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Full Journal here on UKAPS.org - ukaps.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=35&t=15952
Tank specs
Tank: ADA Cube Garden Mini M - 36x22x26cm / 5mm optiwhite glass
Hardscape: ADA Yamaya Rock, ADA Hornwood
Co2: Pressurised via Do!Aqua Music Glass - Mini 10D, Music Counter and ADA grey parts set
Lighting: ADA Mini-M - Solar 27W light
Filtration: Fluval 205 external to
Outlet - Do!Aqua Violet Glass mini MP-1 10D
Inlet - Do!Aqua Violet Glass mini MV-1 13D
Heating: None yet as its in a centrally heated room. I may add an inline heater in the winter
Substrate: ADA Power Sand Special topped with ADA Africana Powder - Penac P & W and tourmaline for good measure
Ferts per day: ADA Step 1 and Brighty K
Critters: Red Cherry Shrimp, fish undecided yet
plants to include - Ferns, tennelus, hairgrass, fissidens, mosses, Bolbitus and a carpet of Glosso
Nepenthes rajah is an insectivorous pitcher plant species of the Nepenthaceae family. It is endemic to Mount Kinabalu and neighbouring Mount Tambuyukon in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo.[2] Nepenthes rajah grows exclusively on serpentine substrates, particularly in areas of seeping ground water where the soil is loose and permanently moist. The species has an altitudinal range of 1500 to 2650 m a.s.l. and is thus considered a highland or sub-alpine plant. Due to its localised distribution, N. rajah is classified as an endangered species by the IUCN and listed on CITES Appendix I.
The species was collected by Hugh Low on Mount Kinabalu in 1858, and described the following year by Joseph Dalton Hooker, who named it after James Brooke, the first White Rajah of Sarawak. Hooker called it "one of the most striking vegetable productions hither-to discovered".[3]
Nepenthes rajah is most famous for the giant urn-shaped traps it produces, which can grow up to 41 cm high[4] and 20 cm wide.[5] These are capable of holding 3.5 litres of water[6] and in excess of 2.5 litres of digestive fluid, making them probably the largest in the genus by volume. Another morphological feature of N. rajah is the peltate leaf attachment of the lamina and tendril, which is present in only a few other species.
The plant is known to occasionally trap vertebrates and even small mammals, with drowned rats having been observed in the pitcher-shaped traps.[7] It is one of only two Nepenthes species documented as having caught mammalian prey in the wild, the other being N. rafflesiana. N. rajah is also known to occasionally trap small vertebrates such as frogs, lizards and even birds, although these cases probably involve sick animals and certainly do not represent the norm. Insects, and particularly ants, comprise the staple prey in both aerial and terrestrial pitchers.
Although Nepenthes rajah is most famous for trapping and digesting animals, its pitchers are also host to a large number of other organisms, which are thought to form a mutually beneficial (symbiotic) association with the plant. Many of these animals are so specialised that they cannot survive anywhere else, and are referred to as nepenthebionts. N. rajah has two such mosquito taxa named after it: Culex rajah and Toxorhynchites rajah.
