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Fort Jefferson, built on Garden Key of the Dry Tortugas, was constructed in the mid-19th century to protect the shipping lanes accessing the Gulf Coast of the United States. The deep-water anchorage nearby was critical for resupply and refit of vessels and shelter from seasonal Caribbean storms.
Although never actually completed, Fort Jefferson was the largest and most sophisticated in a chain of coastal forts situated along the U.S. coast from Maine to California, becoming a critical enabler to the Union Navy successfully blockading Confederate shipping during the Civil War. In addition to protecting the harbor, it became a prison for Union Army deserters and, for a time, Dr. Samuel Mudd - the physician who was convicted of aiding and abetting John Wilkes Booth.
A remote location, even today, it's hard to fathom the amount of labor and logistics involved in building and provisioning such a formidable structure with the level of precision and durability that allow us to continue to visit it in exceptional condition 175 years after the first bricks were emplaced.
Recognition:
Accepted for Display - MAR 2021 Darkroomers Photographic Club (Affiliate of Southern California Association of Camera Clubs {SCACC} and Photographic Society of America {PSA}).
location : Nanzenji Temple Tenjyuan ,Kyoto city ,Kyoto Prefecture,Japan
南禅寺 天授庵
Tenjyuan :
Tenjyuan is one of the most historically important temple of the Nanzenji. It was built as a dedication of the founder of the Nanzenji , Daiminkokushi Mukanfumon .
In 1267 the Emperpor Kameyama,enchanted with the natural beauty of the spot,elected a villa on the site where where the Nanzenji Temple now stands. Around 1288 the emperor was vexed by the appearance of a ghost and asked for help from Daiminkokushi ,the third Chief Priest of the Tofukuji Temple.
The priest rid Emperor Kameyama of the gost by merely performing Zazen meditations without reciting a single sutra.
The emperor was deeply moved by this demonstration of the priest's virtue and subsequently became became his disciple,giving himself the name Hoo("Great Priest").He later converted his villa into zen temple and dedicated it to Daiminkokushi.These events took place in Hoo's later years ; the priest died before the coversation of the villa was complete.It was left for a priest named Kiansoen,the successor of Daiminkokushi.to finish the work and inaugurate the zen temple. For this reason little credit for the task is given to Daiminkokushi himself.In 1336 Kokakushiren,the 15th chief priest of Nanzen Ji Temple,asked the retired Emperor Kogon for permission to construct a building commemorating the founding of the temple by Daiminkokushi.Construction on the building was completed in the following year(1337),hence the opening of the Tenjyuan.
Tenjyuan,however ,was destroyed in the Nanzenji conflagration of 1447 .Nor was the temple spared destraction by fire during the Onin War ( 1467-1477). More then 130 years passed before the temple was finally reconstructed.
Many of the temples destroyed by wars were reconstructed in the last quarter of the 16th century,when Japan enjoyed a period of political stability. The priests of Nanzenji agreed that the Tenjyuan be reconstructed by one of the most famous Zen priests of Kyoto,Genporeisan.He appointed Ungakureikei chief priest of the Tenjyuan ,and asked the daimyo Hosokawa Yusei to finance the enterprise.Thanks to generous contribution of Hosokawa,the reconstruction of the Main Hall,the Main Gate,and the old study was completed in August ,1602.These are the Tenjyuan buildings that stand today.
The garden consists of the front ,or eastern,garden of the Main Hall, and the southern garden near the Study.
The eastern garden is a rock garden. A geometrically designed stone footpath embedded in white sand and moss connects the Main Hall with the Maingate. This footpath was made 1338 after the original construction of the Tenjyuan.
The other ,shorter stone footpath leading to Yusai's mausoleum was made after Yusai's death in1610.
The layout of the southern garden clearly illustrates the characteristics of late 14th century landscaping.The two central islands in particular epitomize this style. A long penninsula extending from the study and a smaller penninsula extending from the other side meet to form a curling clasp,creating an eastern and western pond.The shorelines of the two ponds so divided are thus varied.
The eastern pond is smaller than the other and has a slopping bank.In addition to this landscaping technique,the arrangement of rocks near the waterfall indicates that the garden was made around the time of the construction of the Tenjyuan in 1337.
- Tenjyuan
ƒ/7.1 70.0 mm 1/125sec ISO 100
ⓒmaco-nonch★R, All Rights Reserved
Please do not use without permission.
