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Rapid strata formation in soft sand (field evidence).
Photo of strata formation in soft sand on a beach, created by tidal action of the sea.
Formed in a single, high tidal event.
This natural example of rapid, simultaneous stratification refutes the Superposition Principle and the Principle of Lateral Continuity.
Superposition only applies on a rare occasion of sedimentary deposits in perfectly, still water. Superposition is required for the long evolutionary timescale, but the evidence shows it is not the general rule, as was once believed. Most sediment is laid down in moving water, where particle segregation is the rule, resulting in the simultaneous deposition of strata/layers as shown in the photo.
("Upon filling the tank with water and pouring in sediments, we immediately saw what was to become the rule: The sediments sorted themselves out in very clear layers. This became so common that by the end of two weeks, we jokingly referred to Andrew's law as "It's difficult not to make layers," and Clark's law as "It's easy to make layers." Later on, I proposed the "law" that liquefaction destroys layers, as much to my surprise as that was." Ian Juby, Flume experiments)
Where the water movement is very turbulent, violent, or catastrophic, great depths of stratified sediment can be laid down in a short time. Certainly not the many millions of years assumed by evolutionists.
The composition of strata formed in any deposition event. is related to whatever materials are in the sediment mix. Whatever is in the mix will be automatically sorted into strata/layers. It could be sand, or material added from mud slides, erosion of chalk deposits, volcanic ash etc. Any organic material (potential fossils) will also be sorted and buried within the rapidly, formed strata.
See many other examples of rapid stratification with geological features: www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/sets/72157635944904973/
Stratified, soft sand deposit. demonstrates the rapid, stratification principle.
Important, field evidence which supports the work of the eminent, sedimentologist Dr Guy Berthault MIAS - Member of the International Association of Sedimentologists.
(Dr Berthault's experiments (www.sedimentology.fr/)
And also the experimental work of Dr M.E. Clark (Professor Emeritus, U of Illinois @ Urbana), Andrew Rodenbeck and Dr. Henry Voss, (www.ianjuby.org/sedimentation/)
Location: Sandown beach, Isle of Wight. Formed 16/01/2018, This field evidence demonstrates that multiple strata in sedimentary deposits do not need millions of years to form and can be formed rapidly. This natural example confirms the principle demonstrated by the sedimentation experiments carried out by Dr Guy Berthault and other sedimentologists. It calls into question the standard, multi-million year dating of sedimentary rocks, and the dating of fossils by depth of burial or position in the strata.
Mulltiple strata/layers and several, geological features are evident in this example.
Dr Berthault's experiments (www.sedimentology.fr/) and other experiments (www.ianjuby.org/sedimentation/) and field studies of floods and volcanic action show that, rather than being formed by gradual, slow deposition of sucessive layers superimposed upon previous layers, with the strata or layers representing a particular timescale, particle segregation in moving water or airborne particles can form strata or layers very quickly, frequently, in a single event.
And, most importantly, lower strata are not older than upper strata, they are the same age, having been created in the same sedimentary episode.
Such field studies confirm experiments which have shown that there is no longer any reason to conclude that strata/layers in sedimentary rocks relate to different geological eras and/or a multi-million year timescale. www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PVnBaqqQw8&feature=share&.... they also show that the relative position of fossils in rocks is not indicative of an order of evolutionary succession. Obviously, the uniformitarian principle, on which the geologic column is based, can no longer be considered valid. And the multi-million, year dating of sedimentary rocks and fossils needs to be reassessed. Rapid deposition of stratified sediments also explains the enigma of polystrate fossils, i.e. large fossils that intersect several strata. In some cases, tree trunk fossils are found which intersect the strata of sedimentary rock up to forty feet in depth. upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Lycopsi... They must have been buried in stratified sediment in a short time (certainly not millions, thousands, or even hundreds of years), or they would have rotted away. youtu.be/vnzHU9VsliQ
In fact, the vast majority of fossils are found in good, intact condition, which is testament to their rapid burial. You don't get good fossils from gradual burial, because they would be damaged or destroyed by decay, predation or erosion. The existence of so many fossils in sedimentary rock on a global scale is stunning evidence for the rapid depostion of sedimentary rock as the general rule. It is obvious that all rock containing good intact fossils was formed from sediment laid down in a very short time, not millions, or even thousands of years.
See set of photos of other examples of rapid stratification: www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/sets/72157635944904973/
Carbon dating of coal should not be possible if it is millions of years old, yet significant amounts of Carbon 14 have been detected in coal and other fossil material, which indicates that it is less than 50,000 years old. www.ldolphin.org/sewell/c14dating.html
www.grisda.org/origins/51006.htm
Evolutionists confidently cite multi-million year ages for rocks and fossils, but what most people don't realise is that no one actually knows the age of sedimentary rocks or the fossils found within them. So how are evolutionists so sure of the ages they so confidently quote? The astonishing thing is they aren't. Sedimentary rocks cannot be dated by radiometric methods*, and fossils can only be dated to less than 50,000 years with Carbon 14 dating. The method evolutionists use is based entirely on assumptions. Unbelievably, fossils are dated by the assumed age of rocks, and rocks are dated by the assumed age of fossils, that's right ... it is known as circular reasoning.
* Regarding the radiometric dating of igneous rocks, which is claimed to be relevant to the dating of sedimentary rocks, in an occasional instance there is an igneous intrusion associated with a sedimentary deposit -
Prof. Aubouin says in his Précis de Géologie: "Each radioactive element disintegrates in a characteristic and constant manner, which depends neither on the physical state (no variation with pressure or temperature or any other external constraint) nor on the chemical state (identical for an oxide or a phosphate)."
"Rocks form when magma crystallizes. Crystallisation depends on pressure and temperature, from which radioactivity is independent. So, there is no relationship between radioactivity and crystallisation.
Consequently, radioactivity doesn't date the formation of rocks. Moreover, daughter elements contained in rocks result mainly from radioactivity in magma where gravity separates the heavier parent element, from the lighter daughter element. Thus radiometric dating has no chronological signification." Dr. Guy Berthault www.sciencevsevolution.org/Berthault.htm
Visit the fossil museum:
www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/sets/72157641367196613/
Just how good are peer reviews of scientific papers?
www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6154/60.full
www.examiner.com/article/want-to-publish-science-paper-ju...
The neo-Darwinian idea that the human genome consists entirely of an accumulation of billions of mutations is, quite obviously, completely bonkers. Nevertheless, it is compulsorily taught in schools and universities as 'science'.