--Wikipedia
Substrate- cheap canvas fabric
Texture- Molding paste
Color- Golden fluid acrylic wash
blog-www.carolbsloan.blogspot.com
Full Journal here on UKAPS.org - ukaps.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=35&t=15952
Tank specs
Tank: ADA Cube Garden Mini M - 36x22x26cm / 5mm optiwhite glass
Hardscape: ADA Yamaya Rock, ADA Hornwood
Co2: Pressurised via Do!Aqua Music Glass - Mini 10D, Music Counter and ADA grey parts set
Lighting: ADA Mini-M - Solar 27W light
Filtration: Fluval 205 external to
Outlet - Do!Aqua Violet Glass mini MP-1 10D
Inlet - Do!Aqua Violet Glass mini MV-1 13D
Heating: None yet as its in a centrally heated room. I may add an inline heater in the winter
Substrate: ADA Power Sand Special topped with ADA Africana Powder - Penac P & W and tourmaline for good measure
Ferts per day: ADA Step 1 and Brighty K
Critters: Red Cherry Shrimp, fish undecided yet
plants to include - Ferns, tennelus, hairgrass, fissidens, mosses, Bolbitus and a carpet of Glosso
Full Journal here on UKAPS.org - ukaps.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=35&t=15952
Tank specs
Tank: ADA Cube Garden Mini M - 36x22x26cm / 5mm optiwhite glass
Hardscape: ADA Yamaya Rock, ADA Hornwood
Co2: Pressurised via Do!Aqua Music Glass - Mini 10D, Music Counter and ADA grey parts set
Lighting: ADA Mini-M - Solar 27W light
Filtration: Fluval 205 external to
Outlet - Do!Aqua Violet Glass mini MP-1 10D
Inlet - Do!Aqua Violet Glass mini MV-1 13D
Heating: None yet as its in a centrally heated room. I may add an inline heater in the winter
Substrate: ADA Power Sand Special topped with ADA Africana Powder - Penac P & W and tourmaline for good measure
Ferts per day: ADA Step 1 and Brighty K
Critters: Red Cherry Shrimp, fish undecided yet
plants to include - Ferns, tennelus, hairgrass, fissidens, mosses, Bolbitus and a carpet of Glosso
Full Journal here on UKAPS.org - ukaps.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=35&t=15952
Tank specs
Tank: ADA Cube Garden Mini M - 36x22x26cm / 5mm optiwhite glass
Hardscape: ADA Yamaya Rock, ADA Hornwood
Co2: Pressurised via Do!Aqua Music Glass - Mini 10D, Music Counter and ADA grey parts set
Lighting: ADA Mini-M - Solar 27W light
Filtration: Fluval 205 external to
Outlet - Do!Aqua Violet Glass mini MP-1 10D
Inlet - Do!Aqua Violet Glass mini MV-1 13D
Heating: None yet as its in a centrally heated room. I may add an inline heater in the winter
Substrate: ADA Power Sand Special topped with ADA Africana Powder - Penac P & W and tourmaline for good measure
Ferts per day: ADA Step 1 and Brighty K
Critters: Red Cherry Shrimp, fish undecided yet
plants to include - Ferns, tennelus, hairgrass, fissidens, mosses, Bolbitus and a carpet of Glosso
Full Journal here on UKAPS.org - ukaps.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=35&t=15952
Tank specs
Tank: ADA Cube Garden Mini M - 36x22x26cm / 5mm optiwhite glass
Hardscape: ADA Yamaya Rock, ADA Hornwood
Co2: Pressurised via Do!Aqua Music Glass - Mini 10D, Music Counter and ADA grey parts set
Lighting: ADA Mini-M - Solar 27W light
Filtration: Fluval 205 external to
Outlet - Do!Aqua Violet Glass mini MP-1 10D
Inlet - Do!Aqua Violet Glass mini MV-1 13D
Heating: None yet as its in a centrally heated room. I may add an inline heater in the winter
Substrate: ADA Power Sand Special topped with ADA Africana Powder - Penac P & W and tourmaline for good measure
Ferts per day: ADA Step 1 and Brighty K
Critters: Red Cherry Shrimp, fish undecided yet
plants to include - Ferns, tennelus, hairgrass, fissidens, mosses, Bolbitus and a carpet of Glosso
Full Journal here on UKAPS.org - ukaps.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=35&t=15952
Tank specs
Tank: ADA Cube Garden Mini M - 36x22x26cm / 5mm optiwhite glass
Hardscape: ADA Yamaya Rock, ADA Hornwood
Co2: Pressurised via Do!Aqua Music Glass - Mini 10D, Music Counter and ADA grey parts set
Lighting: ADA Mini-M - Solar 27W light
Filtration: Fluval 205 external to
Outlet - Do!Aqua Violet Glass mini MP-1 10D
Inlet - Do!Aqua Violet Glass mini MV-1 13D
Heating: None yet as its in a centrally heated room. I may add an inline heater in the winter
Substrate: ADA Power Sand Special topped with ADA Africana Powder - Penac P & W and tourmaline for good measure
Ferts per day: ADA Step 1 and Brighty K
Critters: Red Cherry Shrimp, fish undecided yet
plants to include - Ferns, tennelus, hairgrass, fissidens, mosses, Bolbitus and a carpet of Glosso
Substrate- Exact Vellum Bristol paper
Texture- molding paste
Color- Golden fluid acrylic wash
Blog-www.carolbsloan.blogspot.com
