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The Trenton, Florida depot was constructed in 1905. Apparently, the two door reflects the common practice in the southern United States at the time, featuring separate entrances to segregated waiting rooms- one for black passengers and one for white passengers.
Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. shakes hands with rally attendees after speaking to an overflow crowd in Rankin Chapel on the campus of Howard University November 10, 1957 where he urged that black Americans “stand up as an organized mass and refuse to cooperate” with racial discrimination.
Within the past year, King had led the Montgomery bus boycott to a successful conclusion and led the Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom where upwards of 25,000 gathered in Washington to urge federal intervention in enforcing the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court decisions outlawing Jim Crow schools.
The year had catapulted King into the undisputed leader of the civil rights movement, surpassing the NAACP and other traditional civil rights organizations and leaders.
Kenneth Dole reported in the November 11, 1957 Washington Post on his Howard speech, which was more like a sermon:
“The Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. yesterday told an overflow Howard University congregation that ‘with the method of nonviolence we can turn civilization upside down.’
“Student jammed the sanctuary of Rankin Chapel to hear the Montgomery, Ala. bus strike leader, filled the basement hall, stood in the corridors and sat on the stairs of the library building where a loudspeaker had been set up.
“An advocate of civil disobedience when segregation is involved, Dr. King said ‘we must stand up as an organized mass and refuse to cooperate, yet somehow do this with love in our hearts for those opposed to us.’
“Declaring ‘violence only gains victory and never gains peace,’ he warned against violent methods. ‘Violence creates more social problems than it solves.’ He said. If violence is resorted to, ‘unborn generations will be the recipient of a long night of futility and wickedness.’
“Nor should Negroes resign themselves to discrimination. ‘We must come to see,’ he said, ‘that the minute we passively accept injustice, we cooperate with it.’
“The method of ‘nonviolent resistance rooted in Christian love’ is the best way for Negroes to combat segregation ‘and God grant that we use it.’ He said.
“Dr. King told why Negroes should obey Jesus and ‘love your enemies.’ Hate, he said, does ‘nothing but intensify the existence of hate and evil in the universe.’ But love, he said, is ‘creative.’
For more information and related images, see
Photo by Scurlock Studio. Courtesy of Scurlock Studio Records, ca. 1905-1994, Archives Center, National Museum of American History.
In 1948 U.S. President Harry S. Truman end of segregation in the U.S. Armed Forces in Executive Order 9981 on July 26, 1948, but Despite this, by the time of the Korean War, the 24th Infantry Regiment in the Korean war remained predominantly African–American with an officer corps of both White and black Americans also at that time The 24th Infantry Regiment was attached to the 25th Infantry Division of the U.S. 8th Army stationed in Japan for its Occupation.
The 24th and other USA, SK, and U.N. forces fought throughout the entire Korean peninsula, from trying to delay KPA as much as possible, holding Pusan Perimeter and its offensive out of it to the pursuit of the Korean People's Army (KPA) into North Korea, to the Chinese counteroffensives and finally to U.N. counteroffensives that stabilized near the current Korean Demilitarized Zone.
The 24th received the Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation and had three posthumous Medal of Honor recipients. Still, due to its mixed reputation, the 24th was dissolved after 82 years of Served.
Mendez family championed end of educational segregation in California
LOS ANGELES — With the theme “many backgrounds, many stories,” the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Los Angeles District closed out Hispanic Heritage Month Oct. 13 at the District headquarters by hearing a first-hand account of a historic journey.
Sylvia Mendez was just 8 years old in 1943 when she and her brothers were denied enrollment in the Westminster School District in Orange County. At the time, roughly 80 percent of California school districts were segregated.
Sylvia’s father, Gonzalo, tried reasoning with the principal, the school board and finally the school district, to no-avail. He and other parents organized protests demanding an end to the segregation, ultimately filing the lawsuit.
They won their case in 1946, but the school district appealed. On April 14, 1947 the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the decision and California Governor Earl Warren signed a law repealing the state’s remaining school segregation statutes on June 14, 1947.
“Mendez v. Westminster School District was the precedent for Brown v. Board of Education,” said Mendez. “Seven years before the rest of the nation, California was integrated.”
The Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954 does not mention the Mendez case, but it is no coincidence that two of the key players in both cases were Warren, by then Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, and Thurgood Marshall, the chief counsel for the NAACP in both cases.
“As she became very sick, my mother would say, ‘nobody knows about this case and that California was the first state to be integrated, seven years before the rest of the nation’ and that’s when I promised my mother I would go around the country and talk about Mendez v. Westminster,” said Mendez.