This cypress watches over the beach at Jones Lake State Park in Bladen County, North Carolina. The park was founded in 1939 as a recreational park for African-Americans during the segregation era in North Carolina. The park was desegregated in the 1960s. It is on North Carolina Highway 242 just outside of Elizabethtown in Bladen County.
DPAC protest at Dept for Education for inclusive education - London 04.09.2013
Campaigners from disability groups Disabled People Against Cuts (DPAC) and Alliance for Inclusive Education (ALLFIE) protested outside the Dept. For Education to demand an end to increasing educational segregation of disabled children.
This protest was one of four simultaneous protests taking place as the culmination of a national week of action organised by Disabled People Against Cuts (DPAC) using the campaign title "Reclaiming Our Futures", and were aimed specifically at government departments whose actions are impacting severly on disabled people - Education, health, Transport and Energy.
Following the individual actions, all four groups of campaigners merged on the Dept for Work and Pensions headquarters for a larger protest against benefits cuts to disabled people which, they claim, affects them disproportionately.
All photos © 2013 Pete Riches
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Demonstrators mass outside the Doe Doe Recreation Park in Lawton, Ok. June 18, 1966 demanding that the privately owned park open its doors to black people.
Much of Doe Doe’s business came from white servicemen, according to the Daily Oklahoman, even though the Defense Department was supposed to put businesses that discriminated off-limits.
D.C. resident Reginald Booker, who would go on to lead civil rights and black liberation fights himself in Washington, D.C., was an active duty soldier who participated in the protests.
The protests would go on for weeks. On July 4, 1966 mass arrests took place as 55 were arrested for trespassing even though the town had no ordinance prohibiting trespassing.
A suit was filed against the park, but a federal court ruled in 1968 that it was not subject to the 1964 Civil Rights Act because it was organized as a private club.
The park, however, desegregated shortly after the ruling.
For a detailed account of Booker’s activism, victories and defeats, see washingtonareaspark.com/2020/01/28/the-d-c-black-liberati...
For more information and related images, see flic.kr/s/aHsm8XFDEt
The photographer is unknown. The image is an Associated Press photograph obtained via an Internet sale.
Exposition : The color line
Du mardi 04 octobre 2016 au dimanche 15 janvier 2017
Quel rôle a joué l’art dans la quête d’égalité et d’affirmation de l’identité noire dans l’Amérique de la Ségrégation ? L'exposition rend hommage aux artistes et penseurs africains-américains qui ont contribué, durant près d’un siècle et demi de luttes, à estomper cette "ligne de couleur" discriminatoire.
—————
« Le problème du 20e siècle est le problème de la ligne de partage des couleurs ».
Si la fin de la Guerre de Sécession en 1865 a bien sonné l’abolition de l'esclavage, la ligne de démarcation raciale va encore marquer durablement la société américaine, comme le pressent le militant W.E.B. Du Bois en 1903 dans The Soul of Black Folks. L’exposition The Color Line revient sur cette période sombre des États-Unis à travers l’histoire culturelle de ses artistes noirs, premières cibles de ces discriminations.
Des thématiques racistes du vaudeville américain et des spectacles de Minstrels du 19e siècle à l’effervescence culturelle et littéraire de la Harlem Renaissance du début du 20e siècle, des pionniers de l’activisme noir (Frederick Douglass, Booker T. Washington) au réquisitoire de la chanteuse Billie Holiday (Strange Fruit), ce sont près de 150 ans de production artistique – peinture, sculpture, photographie, cinéma, musique, littérature… – qui témoignent de la richesse créative de la contestation noire.
A glass-curtain wall at Eastview Elementary School in Americus, Georgia, filled the cafeteria with natural light. From Stevens and Wilkinson, Selected Works (Atlanta), [1958], 105.[Extracted from "Equalization Schools in Georgia's African-American Communities, 1951-1970" by Steven Moffson, Historic Preservation Division, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, 2010.]
Exposition : The color line
Du mardi 04 octobre 2016 au dimanche 15 janvier 2017
Quel rôle a joué l’art dans la quête d’égalité et d’affirmation de l’identité noire dans l’Amérique de la Ségrégation ? L'exposition rend hommage aux artistes et penseurs africains-américains qui ont contribué, durant près d’un siècle et demi de luttes, à estomper cette "ligne de couleur" discriminatoire.
—————
« Le problème du 20e siècle est le problème de la ligne de partage des couleurs ».
Si la fin de la Guerre de Sécession en 1865 a bien sonné l’abolition de l'esclavage, la ligne de démarcation raciale va encore marquer durablement la société américaine, comme le pressent le militant W.E.B. Du Bois en 1903 dans The Soul of Black Folks. L’exposition The Color Line revient sur cette période sombre des États-Unis à travers l’histoire culturelle de ses artistes noirs, premières cibles de ces discriminations.
Des thématiques racistes du vaudeville américain et des spectacles de Minstrels du 19e siècle à l’effervescence culturelle et littéraire de la Harlem Renaissance du début du 20e siècle, des pionniers de l’activisme noir (Frederick Douglass, Booker T. Washington) au réquisitoire de la chanteuse Billie Holiday (Strange Fruit), ce sont près de 150 ans de production artistique – peinture, sculpture, photographie, cinéma, musique, littérature… – qui témoignent de la richesse créative de la contestation noire.
A colored people movie house (Rex Theatre) located in Leland, Mississippi, 1939. Now playing: "The New Adventure of Tarzan" (top), The Three Musketeers"; and "Out of Singapore" (right), and "Last of the Warrens (left). Neighboring electrical appliance store (Leland Electric Co.) shown on the left. 1939,
Vintage African American photography courtesy of Black History Album, The Way We Were.
Follow Us On Twitter @blackhistoryalb
In the south, during segregation, railroads had whites-only cars and a Jim Crow Car for African Americans to ride. It's a shame this one was not preserved as a remembrance. Located at the Kentucky Railroad Museum, New Haven, Ky.
Beyond Planetary Apartheid - Planetary Gentrification- institutionalised segregation with Loretta Lees at ISCTE-IUL on may 10th 2018.
A CEI-IUL Organization.
Fotografia de Hugo Alexandre Cruz.
Worth Tuttle Hedden - The Other Room
Bantam Books 463, 2nd printing 1949
Cover Artist: James Avati
"She went through a forbidden door, into The Other Room"
Loblolly Pines reaching for the sun at Jones Lake State Park in Bladen County, North Carolina. The park was founded in 1939 as a recreational park for African-Americans during the segregation era in North Carolina. The park was desegregated in the 1960s. It is on North Carolina Highway 242 just outside of Elizabethtown in Bladen County.