Left to Right: Air Compressor, air brush, vacuum pump, dicing saw, digital indicator, dicing saw power supply
Full Journal here on UKAPS.org - ukaps.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=35&t=15952
Tank specs
Tank: ADA Cube Garden Mini M - 36x22x26cm / 5mm optiwhite glass
Hardscape: ADA Yamaya Rock, ADA Hornwood
Co2: Pressurised via Do!Aqua Music Glass - Mini 10D, Music Counter and ADA grey parts set
Lighting: ADA Mini-M - Solar 27W light
Filtration: Fluval 205 external to
Outlet - Do!Aqua Violet Glass mini MP-1 10D
Inlet - Do!Aqua Violet Glass mini MV-1 13D
Heating: None yet as its in a centrally heated room. I may add an inline heater in the winter
Substrate: ADA Power Sand Special topped with ADA Africana Powder - Penac P & W and tourmaline for good measure
Ferts per day: ADA Step 1 and Brighty K
Critters: Red Cherry Shrimp, fish undecided yet
plants to include - Ferns, tennelus, hairgrass, fissidens, mosses, Bolbitus and a carpet of Glosso
Closeup of the crushed limestone used as the cultch material in this project. Oysters require hard substrate to attach and grow and if there aren’t enough older oysters to provide substrate, restoration managers must add cultch to provide habitat for young oysters.
Family: Cryptophagidae
Size: 1.5 mm (1.4 to 2.0 mm)
Origin: Adventiv in Europe
Ecology: Lives on mouldy substrates
Location: Germany, Rheinland-Pfalz, Koblenz, Mayen
leg. J.Scheuern, 4.II.1986; det. B.Franzen, 1994
Photo: U.Schmidt, 2014
Dr. Oscar Monje, (far right) a research scientist, packs a growing substrate called arcillite in the science carrier, or base, of the Advanced Plant Habitat (APH) inside a laboratory at the Space Station Processing Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Assisting him is Jeffrey Richards, project science coordinator with SGT on the Engineering Services Contract (ESC). Seated in the foreground is Susan Manning-Roach, a quality assurance specialist, also with ESC. Developed by NASA and ORBITEC of Madison, Wisconsin, the APH is the largest plant chamber built for the agency. It is a fully automated plant growth facility that will be used to conduct bioscience research on the International Space Station. The APH will be delivered to the space station aboard future Commercial Resupply Services missions. Photo credit: NASA/Bill White
Substrate: Watercolour paper 180gsm
Light sensitive anthotype dye: Ground Turmeric in water
Application: cotton disk
Opaque layer: Grass seeds, Thyme
Exposure time: 3.5h sunlight
Post exposure treatment: 2% (w/v) sodium bicarbonate
Florida's substrate is limestone, a very porous rock and prone to caving in over the years in times of drought. The Big Sink was formed from such a cave-iin a long time ago.
Full Journal here on UKAPS.org - ukaps.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=35&t=15952
Tank specs
Tank: ADA Cube Garden Mini M - 36x22x26cm / 5mm optiwhite glass
Hardscape: ADA Yamaya Rock, ADA Hornwood
Co2: Pressurised via Do!Aqua Music Glass - Mini 10D, Music Counter and ADA grey parts set
Lighting: ADA Mini-M - Solar 27W light
Filtration: Fluval 205 external to
Outlet - Do!Aqua Violet Glass mini MP-1 10D
Inlet - Do!Aqua Violet Glass mini MV-1 13D
Heating: None yet as its in a centrally heated room. I may add an inline heater in the winter
Substrate: ADA Power Sand Special topped with ADA Africana Powder - Penac P & W and tourmaline for good measure
Ferts per day: ADA Step 1 and Brighty K
Critters: Red Cherry Shrimp, fish undecided yet
plants to include - Ferns, tennelus, hairgrass, fissidens, mosses, Bolbitus and a carpet of Glosso
Full Journal here on UKAPS.org - ukaps.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=35&t=15952
Tank specs
Tank: ADA Cube Garden Mini M - 36x22x26cm / 5mm optiwhite glass
Hardscape: ADA Yamaya Rock, ADA Hornwood
Co2: Pressurised via Do!Aqua Music Glass - Mini 10D, Music Counter and ADA grey parts set
Lighting: ADA Mini-M - Solar 27W light
Filtration: Fluval 205 external to
Outlet - Do!Aqua Violet Glass mini MP-1 10D
Inlet - Do!Aqua Violet Glass mini MV-1 13D
Heating: None yet as its in a centrally heated room. I may add an inline heater in the winter
Substrate: ADA Power Sand Special topped with ADA Africana Powder - Penac P & W and tourmaline for good measure
Ferts per day: ADA Step 1 and Brighty K
Critters: Red Cherry Shrimp, fish undecided yet
plants to include - Ferns, tennelus, hairgrass, fissidens, mosses, Bolbitus and a carpet of Glosso
This image shows graphene over Si substrate. The image was acquired using an ultra low voltage electron beam (100V), this is why graphene shows such a solid contrast comparing to 1-2 kV common images.