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Christmas is the celebration of community, the celebration of family, the celebration of love. At least it is for me. And even if I don't need a special day of the year for empathy, mindfulness and appreciation, these days still have a special, strengthening effect on me.
It's the time when I reflect on what's really important. A time when the "I" steps back to let the "we" take precedence.
Basically, we all belong together. As different as we may be, we are the same in the same moment. We all (and by that I really mean ALL) strive for the fulfillment of the same basic needs. The realization of our own ideals, the recognition and appreciation of our environment, as well as stability and security. These are the lowest common denominators of all human beings, and are enough to at least understand anyone whose strategies for meeting those needs may differ (sometimes radically) from ours.
Talking to each other, speaking clearly and really listening are the only way in this case.
With this in mind, I wish you all a merry Christmas filled with love and harmony both in your environment and within yourself.
Weihnachten ist das Fest der Gemeinschaft, das Fest der Familie, das Fest der Liebe Zumindest ist es das für mich. Und auch wenn ich für Empathy, Achtsamkeit und Wertschätzung keinen beonderen Tag im Jahr benötige, so haben diese Tage trotzdem nocheinmal ein besondere, verstärkende Wirkung auf mich.
Es ist der Zeitpunkt, wo ich mich besinne, was wirklich wichtig ist. Eine Zeit in der das "Ich" zurück tritt um dem "Wir" den Vorrang zu lassen.
Im Grunde gehören wir doch alle zusammen. So unterschiedlich wir auch sein mögen, so gleich sind wir im selben Moment. Wir alle (und damit meine ich wirklich ALLE) streben nach Erfüllung der selben Grundbedürfnisse. Die Verwirklichung unseres eigenen Ideale, Die Anerkennung und Wertschätzung unseres Umfeldes, sowie Stabilität und Sicherheit. Das sind die kleinsten gemeinsamen Nenner aller Menschen und es sind genug um jeden zumindest zu Verstehen, dessen Strategien zur Erfüllung dieser Bedürfnisse sich möglicherweise von unseren unterscheiden (manchmal auch grundlegend).
Mit einander zu reden sich klar zu äußern und wirklich zuzuhören sind in diesem Fall der einzige Weg.
In diesem Sinne wünsche ich Euch allen ein besinnliches Weihnachtsfest erfüllt von Liebe und Harmonie sowohl in Eurem Umfeld als auch in Euch selbst.
more of this on my website at: www.shoot-to-catch.de
Explore Jan 31/08 Common Goldeneye (male) note how the tail touches down first for stability. The water is partially frozen hence the large spots on it. Better seen LARGE www.pbase.com/woody/image/92372906/original.jpg IMG_0198
The title is a play on words, as the shape of the jetty stretches out to sea.
Well what an eventful few days I've just had lol!
This image was captured on a jetty at Lytham. Not having been here before, I must admit to being a little apprehensive about the incoming tide, which was rising pretty quick. The Long Exposure seemed to take forever.
Suppose being close to the RNLI was a bonus, had I fallen in, as I can't swim.
The wind was really strong and I did worry about the stability of the tripod, being so out in the open.
Im pleased with the result though and hope to go back for another try!
