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Launch of the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC) Governance Structure on 23 November 2018. Copyright BMBWF/Joseph Krpelan
Soldiers from the 173rd Brigade Support Battalion have been supporting Exercise ARRCADE FUSION at RAF St. Mawgan, Cornwall, UK, during November 2014.
The soldiers have travelled from their base in Vicenza, Italy, as the US Army Europe contribution to the exercise. Whilst on exercise the soldiers will play the part of infantry units, reacting to, and providing feed back for, the Allied Rapid Reaction Corps headquarters during the ARRCs main exercise of the year. The exercise also provides the 173rd with valuable training in a multinational joint operations environment.
Exercise ARRCADE FUSION 14 sees Headquarters Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (HQ ARRC) tested whilst it commands two divisional and one brigade headquarters from across Europe and North America. The exercise swells the 450-strong headquarters to close to 1000 personnel and is designed to ensure the Innsworth-based NATO headquarters is ready for any potential short-notice call-up it may receive in 2015.
Participating in this exercise are units and troops from ARRC Partner Nations Czech Republic, Canada, Italy, the United States, as well as personnel from Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Jordan, and others – all-in-all totaling some 2000 military and civilian personnel.
Additionally, FUSION will present the headquarters with an opportunity to further develop training the ARRC’s capability as a NATO Force Structure Joint Task Force Headquarters.
An operational concept conceived by NATO, the JTF builds a land-centric headquarters, like the ARRC, into an element capable of commanding an entire military theatre of operations. For ARRC, this means adding both air and maritime personnel to its structure so that it can command air, land, and sea troops. To this end, military personnel from NATO Air and Naval forces will train with the ARRC and its many subordinate units for this exercise.
NATO has tasked the ARRC to train this way because in 2015 the HQ will be one of the first NATO JTF’s held by NATO for short-notice, rapid recall tasking.
(NATO photo/WO2 Ian Houlding GBR Army)
A stupa (Chorten in Tibetan) (Sanskrit: m.,stūpa "heap") is a mound-like or hemispherical structure containing śarīra "relics", typically the remains of Buddhist monks or nuns, used as a place of meditation.
DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY
Stupas originated as pre-Buddhist tumuli in which śramaṇas were buried in a seated position called chaitya. After the parinirvana of the Buddha, his remains were cremated and the ashes divided and buried under eight mounds with two further mounds encasing the urn and the embers. The earliest archaeological evidence for the presence of Buddhist stupas dates to the late 4th century BCE in India. Buddhist scriptures claim that stupas were built at least a century earlier. It is likely that before this time, stupas were built with non-durable materials such as wood, or even as just burial mounds, little is known about these early stupas, particularly since it has not been possible to identify the original ten monuments. However, some later stupas, such as at Sarnath and Sanchi, seem to be embellishments of earlier mounds. The earliest evidence of monastic stupas dates back to the 2nd century BCE. These are stupas that were built within Buddhist monastic complexes. These stupas replicated older stupas made of wood in stone. Sanchi, Sarnath, Amaravati and Bharhut are examples of stupas that were shaped in stone imitating the previous wooden parts.
The stupa was elaborated as Buddhism spread to other Asian countries becoming, for example, the chörten of Tibet and the pagoda in East Asia. The pagoda has varied forms that also include bell-shaped and pyramidal styles. In the Western context, there is no clear distinction between the stupa and the pagoda. In general, however, "stupa" is used for a Buddhist structure of India or Southeast Asia while "pagoda" refers to a building in East Asia which can be entered and which may be secular in purpose.
Stupas were built in Sri Lanka soon after Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura converted to Buddhism. The first stupa to be built was the Thuparamaya. Later on, many more were built over the years, some like the Jetavanaramaya in Anuradhapura being one of the tallest ancient structures in the world.
NOTABLE STUPAS
The tallest is the Phra Pathommachedi in Nakhon Pathom Province, Thailand, at a height of 127 metres The Swat Valley hosts one of the well-preserved stupa at Shingardar near Ghalegay and another stupa is located near Barikot in Pakistan. In Sri Lanka, the ancient city of Anuradhapura includes some of the tallest, most ancient and best preserved stupas in the world, such as Ruwanwelisaya.
