the remedy can have a paradoxical effect because it becomes a stimulant.
Used to facilitate sleep does not have the classic effects of hypnotics and therefore does not cause mental heaviness on waking.
Botanical Name: Fenniculum vulgare
Indian Name: Saunf
Fennel is an aromatic, yellowish green, biennial or perennial herb. The leaves of the fennel are digestive, appetizing and stimulating. Oil of fennel, distilled from the dry seeds is aromatic, carminative and antispasmodic. It is used in various carminative preparations.
Funnel consist of moisture 6.3 percent, fat 10 percent, protein 9.5 percent, minerals 13.4 percent, fiber 18.5 percent and carbohydrates 42.3 percent. Its mineral and vitamin contents are calcium, sodium, phosphorus, iron, thiamine, potassium, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin C.
The composition of oil varies widely according to the variety and origin. Indian fennel oil contains substantial amount of anethole and fenchone. It possesses a sweet taste. The fatty acids of the oil are palmitic acid and petroselinic acid.
Edible Parts: Flowers, Leaves,
Edible Uses: Condiment, Drink, Tea, Salad, Potherb,
Leaves - raw or cooked. The leaves are coumarin-scented (like freshly mown hay), they are used as a flavoring in cooling drinks and are also added to fruit salads etc. The leaves are soaked in white wine to make 'Maitrank', an aromatic tonic drink that is made in Alsace. A fragrant and delicious tea is made from the green-dried leaves and flowers. Slightly wilted leaves are used, the tea has a fresh, grassy flavor. The sweet-scented flowers are eaten or used as a garnish.
MEDICINAL USES: Antispasmodic, Cardiac, Diaphoretic, Diuretic, Homeopathy, Sedative,
Sweet woodruff was widely used in herbal medicine during the Middle Ages, gaining a reputation as an external application to wounds and cuts and also taken internally in the treatment of digestive and liver problems. In current day herbalism it is valued mainly for its tonic, diuretic and anti-inflammatory affect. The leaves are antispasmodic, cardiac, diaphoretic, diuretic, sedative. An infusion is used in the treatment of insomnia and nervous tension, varicose veins, biliary obstruction, hepatitis and jaundice. The plant is harvested just before or as it comes into flower and can be dried for later use. One report says that it should be used with caution while another says that it is entirely safe. Excessive doses can produce dizziness and symptoms of poisoning. The dried plant contains coumarin and this acts to prevent the clotting of blood - though in excessive doses it can cause internal bleeding. The plant is grown commercially as a source of coumarin, used to make an anticoagulant drug. Do not use this remedy if you are taking conventional medicine for circulatory problems or if you are pregnant. A number of species in this genus contain asperuloside, a substance that produces coumarin and gives the scent of new-mown hay as the plant dries. Asperuloside can be converted into prostaglandins (hormone-like compounds that stimulate the uterus and affect blood vessels), making the genus of great interest to the pharmaceutical industry. A homeopathic remedy made from the plant is used in the treatment of inflammation of the uterus.
OTHER USES: Dye, Red, Soft-tan, Grey-green, Potpourri, Repellent, Strewing
A red dye is obtained from the root. Soft-tan and grey-green dyes are obtained from the stems and leaves. A good ground-cover plant for growing on woodland edges or in the cool shade of shrubs. It spreads rapidly at the roots. It is an ideal carpeting plant for bulbs to grow through. Although the fresh plant has very little aroma, as it dries it becomes very aromatic with the scent of newly-mown grass and then retains this aroma for years. It is used in the linen cupboard to protect from moths etc. It was also formerly used as a strewing herb and is an ingredient of potpourri. It was also hung up in bunches in the home in order to keep the rooms cool and fragrant during the summertime.
Medicinal Uses
Antiperiodic; Antiphlogistic; Diaphoretic; Diuretic; Emollient; Febrifuge; Narcotic; Purgative; Sedative.
The whole plant is antiperiodic, antiphlogistic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emollient, febrifuge, narcotic, purgative and sedative. It is harvested in the autumn when both flowers and fruit are upon the plant, and is dried for later use. Use with caution, see notes above on toxicity. The leaves, stems and roots are used externally as a poultice, wash etc in the treatment of cancerous sores, boils, leucoderma and wounds. Extracts of the plant are analgesic, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory and vasodilator. The plant has been used in the manufacture of locally analgesic ointments and the juice of the fruit has been used as an analgesic for toothaches.
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Edible Parts: Flowers, Oil, Seed, Seedpod,
Edible Uses: Condiment, Drink, Oil, Potherb, vegetable,
Seed - cooked. Oily. They are boiled and used like peas. After boiling the seeds lose their acid taste. The seed is about 4mm long and is produced in pods up to 10cm long that contain 4 - 8 seeds. A nutritional analysis is available. Young seedpods - cooked. The pods contain a sweetish pulp that is safe to eat and is relished by small children. (This report is quite probably mistaken, having been confused with the honey locust, Gleditsia spp.). A strong, narcotic and intoxicating drink is made from the skin of the fruit. Pipe Ronal is extracted from the plant, it is used as a vanilla substitute. No further details. All the above entries should be treated with some caution, see the notes at the bottom of the page regarding toxicity. Flowers - cooked. A fragrant aroma, they are used in making jams and pancakes. They can also be made into a pleasant drink.
Known Hazards
All parts of the plant (except the flowers) and especially the bark, should be considered to be toxic. The toxins are destroyed by heat.
MEDICINAL USES: Antispasmodic, Antiviral, Aromatic, Cancer, Cholagogue, Diuretic, Emetic, Emollient,
Febrifuge, Laxative, Narcotic, Purgative. Tonic,
Febrifuge. The flowers are antispasmodic, aromatic, diuretic, emollient and laxative. They are cooked and eaten for the treatment of eye ailments. The flower is said to contain the antitumor compound benzoaldehyde. The inner bark and the root bark are emetic, purgative and tonic. The root bark has been chewed to induce vomiting, or held in the mouth to allay toothache, though it is rarely if ever prescribed as a therapeutic agent in Britain. The fruit is narcotic. This probably refers to the seedpod. The leaves are cholagogue and emetic. The leaf juice inhibits viruses.