Need some stability or do you need a stable? If it's the latter, you're in luck...DaD virtual living has a new release. The "Berkshire Stable". This stable actually has lots of possibilities. The texturing is beautiful and it's very functional. Stable doors open on both the top and bottom in case your horses need to run free. You can find this stable at the faMESHed 8th Anniversary Event! Also make sure to wear your faMESHed group tag to grab your free gifts! Pictured:
DaD "Berkshire Stable"
faMESHed: maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/FaMESHed/226/144/1001
DaD Virtual Living Mainstore: maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Saint%20Florent/139/81/25
DaD Flickr: flic.kr/ps/2t776E
New from Ayla is a cute set that is perfect for this time of year...get your hands dirty with the new DIY plant stands! You can find this set out now at the Anthem Event. Pictured:
Ayla. DIY Plant Stands - Picket Fence Plant Stand
Ayla. DIY Plant Stands - Book Plant Stand
Ayla. DIY Plant Stands - Carrot Plant Stand
The Anthem Event: maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Anthem/86/161/1114
Ayla Mainstore: maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Supernova/130/138/34
Ayla Flickr: flic.kr/p/2iX5K6C
Misc:
Apple Fall Shepherd Hook Wall Lamp
Grey/Brown Standing/Grazing Horse(MP)
hive // harvest hay bale
{vespertine} potted herb mix
dust bunny . kitchen clutter . potted herbs . basil, parsley, rosemary
Apple Fall Stacked Herb Pots - Bleached
Apple Fall Stacked Herb Pots - Clay
Apple Fall Stacked Round Baskets
Apple Fall Vintage Milk Urn - Galvanized
Apple Fall Trough Metal Sink
Apple Fall Tobacco Basket
Apple Fall Vintage Milk Urn - Cream
West Village Classic Watering Can - Galvanized
ChiMia:: Les Landes Work Bench
Sari-Sari - Tool Rack
Sari-Sari - Garden Shovel Sign
PLAAKA OldGrazingLandFence Broken
M&M GOAT FP
8f8 New beginnings chickens
8f8 - The Sweetest Spot - Hanging Sign
8f8 New beginnings geese
DRD - Rustic Barbecue - Wheelbarrow
HPMD* WildGrasses
Skye Stone Path Steps
Heart - Forest Undergrowth - Clover and Daisies
CR Reed Green With Flower
Thanks for your continued support and hope you all have a fantastic rest of the week! 😊
Created for The Award Trees challenge: Sunflowers
www.flickr.com/groups/awardtree/discuss/72157721917198881/
Created in Stability Ai.
Filters: Topaz Studio.
Thank you for your visit, faves, invites and kind comments!
In the beginning, the seed of the tree was just a small and inconspicuous object, hidden away in the soil. However, with time, it started to grow roots, pushing its way deeper into the earth, seeking nourishment and stability. Slowly but steadily, it began to sprout, breaking through the surface of the soil and reaching towards the sky.
As the tree grew taller and wider, it became a vital part of its ecosystem, providing shelter and food for various creatures. It survived through harsh weather conditions, enduring the scorching heat of the sun and the biting cold of winter.
Now, as we see it surrounded by dense fog, the tree appears like a wonder from another world, as if it has emerged from a mythical forest of dreams. The rays of the sun filter through the mist, casting the tree in a hazy glow, making it seem otherworldly and surreal.
The tree's silhouette appears ghostly, with some parts highlighted with a brighter and clearer intensity while others are shrouded in darkness and obscurity. This contrast between the light and shadows enhances the tree's magnificence and mystery.
Bing Image Creator (powered by Dall-E)
Continuing with my Positive Flags of the Nations
project with a tribute to solidarity.
There is no stability without solidarity and no solidarity without stability.
Jose Manuel Barroso
The first step in the evolution of ethics is a sense of solidarity with other human beings.
Albert Schweitzer
You don't fight racism with racism, the best way to fight racism is with solidarity.
Boby Seale
Thank you for your kind visit. Have a wonderful and beautiful day! ❤️❤️❤️
A 156 second 10 stop long exposure of Aberdeen beach,
with the solid wooden groyne posts through the centre of the image.
A digital AI fine art painting in the style of Andre Lucero on a cottage along the Maine coastline in the early morning light.
Prompt: A Maine cottage by the sea with lobster boat at the dock, lobster pots stacked up on the dock, in the morning light. In the style of Andre Lucero art (Enhanced)
AI Engine: DreamStudio by Stability AI
One wintry egret chases a little fish in high gear, wings out for stability and extra... umf. It ended happy for egret and negative for the little fish...
This AI thing has got me concerned about my mental stability. I'm worried that these strange images that emerge out of my imagination could be indicative of a troubled mind. Anybody know a good shrink?
Image imagined in MidJourney AI and finished with Topaz Studio 2.0 and Lightroom Classic.
Dry stack stone , like the one shown in the photograph, are made without using mortar, selecting the appropriate stones and their ideal position to ensure the stability of the wall. It is a form of construction widely used for centuries in the Aragonese Pyrenees to delimit fields of different owners. Over time, the stones become covered with lichens and moss, giving them wonderful textures and color.
Los muros de piedra seca, como el que aparece en la fotografía, se hacen sin utilizar mortero ni argamasa, seleccionando las piedras adecuadas y su posición idónea para asegurar la estabilidad del muro. Es una forma de construcción muy utilizada desde hace siglos en el Pirineo aragonés para delimitar campos de distintos propietarios. Con el tiempo, las piedras van cubriéndose de líquenes y musgo, dotándolas de unas maravillosas texturas y colorido.