An African-American Masonic lodge that claims to belong to the Order of the Eastern Star . I say "claims" because putting it's name through major search engines reveals several internet sources (like this one) claim that it is neither legitimately masonic nor a legitimate member of the order. Wouldn't surprise me - Chicago's South Side is filled with cults and religious groups of dubious origins.
Rapid strata formation in soft sand (field evidence).
Photo of strata formation in soft sand on a beach, created by tidal action of the sea.
Formed in a single, high tidal event.
This natural example of rapid, simultaneous stratification refutes the Superposition Principle and the Principle of Lateral Continuity.
Superposition only applies on a rare occasion of sedimentary deposits in perfectly, still water. Superposition is required for the long evolutionary timescale, but the evidence shows it is not the general rule, as was once believed. Most sediment is laid down in moving water, where particle segregation is the rule, resulting in the simultaneous deposition of strata/layers as shown in the photo.
("Upon filling the tank with water and pouring in sediments, we immediately saw what was to become the rule: The sediments sorted themselves out in very clear layers. This became so common that by the end of two weeks, we jokingly referred to Andrew's law as "It's difficult not to make layers," and Clark's law as "It's easy to make layers." Later on, I proposed the "law" that liquefaction destroys layers, as much to my surprise as that was." Ian Juby, Flume experiments)
Where the water movement is very turbulent, violent, or catastrophic, great depths of stratified sediment can be laid down in a short time. Certainly not the many millions of years assumed by evolutionists.
The composition of strata formed in any deposition event. is related to whatever materials are in the sediment mix. Whatever is in the mix will be automatically sorted into strata/layers. It could be sand, or material added from mud slides, erosion of chalk deposits, volcanic ash etc. Any organic material (potential fossils) will also be sorted and buried within the rapidly, formed strata.
See many other examples of rapid stratification with geological features: www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/sets/72157635944904973/
Stratified, soft sand deposit. demonstrates the rapid, stratification principle.
Important, field evidence which supports the work of the eminent, sedimentologist Dr Guy Berthault MIAS - Member of the International Association of Sedimentologists.
(Dr Berthault's experiments (www.sedimentology.fr/)
And also the experimental work of Dr M.E. Clark (Professor Emeritus, U of Illinois @ Urbana), Andrew Rodenbeck and Dr. Henry Voss, (www.ianjuby.org/sedimentation/)
Location: Sandown beach, Isle of Wight. Formed 16/01/2018, This field evidence demonstrates that multiple strata in sedimentary deposits do not need millions of years to form and can be formed rapidly. This natural example confirms the principle demonstrated by the sedimentation experiments carried out by Dr Guy Berthault and other sedimentologists. It calls into question the standard, multi-million year dating of sedimentary rocks, and the dating of fossils by depth of burial or position in the strata.
Mulltiple strata/layers and several, geological features are evident in this example.
Dr Berthault's experiments (www.sedimentology.fr/) and other experiments (www.ianjuby.org/sedimentation/) and field studies of floods and volcanic action show that, rather than being formed by gradual, slow deposition of sucessive layers superimposed upon previous layers, with the strata or layers representing a particular timescale, particle segregation in moving water or airborne particles can form strata or layers very quickly, frequently, in a single event.
And, most importantly, lower strata are not older than upper strata, they are the same age, having been created in the same sedimentary episode.
Such field studies confirm experiments which have shown that there is no longer any reason to conclude that strata/layers in sedimentary rocks relate to different geological eras and/or a multi-million year timescale. www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PVnBaqqQw8&feature=share&.... they also show that the relative position of fossils in rocks is not indicative of an order of evolutionary succession. Obviously, the uniformitarian principle, on which the geologic column is based, can no longer be considered valid. And the multi-million, year dating of sedimentary rocks and fossils needs to be reassessed. Rapid deposition of stratified sediments also explains the enigma of polystrate fossils, i.e. large fossils that intersect several strata. In some cases, tree trunk fossils are found which intersect the strata of sedimentary rock up to forty feet in depth. upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Lycopsi... They must have been buried in stratified sediment in a short time (certainly not millions, thousands, or even hundreds of years), or they would have rotted away. youtu.be/vnzHU9VsliQ
In fact, the vast majority of fossils are found in good, intact condition, which is testament to their rapid burial. You don't get good fossils from gradual burial, because they would be damaged or destroyed by decay, predation or erosion. The existence of so many fossils in sedimentary rock on a global scale is stunning evidence for the rapid depostion of sedimentary rock as the general rule. It is obvious that all rock containing good intact fossils was formed from sediment laid down in a very short time, not millions, or even thousands of years.
See set of photos of other examples of rapid stratification: www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/sets/72157635944904973/
Carbon dating of coal should not be possible if it is millions of years old, yet significant amounts of Carbon 14 have been detected in coal and other fossil material, which indicates that it is less than 50,000 years old. www.ldolphin.org/sewell/c14dating.html
www.grisda.org/origins/51006.htm
Evolutionists confidently cite multi-million year ages for rocks and fossils, but what most people don't realise is that no one actually knows the age of sedimentary rocks or the fossils found within them. So how are evolutionists so sure of the ages they so confidently quote? The astonishing thing is they aren't. Sedimentary rocks cannot be dated by radiometric methods*, and fossils can only be dated to less than 50,000 years with Carbon 14 dating. The method evolutionists use is based entirely on assumptions. Unbelievably, fossils are dated by the assumed age of rocks, and rocks are dated by the assumed age of fossils, that's right ... it is known as circular reasoning.
* Regarding the radiometric dating of igneous rocks, which is claimed to be relevant to the dating of sedimentary rocks, in an occasional instance there is an igneous intrusion associated with a sedimentary deposit -
Prof. Aubouin says in his Précis de Géologie: "Each radioactive element disintegrates in a characteristic and constant manner, which depends neither on the physical state (no variation with pressure or temperature or any other external constraint) nor on the chemical state (identical for an oxide or a phosphate)."
"Rocks form when magma crystallizes. Crystallisation depends on pressure and temperature, from which radioactivity is independent. So, there is no relationship between radioactivity and crystallisation.
Consequently, radioactivity doesn't date the formation of rocks. Moreover, daughter elements contained in rocks result mainly from radioactivity in magma where gravity separates the heavier parent element, from the lighter daughter element. Thus radiometric dating has no chronological signification." Dr. Guy Berthault www.sciencevsevolution.org/Berthault.htm
Visit the fossil museum:
www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/sets/72157641367196613/
Just how good are peer reviews of scientific papers?
www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6154/60.full
www.examiner.com/article/want-to-publish-science-paper-ju...