OTHER USES: Dye, Yellow, Essential, Fiber, Fuel; Oil, Soil stabilization, Wood, Fence Posts, Stakes
A drying oil is obtained from the seed. An essential oil is obtained from the flowers. Highly valued, it is used in perfumery. A yellow dye is obtained from the bark. Robinetin is a strong dyestuff yielding with different mordants different shades similar to those obtained with fisetin, quercetin, and myricetin; with aluminum mordant, it dyes cotton to a brown-orange shade. The bark contains tannin, but not in sufficient quantity for utilization. On a 10% moisture basis, the bark contains 7.2% tannin and the heartwood of young trees 5.7%. The bark is used to make paper and is a substitute for silk and wool. Trees sucker freely, especially if coppiced, and they can be used for stabilizing banks etc.. Wood - close-grained, exceedingly hard, heavy, very strong, resists shock and is very durable in contact with the soil. It weighs 45lb per cubic foot and is used in shipbuilding and for making fence posts, treenails, floors etc.. A very good fuel, but it should be used with caution because it flares up and projects sparks. The wood of Robinia pseudoacacia var. rectissima, the so called 'Long Island' or 'Shipmast' locust, has a greater resistance to decay and wood borers, outlasting other locust posts and stakes by 50 - 100%.
Bee Balm Summer Meadow
A summer image for those of you with cabin fever here in late January. In the remote borderlands area of Wyoming and Montana I live on, we have fairly severe winters. Fortunately I have the perspective of living 10 years in Jackson’s Hole Wyoming. I used to get 6 feet of snow flat in my backyard every winter in Jackson. My drive way was only a few hundred feet to the plowed road. Here we just deal with drifts some of which are significant. Way more wind up here on the high ridges of the western most Wyoming Black Hills. Unfortunately my drive way here is 1/4 mile long. It’s also warmer here. Jackson is 6200 feet above mean sea level, we are 3800 ft elevation at the Bliss DInosaur Ranch homestead.
The summer patch of Bee Balm seems happy in it’s full sun wash location. The soil in the wash is richer. Seeds fall/germinate in the moist gullies and aren’t exposed to the wind as much. “Monarda” AKA Bee Balm is related to the mint family. I’ve seen pink, lavendar and purple variants around the ranch. Other nabes are Bergamot and Oswego Tea. Hummingbirds love this stuff.
It has a plethora of medicinal properties. It’s an antimicrobial , antispasmodic for menstrual cramps and coughs. Soothing to the digestive system (tea), it treats indigestion and bloating as well as nausea. Used to treat anxiety/stress, it’s similar to lemon balm.. The tea is made from individual petals pulled. This creates a bright red tea. Takes about 15 minutes to steep. 1tablespoon of dried flower petals or 2 tablespoons of fresh petals to every cup of water. Bring it just below a boil and no more.
Location; Bliss Dinosaur Ranch, Wyoming/Montana borderlands (Wyotana)
Title: Bee Balm Summer Meadow
Other Names: Blue Cardinal Flower, Blue Lobelia, Great Blue Lobelia, Great Lobelia, High-lobelia, Indian Tobacco, Lobelia
Lobelia siphilitica and Lobelia inflata have basically the same uses. Lobelia was a highly prized medicinal plant and used extensively by Native Americans. It was considered a panacea, being used for just about everything that ailed them. Once it was discovered by Europeans and taken back to England they also used it for many illnesses. Lobelia is still used today as an alternative medicine in many parts of the world. Medical research has found the plants constituents to be Piperidine alkaloids including Lobeline, and other carboxylic acids as well as isolobelanine, gum, resin, chlorophyl, fixed oil, lignin, salts of lime and potassium, with ferric oxide. Lobeline stimulates the respiratory center of the brain, producing stronger and deeper breathing, making it very useful in treating many respiratory complaints, such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, whooping cough, spasmodic croup, and pneumonia. While at the same time isolobelanine, relaxes the respiratory and neuro-muscular system and acts as a nervine and antispasmodic. It is a most useful systemic relaxant and a holistic combination of stimulation and relaxation. The seeds contain a much higher percentage of lobeline than the rest of the plant. The whole plant is used as an analgesic, cathartic, emetic, expectorant, diaphoretic, anti-asthmatic, stimulant, antispasmodic, narcotic, and sedative. Used to treat convulsive and inflammatory disorders such as epilepsy, hysterical convulsions, traumatic injuries, tetanus, sores and abscesses, colds and fevers, diphtheria and tonsilitis. When chewed it tastes similar to tobacco and produces effects like those of nicotine. It is used in some antismoking products. Also used for scorpion and snake bites and to induce nausea and vomiting. A poultice of the root has been applied in treating pleurisy, rheumatism, tennis elbow, whiplash injuries, boils, ulcers and hard to heal sores.
Caution is advised as an overdose of lobelia may cause dizziness, nausea, hypotension, vomiting, stupor, tremors, paralysis, convulsions, coma, and death.
Folklore
Used as a Ceremonial (Emetic) in religious ceremonies by some native American tribes. An infusion of plant was taken to vomit and cure tobacco or whiskey habit or as a love or anti-love medicine. A decoction of the plant was taken to counteract sickness produced by witchcraft. It was believed by some native North American Indian tribes that if the finely ground roots were secretly added to the food of an arguing couple they would love each other again.
Recipe
Infusion: Pour 1 cup of boiling water into l/4 to l/2 teaspoonful of the dried herb and let steep for l0 to l5 min. Drink three times a day. Tincture: take l/2 ml of the tincture three times a day.
Edible Parts: Leaves, Shoots, Oil
Edible Uses: Oil, Salad, Asparagus,Vegetable, Potherb,
Young leaves - raw or cooked. A bitter flavor. The young tender leaves are mild and make an excellent salad, but the whole plant becomes bitter as it gets older, especially when coming into flower. As a potherb it needs very little cooking. Large quantities can cause digestive upsets. Young shoots - cooked. Used as an asparagus substitute. An edible oil is obtained from the seed. The oil must be refined before it is edible. A pleasant flavor.
MEDICINAL USES: Anodyne; Antipyretic; Diuretic; Homeopathy; Hypnotic; Narcotic; Sedative, Antispasmodic, Digestive, Sedative,
The whole plant is rich in a milky sap that flows freely from any wounds. This hardens and dries when in contact with the air. The sap contains 'lactucarium', which is used in medicine for its anodyne, antispasmodic, digestive, diuretic, hypnotic, narcotic and sedative properties. Lactucarium has the effects of a feeble opium, but without its tendency to cause digestive upsets, nor is it addictive. It is taken internally in the treatment of insomnia, anxiety, neuroses, hyperactivity in children, dry coughs, whooping cough, rheumatic pain etc.. Concentrations of lactucarium are low in young plants and most concentrated when the plant comes into flower. It is collected commercially by cutting the heads of the plants and scraping the juice into china vessels several times a day until the plant is exhausted. This species does not contain as much lactucarium as L. virosa. An infusion of the fresh or dried flowering plant can also be used. The plant should be used with caution, and never without the supervision of a skilled practitioner. Even normal doses can cause drowsiness while excess causes restlessness and overdoses can cause death through cardiac paralysis. The fixed oil from the seeds is said to possess antipyretic and hypnotic properties. A homeopathic remedy is made from the plant. It is used in the treatment of chronic catarrh, coughs, swollen liver, flatulence and ailments of the urinary tract.