“Lest we forget” – three very simple, yet also very powerful words. First used in an 1897 poem written by Rudyard Kipling called “Recessional”, to mark Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee, they caution us to be careful not to forget.
As we take a moment this Armistice Day to remember those who made the ultimate sacrifice for our peace, prosperity and stability, and those who fight today to protect us still, let us also hope that conflicts around the world will come to a swift conclusion, not least of all in Ukraine and in Gaza
Armistice Day or Remembrance Day is a memorial day observed in Commonwealth member states since the end of the First World War to honour armed forces members who have died in the line of duty. It falls on the 11th of November every year. Remembrance Day is marked at eleven o’clock (the time that the armistice was declared) with a minute’s silence to honour the fallen. Following a tradition inaugurated by King George V in 1919, the day is also marked by war remembrances in many non-Commonwealth countries.
Improved the stability (you can hold it with one hand, for example) among other things. Made the top more accurate as well. It's composed of two CNG (compressed natural gas) tanks, a window, a grate for maintenance workers to walk on, and an exhaust pipe.
Depuis mai 2015, la municipalité de Tielt-Winge -Belgium, dans le Brabant flamand, est un lieu qui témoigne de la singularité de l'architecture de paysage. Une structure fascinante qui atténue la distinction entre une tour et un escalier flotte au-dessus du célèbre Kabouterbos ( forêt de conte de fées) et attire la curiosité de nombreux résidents et passants de Tielt. Le volume fascinant de l’acier est revêtu d’acier inoxydable de haut en bas.
Les exigences du cahier des charges reflétaient cet objectif: la nouvelle tour devait être entièrement construite en métal, mesurer au moins dix mètres de haut, comporter un abri et résister à toute forme de vandalisme.
Au lieu d'une construction classique avec un escalier en colimaçon, le designer a conçu un volume suspendu sans trop de fioritures décoratives. Le «Vlooybergtoren», comme on l'appelle, mesure 11, 28 mètres de haut (la plate-forme supérieure déborde de 10, 08 mètres + mur de rambarde de 1, 20 mètre) et est construit sur une sous-structure galvanisée revêtue d'acier patiné, une allusion subtile au typique brun-rouge. couleur de la pierre de fer dans la région de Hageland. Au total, l’imposante tour d’escalier ne pèse pas moins de treize tonnes.
Selon les propres mots du concepteur, la modélisation de la tour Vlooyberg était «une guerre contre son propre poids». Pour s'assurer que la structure serait suffisamment solide et ne s'affaisserait pas, il calculait manuellement les forces agissant sur chaque élément. Ses conclusions ont donné à la tour d'escalier sa forme et ses dimensions ultimes. La structure évolue de grande, lourde et forte, à petite, légère et mince. Le mur de garde-corps fonctionne comme une poutre structurelle qui confère à la structure en acier une solidité et une stabilité suffisantes pour résister aux forces agissant sur elle. Deux amortisseurs de vibrations garantissent que la tour d'escalier ne commence pas à vibrer sous le pied.
La structure a été entièrement préfabriquée et assemblée sur le site section par section. En fin de compte, l'installation n'a duré qu'une demi-journée. En tant que monument à forte valeur iconique, la tour Vlooyberg met en valeur, au sens propre et figuré, le profil de la belle région autour de Tielt-Winge. Les habitants de Tielt, les passants fortunés et les amateurs d'architecture moderne apprécient énormément ce monument fascinant.
Since May 2015, the municipality of Tielt-Winge -Belgium, in Flemish Brabant, has been a place that bears witness to the uniqueness of landscape architecture. A fascinating structure that softens the distinction between a tower and a staircase floats above the famous Kabouterbos (fairytale forest) and attracts the curiosity of many residents and passers-by of Tielt. The fascinating volume of the steel is coated with stainless steel from top to bottom.
The specifications reflected this objective: the new tower had to be constructed entirely of metal, be at least ten meters high, include a shelter and be resistant to all forms of vandalism.