The most elaborate stupa is the 8th century Borobudur monument in Java, Indonesia. The upper rounded terrace with rows of bell-shaped stupas contained buddha images symbolizing Arūpajhāna, the sphere of formlessness. The main stupa itself is empty, symbolizing complete perfection of enlightenment. The main stupa is only the crown part of the monument, while the base is pyramidal structure elaborate with galleries adorned with bas relief of scenes derived from Buddhist text depicted the life of Gautama Buddha. Borobudur's unique and significant architecture has been acknowledge by UNESCO as the largest buddhist monument in the world. It is the world’s largest Buddhist temple, as well as one of the greatest Buddhist monuments in the world.
TYPES OF STUPAS
Built for a variety of reasons, Buddhist stupas are classified based on form and function into five types:
Relic stupa, in which the relics or remains of the Buddha, his disciples and lay saints are interred.
Object stupa, in which the items interred are objects belonged to the Buddha or his disciples such as a begging bowl or robe, or important Buddhist scriptures.
Commemorative stupa, built to commemorate events in the lives of Buddha or his disciples.
Symbolic stupa, to symbolise aspects of Buddhist theology, for example, Borobuddur is considered to be the symbol of "the Three Worlds (dhatu) and the spiritual stages (bhumi) in a Mahayana bodhisattva's character."
Votive stupa, constructed to commemorate visits or to gain spiritual benefits, usually at the site of prominent stupas which are regularly visited.
SYMBOLISM
"The shape of the stupa represents the Buddha, crowned and sitting in meditation posture on a lion throne. His crown is the top of the spire; his head is the square at the spire's base; his body is the vase shape; his legs are the four steps of the lower terrace; and the base is his throne."
FIVE PURIFIED ELEMENTS
Although not described in any Tibetan text on stupa symbolism, the stupa may represent the five purified elements:
The square base represents earth
The hemispherical dome/vase represents water
The conical spire represents fire
The upper lotus parasol and the crescent moon represents air
The sun and the dissolving point represents the element of space
CONSTRUCTION
To build a stupa, transmissions and ceremonies from a Buddhist teacher is necessary. Which kind of Stupa to be constructed in a certain area is decided together with the teacher assisting in the construction. Sometimes the type of stupa chosen is directly connected with events that have taken place in the area.
TREASURY
All stupas contain a treasury filled with various objects. Small clay votive offerings called tsatsas in Tibetan fill a major part of the treasury. Creation of various types of tsatsas is a ceremony itself. Mantras written on paper are rolled into thin rolls, and put into these small clay stupas. Filling the treasury, one layer of Tsa-Tsas are placed, and the empty space between is filled with dry sand. On the new surface appearing, another layer is made, until the entire space of a treasury is full.
The number of tsatsas are dependent on the size of both the treasury and tsatsa, since it should be completely filled. For example, the Kalachakra stupa in southern Spain has approximately 14,000 tsatsas within.
Jewellery and other "precious" objects are also placed in the treasury. It is not necessary that the jewelry be expensive, since it is the symbolic value that is important, not the market price. It is believed that the more objects placed into the stupa, the stronger the energy of the Stupa will be.
TREE OF LIVE
A very important element in every Stupa is the Tree of Life. It is a wooden pole covered with gems and thousands of mantras, and placed in the central channel of the stupa. It is placed here during a ceremony or initiation, where the participants hold colorful ribbons connected to the Tree of Life. Together the participants make their most positive and powerful wishes, which are stored in the Tree of Life. In this way the stupa is charged up, and will start to function.
BENEFITS
Building a stupa is considered extremely beneficial, leaving very positive karmic imprints in the mind. Future benefits from this action will result in fortunate rebirths. Fortunate worldly benefits will be the result, such as being born into a rich family, having a beautiful body, a nice voice, and being attractive and bringing joy to others and having a long and happy life, in which one's wishes are fulfilled quickly. On the absolute level, one will also be able to reach enlightenment, the goal of Buddhism, quickly.
Destroying a stupa on the other hand, is considered an extremely negative deed, similar to killing. Such an action is explained to create massive negative karmic imprints, leading to massive future problems. It is said this action will leave the mind in a state of paranoia after death has occurred, leading to totally unfortunate rebirths.