The neo-Darwinian idea that the human genome consists entirely of an accumulation of billions of mutations is, quite obviously, completely bonkers. Nevertheless, it is compulsorily taught in schools and universities as 'science'.
A mixture of big grains (white) and small grains (black) in a rotating glass tube segregates into a stripe pattern. This is a close up of one black stripe.
Harrison High School in West Point, Georgia, 1956, is a small L-shaped school with a classroom wing and an auditorium. From Stevens and Wilkinson, Selected Works (Atlanta), [1958], 113. [Extracted from "Equalization Schools in Georgia's African-American Communities, 1951-1970" by Steven Moffson, Historic Preservation Division, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, 2010.]
Mr. Clark is a facinating man. In his lifetime, he experienced first hand racial injustice in his own country. Despite the difficulties he faced, he perservered and today is a man highly respected in his community. I've had the honor to work with him in a small group that discussed race and racism in our community. We learned a lot from one another. And what I like best about Mr. Clark is that he is willing to share his past experiences, not to open old wounds, but rather to inform so that history doesn't repeat itself.
"Let us not wallow in the valley of despair, I say to you today, my friends. And so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal." I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today!" --Martin Luther King, Jr.
In America, February is set aside as Black History Month. To learn more: African American History Month
Listen to the entire "I Have a Dream" speech by Martin Luther King, Jr.
nrhp # 90001450- Constructed in 1900, the William R. Allen School was Burlington City's third school built for the education of black children, and now stands as the City's only artifact of the period of educational segregation.
The Quaker founders of Burlington were acutely aware of the need for education, and established a school in 1792. Leaders within the local black community shared the Quakers' belief that education was an important part of social equality. Public education in the City started in 1805, and the first segregated classes for black children were held in the home of a black woman in 1812. A small wood-frame building was constructed on Wood Street and housed the black school at the end of the Civil War, but was too small to adequately serve the student population.
Although the Quakers had long been known for their egalitarian view of race, a Quaker businessman's act of generosity furthered segregation in 1868. He and another local businessman donated a parcel of land on East Federal Street for the construction of a schoolhouse for black children. The large wood-frame Federal Street School, completed in 1870, was distinct in being the only City school not funded by the trust fund overseen by the Board of Island Managers, instead drawing its support from a special school tax. It was also the subject of an 1884 action by the New Jersey Supreme Court, which ruled that the four children of a local black man, Reverend Jeremiah H. Pierce, must be admitted to the City's white schools under the New Jersey School Law of 1881. Throughout the late 1800's, a few black students did attend white schools in the City, but most were still sent to the Federal Street School, on the grounds that it was located in their neighborhood. By 1894, newspapers reported that there were once again no black students in the City's white schools.
Plans for a new two-classroom brick building were made in 1899, and the new school was finished in 1900. It was named for William R. Allen, a strongly Unionist mayor of the City during the Civil War and well-known local businessman. In 1914, a third classroom was added to accommodate a growing student body. Over the next ten years, the Great Migration brought many black families to Burlington from southern states, and the school could no longer house all the children. In 1923, a room in the basement of the Bethel A.M.E. Church on Pearl Street was rented and used as a fourth classroom, and in 1924, an addition doubled the size of the Allen School.
Enrollment continued to grow, and in 1934, the City was forced to remove white students from the nearby James Fenimore Cooper School and distribute the black students between the two facilities. In 1940, the New Jersey State Constitution forbade segregation in schools, but the City's practice of enrolling children in schools in their own neighborhoods meant that most black children still attended the Cooper and Allen schools, and that white children attended other schools. The 1954 Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education led to an attempt at city-wide integration, but the Allen School remained all-black until it was closed in the 1960's.
from www.08016.com
by Andy Warhol
Acrylic paint and screenprint on canvas
In this painting Warhol used three photographs of a police dog attacking an African American man. The images were taken by Charles Moore and first published in Life magazine on 17 May 1963. They documented the non-violent direct action by civil rights demonstrators seeking to remove racial segregation in Birmingham Alabama. While the term 'race riot' was commonly used at the time, it is more accurate to refer to it as a race protest. The painting presents the oppression of African American citizens and police brutality, but it brings up questions about Warhol's decision as a white artist to depict Black suffering. Was the image of violence being used to shock or to promote social commentary, attempting to bring news imagery into the rarefied space of the gallery? Some have suggested that Warhol's desire to call his 1964 exhibition in Paris 'Death in America', in which this work was exhibited, was a comment on a United States that appeared to be falling apart.
[Tate Modern]
Andy Warhol
(March – November 2020)
A new look at the extraordinary life and work of the pop art superstar
Andy Warhol was the son of immigrants who became an American icon. A shy gay man who became the hub of New York’s social scene. An artist who embraced consumerism, celebrity and the counter culture – and changed modern art in the process.
He was born in 1928 as Andrew Warhola to working-class parents from present day Slovakia. In 1949 he moved from Pittsburgh to New York. Initially working as a commercial illustrator, his skill at transforming the imagery of American culture soon found its realisation in his ground-breaking pop art.
This major retrospective is the first Warhol exhibition at Tate Modern for almost 20 years. As well as his iconic pop images of Marilyn Monroe, Coca-Cola and Campbell’s soup cans, it includes works never seen before in the UK. Twenty-five works from his Ladies and Gentlemen series – portraits of black and Latinx drag queens and trans women – are shown for the first time in 30 years.
Popularly radical and radically popular, Warhol was an artist who reimagined what art could be in an age of immense social, political and technological change.
[Tate Modern]
marabastad, pretoria. old polaroids and slide scans, around 1980
Marabastad was a culturally diverse community, with the Hindu Mariamman Temple arguably being its most prominent landmark.
Like the residents of other racially diverse areas in South Africa, such as District Six, "Fietas" and Sophiatown, the inhabitants of Marabastad were relocated to single-race townships further away from the city centre.
These removals were due to Apartheid laws like the Group Areas Act. Unlike Sophiatown, Fietas and District Six, it was not bulldozed, but it retained many of its original buildings, and became primarily a business district, with most shops still owned by the Indians who had also lived there previously.
Some property was however owned by the city council and the government, resulting in limited development taking place there. In addition, a large shopping complex was built to house Indian-owned shops.