Instead of a classic construction with a spiral staircase, the designer designed a suspended volume without too many decorative frills. The "Vlooybergtoren", as it is called, is 11.28 meters high (the upper platform overhangs 10.08 meters + guardrail wall of 1.20 meters) and is built on a coated galvanized substructure. of patinated steel, a subtle allusion to the typical brown-red. color of the iron stone in the Hageland region. In total, the imposing staircase tower weighs no less than thirteen tons.
In the designer's own words, the modeling of the Vlooyberg Tower was "a war against its own weight". To ensure that the structure would be strong enough and not sag, he would manually calculate the forces acting on each element. His findings gave the staircase tower its ultimate shape and dimensions. The structure evolves from big, heavy and strong, to small, light and thin. The guardrail wall functions as a structural beam which gives the steel structure sufficient strength and stability to withstand the forces acting on it. Two vibration dampers ensure that the stair tower does not start to vibrate underfoot.
The structure was completely prefabricated and assembled on site section by section. In the end, the installation only took half a day. As a monument of high iconic value, the Vlooyberg Tower highlights, literally and figuratively, the profile of the beautiful region around Tielt-Winge. Tielt residents, wealthy passers-by and lovers of modern architecture greatly appreciate this fascinating monument.
Created for Mystic Challenge's ~Mystic Fantasy~:
www.flickr.com/groups/challenges_community_group/discuss/...
Created in Stability Ai.
Filters: PSE21 and Topaz Studio.
Thank you for your visit, faves and kind comments.
I have craved stability my whole life - it's been like a child's hat blown off at the beach; you keep chasing, trying to catch it but unseen gusts take it further from your grasp, do you give up, take the loss or strategically pause, observe the patterns and try again ♀️
It seems you just about get one area of your life kinda stable then pooft something happens.
As a young adult I thought I would find stability starting my own family young but nope 😁
Career gets going but then lack of stability with love or maybe money's more stable but then time is not ♀️
So I'm rewriting my stability list,
I'm going to take a bit from the mountains which have always brought me such an all encompassing feel of stability, they are there through times, seasons, weather comes and goes but in a quiet majesty they take it all but remain strong♥
Cypress knees are cone-shaped structures that grow vertically from the roots of the tree where the roots are at the soil/sediment surface. The most likely function of the knees is to provide stability in the swamp substrate.
Sie fallen weder durch ihre Farbe noch durch ihre Größe auf, denn sie sind ausschließlich weiß und eher bei den Minipilzen zu verorten. Auch die Oberfläche des Pilzhutes ist eher unspektakulär. Ihre wahre Schönheit zeigen sie jedoch auf der Unterseite. Die Lamellen fächern strahlenförmig zum Hutrand hin auf und sind häufig im Endbereich gegabelt. Die drei Pilzkörper der Aufnahme sind in den Ecken eines Dreiecks angeordnet. Dies verleiht dem Bild Stabilität und Ruhe.
They are not noticeable either because of their color or their size, because they are exclusively white and are more likely to be located among the mini mushrooms. The surface of the mushroom hat is also rather unspectacular. However, they show their true beauty on the bottom. The lamellae fan out radially towards the edge of the hat and are often forked in the end area. The three mushroom bodies of the recording are arranged in the corners of a triangle. This gives the image stability and calmness.
The color blue represents both the sky and the sea and is associated with open spaces, freedom, intuition, imagination, inspiration, and sensitivity. Blue also represents meanings of depth, trust, loyalty, sincerity, wisdom, confidence, stability, faith, and intelligence.
With heartfelt and genuine thanks for your kind visit. Have a wonderful and beautiful day, be well, keep your eyes open, appreciate the beauty surrounding you, enjoy creating and stay safe! ❤️❤️❤️
This was taken handheld as I did not bring my tripod. Leaning on tree trunk for extra stability, hence the unintended leaves on RHS top corner.
Hops
Hops are the flowers of the hop flowering plant. They are used as stability agent in beer and for flavoring.
