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This manuscript was illuminated by a circle of at least five highly organized manuscript painters active in the Flemish cities of Ghent and Bruges. The principal illuminator was Alexander Bening, who painted the majority of the book's miniatures. Manuscripts produced by this circle of artists are renowned for the decoration of their borders, which typically feature a rich variety of realistically-painted flowers, birds, and butterflies. This prayer book, called a book of hours, was intended not for a cleric, but for the private devotions of a lay person-in this case, Isabella the Catholic, Queen of Spain (1451-1504). Isabella's coat of arms embellishes the book's frontispiece. It is unlikely that the book was commissioned by the Queen herself; rather, she probably received it as a diplomatic gift from someone courting her patronage, perhaps Cardinal Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros. A Franciscan friar, Jimenez was dependent upon Isabella for his advancement, first to the post of Queen's confessor in 1492, and then to Archbishop of Toledo in 1495.
Flanders, Ghent and Bruges, late 15th century
ink, tempera, and gold on vellum
Codex: 22.5 x 15.2 cm (8 7/8 x 6 in.)
Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. Fund
Textiles often incorporate multiple needlework techniques within a single piece. One of the techniques in this example of lace is called cutwork. In cutwork, portions of the textile ground, such as a linen or cotton cloth, are cut away and threads are removed to create holes. The edges of the hole are then reinforced with embroidery and a pattern of needle lace can be created within the perimeter. Rather than adding to the cloth to create a design, the craftsperson removes threads to fabricate a pattern.
Cyprus ?, 18th century
Plain weave wool with needle lace, burato insertion (twined ground and darned in two directions), filet/lacis border and edging (knotted ground and darned in one direction), drawn work, and embroidery; bleached linen (est.), wool (est.), and cotton (est.)
Overall: 72.6 x 233.6 cm (28 9/16 x 91 15/16 in.)
Did you know...
This lace was given to the museum by Louise Tifft Brown, a native Clevelander who became an expert in lace while living in Venice for 35 years.
Bequest of Louise Tifft Brown
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Egypt, Byzantine period
tabby weave with inwoven tapestry ornament, linen and wool
Overall: 64.1 x 38.7 cm (25 1/4 x 15 1/4 in.); Mounted: 71.1 x 45.7 cm (28 x 18 in.)
Gift of Henry Hunt Clark