The black residents of Marabastad were relocated to Atteridgeville (1945),
the Coloured residents to Eersterus (1963), and the Indian residents to Laudium (1968).
There are plans to revive once-picturesque Marabastad, and to reverse years of urban decay and neglect, although few seem to have been implemented as of 2005.
History[edit]
Marabastad was named after the local headman of a village to the west of Steenhoven Spruit. During the 1880s he lived in Schoolplaats and acted as an interpreter.
During this period some Africans lived on the farms where they were being employed and also chose to live on other, undeveloped land. Schoolplaats could also not accommodate all the migrants and this resulted in squatting.
An overflow from Schoolplaats to the north-west and Maraba’s village occurred and in August 1888 the land was surveyed by the government. The location Marabastad was established and was situated between the Apies River in the north, Skinner Spruit in the west, Steenhoven Spruit in the east and De Korte Street in the south.
There were 67 stands varying between 1400 and 2500 square meters each. Residents were not allowed to own stands, but had to rent them from the government at 4 pounds a year.
They were allowed to build their own houses and to plant crops on empty plots. Water was acquired from the various bordering rivers and 58 wells situated in the area.
The township was not private owned and was managed by the Transvaal Boer Republic. At the outbreak of the Second Boer War in 1899 there were no rules and regulations with regard to Marabastad.
Africans who streamed to Pretoria during the war were living in squatter camps near the artillery barracks, the brickworks and the railway stations at Prinshof.
This resulted in the development of ‘New Marabastad’ in the area between Marabastad and the Asiatic Bazaar in 1900 by the British military authorities. They had been occupying the city since June 1900 and resettled refugees in the area. By 1901 there were 392 occupied stands in the New Marabastad and there was no real segregation between Africans, Asians and Coloured people.
Although New Marabastad was intended as a temporary settlement the military authorities granted permission for in their employ to erect brick houses. This resulted in the erection of other permanent structures like schools and churches.
The new Town Council was established in 1902 and it was accepted that the residents of New Marabastad would be moved to other, planned townships.
In 1903 New Marabastad had grown to 412 stands while Old Marabastad still only had 67. Along with the Cape Location, which was situated in the southern part of the Asiatic Bazaar, it fell under the jurisdiction of the City Council of that year.
The greatest problem was the provision of water and this was only addressed after the war. Due to the fear of epidemic all wells in the area had been filled during the war, and a single public tap had replaced the entire system.
New Marabastad didn’t have any wells or taps. There was an attempt to rectify this in 1903 by providing more taps, but the number was still inadequate.
In 1906 New and Old Marabastad became one location.
Rates were determined and sanitary and building regulations came into effect. These regulations didn’t achieve their objections as a result of municipal maladministration and the fact that Africans could not own land and afford well-built permanent houses.
Streets remained unpaved, the water supply was inadequate and there were no sanitary facilities worth mentioning. More and more shacks appeared. By 1907 conditions improved marginally, but the streets were left in their unkempt state and by 1910 this had still not been addressed.
The Native Affairs Department accused the Pretoria Town Council of inefficient administration, which had led directly to this situation.
Removals[edit]
South Africa portal
The relocation of residents of Old Marabastad had been on the agenda of the town council since 1903 and in 1907, when the council decided to build a new sewage farm, it became a reality.
It was decided to remove all residents of the area to a new location further away from the city centre and to demolish the old township. Now followed the struggle of finding a suitable site.
The site on the southern slope of Daspoortrand was decided on in 1912 and in January planning for the ‘New Location’ started. It would include a number of brick houses that could be rented from the municipality.
By September of the same year the first relocations were taking place and demolishing of old structures commenced. It was a slow process and Old Marabastad was only completely destroyed by 1920.
The lack of space remained a problem and New Marabastad was experiencing severe overcrowding.
By 1923 the last houses of the second municipal project was completed in New Location and Marabastad residents who had been exposed to the worst conditions were allowed to move in first.
In 1934 part of the Schoolplaats population was moved to Marabastad and the squatter problem became more severe.
There was no room for expansion due to a lack of space.
An attempt to solve these problems manifested itself in the establishment of Atteridgeville in 1939. The Marabastad community would be moved here and compensation was offered to previous owners of property in the form of new houses they could rent, but not own.
The war slowed down the process considerably, but 1949 had moved three quarters of the population of Marabastad to Atteridgeville, and by 1950 the transition was complete
Snapshot of Melnese Gibson, Rev. Elmer P. Gibson’s wife, wearing a bathing suit, standing on the segregated Chicken Bone Beach in Atlantic City, New Jersey, around 1940 [it is believed the Gibsons were there while Elmer Gibson attended the Methodist Church’s General Conference in Atlantic City] [circa 1940].
From Elmer P. Gibson Papers, MMP 9, Miscellaneous Military Papers, Military Collection, State Archives of North Carolina, Raleigh, N.C.
The waves modulate the beach and the beach modulates the waves. The result is a self-sustaining rock-sand segregation pattern.
Mendez family championed end of educational segregation in California
LOS ANGELES — With the theme “many backgrounds, many stories,” the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Los Angeles District closed out Hispanic Heritage Month Oct. 13 at the District headquarters by hearing a first-hand account of a historic journey.
Sylvia Mendez was just 8 years old in 1943 when she and her brothers were denied enrollment in the Westminster School District in Orange County. At the time, roughly 80 percent of California school districts were segregated.
Sylvia’s father, Gonzalo, tried reasoning with the principal, the school board and finally the school district, to no-avail. He and other parents organized protests demanding an end to the segregation, ultimately filing the lawsuit.
They won their case in 1946, but the school district appealed. On April 14, 1947 the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the decision and California Governor Earl Warren signed a law repealing the state’s remaining school segregation statutes on June 14, 1947.
“Mendez v. Westminster School District was the precedent for Brown v. Board of Education,” said Mendez. “Seven years before the rest of the nation, California was integrated.”
The Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954 does not mention the Mendez case, but it is no coincidence that two of the key players in both cases were Warren, by then Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, and Thurgood Marshall, the chief counsel for the NAACP in both cases.
“As she became very sick, my mother would say, ‘nobody knows about this case and that California was the first state to be integrated, seven years before the rest of the nation’ and that’s when I promised my mother I would go around the country and talk about Mendez v. Westminster,” said Mendez.
Her mother, Felicitas, died in 1998 and Mendez has kept her promise, championing the family’s story.
Mendez’s passion has been recognized in California and around the country. Two public schools are currently named after her parents. In 2007, a U.S. Postage stamp marked the 60th anniversary of the case and on Feb. 15, 2011, President Barack Obama presented Mendez with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. With it, she once again joins Warren and Marshall.