La idea de construir un temple expiatori (és a dir, a partir de donatius) dedicat a la Sagrada Família va partir del llibreter Josep Maria Bocabella, inspirat pel sacerdot Josep Manyanet —canonitzat el 2004—, fundador de la Congregació de Fills de la Sagrada Família i de la Congregació de Missioneres Filles de la Sagrada Família de Natzaret, encarregades de promoure el culte a la Sagrada Família i de fomentar l'educació cristiana de nens i joves.[6] El 1866, Bocabella va fundar l'Associació de Devots de Sant Josep, entitat dedicada entre altres qüestions a recaptar fons per a la construcció d'un temple. Per a la difusió de la seva tasca, va editar a partir del 1867 una revista, titulada inicialment El Propagador de la devoción a San José, inspirada en la revista francesa Le propagateur de la dévotion à Saint Joseph, publicada a Dijon pel pare Joseph Huguet.[7][b]
El 31 de desembre de 1881, Josep Bocabella va comprar per 172.000 pessetes uns terrenys situats a la zona del Poblet, aleshores una barriada de Sant Martí de Provençals.[8][9][c][10] Delimitats pels carrers de Mallorca, Provença, Marina i Sardenya, corresponien a una de les illes del Pla Cerdà, la qual, però, era més gran que les altres perquè, en principi, estava previst construir-hi un hipòdrom.[8]
El projecte fou encomanat a l'arquitecte Francesc de Paula Villar i Lozano, que va traçar un projecte neogòtic amb una església de tres naus amb creuer i un absis amb deambulatori, rebutjant la idea de Bocabella de fer una rèplica del santuari de Loreto, que se suposa va ser la casa de Josep i Maria a Natzaret.[11] El dia de Sant Josep de 1882, el bisbe Urquinaona posava la primera pedra,[12][13][14] coincidint amb la proclamació al Concili Vaticà I de sant Josep com a patró de l'Església Universal. Els desacords de Villar amb Bocabella van fer que aquest demanés assessorament a l'arquitecte Joan Martorell i Montells i van provocar la dimissió del primer. Aleshores, es va oferir el càrrec a Martorell, però aquest el va rebutjar i va recomanar Gaudí, que havia treballat per a ell com a ajudant, i el 1883, assumí la direcció de les obres.[15]
El desembre de 1884, Gaudí signà el projecte de la capella de Sant Josep a l'absis de la cripta, que fou inaugurat el 19 de març de 1885, en el qual intervingueren els escultors Llorenç Matamala i Piñol i Carles Mani.[16] Se sap que en aquest any hi treballaven un equip de vuit paletes, deu picapedrers, dotze escultors i un nombre indeterminat de fusters i serrallers.[17] El 1891 van començar les obres de la façana del Naixement,[cal citació] i des del 1895, la gestió del projecte va a càrrec de la Junta Constructora del Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada Família, una fundació canònica per a promoure la construcció del temple mitjançant donatius i iniciatives privades.[cal citació]
A partir de l'encàrrec de la casa Milà de l'any 1906, Gaudí pràcticament es concentraria només en l'obra de la Sagrada Família que, de fet, ocuparia tota la seva carrera, ja que feia un quart de segle que en dissenyava i dirigia la construcció i moriria fent-ho; així i tot, el temple només quedava embastat.[18] Va poder veure'n construïda una part del costat de l'Epístola amb la façana del Naixement, de la qual només la torre de sant Bernabé estava acabada totalment i una part del mur exterior de l'absis.[cal citació]
El 12 de juny de 1926, Antoni Gaudí va ser sepultat a la capella de la Mare de Déu del Carme de la cripta.[cal citació] A la seva època, hi van col·laborar molts dels seus deixebles i ajudants, com Francesc Berenguer, Josep Maria Jujol, Josep Francesc Ràfols, Cèsar Martinell, Joan Bergós, Francesc Folguera, Josep Canaleta i Joan Rubió, i a la seva mort, es va fer càrrec de les obres un altre dels seus deixebles, Domènec Sugrañes, que va finalitzar la construcció de les tres torres de la façana del Naixement que quedaven pendents.[cal citació]