OTHER USES: Oil
The seed contains 35.2% of a semi-drying oil. It is used in soap making, paints, varnishes etc..
Edible Parts: Leaves, Shoots, Oil
Edible Uses: Oil, Salad, Asparagus,Vegetable, Potherb,
Young leaves - raw or cooked. A bitter flavor. The young tender leaves are mild and make an excellent salad, but the whole plant becomes bitter as it gets older, especially when coming into flower. As a potherb it needs very little cooking. Large quantities can cause digestive upsets. Young shoots - cooked. Used as an asparagus substitute. An edible oil is obtained from the seed. The oil must be refined before it is edible. A pleasant flavor.
MEDICINAL USES: Anodyne; Antipyretic; Diuretic; Homeopathy; Hypnotic; Narcotic; Sedative, Antispasmodic, Digestive, Sedative,
The whole plant is rich in a milky sap that flows freely from any wounds. This hardens and dries when in contact with the air. The sap contains 'lactucarium', which is used in medicine for its anodyne, antispasmodic, digestive, diuretic, hypnotic, narcotic and sedative properties. Lactucarium has the effects of a feeble opium, but without its tendency to cause digestive upsets, nor is it addictive. It is taken internally in the treatment of insomnia, anxiety, neuroses, hyperactivity in children, dry coughs, whooping cough, rheumatic pain etc.. Concentrations of lactucarium are low in young plants and most concentrated when the plant comes into flower. It is collected commercially by cutting the heads of the plants and scraping the juice into china vessels several times a day until the plant is exhausted. This species does not contain as much lactucarium as L. virosa. An infusion of the fresh or dried flowering plant can also be used. The plant should be used with caution, and never without the supervision of a skilled practitioner. Even normal doses can cause drowsiness while excess causes restlessness and overdoses can cause death through cardiac paralysis. The fixed oil from the seeds is said to possess antipyretic and hypnotic properties. A homeopathic remedy is made from the plant. It is used in the treatment of chronic catarrh, coughs, swollen liver, flatulence and ailments of the urinary tract.
OTHER USES: Oil
The seed contains 35.2% of a semi-drying oil. It is used in soap making, paints, varnishes etc..
Angelica (Angelica hendersonii, and A. species)
By Christa Sinadinos
Angelica root acts as an antispasmodic to the smooth muscle tissues. A decoction or a tincture can be used to allay respiratory spasms--this can be beneficial for dry, irritating coughs and asthma. The root also has expectorant properties.
A cup of angelica tea (or 30-60 drops of the extract) works effectively to reduce cramping of smooth muscle spasms of the small and large intestines and the uterus. The root can also be used as an emmenogogue to stimulate menses delayed by stress, illness, or exposure to cold. However, angelica consumption should be avoided during pregnancy.
**Contraindications: do not consume angelica during pregnancy. Angelica may also cause photosensitivity in some individuals.**
Ground ivy belongs to the Lamiaceae family, which includes mints and herbs such as rosemary, pennyroyal, spearmint, basil, catnip, and thyme. Ground ivy is found in dams and shady places, especially in thickets, in Canada, most of the United States, the United Kingdom (except Scotland), Europe, northern Asia, and Japan.
Properties
Medicinal and edible, a light taste very agreeable in salads, an excellent spring tonic, it is an appetite stimulant. It contains a volatile oil which aids in relieving congestion and inflammation of mucous membranes associated with colds, flu, and sinusitis. It is Anti-allergenic, Antibacterial, Anti-flu, Antihistaminic, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Antiseptic, Antispasmodic, Antiviral, Cancer-Preventive, Expectorant, Immuno-stimulant, and Sedative....Ground-Ivy is being studied for use in preventing Leukemia, Bronchitis, Hepatitis, many kinds of cancer, and HIV....asl tea is used to treat digestive disorders, gastritis, acid indigestion, and diarrhea...also beneficial for liver and kidney function, said to relieve gravel and stones, being used as an antidote for lead poisoning. Added to bath as an emollient to soften skin and has a sedative effect.
Traditionally, ground ivy has been used for tinnitus, catarrh, diarrhea, bile disorders, hemorrhoids, and as a tonic. Before hops were available in the early 16th Century, the British used ground ivy to clarify beer. During the Tudor period, it was used to preserve beer for sea voyages. Some old English recipes flavored jam with ground ivy and added young spring leaves to oatmeal, soups, and vegetables. In the early 20th Century, ground ivy tea was used in Britain as a cure-all, and was frequently used for tuberculosis and as an antidote for lead poisoning. The stems of the plant were also made into wreaths for the dead.
Today, ground ivy is often a recommended addition to compost heaps because of its high iron content. Animal and laboratory studies indicate that ground ivy may be useful for its antibiotic or anti-inflammatory effects. However, ground ivy is considered by some local governments to be a bothersome and aggressive weed in Europe and North America. There are currently no high quality studies available on the medicinal applications of ground ivy.
While often thought of as a weed because of its propensity for spreading, Glechoma hederacea has culinary and medicinal uses which were the cause of its being imported to America by early European settlers. The fresh herb can be rinsed and steeped in hot water to create an herbal tea which is rich in vitamin C. It has a distinctive, mildly peppery flavor; it can be cooked as a pot herb, although it is most commonly eaten as a fresh salad green.
Glechoma hederacea has been used in the traditional medicine of Europe going back thousands of years. Galen recommends the plant to treat inflammation of the eyes. John Gerard, an English herbalist, recommended the plant to treat tinnitus, as well as a "diuretic, astringent, tonic and gentle stimulant. Useful in kidney diseases and for indigestion." It is also useful as a "lung herb". Other traditional uses include as an expectorant, astringent, and to treat bronchitis.
The essential oil of the plant has many potent medicinal properties; the plant has been used for centuries as a general tonic for colds and coughs, and to relieve congestion of the mucous membranes. The plant has been demonstrated by studies in rats and mice to have anti-inflammatory properties. Many of the components of the essential oil have been studied individually and found to have various effects, including protecting against the formation of ulcers. One component, ursolic acid, was found in vitro to have antiviral activity against the Epstein-Barr virus.