“I talk to our folks a lot about passion in what they are doing; I see the passion in your eyes in what you are doing,” said District Commander Col. Mark Toy. “If we could all do that, it would be amazing.”
(USACE photo by Richard Rivera)
Two Parliment members of the Israeli "Kneset" "Michal Rozin" and "Tamar Zandberg" in solidarity with the "Women of the Wailing Wall" and Objecting the arrests of five Members...
Not many people remember anymore, but this barrier island just south of Port Everglades was once the only place in Broward County where blacks were allowed to swim.
Read the complete story here: articles.sun-sentinel.com/1996-09-08/news/9609070300_1_bl...
Camera: NIKON D3200
Lens: 90 mm f/3.5
Focal Length: 90 mm
Exposure: ¹⁄₁₀₀₀ sec at f/6.3
ISO: 400
by Andy Warhol
Acrylic paint and screenprint on canvas
In this painting Warhol used three photographs of a police dog attacking an African American man. The images were taken by Charles Moore and first published in Life magazine on 17 May 1963. They documented the non-violent direct action by civil rights demonstrators seeking to remove racial segregation in Birmingham Alabama. While the term 'race riot' was commonly used at the time, it is more accurate to refer to it as a race protest. The painting presents the oppression of African American citizens and police brutality, but it brings up questions about Warhol's decision as a white artist to depict Black suffering. Was the image of violence being used to shock or to promote social commentary, attempting to bring news imagery into the rarefied space of the gallery? Some have suggested that Warhol's desire to call his 1964 exhibition in Paris 'Death in America', in which this work was exhibited, was a comment on a United States that appeared to be falling apart.
[Tate Modern]
Andy Warhol
(March – November 2020)
A new look at the extraordinary life and work of the pop art superstar
Andy Warhol was the son of immigrants who became an American icon. A shy gay man who became the hub of New York’s social scene. An artist who embraced consumerism, celebrity and the counter culture – and changed modern art in the process.
He was born in 1928 as Andrew Warhola to working-class parents from present day Slovakia. In 1949 he moved from Pittsburgh to New York. Initially working as a commercial illustrator, his skill at transforming the imagery of American culture soon found its realisation in his ground-breaking pop art.
This major retrospective is the first Warhol exhibition at Tate Modern for almost 20 years. As well as his iconic pop images of Marilyn Monroe, Coca-Cola and Campbell’s soup cans, it includes works never seen before in the UK. Twenty-five works from his Ladies and Gentlemen series – portraits of black and Latinx drag queens and trans women – are shown for the first time in 30 years.
Popularly radical and radically popular, Warhol was an artist who reimagined what art could be in an age of immense social, political and technological change.
[Tate Modern]
This area of the museum, closed to the public, has a carpet line which deliniates between the segregated area of the old train station and where Jim Crow laws went into effect.
DPAC protest at Dept for Education for inclusive education - London 04.09.2013
Campaigners from disability groups Disabled People Against Cuts (DPAC) and Alliance for Inclusive Education (ALLFIE) protested outside the Dept. For Education to demand an end to increasing educational segregation of disabled children.
This protest was one of four simultaneous protests taking place as the culmination of a national week of action organised by Disabled People Against Cuts (DPAC) using the campaign title "Reclaiming Our Futures", and were aimed specifically at government departments whose actions are impacting severly on disabled people - Education, health, Transport and Energy.
Following the individual actions, all four groups of campaigners merged on the Dept for Work and Pensions headquarters for a larger protest against benefits cuts to disabled people which, they claim, affects them disproportionately.
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Due to the fact that as many as 12 million European Roma continue to face segregation and intergenerational poverty throughout the EU, the Union is searching for European-wide solutions. With a European Roma Strategy being a priority for the Hungarian EU Presidency, we talked to Lívia Járóka (EPP), the only Roma member of European Parliament. The 36-year old Hungarian MEP has prepared a report on the strategy that would allow Europe to use the untapped potential of the Roma people.
You are trying to launch a European Roma Strategy. What issues are most essential?
www.europarl.europa.eu/news/public/story_page/019-113222-...
© European Union 2011 PE-EP/Pietro Naj-Oleari
Arthur H. Bremer attends a Wheaton, Maryland rally for Alabama Gov. George Wallace’s presidential campaign May 15, 1972.
Bremer intended to shoot Wallace at Wheaton Plaza, but Wallace counter-demonstrators protesting his pro-white supremacy views booed and threw small objects at him to the extent that Wallace feared going into the crowd and shaking hands with supporters.
Instead Bremer emptied his revolver hitting Wallace four times and wounding three other people later in the day at a rally at Laurel Shopping Center. Wallace, however, did not die of his wounds but was paralyzed from his waist down.
Wallace was a segregationist who in his inaugural speech as governor in 1963 called for “segregation now, segregation tomorrow and segregation forever” and who famously “stood in the schoolhouse door” to block African American students from entering the University of Alabama.
He ran for the Democratic nomination for president in 1964, 1972 and 1976. He ran as a third party candidate in 1968 and is the last third party candidate to win electoral votes. In his campaigns, he called for “states’ rights” and used other coded racial language.
In 1972, Wallace was the object of protesters in Maryland at Frederick, Hagerstown, Capital Plaza and Wheaton Plaza prior to being shot at Laurel Shopping.
At his appearance in Cambridge, Maryland in 1964 during the height of desegregation protest and occupation by the National Guard, a demonstration was broken up by police and National Guard using tear gas and batons.
Wallace later moderated his racial views and expressed regret for his earlier remarks. He died in 1998.
Bremer initially sought to kill President Richard M. Nixon, but realized it would be difficult so he settled on Wallace, stalking him in Wisconsin, Michigan and Maryland.
Briefly beaten while being subdued in Laurel, Bremer was sentenced to 63 years in prison in August 1972. The sentenced was later reduced on appeal to 53 years. At a parole hearing in 1996, Bremer argued that he should be released because, “"Shooting segregationist dinosaurs wasn't as bad as harming mainstream politicians."
Bremer was released Nov. 9, 2007 at the age of 57 and will be off of probation in 2025.
For more information and related images, see flic.kr/s/aHskzBFDmR
The photographer is unknown. The source of the image is also unknown, but is believed to be a WTOP TV image. It was obtained via an Internet auction. UPDATE: We have received an email dated 11/5/22 informing us that the image should be credited to Be Be Bailey, publisher of the Wheaton News.
