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Substrate: Picea abies.
Määraja / Identified By Irja Saar.
Koitjärve, Põhja-Kõrvemaa.
Eesti punase nimestiku liik, ohualdis (VU).
Carbon nanotubes grown in contact holes
for nano electronic applications:
how to prepare TEM samples by FIB?
Carbon nanotubes (CNT’s) grown on silicon-based substrates are of great importance because of their potential use as an interconnect material in next-generation device technologies [1]. Samples in this study consist of layered structures on a silicon substrate, where arrays of so-called “contact holes” are present. CNT’s are then grown inside the contact holes after catalyst particles have been deposited in the contacts. In order to investigate the structure of CNT’s grown inside the contact holes, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is used.
Studying the CNT’s as well as the catalyst-CNT interface in a cross-section TEM sample requires a dedicated TEM sample preparation technique. An electron-transparent lamella needs to be prepared from a defined zone with minimum damage. Here, focused ion beam (FIB) milling is used for this purpose. Using TEM, we will show that this is a good approach.
For the FIB preparation using a FIB/SEM Dual Beam system, in situ electron beam deposition of a platinum cap layer is applied. This layer is intended to protect the CNT’s from the damage that is caused by the usual ion beam deposition of the platinum. The advantage is shown in Figure 1, where a comparison is made for a sample, where platinum was deposited by the ion beam in the FIB without any protection layer (Fig 1a) and with a dual cap layer deposited with the electron and ion beam (Fig 1b,c). After the lamella is extracted by in-situ liftout and mounted onto a TEM grid, it is roughly milled down to a thickness of about 100nm at a voltage of 30kV (Fig 1a,b). However, the ideal sample thickness for high resolution TEM (HRTEM) is approximately 50nm. Since CNT’s are easily damaged by high energy milling, final milling is carried out at lower voltage. A voltage of 5kV in combination with small current is applied to the lamella from both sides to obtain a final thickness suitable for HRTEM (Fig 1c).
As-prepared specimens are investigated by advanced TEM techniques, including HRTEM, energy filtered TEM and high angle annular dark field scanning TEM. Figure 2 reveals that CNT’s inner shell structure close to catalysts is well preserved inside the contact hole after FIB preparation. These measurements show that the use of the FIB to prepare cross-sectional TEM samples containing CNT’s is a very useful approach.
A scanning electron micrograph of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) grown on a silicon substrate. They usually grow in a homogeneous way across the substrate, however, in this sample they have grown in a way that resemble artists brush strokes.
I just place the caterpillar on top. You can really see clearly here the brown V shapes on the middle of his back. These indicate he's ready to change and pulsate towards the tail like a traffic sign.
The boarder is going to be 5/16in thick Katalox and Curly Maple with a1/8in Rope Boarder made by Matt Furjanic of
www.inlaybanding.com. The substrate is 1/2in Baltic Birch Plywood. This method was recommended by Charles Peterson in his wood flooring book from Taunton. (Get it, the best book on floors I have ever read! And that guy is incredibly talented and brilliant!)
Entry in category 1. Object of study; © CC-BY-NC-ND: Adrien Waelchli
On this image we can see a topography measurement of a crystalline substrate (NdGaO3) after an annealing of 15h00 at 1000°C in an oxygen flow. It was acquired using an atomic force microscope in a region of 10μm by 10μm. We can clearly distinguish a series of steps and terraces typical for this type of substrate.
What is quite incredible is that the height of each step is that of a single atomic layer, i.e. only 3.86Å. This substrate can then be used for the growth of thin films or superlattices.
A particularly interesting feature from an aesthetic point of view is the dynamics that emerge from this image.
FERTILE BODY growing at a substrate, formed by merging of smaller areas, can reach up to 30 cm in length. Are seen on the surface of tiny spikes up to 3 mm, light cream or tan color. Edge of the fruiting body is edged with a lighter shade.