Edible Parts: Leaves, Root,
Edible Uses: Salad, Potherb,
Leaves - raw or cooked. The young spring shoots are finely chopped and added to salads. Rather pungent, they should be used sparingly or mixed with other salad plants. Root - raw.. Used in spring.
MEDICINAL USES: Antispasmodic, Antitussive, Diaphoretic, Diuretic, Emmenagogue, Tonic, Vulnerary
The whole plant, and especially the flowers, is antispasmodic, antitussive, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, tonic and vulnerary. It is harvested in May and June then dried for later use. The plant has been employed successfully in the treatment of whooping cough, asthma and nervous excitability. Externally it is used as a lotion on bruises, wounds, ulcers and some cutaneous diseases. A decoction of the dried flowers and stems has been used as a wash for chapped hands. A distilled water made from the flowers is an effective eye lotion in the treatment of conjunctivitis
www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leucanthemum+vulgare
The following information is from: The Deerholme Foraging Book: Wild Foods from the Pacific Northwest (Kindle Location 558). Touchwood Editions. Kindle Edition.
This daisy is a common wildflower that is abundant in fields and along roadsides in the region, The white petals and yellow center are very visible in the summer when the plant flowers by the thousands. The leaves in the spring are one of the best edibles available, growing as a rosette of green, beautifully cut leaves. The flavor is reminiscent of green apples and sage with a sweet aftertaste. Add young leaves to salad mixes or mix into dressing and sauces. A tea from the leaves can be used as a mild, relaxing tonic. As the plant matures, a green flower stem shoots up with a tightly closed emerging flower head. The whole shoot is edible and tasty as a vegetable or soup herb. The flower buds resemble caper berries and can be pickled. Once the flower opens up, the petals can be used in salads and dried for tea. The greens become bitter once the plant flowers and have a very pungent and somewhat overpowering aroma. The mature leaves were traditionally used as an insect repellant.*
Edible Parts: Leaves.
Edible Uses:
Leaves - cooked as a potherb. Although toxic, leaves can be dried for later use. The toxic principle is said to be destroyed by thorough cooking or drying. Caution is advised. See the notes below on toxicity.
Known Hazards : A very poisonous plant, the toxins are especially concentrated in the seed. The stems contain up to 0.06% of the toxic alkaloids, the leaves between 0.03 and 0.8%, the flowers from 0.09 to 0.24% and the green fruit from 0.73 to 0.98%. The toxins, however, are very volatile and decompose readily, especially when the plant is dried or cooked. The toxins paralyze the respiratory nerves, causing death by suffocation. Children have been known to die after using the hollow stems as blowpipes. The poisonous nature of the plant varies considerably, with many people believing that the plant is less toxic when grown in cooler climates
MEDICINAL USES: Analgesic, Antirheumatic, Antispasmodic, Cancer, Emetic, Galactofuge, Homeopathy, Sedative
Hemlock is a very poisonous plant that has a long history of medicinal use, though it is very rarely used in modern herbalism. It is a narcotic plant that sedates and relieves pain. The plant contains coniine, an extremely toxic substance that can also cause congenital defects. The whole plant is analgesic, antispasmodic, emetic, galactofuge and sedative. It is a traditional folk treatment for cancer and was formerly widely used internally in very small doses to treat a variety of complaints including tumors, epilepsy, whooping cough, rabies and as an antidote to strychnine poisoning. It is still used externally, usually in ointments and oils, in the treatment of mastitis, malignant tumors (especially breast cancer) anal fissure and hemorrhoids. The leaves and stems should be harvested when the first fruits are forming, since they are then at their most active medicinally. The fruits are gathered either when fully ripe, or before they turn from green to yellow, and are then dried. Because of the extremely toxic nature of this herb, it is seldom employed nowadays. Use with extreme caution and only under the guidance of a qualified practitioner. See also the notes above on toxicity. A homeopathic remedy is prepared from a tincture of the fresh plant, harvested when in flower. It is used for treating complaints such as dizziness, coughs, insomnia, exhaustion, arteriosclerosis and prostate problems.
Heal-All thrives in any damp soil in full sun or in light shade. Prunella grows from 1 to 2 feet high, with creeping, self-rooting, tough, square, reddish stems branching at leaf axis. The leaves are lance shaped, serrated and reddish at tip, about an inch long and 1/2 inch broad, grow on short stalks in opposite pairs down the square stem. The flowers grow from a clublike, somewhat square, whirled cluster, immediately below this club are a pair of stalkless leaves standing out on either side like a collar. Flowers are two lipped and tubular, the top lip is a purple hood, and the bottom lip is often white, it has three lobes with the middle lobe being larger and fringed upwardly. Flowers bloom at different times depending on climate and other conditions. Mostly from June to August. Gather whole plant when flowers bloom, dry for later herb use. Leaves and small flowers are edible.
Properties
Heal-All is edible and medicinal, can be used in salads, soups, stews, or boiled as a pot herb. Used as an alternative medicine for centuries on just about every continent in the world, and for just about every ailment known to man, Heal-All is something of a panacea, it does seem to have some medicinal uses that are constant. The plants most useful constituents are Betulinic-acid, D-Camphor, Delphinidin, Hyperoside, Manganese, Oleanolic-acid, Rosmarinic-acid, Rutin, Ursolic-acid, and Tannins. The whole plant is medicinal as alterative, antibacterial, antipyretic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, diuretic, febrifuge, hypotensive, stomachic, styptic, tonic, vermifuge and vulnerary. A cold water infusion of the freshly chopped or dried and powdered leaves is a very tasty and refreshing beverage, weak infusion of the plant is an excellent medicinal eye wash for sties and pinkeye. It is taken internally as a medicinal tea in the treatment of fevers, diarrhoea, sore mouth and throat, internal bleeding, and weaknesses of the liver and heart. Clinical analysis shows it to have an antibacterial action, inhibiting the growth of pseudomonas, Bacillus typhi, E. coli, Mycobacterium tuberculi, which supports its use as an alternative medicine internally and externally as an antibiotic and for hard to heal wounds and diseases. It is showing promise in research for cancer, AIDS, diabetes, and many other maladies.
Folklore
Once proclaimed to be a Holy herb and thought to be sent by God to cure all ailments of man or beast, and said to drive away the devil, which lead to the belief that Heal-All was grown in the Witches garden as a disguise. The root was used to make a tea to drink in ceremonies before going hunting by one Native American tribe to sharpened the powers of observation.