TIBETAN STUPAS
There are eight different kinds of stupas in Tibetan Buddhism, each referring to major events in the Buddha's life.
LOTUS BLOSSOM STUPA
Also known as "Stupa of Heaped Lotuses" or "Birth of the Sugata Stupa," this stupa refers to the birth of Gautama Buddha. "At birth Buddha took seven steps in each of the four directions" (East, South, West and North). In each direction lotuses sprang, symbolizing the brahmavihāras: love, compassion, joy and equanimity. The four steps of the basis of this stupa is circular, and it is decorated with lotus-petal designs. Occasionally, seven heaped lotus steps are constructed. These refer to the seven first steps of the Buddha.
ENLIGHTENMENT STUPA
Also known as the Stupa of the Conquest of Mara. This stupa symbolizes the 35-year-old Buddha's attainment of enlightenment under the bodhi tree in Bodh Gaya, where he conquered worldly temptations and attacks manifesting in the form of Mara.
STUPA OF MANY DOORS
Also known as the Stupa of Many Gates. After reaching enlightenment, the Buddha taught his first students in a deer-park near Sarnath. The series of doors on each side of the steps represent the first teachings: the Four Noble Truths, the Six Pāramitās, the Noble Eightfold Path and the Twelve Nidānas.
STUPA OF DESCENT FROM THE GOD REALM
At 42 years of age, Buddha spent a summer retreat in the Tuṣita Heaven where his mother had taken rebirth. In order to repay her kindness he taught the dharma to her reincarnation. Local inhabitants built a stupa like this in Sankassa in order to commemorate this event. This stupa is characterized by having a central projection at each side containing a triple ladder or steps.
STUPA OF GREAT MIRACLES
Also known as Stupa of Conquest of the Tirthikas. This stupa refers to various miracles performed by the Buddha when he was 50 years old. Legend claims that he overpowered maras and heretics by engaging them in intellectual arguments and also by performing miracles. This stupa was raised by the Lichavi kingdom to commemorate the event.
STUPA OF RECONCILIATION
This stupa commemorates the Buddha's resolution of a dispute among the sangha. A stupa in this design was built in the kingdom of Magadha, where the reconciliation occurred. It has four octagonal steps with equal sides.
STUPA OF COMPLETE VICTORY
This stupa commemorates Buddha's successful prolonging of his life by three months. It has only three steps, which are circular and unadorned.
STUPA OF NIRVANA
This stupa refers to the death of the Buddha, when he was 80 years old. It symbolizes the Buddha's complete absorption into the highest state of mind. It is bell-shaped and usually not ornamented.
KALACHAKRA STUPA
A ninth kind of stupa exists, the Kalachakra stupa. Its symbolism is not connected to events in the Buddha's life, but instead to the symbolism of the Kalachakra Tantra, created to protect against negative energies.
SWAT DISTRICT
Swat District is a small place with large number of ancient Stupas.
WIKIPEDIA
This is such a beautiful beach! In this photo you can see the rock structure, very clear image of the beach and waves.
struts were made by wrapping newspaper around dowels. for some struts, the dowel was left inside the rolled up newspaper.
Field Tester : Mr.KINUGAWA
ROD: PLAISIR ANSWER PA-70
REEL: 304/Mitchell
LINE: PE#1+leader20lb
LURE:DARTER/CCBCF/rapala他
A whistlestop tour of the Structures Exhibition in Henley on Thames, organised by the Quilters' Guild Contemporary Quilt Group.
At 4:19AM on July 11, 2019 the Los Angeles Fire Department responded to a reported structure fire at 1220 S Wall St in Downtown Los Angeles. Firefighters arrived to find a 50’ x 100’ row of commercial units with heavy smoke showing. Immediately, crews initiated simultaneous operations with truck companies going to the roof, firefighters working on forcible entry to gain access and hand lines being prepared for interior fire attack.
The 6,900 square foot building, built in 1924, is deep and presented challenges reaching the fire. After approximately 20 minutes of working to locate the seat of the fire while it continued to rage, the conditions were too precarious for the offensive operation to continue. Incident Commander, Battalion Chief Michael Castillo, declared the transition to a defensive operation and all firefighters withdrew both from the interior and the roof.