MEAT: tinted from white to cream color, odor unspecified. Hard and tough.
HABITAT: vegetate the rotten and dead deciduous trees, usually in oak.
EDIBILITY: inedible mushrooms.
Rural school tissue culture facilities: Practising the transfer of plantlets to substrate, with the participation of teachers and students of different ages. From Case Study 2.6, on “Use of Tissue Culture in Cassava for Rural Households in Colombia” by R.H. Escobar, J. Restrepo, J. Tohme and W.M. Roca, in “Biotechnologies at Work for Smallholders: Case Studies from Developing Countries in Crops, Livestock and Fish”. 2013. Edited by J. Ruane, J.D. Dargie, C. Mba, P. Boettcher, H.P.S. Makkar, D.M. Bartley and A. Sonnino. 198 pp. FAO. www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3403e/i3403e00.htm. Photo credit: ©CIAT/R.H. Escobar. Copyright © CIAT/R.H. Escobar. Editorial use only. Photo credit must be given.
Substrate: Phellinus tremulae, Populus tremula.
Eesti punase nimestiku liik, ohualdis (VU). LK III.
Laudissalu, Põhja-Kõrvemaa.
Schizophyllum commune is probably the most widespread fungus in existence, being found on every continent except Antarctica, where there is no wood to be used as a substrate. There is a single common worldwide species, although there are a few less common species of Schizophyllum. The genus name means "split gill," and thus this is the split gill fungus. The species name "commune" actually does refer to shared ownership.
We know that there is a single widespread species because of the work of John Raper and his colleagues at Harvard University in the 1950's-1970's. They collected worldwide samples of this fungus. After collecting and germinating the spores into mycelium, they were able to get individuals from all over the world to mate with one another. During that time they were also able to divide the species in mating types (sexes) based on their mating reactions. As long as two strains are of different mating types they are able to mate and form fertile offspring.It does not appear to be very closely related to the other gilled mushrooms, and most researchers place it in its own order the Schizophyllales. The gills function to produce basidiospores on their surface. They appear to be split because they can dry out and rehydrate (and thus open and close) many times over the course of a growing season. The fruiting bodies to the right are probably a year old or more. This is a great adaptation for a climate with sporadic rains. Unlike other mushroom species, the mycelium only has to produce one set of fruiting bodies per year, which can then dry out and rehydrate and keep functioning. It's a great strategy for reproduction. You can probably even go out in the dead of winter and find sporulating fruiting bodies of this fungus. It's a very successful wood decay fungus that causes a white rot. Interestingly, this fungus has also been known to cause a human mycosis in just a few cases involving immunoincompetent people, especially children. In one case, the fungus had grown through the soft palate of a child's mouth and was actually forming fruiting bodies (mushrooms) in her sinuses!!!
We know that there is a single widespread species because of the work of John Raper and his colleagues at Harvard University in the 1950'2-1970's. They collected worldwide samples of this fungus. After collecting and germinating the spores into mycelium, they were able to get individuals from all over the world to mate with one another. During that time they were also able to divide the species in mating types (sexes) based on their mating reactions. As long as two strains are of different mating types they are able to mate and form fertile offspring.
See that in the bottom of the bag?
it's from a 5 gallon bucket of coffee grounds from Toscanini's in Cambridge.
This stuff seems to be working well as a mix-in substrate. I'm a bit concerned about the mold that grows on it. One observation I've made that may be useful is that the espresso seems more homogenous. Also, perhaps because they are stem pasturized as opposed to drip percolated, they seem to have less mold on them. they may also be pressed drier. In addition, I am uncertain about the coffee filters and how they will interact with the fungi. Furthermore, I'm not sure about the filters themselves and what they're made of. If the material is bleached, for example, that's something I think I would prefer to leave out of my cultivation process.
I consequently took two steps:
1) Called the company who makes the filters we use at home. I have yet to get a satisfactorily thorough response - only that they are 'safe for composing', and I felt that was more of a 'go away' answer than a well-informed one.