Kathryn Turner, 11, and James Ragland, 13, hold a “press conference” February 10, 1959 at the Turner home at 211 Lincolnia Road in Alexandria after their first day at integrated schools in the city.
Turner and Ragland were among nine students that broke the color barrier in Alexandria, Va. that day under federal court order.
Turner entered the Ramsay school with four other black children. Ragland entered the Hammond school with his sister. The first elementary school in the state of Virginia to be integrated was the Ficklin school on that day when James and Margaret Lomax entered the school.
The three previous school districts that had been integrated in the state involved junior high or high schools.
The school board appealed an earlier order to admit the students to federal judge Simon Sobeloff who quickly ruled against the city of Alexandria.
Referring to Alexandria school officials, Sobeloff told their attorneys, “They say they are through with resistance—massive or retail. They are not going to clutter up the courts any longer. You don’t do that. You wait until each plaintiff fights his way through and, when he prevails, you say ‘give us more time.’”
The lead attorney for the children was Franklin Reeves.
The schools were integrated without demonstrations or overt student strikes that plagued some other school systems in the area when they integrated. However, there were some minor incidents.
One student was withdrawn by his mother from Hammond and absences were slightly higher at all three schools.
School officials reported that another white supremacist taboo was broken: the five newcomers to the Ramsay school shared tables with other students for lunch while the two students at Ficklin did the same.
Ragland seemed to get the most negative reaction from other students.
When he sat for lunch at a large table with two white boys, the boys got up and moved to another table. In another instance two white boys in study hall moved their desks to rear of the room when he sat down.
When a boy gave Ragland a copy of the school newspaper to read on his first day, another youth grabbed it away.
However, during the press event, Ragland told reporters that “Everybody was friendly and nice.”
Virginia was one of a number of southern states that openly defied the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court decision outlawing segregation in public schools.
In the late 1950s, the state of Virginia started its policy of “massive resistance” that involved closing any public school that integrated and providing state aid to all white private schools.
It would take Alexandria until the fall of 1968 to achieve at least token integration at all its schools.
For more information and related images, see
Photo by Paul Schmick. The image is courtesy of the D.C. Public Library Washington Star Collection © Washington Post.
Photo taken on Konica Minolta CT100-S film with a 1956 Minolta Autocord.
These types of signs are fairly common on the beaches in Southern California -- segregating surfers and swimmers for safety reasons.
Malcolm X holds up money collected at a “Freedom Rally” June 25, 1961 sponsored by the Nation of Islam at Washington, D.C.’s Uline Arena at the 1100 block of 3rd Street NE.
10,000 Nation of Islam members from all over the country traveled to Washington, D.C. to hear Elijah Muhammad speak on “Separation or Death” but Muhammad took ill and his young, rising protégé Malcolm X was called on to deliver the keynote address along with Muhammad’s son Wallace D. (Warith).
Malcolm blasted the “’so-called Negro’ in America who has been ‘brainwashed’ into a desire for integration.”
He continued, “We are not for integration. We are not for segregation. But what?” The crowd responded. “Separation!”
Malcolm told the crowd that, “We don’t intend to turn the other cheek. We are a peaceful people, but can cause a great deal of trouble.”
He added that the Nation’s black Muslims can cause the death of 1,000 persons a minute for every minute that we last” in any showdown with the “forces of oppression.”
Malcolm continued, “Any Negro trying to integrate is actually admitting his inferiority, because he is also admitting that he wants to become a part of a ‘superior’ society.”
“America is the last bulwark of white supremacy. Forced integration will not work. We are fed up with segregation. What we want now is immediate separation... The white man is captain of his own ship. All we want to do is get out of your ship and into our own. If we stay here any longer we're liable to capsize your boat.”
“The white man was surprised that so many black people would show up in support of complete separation, rather than for integration.”
George Lincoln Rockwell, head of the American Nazi Party, showed up at the rally and sat in front, along with several white supporters.
When the black leader called for the crowd to fill collection buckets “for separation,” Rockwell pulled out his wallet.
From the stage, Malcolm announced gifts as they came in, “$20 from who? George Lincoln Rockwell! Good to have it!”
The crowd erupted in applause. Malcolm joked, “We got $20 from George Lincoln Rockwell and you got the biggest hand you ever got didn't you, Mr. Rockwell?” More applause.
Rockwell's only qualm was the location for the proposed black separatist society: ‘‘They want a chunk of America and I prefer that they go to Africa.”
By March 1964, Malcolm X had grown disillusioned with the Nation of Islam and its leader Elijah Muhammad. Expressing many regrets about his time with them, which he had come to regard as largely wasted, he embraced Sunni Islam.
After a period of travel in Africa and the Middle East, which included completing the Hajj, he repudiated the Nation of Islam, disavowed racism and founded Muslim Mosque, Inc. and the Organization of Afro-American Unity. He adopted the name el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz and continued to emphasize Pan-Africanism, black self-determination, socialism and black self-defense.
He specifically called out George Lincoln Rockwell and warned him that further attacks on black people would be met in kind.
In February 1965, three members of the Nation of Islam assassinated him.
For more information and related images, see flic.kr/s/aHskGZytV3
The photographer is unknown. The image is an auction find.
White students at Anacostia High School stage a class boycott and march October 4, 1954 in the wake of black students being admitted to the formerly all-white school.
The students aided by some of their parents staged a student strike for several days at Anacostia and were joined by students at three other high schools and several junior highs.
About 500 students boycotted classes at Anacostia and about 300 at McKinley High School on October 4th, the first day of integration. There were some minor scuffles at Anacostia between black and white students on the first day of the integration of classes.
The student strike spread to Eastern and six junior high schools on October 5th.
McKinley students marched to the Board of Education building October 5th and were herded into Franklin Park by police. A delegation of three students met with assistant school superintendent Norman J. Nelson.
By October 6th, the strikes and school boycotts collapsed with attendance near normal.
The most intense resistance took place at Anacostia where rallies of up to 1,000 students took place including an attempt to march across the 11th Street Bridge to rally support at other schools.
The District’s integration took place following the Supreme Court’s Bolling v. Sharpe decision in May 1954 that was brought about by the Consolidated Parents Group. Consolidated represented parents and students living in Northeast quadrant of the city and led a seven year fight that began with a boycott of deplorable conditions at the all black Browne Junior High on Benning Road.
However after integration, the school system quickly implemented a track system where black students were placed in the lowest tracks that included no college preparation courses and effectively segregated most black students within the schools.