Crews quickly put multiple master streams in action, setting up ladder pipes and large diameter hand lines on the ground and the roofs of adjoined buildings. Their dedicated efforts in defending the two attached buildings on either side of the fire unit paid off and prevented any extension into those structures.
102 firefighters achieved full extinguishment of the fire in one hour and 49 minutes with no injuries reported. The three units in the main building suffered varying levels of damage with the central unit being most heavily affected. LAFD Arson and Counter-Terrorism Section responded per protocol for a Greater Alarm fire and the cause investigation is on-going
© Photo by Eric French
LAFD Incident: 071119-0138
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NORTHRIDGE - 40 firefighters found the garage (attached) of a single-family home fully involved and extinguished the fire in 13 minutes. Initial reports of a person trapped in the fire room proved to be false after a thorough search. The fire was stopped quickly before extending into the home. No reported injuries.
© Photo by Jacob Salzman
LAFD Incident: 060419-1230
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Go to Page 545 in the Internet Archive
Title: The vegetable kingdom, or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants [electronic resource] : illustrated upon the natural system
Creator: Lindley, John, 1799-1865
Creator: Bristowe, John Syer, 1827-1895 former owner
Creator: St. Thomas's Hospital. Medical School Library former owner
Creator: King's College London
Publisher: London : Bradbury & Evans
Sponsor: Jisc and Wellcome Library
Contributor: King's College London, Foyle Special Collections Library
Date: 1847
Language: eng
Description: King’s College London
Alternative title: "Structure, classification, and uses of plants"
With frontispiece plate
Includes indexes
This material has been provided by King’s College London. The original may be consulted at King’s College London
If you have questions concerning reproductions, please contact the Contributing Library.
Note: The colors, contrast and appearance of these illustrations are unlikely to be true to life. They are derived from scanned images that have been enhanced for machine interpretation and have been altered from their originals.
Read/Download from the Internet Archive
Over a 106 years old, the Egmore Railway Station in Chennai, remains one of the cities centrally located, renowned landmarks. Its bright red and white colors, and vaulted metal ceiling on the interiors are what make it striking. With typical Victorian wrought iron beams,
NORTH HOLLYWOOD - LAFD firefighters battled a blaze in three adjacent commercial buildings, fending off electrical hazards and building collapse, to extinguish the inferno in just over 3 hours.
A pile of oily rags were the culprit of a massive commercial structure fire on Lankershim Blvd just before midnight on November 1, 2019. Painting-related chemicals provided for a chemical reaction with the rags they were saturating and produced enough heat for them to spontaneously combust. Firefighters arrived to find fire blowing through the roof of the commercial building. Crews made access to enter the building and began cutting holes in the roof to ventilate the structure. As fire blew out of every hold that was cut, despite their continuous attempts to retreat to a less involved area to continue cutting, the decision was made to pull companies off the roof and out of the structure, and assume a defensive posture. The heavy fire load in the business quickly grew the fire, which spread to two more nearby commercial buildings.
The combined 40,000 square-foot fireball burned for over 3 hours, while 127 firefighters worked the perimeter to "surround and drown" the fire. Firefighters navigated around electrical wires down, and roof and wall collapses during the fight. By nearly 3:00 AM, the flames waved the white flag and gave up, succumbing to the three hour tour of large-diameter hose streams raining down, guided by spotters on the radio with a better vantage point. Ladder pipes, portable monitors, and 2-1/2-inch hand lines were all used in the deluge. The emergency was mitigated, but the work was not done.
Firefighters stayed on scene to overhaul the buildings and the debris pile for days following, while the pile continued to smoke. Plastics and other materials had melted throughout the pile, creating a water-resistant layer that protected hot spots under the surface from hose streams. LAFD tractor companies came out at first light the next morning to turn over the pile. A track loader (Caterpillar 953) and a wheel loader (Caterpillar IT28), driven by LAFD Heavy Equipment Operators, worked for days to continue overhauling the buildings and turn over debris, allowing firefighters to continue to put water on the materials to cool it off. Companies from all over the city rotated shifts during the days after, on "fire watch" to ensure nothing flared up and to continue to apply water while the tractors operated.