Recipe
Medicinal tea or infusion: Add 1 oz. dried or fresh herb to a pint of boiling water, steep till cool, take in ½ cup doses, sweetened with honey, as a general strengthener.
Medicinal Uses
Antihalitosis; Antispasmodic; Aphrodisiac; Aromatherapy; Digestive; Nervine; Stomachic; Vulnerary.
An emulsion made from the seed is antispasmodic and is especially effective in the digestive system. The seeds are also chewed as a nervine, stomachic and to sweeten the breath. They are also said to be aphrodisiac. The seeds are valued medicinally for their diuretic, demulcent and stomachic properties. They are also said to be stimulant, antiseptic, cooling, tonic, carminative and aphrodisiac. A paste of the bark is applied to cuts, wounds and sprains. The essential oil is used in aromatherapy for the treatment of depression and anxiety. It is also applied externally to treat cramp, poor circulation and aching joints. Edible Parts: Leaves; Root; Seed; Seedpod.
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The Latin name for sage, salvia, means “to heal". Although the effectiveness of Common Sage is open to debate, it has been recommended at one time or another for virtually every ailment. Modern evidence supports its effects as an anhidrotic, antibiotic, antifungal, astringent, antispasmodic, estrogenic, hypoglycemic, and tonic. In a double blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial, sage was found to be effective in the management of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease.
The strongest active constituents of Sage are within its essential oil, which contains cineole, borneol, and thujone. Sage leaf contains tannic acid, oleic acid, ursonic acid, ursolic acid, cornsole, cornsolic acid, fumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, niacin, nicotinamide, flavones, flavonoid glycosides, and estrogenic substances.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Folkloric
- No reported medicinal use in the Philippines.
- Used for stomachaches.
- In French Guiana, flower infusion is considered antispasmodic; locally used for whooping cough. In NW Guyana, root used to treat asthma, biliousness, as laxative and to induce vomiting. (2)
- In India fresh bulbs traditionally used for healing wounds, tumors, and piles.
- In Jamaica, bulb is used to make plaster with bread or Eryngium foetidum for use on swelling and sores. Also used for abscesses and ulcers. (3)
source: stuart xchange
Bird's-foot Trefoil grows throughout the Pacific Northwest and is a coastal bloomer as well as in other habitats. The flowers of Lotus Corniculatus can turn a reddish shade with age. Medicinal Uses:
The flowers of birdfoot deer-vetch are antispasmodic, sedative, and tonic for the heart. The root has agents that relieve and remove gas from the digestive system, are fever-reducing, restorative and tonic. The plant has been used externally as a local anti-inflammatory compress in all cases of skin inflammation.
BUT,,,,,,,
All parts of birdfoot deer-vetch are poisonous, containing cyanogenic glycosides (hydrogen cyanide). In moderate to larger quantities, this chemical can cause respiratory failure and even death. This species is polymorphic for cyanogenic glycosides. In small quantities, hydrogen cyanide has been found to be a stimulant of respiration and digestion. It has also been claimed to be of benefit in the treatment of cancer. The flowers of some forms of the plant contain traces of prussic acid, and the plants can become mildly toxic when flowering for this reason as well. They are harmless when considering prussic acid when dried.
FOOD: The leaves are eaten raw or cooked. They can be used in salads, soups, stews, etc. They are somewhat bitter due to the presence of tannin in the leaves, though this can be removed by washing the leaves. A cold water infusion of the freshly chopped, or dried and powdered leaves is used as a refreshing beverage.
MEDICINAL USES: Alterative; Antibacterial; Antibiotic; Antidiarrheal; Antipyretic; Antiseptic; Antispasmodic; Astringent; Carminative; Diuretic; Febrifuge; Hypotensive; Stomachic; Styptic; Tonic; Vermifuge; Vulnerary.
Self-Heal has a long history of folk use, especially in the treatment of wounds, ulcers, sores, etc. It was also taken internally as a tea in the treatment of fevers, diarrhea, sore mouth, internal bleeding, etc. In Korea it is used to treat oedema, nephritis, scrofula and goiter. The whole plant is alterative, antibacterial, antipyretic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, diuretic, febrifuge, hypotensive, stomachic, styptic, tonic, vermifuge, and vulnerary. It has an antibacterial action, inhibiting the growth of Pseudomonas, Bacillus typhi, E Coli, Mycobacterium tuberculi, etc. It can be used dried or fresh. For drying it is best harvested in mid summer. The plant is experimentally antibiotic and hypotensive.
OTHER USES: Dye.
An olive-green dye is obtained from the flowers and stems. The plant is a good ground-cover in sunny positions or light shade.
Yummy Rooibos!
Rooibos contains at least thirty-seven natural antioxidants, minerals and vitamin C. It's antiviral properties make it a useful remedy for colds and flues. It is also an antispasmodic (good for colic babies), anti anxiety and anti allergy agent useful for treating allergies, stress and insomnia. Rooibos is rich in antioxidants, low in tannins, and caffeine-free.
From my set entitled
www.flickr.com/photos/21861018@N00/sets/72157607213815438/
In my collection entitled “Goldenrod”
www.flickr.com/photos/21861018@N00/collections/7215760718...
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldenrod
The goldenrod is a yellow flowering plant in the Family Asteraceae.
About 100[1] perennial species make up the genus Solidago, most being found in the meadows and pastures, along roads, ditches and waste areas in North America. There are a handful of species from each of Mexico, South America, and Eurasia.[1] Some American species have also been introduced into Europe some 250 years ago.
Many species are difficult to distinguish. Probably due to their bright, golden yellow flower heads blooming in late summer, the goldenrod is often unfairly blamed for causing hay fever in humans. The pollen causing these allergy problems is mainly produced by Ragweed (Ambrosia sp.), blooming at the same time as the goldenrod, but is wind-pollinated. Goldenrod pollen is too heavy and sticky to be blown far from the flowers, and is thus mainly pollinated by insects.
Goldenrods are easily recognized by their golden inflorescence with hundreds of small capitula, but some are spike-like and other have auxiliary racemes.
They have slender stems, usually hairless but S. canadensis shows hairs on the upper stem. They can grow to a length between 60 cm and 1.5 m.
Their alternate leaves are linear to lanceolate. Their margins are usually finely to sharply serrated.
Propagation is by wind-disseminated seed or by underground rhizomes. They form patches that are actually vegetative clones of a single plant.