Courtesy of Mr. Marcos Rosado , Institut Catala de Nanociencia i Nanotecnologia
Image Details
Instrument used: Magellan
Magnification: 100.000x
Horizontal Field Width: 3 µm
Vacuum: High Vacuum
Voltage: 100V
Spot: 25 pA
Working Distance: 2 mm
Detector: TLD
Because Grand Prismatic Spring's substrate in this location slightly distorts tracks, and it's not possible to get close enough to study the scale of the tracks, it's not clear whether the dog-family tracks are coyote (most likely) or wolf. The round tracks were made by bison.
Unfortunately one also sometimes sees tracks made by human shoes. The substrate around Grand Prismatic Spring is extremely delicate and recovers from impressions very slowly. While it's illegal to get off the boardwalk (for numerous reasons including visitor safety as well as the integrity of the spring itself and surrounds), people cannot resist. On this trip I severely chastised a group of Europeans - who spoke excellent English and had no excuse what-so-ever for not knowing what they were doing was a serious infraction) for walking around on the sinter near Excelsior Geyser, and scolded one Asian visitor, who of course may not have understood enough English to read the signs, hand-outs, and other warnings - for getting off the boardwalk to pose for a photo with Turquoise Pool behind her. Her English may not have been good but she sure understood my gestures and tone of voice.
This is not a grayscale image; some microenvironments in Midway Geyser Basin do not support colorful bacteria/algae and are pretty blah compared to the parts that do.
Pioneer growth of sheathed paspalum grass (Paspalum vaginatum) colonising bare sand and rock at Gurnet Head, Cooper's Island Nature Reserve, St. George's Parish, Bermuda.
This grass spreads out over bare substrates with long runners (stolons), and later thickens upwards into dense darker clumps and tangled stands. The colours are slightly edited to bring out the contrasts but are not digitally enhanced. But I deliberately took this with back-lighting from the late afternoon sun and this made the stems appear more reddish and the grass blades more bright and yellowish. The grass is salt-tolerant and is growing here quite close the edge of the sea, and at high water in rough weather, it will receive considerable amounts of fine salty spray from the nearby waves.
This photo was taken at Gurney Head in area 1 at the southernmost point on the map of Cooper's Island Nature Reserve and neighbouring areas, during an Audubon Society of Bermuda outing to Cooper's Island Nature Reserve, Bermuda, to spot cahows.
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SHEATHED PASPALUM
Paspalum vaginatum Sw.
This species is native to the Americas, It is not listed as native to Bermuda but Bermuda lies close to or within the native range of this grass. It has also been introduced to numerous other places around the world, often as cultivars for turf, so it has many vernacular names in many languages. Around Bermuda, through its salt tolerance, it typically occurs in and around salt marshes, marine ponds and close to the sea shore, and can colonise rocky and sandy habitats with little soil.
----- Pettit, D. (Ed.), 2012. Bermuda plant finder. Indigenous and invasive plants of Bermuda. Government of Bermuda. Ministry of the Environment and Planning. Department of Conservation Services. 207 pp. Downloadable pdf from www.conservation.bm/
----- Watlington, C., 1996. Bermuda's botanical wonderland. Macmillan, London. 128 pp.