The June 1967 Hobson v. Hansen court decision broke up the track system, but by then white flight to the suburbs had effectively re-segregated District of Columbia public schools.
For a background post on the fight to break up D.C.’s Jim Crow schools and obtain better education for black students, see washingtonareaspark.com/2015/08/20/dcs-fighting-barber-th...
For more information and related images, see flic.kr/s/aHskivJu7g
The photographer is unknown. The image is courtesy of the D.C. Public Library Washington Star Collection © Washington Post.
one of three sculptures in Kelly Ingram Park by James Drake (b. 1946)
dogs and firehoses and water cannon were used by police under direction of Birmingham Public Safety Commissioner "Bull" Connor in attempt to disperse demonstrators during spring,1963 African American civil rights action • resulted in arrests of Revs. N.H. Smith Jr., A.D. King and John T. Porter, who had led march in support of already jailed Revs. Martin Luther King, Jr, Fred Shuttlesworth and Ralph Abernathy, leaders of the non-violent Birmingham Campaign to end racial segregation
Children's Crusade followed, 959 children ages 6–18 arrested, May 2 • Kelly Ingram Park (West Park) was epicenter of massive protest • Revolution Frozen Time -LA Times • Rev. Martin Luther King's Letter From a Birmingham Jail • more on King's letter • National Register #84000636, 1984
Civil Rights Battlegrounds Enter World of Tourism -New York Times • Alabama Civil Rights Trail
Nelson Mandela dies aged 95. One of the world's greatest statesman passes away having changed mankind's destiny for the better. The number 48 bus (Back left) travel's past on its way to White City. Apartheid was born in 1948 in South Afirca to protect white interests and segregation persisted for over 40 years. Thanks to the likes of Mandela and Steve Biko the aparthied regime collapsed. The rest is history, RIP Nelson Mandela. The bus for White City has reached its terminus
A woman identified as Mrs. Raymond Balderson of 1609 17th Street SE pushes her daughter Paula Jean, 18 months, in a baby stroller as she leads a parade of white Anacostia High School students opposing integration October 5, 1954—the second day of mixed classes.
The sign on the stroller reads, “Do we have to go to school with them!” Another sign reads, “Let us pick our KKK friends.”
About 500 white students boycotted classes at Anacostia and about 300 at McKinley High School on October 4th, the first day of integration. There were some minor scuffles at Anacostia between black and white students on the first day of the integration of classes.
The student strike spread to Eastern and six junior high schools on October 5th.
McKinley students marched to the Board of Education building October 5th and were herded into Franklin Park by police. A delegation of three students met with assistant school superintendent Norman J. Nelson.
Eastern and Anacostia students attempted marches to link up to build support for a school boycott October 5th, but were largely prevented from joining forces by District of Columbia police who halted them on the Sousa Bridge on Pennsylvania Ave. SE.
By October 6th, the strikes and school boycotts collapsed with attendance near normal.
The District of Columbia was one of the few major segregated school systems that moved quickly to integrate schools in the wake of the four May 1954 U.S. Supreme Court decisions outlawing school segregations, including the Bolling v. Sharpe decision banning Jim Crow public schools in Washington, D.C.
However, the school system quickly implemented a track system where black students were placed in the lowest tracks that included no college preparation courses and effectively segregated most black students within the schools.
The June 1967 Hobson v. Hansen decision broke up the track system, but by when white flight to the suburbs had effectively re-segregated District of Columbia public schools.
For a background post on the fight to break up D.C.’s Jim Crow schools, see washingtonareaspark.com/2015/08/20/dcs-fighting-barber-th...
For more information and related images, see flic.kr/s/aHskivJu7g
The photographer is unknown. The image is a Washington Daily News photograph courtesy of the D.C. Public Library Washington Star Collection © Washington Post.
Bruce Davidson (1933- ) is an American photographer. He has been a member of the Magnum Photos agency since 1958. His photographs, notably those taken in Harlem, New York City, have been widely exhibited and published. He is known for photographing communities usually hostile to outsiders.
During the African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968) photographer Bruce Davidson read about a Brooklyn Gang called The Jokers. He followed them around documenting their lifestyle, for Magnum in 1959 as a full member. Davidson captured this image of three of the gang members sitting in the back of a bus with an African-American couple, while segregation on buses was still in place.
nrhp # 00000528- For decades during segregation, the Douglas School was a bulwark in the push to educate black Virginians - the one-story brick schoolhouse shielded students from some of the state's most insidious racism.
Now, the same building that once brought the Winchester area's black community together has caused a controversy pitting the NAACP against many of the school's African American alumni. The dispute? Should the school, thought to be named after black abolitionist Frederick Douglass, spell its name with one "s" or two?
The NAACP and Frederick Douglass's descendants want to know why a school ostensibly named for him is marred by a misspelling of his last name.
"We are humbled that you would choose to honor our ancestor," Kenneth B. Morris, Douglass's great-great-great grandson and president of the Frederick Douglass Family Foundation wrote to city officials. "However, we would implore you, and any other organizations that desire to honor this great man, to respect the name he selected for himself and spell it accurately."
But a number of Douglas alumni disagree. They're fighting to preserve the school's current spelling - and a piece of their identity.
"If you attend a school from kindergarten to 12th grade, you form a connection," said Charles Harris, who graduated from Douglas in 1963. "Our connection is with Douglas with one 's.' It's the identity of the school, and it's a part of who we are as a community."
The debate emerged after a group of Winchester residents suggested that the school, now a community center, replace its decaying signs.
The group split over how the name should be spelled on the new ones. The scope of that dispute has grown, attracting interest from black activists far from Winchester.
Douglass was a Maryland slave who escaped bondage and, through eloquent writings and oratory, became a leading abolitionist in the years leading up to the Civil War. He adopted the last name "Douglass" as an adult and died in 1895.
The Douglas School was built in 1927 to house black students from the Shenandoah Valley, who were barred from attending public schools. On the school's opening day, the Winchester Star described the procession of "orderly and well-behaved colored people" who poured into the building.
from washingtonpost.com
From left to right:
Guillermo Govela, Health Ministry of Mexico
Carlos Campillo, Health Ministry of Mexico
Max Diener, Interior Ministry of Mexico
Alejandro Negrín Muñoz, Ambassador, Foreign Relations Ministry of Mexico
Joel Hernandez, Ambassador, Permanent Representative of Mexico to the OAS
Gabriel Sotelo Monroy, Health Ministry of Mexico
Date: March 23, 2012
Place: Washington, DC
Credit: Juan Manuel Herrera/OAS