Goldenrod is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species - see list of Lepidoptera that feed on goldenrods. The Goldenrod then forms a leathery bulb (called a gall) around the invading insect as a quarantine to keep it confined to a small part of the plant. Parasitoid wasps have learned to find these galls, and lay eggs in the insect after penetrating the bulb. Woodpeckers have learned to blast open the gall and eat the wasp-infested insect holed up in the center.[2]
Goldenrods can be used for decoration and making tea. Goldenrods are, in some places, held as a sign of good luck or good fortune; but they are considered weeds by some.
Goldenrods are mostly short-day plants and bloom in late summer and early fall and some species produce abundant nectar when moisture is plentiful before bloom, and the bloom period is relatively warm and sunny. Honey from goldenrods often is dark and strong due to admixtures of other nectars. However when there is a strong honey flow, a light (often water white), spicy-tasting honey is produced. While the bees are ripening the honey there is a rank odor and taste, but finished honey is much milder.
British gardeners adopted goldenrod long before Americans. Goldenrod only began to gain some acceptance in American gardening (other than wildflower gardening) during the 1980s. A hybrid with aster, known as x Solidaster is less unruly, with pale yellow flowers, equally suitable for dried arrangements.
Solidago canadensis was introduced as a garden plant in Central Europe, and is now common in the wild. In Germany, it is considered an invasive species that displaces native vegetation from its natural habitat.
Goldenrod is a companion plant, playing host to some beneficial insects, repelling some pests
Inventor Thomas Edison experimented with goldenrod to produce rubber, which it contains naturally.[3] Edison created a fertilization and cultivation process to maximize the rubber content in each plant. His experiments produced a 12 foot tall plant that yielded as much as 12 percent rubber. The rubber produced through Edison's process was resilient and long lasting. The tires on the Model T given to him by his friend Henry Ford were made from goldenrod. Examples of the rubber can still be found in his laboratory, elastic and rot free after more than 50 years. However, even though Edison turned his research over to the U.S. government a year before his death, goldenrod rubber never went beyond the experimental stage.
The variety Solidago virgaurea is a traditional kidney tonic. It has aquaretic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and antiseptic action and seems to increase kidney output.[citation needed] This makes it useful as an agent to counter inflammation and irritation of the kidneys when bacterial infection or stones are present.[4] Such use is in combination with other herbs that create a synergistic therapeutic effect on the urinary system. As in other areas of herbalism, blending creates a therapy greater than the effect of a single herb alone. The aquaretic action is also useful in helping to dissolve kidney stones by diluting their components and preventing them from recurring. See herbal medicine. Goldenrod has also been used as part of a tincture to aid in cleansing of the kidney/bladder during a healing fast, in conjunction with Potassium broth and specific juices.[4] 'Solidago odora' is also sold as a medicinal, for these issues: mucus, kidney/bladder cleansing and stones, colds, digestion.
The goldenrod is the state flower of the U.S. states of Kentucky (adopted March 16, 1926) and Nebraska (adopted April 4, 1895). It used to be the state flower of Alabama, being adopted as such on September 6, 1927, but was later rejected in favour of the camellia. Goldenrod was recently named the state wildflower for South Carolina.
In Midwestern states in the mid-twentieth century it was said that when the goldenrod bloomed, it would soon be time to go back to school--the blossoms appeared in mid- to late August, shortly before the traditional start of school on the day after Labor Day.[5]
In Sufjan Stevens' song, Casimir Pulaski Day, the narrator brings goldenrod to his girlfriend upon finding out that she has been diagnosed with bone cancer. Carrie Hamby's song, Solidago, tells the story of Thomas Edison's experiments with making goldenrod a domestic source of rubber during the 2nd world war.
The Sweet Goldenrod (Solidago odora) is also the state herb of Delaware as of June 24, 1996. [6]
Edible Parts: Stems, Leaves,
Edible Uses: Vegetable, Asparagus,
The whole plant can be cooked. It is tasteless if eaten raw, but has a taste like asparagus when it is cooked.
CAUTION: The plant contains several glycosides and is possibly toxic.
Medicinal Uses
Antibacterial; Antispasmodic, Febrifuge, Hypnotic, Nervine, Odontalgic, Ophthalmic, Sedative, Tonic, Warts
An infusion of the root is antispasmodic, hypnotic, nervine, sedative, tonic. It is a good remedy for spasms, fainting spells and various nervous conditions. It has been given to children who suffer from fits, epilepsy and convulsions. The plant was used by some native North American Indian tribes to treat eye problems, the stem was bruised and the clear fluid of the stems applied to the eyes. The juice from the stems has also been used to treat nervous irritability, including fits and spasms. It has been suggested in the past as a possible opium substitute. An infusion of the leaves has been used to treat colds and fevers. The crushed plant has been rubbed on bunions and warts in order to destroy them. A poultice of the plant has been applied to sores that are difficult to heal. The flowers have been chewed in order to bring relief from toothache. Water extracts of the plant are bactericidal.
In amongst a group of the more usual yellow Cowslip I found this one ... of which there are several in the vicinity, a 'Flore rubro'.
Being used medicinally since ancient times it has a multitude of common names - Herb Peter, Paigle, Peggle, Key Flower, Key of Heaven, Fairy Cups, Petty Mulleins, Crewel, Buckles, Palsywort, Plumrocks, Mayflower, Password, Artetyke, Drelip, Our Lady's Keys & Arthritica!
Medicinal Action and Uses - Sedative, antispasmodic.
Blood Root (Sanguinaria canadensis)
By Christa Sinadinos
This herb is beneficial in the treatment of numerous lung conditions. It has expectorant properties and thus thins and expels mucus. It also has antispasmodic effects on the lower respiratory system, which can be useful to treat dry, hacking coughs, including whooping cough, croup, bronchitis, and some kinds of asthma.
Blood root has been shown to have strong antibacterial properties. This may be why it is used in many dental care products as an anti-plaque agent. Unfortunately, this plant is threatened because of its overuse in dental products and as a result of deforestation. Please use this herb sparingly.
Blood root can be used topically to heal persistent skin conditions such as lesions, tumors, and cysts. It has also been used topically as a successful treatment for melanoma. The sap can be caustic to the skin.