----- en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paspalum_vaginatum
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COOPER'S ISLAND
Huge man-made changes affected all this area during the 20th Century, through the construction of a US Air Base (KIndley), a US Naval Air Station, Bermuda's civil airport, and various installations including a NASA tracking station. Since the US forces left the base, a clean-up was carried out after some tricky negotiations. Apart from the civil airport and various residual buildings, the bases have now all gone. The lasting effect of all the military works was to make what were once separate islands (Cooper's Island, St. David's Island) into a single landmass. Following demolition of all the military installations, the whole area now includes the largest area of undeveloped land on Bermuda, the largest area of public parkland (Cooper's Island National Park) and the largest nature reserve (Cooper's Island Nature Reserve), the latter being committed to a major nature conservation and restoration programme.
----------
Photo
Brian Roy Rosen
Uploaded to Flickr November 27, 2013
© Darkroom Daze Creative Commons.
If you would like to use or refer to this image, please attribute.
ID: DSC_7953
Full Journal here on UKAPS.org - ukaps.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=35&t=15952
Tank specs
Tank: ADA Cube Garden Mini M - 36x22x26cm / 5mm optiwhite glass
Hardscape: ADA Yamaya Rock, ADA Hornwood
Co2: Pressurised via Do!Aqua Music Glass - Mini 10D, Music Counter and ADA grey parts set
Lighting: ADA Mini-M - Solar 27W light
Filtration: Fluval 205 external to
Outlet - Do!Aqua Violet Glass mini MP-1 10D
Inlet - Do!Aqua Violet Glass mini MV-1 13D
Heating: None yet as its in a centrally heated room. I may add an inline heater in the winter
Substrate: ADA Power Sand Special topped with ADA Africana Powder - Penac P & W and tourmaline for good measure
Ferts per day: ADA Step 1 and Brighty K
Critters: Red Cherry Shrimp, fish undecided yet
plants to include - Ferns, tennelus, hairgrass, fissidens, mosses, Bolbitus and a carpet of Glosso
Dr. Oscar Monje, a research scientist, pours a growing substrate called arcillite in the science carrier, or base, of the Advanced Plant Habitat (APH) inside a laboratory at the Space Station Processing Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Developed by NASA and ORBITEC of Madison, Wisconsin, the APH is the largest plant chamber built for the agency. It is a fully automated plant growth facility that will be used to conduct bioscience research on the International Space Station. The APH will be delivered to the space station aboard future Commercial Resupply Services missions. Photo credit: NASA/Bill White
Dr. Oscar Monje, a research scientist, pours a growing substrate called arcillite in the science carrier, or base, of the Advanced Plant Habitat (APH) inside a laboratory at the Space Station Processing Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Developed by NASA and ORBITEC of Madison, Wisconsin, the APH is the largest plant chamber built for the agency. It is a fully automated plant growth facility that will be used to conduct bioscience research on the International Space Station. The APH will be delivered to the space station aboard future Commercial Resupply Services missions. Photo credit: NASA/Bill White
Substrate: Populus tremula.
Eesti punase nimestiku liik, ohustatud (EN).
Lääne-Virumaa.
Focus stacking.