El 20 de juliol de 1936, tot just iniciada la Guerra Civil espanyola, grups d'exaltats anarquistes van incendiar el temple i van destruir bona part del taller en el qual Gaudí havia treballat i on hi havia els seus esbossos, maquetes i models. Tot i que es va perdre molt material van quedar restes de les maquetes, que es van restaurar, i la documentació que s'havia publicat en El Propagador, en l'Àlbum i que havia estat recollida pels seus deixebles, com Isidre Puig i Boada.[cal citació]
L'any 1944 es van reprendre les obres per un equip dirigit per Francesc de Paula Quintana i Vidal, Isidre Puig i Boada, Lluís Bonet i Garí, els quals, a la mort del primer l'any 1966, continuaren fins a l'any 1981, en què prengué el relleu Francesc Cardoner i Blanch.[19] El 1985 va ser nomenat director Jordi Bonet i Armengol,[20][21] amb un equip on figuraven Carles Buxadé, Joan Margarit i Jordi Faulí i Oller.[20] El 2012, Jordi Bonet va ser substituït per Jordi Faulí i Oller.[22]
El 18 de març de 2007 se'n va commemorar el 125è aniversari de la col·locació de la primera pedra amb una festa, concerts i ballant una sardana (La Santa Espina) encerclant tot el temple.[23]
Segons les darreres previsions, la torre de Jesús s'acabaria a finals del 2025, i el 2026 es faria la inauguració oficial, coincidint amb el centenari de la mort de Gaudí.[24]
The Basílica i Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada Família,[a] otherwise known as Sagrada Família, is a church under construction in the Eixample district of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. It is the largest unfinished Catholic church in the world. Designed by the Catalan architect Antoni Gaudí (1852–1926), in 2005 his work on Sagrada Família was added to an existing (1984) UNESCO World Heritage Site, "Works of Antoni Gaudí".[5] On 7 November 2010, Pope Benedict XVI consecrated the church and proclaimed it a minor basilica.[6][7][8]
On 19 March 1882, construction of Sagrada Família began under architect Francisco de Paula del Villar. In 1883, when Villar resigned,[5] Gaudí took over as chief architect, transforming the project with his architectural and engineering style, combining Gothic and curvilinear Art Nouveau forms. Gaudí devoted the remainder of his life to the project, and he is buried in the church's crypt. At the time of his death in 1926, less than a quarter of the project was complete.[9]
Relying solely on private donations, Sagrada Família's construction progressed slowly and was interrupted by the Spanish Civil War. In July 1936, anarchists from the FAI set fire to the crypt and broke their way into the workshop, partially destroying Gaudí's original plans.[10] In 1939, Francesc de Paula Quintana took over site management, which was able to go on with the material that was saved from Gaudí's workshop and that was reconstructed from published plans and photographs.[11] Construction resumed to intermittent progress in the 1950s. Advancements in technologies such as computer-aided design and computerised numerical control (CNC) have since enabled faster progress and construction passed the midpoint in 2010. In 2014, it was anticipated that the building would be completed by 2026, the centenary of Gaudí's death,[12] but this schedule was threatened by work slowdowns caused by the 2020–2021 depths of the COVID-19 pandemic.[13] In March 2024, an updated forecast reconfirmed a likely completion of the building in 2026, though the announcement stated that work on sculptures, decorative details and a controversial proposed stairway leading to what will eventually be the main entrance is expected to continue until 2034.[14]
Describing Sagrada Família, art critic Rainer Zerbst said "it is probably impossible to find a church building anything like it in the entire history of art",[15] and Paul Goldberger describes it as "the most extraordinary personal interpretation of Gothic architecture since the Middle Ages".[16]
Though sometimes[when?] described[by whom?] as a cathedral, the basilica is not the cathedral church of the Archdiocese of Barcelona; that title belongs to the Cathedral of the Holy Cross and Saint Eulalia (Barcelona Cathedral).