**Contraindications: Avoid use during pregnancy and lactation. Avoid topical use of the fresh root, unless working with a trained practitioner.**
Medical use : The whole plant, but especially the leaves and seed, is anesthetic, anodyne, anti asthmatic, antispasmodic, antitussive, bronchodilator, hallucinogenic, hypnotic and mydriatic. It has a wide range of applications in India, including in the treatment of epilepsy, hysteria, insanity, heart diseases, fever with catarrh, diarrhea, skin diseases etc. In China it is used in the treatment of asthma. Great caution is advised since excess doses cause hallucinations, severe intoxication and death. The toxic dose is very close to the medicinal dose so this plant should only be used under the guidance of a qualified practitioner. The plant contains the alkaloids hyoscyamine, hyoscine and atropine. Atropine dilates the pupils and is used in eye surgery. Total alkaloid content of the leaves is 0.426%, which is mainly atropine. The seeds contain 0.426% alkaloids, which is mainly hyoscyamine. The roots contain 0.35% hyoscyamine.
An extract of the flowers is used as an anesthetic - 3 - 5g applied orally produces a general anesthesia within 5 minutes and lasting 5 - 6 hours.
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Technical: Aperture f/6.3, shutter speed 1/320, focus on bee and blue borage plant, natural light, 1:02 pm, lens 300mm.
Composition: Emphasis. Rule of thirds. Color harmony blue and magenta. Color contrast blue and yellow.
Content: Bees around Blue Borage at Qorikancha gardens.
Borage is not only a honey plant, but also one of the most famous ancient spices and a valuable herb. It is traditionally cultivated as a vegetable type and spice, but it is also gwon for pharmaceutical purposes, because of the oil extracted from its seeds, which is often called “star flower oil” or “borage oil”. Special honey plants are characterized mainly by the beneficial effect they have for honey production.
Medicine:
Its leaves and flowers have anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and tranquilizing effect. It is also used as a diuretic and has a beneficial effect for stomach, kidney and rheumatic pains.
Cosmetics:
The plant is used as an ingredient of many skin rejuvenating lotions and creams.
Organic farming:
It is mainly used for soil fertilization.
Reference:
kiwimana.co.nz/borage-good-for-bees
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Skin tags are a type of benign skin growth that look like a tiny flap of skin. There are medical treatments, but in many cases, insurance will not cover them. But, you can opt for a number of natural skin tag removal methods. Just be mindful of the location of your skin tag and if it is near your eyes, it is best to have a professional remove it. If it is elsewhere on the body, there is no harm in using natural ways for skin tag removal at home.
1. Vitamin E
You need to rub the vitamin E oil on to the lesion two times a day. This will help you remove the skin tags in 1 – 2 weeks. Combine vitamin E oil with garlic and let it rest overnight for better results.
2. Fig Stem Juice
Fig stem juice is widely used for skin issues because it helps to balance the alkaline-acid balance. To create this juice, grab some fresh fig stems and blend them to extract the juice. You can apply this juice to the skin tag up to four times a day.
3. Ginger
Rub slices of raw ginger on the affected area for about 2 weeks and the skin tag is supposed to fall off eventually.
4. Fenugreek Seeds
The properties of fenugreek seeds help in skin tag removal. Soak fenugreek seeds overnight in water and drink this water in the morning before having breakfast. You can even chew the soaked fenugreek seeds.
5. Tea Tree Oil
In order to use this remedy, clean the skin tag and take a cotton ball soaked in water. Add 3 drops of tea tree oil to the soaked cotton ball. Now apply it directly to the skin tag in circular motions. Repeat this 1-2 times daily for a week or 10 days until the lesion vanishes.
6. Castor Oil
Castor oil can be used both internally and externally. It can be used as an external ointment by mixing it with a little baking soda to make a paste. You can also add some citrus oil to the paste as it will be very stinky. Apply this paste on the affected area and use a band aid to cover it. Repeat this for 2 – 4 weeks or until the skin tag disappears.
7. Apple Cider Vinegar
Apple cider vinegar is very effective in removing skin tags. Apply a small dab of vinegar on cotton ball or a q-tip and apply it on the skin tag. After you apply vinegar, it may cause a stinging sensation for a few minutes. Use it for two to four weeks for the skin tags to vanish.
8. Lemon Juice
Lemon juice contains citric acid which helps decompose the cells in the skin tags. Dab some lemon juice onto a cotton ball and apply it directly on the skin tag. Leave it on the affected area till it dries off. You will notice some changes in the skin tags after applying lemon juice for few days. In due course of time, the skin tag will dry out and vanish. Just have patience and apply this remedy daily.
9. Oregano Oil
Oregano oil contains thymol, arvacrol and p-cymene – three types of phenolic terpenoids components – and these have powerful antibacterial properties. They also contain antimelanomic, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and antiseptic properties. Create a mixture of four to six drops of coconut oil and two to three drops of oregano oil and apply this directly to your skin tag three times a day. This should dry out the skin tag so that it falls off on its own. Make sure to always use a carrier oil to dilute the oregano oil or else you risk redness and irritation. This oil also must never be used near your eyes.
Edible Parts: Flowers, Leaves, Root,
Edible Uses: Nectar, Salad, Potherb, Vegetable,
Flowers - raw. Rich in nectar, they are sweet and delightful, they make a very attractive addition to mixed salads and can also be used as a thirst-quenching munch in the garden. Children enjoy sucking out the sweet nectar from the base of the flowers. Early spring greens cooked and eaten as a vegetable. Some caution is advised, see the notes below on toxicity. Root - cooked. Used by the N. American Indians as a famine food. Some caution is advised, see the notes above on toxicity.
CAUTION: Although no records of toxicity have been seen for this species, it belongs to a family that contains a number of mildly toxic species. It is therefore wise to exercise some caution. The flowers are probably perfectly safe to eat.
MEDICINAL USES: Antispasmodic, Diaphoretic, Parasiticide, Parasiticide, Resolvent, Salve,
Western columbine was quite frequently employed by a number of native North American Indian tribes who used it to treat a variety of complaints. It is little used in modern herbalism. Antispasmodic, diaphoretic, parasiticide, resolvent, salve. A decoction of the root is used in the treatment of diarrhea and stomach aches. A decoction of the roots and leaves is used in the treatment of VD, dizziness and biliousness. The mashed fresh roots can be rubbed briskly on aching rheumatic joints. A poultice of chewed roots or leaves is applied to bee stings, sores etc.. A decoction of the leaves is used in the treatment of sore throats, coughs and colds. The seeds can be chewed as a remedy for stomach aches.
OTHER USES: Hair, Parasiticide, Parasiticide
The seed is used to rid the hair of lice. The whole plant is boiled up and used as a hair wash. The seeds are aromatic. They can be crushed and rubbed on the body as a perfume or placed in a sachet and stored with clothes to impart a nice smell.