Full Journal here on UKAPS.org - ukaps.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=35&t=15952
Tank specs
Tank: ADA Cube Garden Mini M - 36x22x26cm / 5mm optiwhite glass
Hardscape: ADA Yamaya Rock, ADA Hornwood
Co2: Pressurised via Do!Aqua Music Glass - Mini 10D, Music Counter and ADA grey parts set
Lighting: ADA Mini-M - Solar 27W light
Filtration: Fluval 205 external to
Outlet - Do!Aqua Violet Glass mini MP-1 10D
Inlet - Do!Aqua Violet Glass mini MV-1 13D
Heating: None yet as its in a centrally heated room. I may add an inline heater in the winter
Substrate: ADA Power Sand Special topped with ADA Africana Powder - Penac P & W and tourmaline for good measure
Ferts per day: ADA Step 1 and Brighty K
Critters: Red Cherry Shrimp, fish undecided yet
plants to include - Ferns, tennelus, hairgrass, fissidens, mosses, Bolbitus and a carpet of Glosso
Full Journal here on UKAPS.org - ukaps.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=35&t=15952
Tank specs
Tank: ADA Cube Garden Mini M - 36x22x26cm / 5mm optiwhite glass
Hardscape: ADA Yamaya Rock, ADA Hornwood
Co2: Pressurised via Do!Aqua Music Glass - Mini 10D, Music Counter and ADA grey parts set
Lighting: ADA Mini-M - Solar 27W light
Filtration: Fluval 205 external to
Outlet - Do!Aqua Violet Glass mini MP-1 10D
Inlet - Do!Aqua Violet Glass mini MV-1 13D
Heating: None yet as its in a centrally heated room. I may add an inline heater in the winter
Substrate: ADA Power Sand Special topped with ADA Africana Powder - Penac P & W and tourmaline for good measure
Ferts per day: ADA Step 1 and Brighty K
Critters: Red Cherry Shrimp, fish undecided yet
plants to include - Ferns, tennelus, hairgrass, fissidens, mosses, Bolbitus and a carpet of Glosso
Full Journal here on UKAPS.org - ukaps.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=35&t=15952
Tank specs
Tank: ADA Cube Garden Mini M - 36x22x26cm / 5mm optiwhite glass
Hardscape: ADA Yamaya Rock, ADA Hornwood
Co2: Pressurised via Do!Aqua Music Glass - Mini 10D, Music Counter and ADA grey parts set
Lighting: ADA Mini-M - Solar 27W light
Filtration: Fluval 205 external to
Outlet - Do!Aqua Violet Glass mini MP-1 10D
Inlet - Do!Aqua Violet Glass mini MV-1 13D
Heating: None yet as its in a centrally heated room. I may add an inline heater in the winter
Substrate: ADA Power Sand Special topped with ADA Africana Powder - Penac P & W and tourmaline for good measure
Ferts per day: ADA Step 1 and Brighty K
Critters: Red Cherry Shrimp, fish undecided yet
plants to include - Ferns, tennelus, hairgrass, fissidens, mosses, Bolbitus and a carpet of Glosso
Reconstruction of sauropod dinosaurs crossing a sandy substrate, leaving behind series of deep footprint impressions. This scene is based on sauropod dinosaur footprint bulges in sandstones in the Jurassic of Colorado, USA.
Dinosaur Ridge is a particularly dinosaur fossil-rich section of the Dakota Hogback in north-central Colorado. It is a north-south trending ridge of eastward-dipping Mesozoic sedimentary rocks. The western side of Dinosaur Ridge has exposures of the Morrison Formation, an Upper Jurassic succession consisting of fluvial (river/floodplain) and lacustrine (lake) deposits, plus reddish-colored paleosol horizons. Dinosaur bones and dinosaur tracks have been found here.
Well-preserved sauropod dinosaur footprint bulges occur in lacustrine quartzose sandstones of the Morrison Formation at Dinosaur Ridge (see elsewhere in this photo album). Sauropods were the largest and most massive group of dinosaurs - they had huge bodies, walked on four legs, and possessed very long tails and necks. Their great body weight resulted in significantly depressed footprints in unconsolidated sediments. Fossil bones of several different sauropod dinosaur species have been recovered from Dinosaur Ridge's Morrison Formation, making positive identification of the footprint maker shown here difficult. Known Morrison Formation sauropods in this area include (not counting junior synonyms) Atlantosaurus immanis, Apatosaurus ajax, and Camarasaurus sp. (see Mossbrucker & Bakker, 2010, pp. 10, 19, 22).
Stratigraphy: Morrison Formation, Kimmeridgian Stage, middle Upper Jurassic, ~150 to 156 Ma
Locality: vicinity of "Quarry 5" (= one of Arthur Lakes' dinosaur excavation sites during the Cope-Marsh Bone Wars of the late 1800s), western side of Dinosaur Ridge, between Interstate 70 and the town of Morrison, west of Denver, north-central Colorado, USA
----------------
Reference cited:
Mossbrucker, M.T. & R.T. Bakker. 2010. A guide to the paleontology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Morrison, Colorado: new interpretations and discoveries. Bulletin of the Morrison Natural History Museum 1. 35 pp.