History
Origins
Sagrada Família was inspired by a bookseller, José María Bocabella [es], founder of Asociación Espiritual de Devotos de San José (Spiritual Association of Devotees of St. Joseph). After a visit to the Vatican in 1872, Bocabella returned from Italy with the intention of building a church inspired by the basilica at Loreto. The apse crypt of the church, funded by donations, was begun 19 March 1882, on the festival of St. Joseph, to the design of the architect Francisco de Paula del Villar, whose plan was for a Gothic revival church of a standard form. The apse crypt was completed before Villar's resignation on 18 March 1883, when Antoni Gaudí assumed responsibility for its design, which he changed radically.[17] Gaudi began work on the church in 1883 but was not appointed Architect Director until 1884.[citation needed]On the subject of the extremely long construction period, Gaudí is said to have remarked: "My client is not in a hurry."[18] When Gaudí died in 1926, the basilica was between 15 and 25 percent complete.[9][19] After Gaudí's death, work continued under the direction of his main disciple Domènec Sugrañes i Gras until interrupted by the Spanish Civil War in 1936. Parts of the unfinished basilica and Gaudí's models and workshop were destroyed during the war. The present design is based on reconstructed versions of the plans that were burned in a fire as well as on modern adaptations.[14] Since 1940, the architects Francesc Quintana, Isidre Puig Boada, Lluís Bonet i Garí and Francesc Cardoner have carried on the work. The illumination was designed by Carles Buïgas. The director until 2012 was the son of Lluís Bonet, Jordi Bonet i Armengol. Armengol began introducing computers into the design and construction process in the 1980s.[citatiThe central nave vaulting was completed in 2000 and the main tasks since then have been the construction of the transept vaults and apse. In 2002, the Sagrada Família Schools building was relocated from the eastern corner of the site to the southern corner, and began housing an exhibition. The school was originally designed by Gaudí in 1909 for the children of the construction workers.[20]
As of 2006, work concentrated on the crossing and supporting structure for the main steeple of Jesus Christ as well as the southern enclosure of the central nave, which will become the Glory façade. Computer-aided design technology has allowed stone to be shaped off-site by a CNC milling machine, whereas in the 20th century the stone was carved by hand.[21] In 2008, some renowned Catalan architects advocated halting construction[22] to respect Gaudí's original designs, which, although they were not exhaustive and were partially destroyed, have been partially reconstructed in recent years.[23]
Since 2013, AVE high-speed trains have passed near Sagrada Família through a tunnel that runs beneath the centre of Barcelona. The tunnel's construction, which began on 26 March 2010, was controversial. The Ministry of Public Works of Spain (Ministerio de Fomento) claimed the project posed no risk to the church.[24][25] Sagrada Família engineers and architects disagreed, saying there was no guarantee that the tunnel would not affect the stability of the building. The Board of the Sagrada Família (Patronat de la Sagrada Família) and the neighborhood association AVE pel Litoral (AVE by the Coast) led a campaign against this route for the AVE, without success.[citation needed] In October 2010, the tunnel boring machine reached the church underground under the location of the building's principal façade.[24] Service through the tunnel was inaugurated on 8 January 2013.[26] Track in the tunnel makes use of a system by Edilon Sedra in which the rails are embedded in an elastic material to dampen vibrations.[27]
The main nave was covered and an organ installed in mid-2010, allowing the still-unfinished building to be used for liturgies.[28] The church was consecrated by Pope Benedict XVI on 7 November 2010 in front of a congregation of 6,500 people.[29] A further 50,000 people followed the consecration Mass from outside the basilica, where more than 100 bishops and 300 priests were on hand to distribute Holy Communion.[30]In 2012, Barcelona-born Jordi Faulí i Oller took over as architect of the project.[31][32] Mark Burry of New Zealand serves as Executive Architect and Researcher.[33] Sculptures by J. Busquets, Etsuro Sotoo and Josep Maria Subirachs decorate the fantastical façades.
Chief architect Jordi Faulí announced in October 2015 that construction was 70 percent complete and had entered its final phase of raising six immense steeples. The steeples and most of the church's structure were planned to be completed by 2026, the centennial of Gaudí's death;[14] as of a 2017 estimate, decorative elements should be complete by 2030 or 2032.[34][failed verification] Visitor entrance fees of €15 to €20 finance the annual construction budget of €25 million.[35] Completion of the structure will use post-tensioned stone.[36]
Starting on 9 July 2017, an international mass is celebrated at the basilica every Sunday and holy day of obligation, at 9 a.m., and is open to the public (until the church is full). Occasionally, Mass is celebrated at other times, where attendance requires an invitation. When masses are scheduled, instructions to obtain an invitation are posted on the basilica's website. In addition, visitors may pray in the chapel of the Blessed Sacrament and Penitence.[37]
The stone initially used in its construction came from the Montserrat mountain, but it became clear that as quarrying there went deeper, the stone was increasingly fragile and an alternative source had to be found. Since 2018 stone of the type needed to complete the construction has been sourced from the Withnell Quarry in Brinscall, near Chorley, England.[3
The Blue Mosque, or Sultan Ahmed Mosque (Sultanahmet Camii), built between 1609-1616, showcases a novel engineering technique of stacking domes to support its vast, spacious interior. Inspired by Byzantine architecture, the large central dome is flanked by smaller semi-domes, distributing the roof’s weight effectively. This creates an open, grand interior while maintaining structural stability, making it an architectural marvel of the Ottoman Empire.