Edible Parts: Fruit, Leaves, Shoots,
Edible Uses: Salad, Potherb, Jams, Preserves,
Fruit - cooked. Used in preserves, jams and pies. A pleasant musky taste. Somewhat like a tomato, but much less pleasant, it improves slightly after a frost. Only the fully ripe fruits should be used, the unripe fruits contain the toxin solanine. The fruit contains about 2.5% protein, 0.6% fat, 5.6% carbohydrate, 1.2% ash. The fruit is about 9mm in diameter. Young leaves and new shoots - raw or cooked as a potherb or added to soups. This plant is cultivated as a leaf crop in some areas, but see the notes below regarding possible toxicity.
CAUTION: There is a lot of disagreement over whether or not the leaves or fruit of this plant are poisonous. Views vary from relatively poisonous to perfectly safe to eat. The plant is cultivated as a food crop, both for its fruit and its leaves, in some parts of the world and it is probably true to say that toxicity can vary considerably according to where the plant is grown and the cultivar that is being grown. The unripe fruit contains the highest concentration of toxins.
MEDICINAL USES: Antiperiodic, Antiphlogistic, Antipsoriatic, Diaphoretic, Diuretic, Emollient, Febrifuge, Narcotic, Purgative, Sedative
The whole plant is antiperiodic, antiphlogistic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emollient, febrifuge, narcotic, purgative and sedative. It is harvested in the autumn when both flowers and fruit are upon the plant, and is dried for later use. Use with caution, see notes above on toxicity. The leaves, stems and roots are used externally as a poultice, wash etc., in the treatment of cancerous sores, boils, leucoderma and wounds. Extracts of the plant are analgesic, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory and vasodilator. The plant has been used in the manufacture of locally analgesic ointments and the juice of the fruit has been used as an analgesic for toothaches.
Ficaria verna, (formerly Ranunculus ficaria L.) commonly known as lesser celandine or pilewort, is a low-growing, hairless perennial flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae native to Europe and west Asia. It has fleshy dark green, heart-shaped leaves and distinctive flowers with bright yellow, glossy petals. It is now introduced in North America, where it is known by the common name fig buttercup and considered an invasive species. The plant is poisonous if ingested raw and potentially fatal to grazing animals and livestock such as horses, cattle, and sheep. For these reasons, several US states have banned the plant or listed it as a noxious weed. It prefers bare, damp ground and is considered as a persistent garden weed.
Lesser celandine is a hairless perennial, with spirally-arranged cordate dark-green leaves without stipules. It produces actinomorphic (radially symmetrical) flowers with 3 sepaloid tepals and 7 to 12 glossy yellow petaloid tepals. Double flowered varieties also occur. The stamens and carpels are numerous, and the fruit is a single-seeded achene with a very short style.
Flowers appear in early spring
Lesser celandine grows on land that is seasonally wet or flooded, especially in sandy soils, but is not found in permanently waterlogged sites. In both shaded woodlands and open areas, Ficaria verna begins growth in the winter when temperatures are low and days are short.
By emerging before the forest canopy leaves out, Ficaria verna is able to take advantage of the higher levels of sunlight reaching the forest floor during late winter and early spring. By late spring, second year plants quickly age as daylight hours lengthen and temperatures rise. By the end of May, foliage has died back and plants enter a six month dormancy phase.
In the United States, where lesser celandine is considered a plant pest to gardens, lawns, and natural areas, many governmental agencies have attempted to slow the spread of this species with limited success. As of 2014, the species was reported to be invasive and established in 25 states. USDA APHIS considers Ficaria verna to be a high risk weed which could spread across 79 percent of the United States, anticipating possible impacts to threatened and endangered riparian species.
All plants of the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) contain a compound known as protoanemonin. When the plant is wounded, the unstable glucoside ranunculin turns into the toxin protoanemonin. Contact with damaged or crushed Ficaria leaves can cause itching, rashes or blistering on the skin or mucosa. Ingesting the toxin can cause nausea, vomiting, dizziness, spasms, or paralysis.
The plant is known as pilewort by some herbalists because it has historically been used to treat piles (hemorrhoids). Lesser celandine is still recommended in several "current" herbal guides for treatment of hemorrhoids by applying an ointment of raw leaves as a cream or lanolin to the affected area. Supposedly, the knobby tubers of the plant resemble piles, and according to the doctrine of signatures this resemblance suggests that pilewort could be used to cure piles.[42]
Most guides today point out that medicines should be made from the dried herb or by heat extraction as the untreated plants and extracts will contain protoanemonin, a mild toxin. The plant has been widely used in Russia and is sold in most pharmacies as a dried herb. The protoanemonin found in fresh leaves is an irritant and mildly toxic but is suggested to have antibacterial properties if used externally. The process of heating or drying turns the Ranunculaceae toxin to anemonin which is non-toxic and may have antispasmodic and analgesic properties.
Tanacetum parthenium; syn. Chrysanthemum parthenium (L.) Pers., Pyrethrum parthenium Sm.
Feverfew is edible and medicinal. has a good reputation as alternative medicine and extensive research has proved it to be of special benefit in the treatment of certain types of migraine headaches and rheumatism or arthritis. The plant is rich in sesquiterpene lactones, the principal one being parthenolide. Parthenolide helps prevent excessive clumping of platelets and inhibits the release of certain chemicals, including serotonin and some inflammatory mediators. Constituents of Feverfew are Volatile oils, containing pinene and several pinene derivatives, bornylacetate and angelate, costic acid, b-farnesine and spiroketalenol ethers. Other constituents include essential oils, flavonoid glycosides, pinene derivatives and costic acid. Feverfew should be taken regularly to receive maximum benefit and protection from migraines. The leaves and flowering heads are antiinflammatory, antispasmodic, aperient, bitter, carminative, emmenagogue, sedative, stimulant, stomachic, vasodilator and vermifuge. An infusion made from the whole plant is used in the treatment of arthritis, colds, fevers, as a sedative and to regulate menses. Also used as a foot bath for swollen feet. Applied externally as a tincture, the plant is used in the treatment of bruises. Chewing several leaves a day has proven to be effective in preventing some migraine headaches. Feverfew’s sedative properties make it useful in hysterical complaints, nervousness, low spirits, and is a general tonic. Also said to be good as a syrup for coughs, wheezing and breathing difficulties. The dried flower buds are said to have the same properties as pyrethrum, and used as an insecticide. An essential oil from the plant is used in perfumery.
CAUTION: Feverfew should not be used during pregnancy because of the stimulant action on the womb. The fresh leaves may cause mouth ulcers in sensitive people.
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