2) I have asked Toscanini's to set aside only their espresso waste.
Petroxestes pera Wilson & Palmer, 1988 - bivalve borings in the Ordovician of Ohio, USA.
These slit-shaped structures are borings made by fossil clams. Borings are one of many categories of trace fossils - any indirect evidence of ancient life. Other examples of trace fossils include burrows, tracks, trails, footprints, and bitemarks. Traces (also called ichnofossils) record the behavior of ancient organisms. Trace fossils are given scientific names in a similar style as living organisms or body fossils.
The Petroxestes borings shown here near Cincinnati, Ohio were made by the bivalve Corallidomus scobina. Bivalves are bilaterally symmetrical molluscs having two calcareous, asymmetrical shells (valves) - they include the clams, oysters, and scallops. In most bivalves, the two shells are mirror images of each other (the major exception is the oysters). They occur in marine, estuarine, and freshwater environments. Bivalves are also known as pelecypods and lamellibranchiates.
Bivalves are sessile, benthic organisms - they occur on or below substrates. Most of them are filter-feeders, using siphons to bring in water, filter the water for tiny particles of food, then expel the used water. The majority of bivalves are infaunal - they burrow into unlithified sediments. In hard substrate environments, some forms make borings, in which the bivalve lives. Some groups are hard substrate encrusters, using a mineral cement to attach to rocks, shells, or wood.
The fossil record of bivalves is Cambrian to Recent. They are especially common in the post-Paleozoic fossil record.
Petroxestes borings very rarely have a bivalve body fossil still occupying the slit. The type specimen of Petroxestes pera is a boring incised into a solid, calcareous, bryozoan colony. The examples shown here were drilled into a carbonate hardground, which is a synsedimentarily-cemented surface directly exposed on the seafloor. Some hard-substrate seafloor surfaces are composed of other rock types - such as basalt - and are called rockgrounds. Many marine hardground environments were in moderately high-energy, relatively shallow water. Organisms occupying such settings frequently physically attached themselves to the hardground seafloor (= encrusters) or drilled into the substrate (= borers).
Petroxestes pera borings were sometimes so abundant on ancient Cincinnatian hardgrounds that early stratigraphers called the surfaces "turkey tracks", in reference to their similar appearance with certain bird footprints (e.g., see: www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/26798916929).
That the term "turkey track" referred to Petroxestes hardgrounds has been forgotten over the decades. Modern Cincinnatian geologists misidentify Trichophycus venosum-burrowed surfaces as the "turkey tracks" of old - I've seen this in the literature and in museum exhibits.
The best true turkey track layer I know of is the one shown here - it's an extensive horizon at Caesar Creek Lake State Park in Ohio. Exposures and talus blocks can be seen in the emergency spillway and along the Flat Fork trail and at creek cuts along Flat Fork itself. Some of the best examples in the spillway have been vandalized. The only occurrences I have seen for certain are in the upper Waynesville Formation. I have also encountered this, or a similar, horizon in the Waynesville Formation near Dayton, Ohio.
Stratigraphy: Turkey Track Layer, upper Waynesville Formation, Richmondian Stage, upper Cincinnatian Series, upper Upper Ordovician
Locality: talus block along the cut wall of Caesar Creek Lake's emergency spillway (between Clarksville Road and Roaring Run), northeastern Warren County, southwestern Ohio, USA
Substrate: Phellinus tremulae, Populus tremula.
Eesti punase nimestiku liik, ohualdis (VU). LK III.
Mägede, Järvamaa.
Substrate of foam/concrete , base is MDF, and gloves are magic sculpt. I haven't grouted this yet-waiting for the mosaic to set.
Substrate is lifted on to the roof with a crane and spread on top of the Filter Mat.
The Green Roof Installation was carried out by Mark Bennetton and his team at Landmark Living Roofs www.landmarklivingroofs.co.uk/