Fire investigators from the LAFD Arson/Counter-Terrorism Section obtained video evidence that enabled them to make the determination that the cause was accidental, due to spontaneous combustion. Near the end of the video from an internal surveillance camera, rags with painting-related chemicals on them (left on a bench) can be seen spontaneously combusting due to a chemical reaction. This is a sobering reminder to properly dispose of oily and chemical-soaked rags properly. Fortunately, no one was hurt during this Major Emergency fire.
© Photo by Rick McClure
LAFD Incident: 110119-1860
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Our heritage walk in old Delhi covers the main street of Chandni Chowk. Starting from outside the Red Fort we cover a distance of about 2 kms till the famous spice market in Khari Baoli. On the way are some well known & some not so well known landmarks which are of historical interest. In most cases, even though the landmarks are old, the buildings standing to commemorate them can be quite modern. For instance, the starting point of our heritage trail, the Digamber Jain Lal Mandir is the oldest Jain temple, the shrine being as old as the city itself. However the imposing building in red, is mostly 19th century. The golden finials on the shikhars (towers of main shrine) were added only recently, may be less than a year back if I remember correctly. The Gauri Shankar temple is almost entirely a modern structure even through it was established in the 18th century. Similarly Sisganj Gurdwara, one of the most historic landmarks of purani dilli is a modern structure. The Mughal Kotwali has also been made part of the Gurdwara. At the fountain chowk, stood a single screen cinema hall, Majestic. It was purchased by the Gurdwara & converted into a museum on Sikh history. The shop of Ghantewala Shahi halwai has moved from the fountain chowk to the main street of Chandni Chowk on the other side, close to the Sunheri Masjid. A group of havelis called Naughara in Kinari Bazaar are part of our route & even though the houses retain some of their original look (mainly the doorways) they have been modified to suit modern needs of people living there. The Parathewali gali too, they say, is a late 19th century creation which replaced the jewellery shops in this street.
Change is obvious anywhere people live. So is true of old Delhi. There were some traces of settlements in pre-Mughal times as well, but it became an urban centre with the establishment of Shahjahanabad. It has since seen many highs & lows. The worst times for city were the years 1857 & 1947. In 1857 the rebellion & then British response to the rebellion destroyed city life. Old nobility were replaced by a new class of merchants & bankers who were friendly with the British & prospered after 1857. 1947 saw a lot of violence & great movement of people in Delhi & a no. of families moving out of here. Both these have left a lasting impact on the city. For instance, what is today the old city for us, is mostly families & institutions who remained or prospered after 1857. It is their houses, their schools & their institutions which is ‘old’ Delhi for us now. One such person was Lala Chunamal. Lala Chunamal’s haveli is probably the largest in old Delhi & his descendants still live in it. This haveli is a little distance from Town Hall, in the neighbourhood of Katra Neel. The shivalayas in Katra Neel are also part of our heritage walk. The Town Hall itself is an example of drastic changes in Delhi after 1857. When the city was originally planned this site has the pool reflecting moonlight which gave the street its name ‘Chandni Chowk’. Moreover, Shahjahan’s daughter, Jahanara had her estate here which included gardens, public baths & a serai. The British razed this estate to the ground & built the Town Hall & the Delhi Railway station over it. The street of Chandni Chowk ends at Fatehpuri Masjid, which incidentally was purchased by Lala Chunamal after 1857, who returned it to the community a few years later. The mosque is currently undergoing much needed restoration work. The last stop on our heritage walk was the Gadodia Market in Khari Baoli, more famously known as the spice market. This is originally a warehouse for spices built by the British in early 20th century. The plan of the building has a courtyard in the centre with rooms around it, which served as offices & storage spaces. Now the courtyard itself has a block of rooms which were constructed over a period of time to cater to growing demand for space. We climbed to the terrace of this building & it offers an excellent view of the entire stretch of our walk as well as much of old Delhi!
(posted by Kanika Singh & Kavita Singh, team members, Delhi Heritage Walks)
Construction equipment can be seen high on the elevated structure over Wentworth near where the Green Line's Ashland Branch passes over the Red Line in the Dan Ryan Expressway (out of view, to right).
Red Line trains will operate over the current Green Line tracks from south of Roosevelt through Ashland/63rd, 24/7, during the Red Line South Reconstruction Project.