Her mother, Felicitas, died in 1998 and Mendez has kept her promise, championing the family’s story.
Mendez’s passion has been recognized in California and around the country. Two public schools are currently named after her parents. In 2007, a U.S. Postage stamp marked the 60th anniversary of the case and on Feb. 15, 2011, President Barack Obama presented Mendez with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. With it, she once again joins Warren and Marshall.
“I talk to our folks a lot about passion in what they are doing; I see the passion in your eyes in what you are doing,” said District Commander Col. Mark Toy. “If we could all do that, it would be amazing.”
(USACE photo by Richard Rivera)
Mendez family championed end of educational segregation in California
LOS ANGELES — With the theme “many backgrounds, many stories,” the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Los Angeles District closed out Hispanic Heritage Month Oct. 13 at the District headquarters by hearing a first-hand account of a historic journey.
Sylvia Mendez was just 8 years old in 1943 when she and her brothers were denied enrollment in the Westminster School District in Orange County. At the time, roughly 80 percent of California school districts were segregated.
Sylvia’s father, Gonzalo, tried reasoning with the principal, the school board and finally the school district, to no-avail. He and other parents organized protests demanding an end to the segregation, ultimately filing the lawsuit.
They won their case in 1946, but the school district appealed. On April 14, 1947 the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the decision and California Governor Earl Warren signed a law repealing the state’s remaining school segregation statutes on June 14, 1947.
“Mendez v. Westminster School District was the precedent for Brown v. Board of Education,” said Mendez. “Seven years before the rest of the nation, California was integrated.”
The Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954 does not mention the Mendez case, but it is no coincidence that two of the key players in both cases were Warren, by then Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, and Thurgood Marshall, the chief counsel for the NAACP in both cases.
“As she became very sick, my mother would say, ‘nobody knows about this case and that California was the first state to be integrated, seven years before the rest of the nation’ and that’s when I promised my mother I would go around the country and talk about Mendez v. Westminster,” said Mendez.
Her mother, Felicitas, died in 1998 and Mendez has kept her promise, championing the family’s story.
Mendez’s passion has been recognized in California and around the country. Two public schools are currently named after her parents. In 2007, a U.S. Postage stamp marked the 60th anniversary of the case and on Feb. 15, 2011, President Barack Obama presented Mendez with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. With it, she once again joins Warren and Marshall.
“I talk to our folks a lot about passion in what they are doing; I see the passion in your eyes in what you are doing,” said District Commander Col. Mark Toy. “If we could all do that, it would be amazing.”
(USACE photo by Richard Rivera)
In 1921, The Blue Triangle Branch — a segregated branch of the YWCA for young African-American woman — was formed. The Blue Triangle Branch existed until June of 1956, at which point the YWCA became fully integrated.
#blackhistorymonth
➤ Read more about the Blue Triangle Branch of the YWCA in Wheeling
- photo from the YWCA Collection of the Ohio County Public Library Archives.
➤ Visit the Library's Wheeling History website
The photos on the Ohio County Public Library's Flickr site may be freely used by non-commercial entities for educational and/or research purposes as long as credit is given to the "Ohio County Public Library, Wheeling WV." These photos may not be reproduced in any format for profit or other presentation without the permission of The Ohio County Public Library.
White supremacist John Rathbone (2nd from left on the porch with glasses) turns Arlington county inspectors away from his proposed all-white “model school” July 22, 1958.
The six inspectors are leaving on the right. The two other people with Rathbone are unidentified.
County officials had given notice to Rathbone that he couldn’t open his school without obtaining the correct zoning and having an occupancy permit.
Rathbone sought to open the “George Mason Model School” at 2043 Wilson Boulevard in Arlington under the auspices of the Tenth District Education Corp. as a whites-only school in the event Arlington’s schools were shuttered by the state of Virginia to resist de-segregation.
Rathbone’s group posted a sign outside the building that read, “Open, Come in and Register. George Mason Grammer and Academic High School.” Note the spelling of “grammer” on the sign.
Arlington was under federal court order to admit four Black students to Stratford Junior High in February.
Virginia state law required the closure of any public school system in the state that admitted Black students to whites-only schools.
Rathbone was one of the founders of the Arlington chapter of the Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberty in 1954 that was organized in the wake of the U.S. Supreme Court decisions holding that segregation was illegal in public schools.
Rathbone tried to fight the zoning decision saying that the building should be considered a house and not a school and that a 1956 Virginia state law granted exceptions to private schools.
The school never opened and the courts voided the Virginia law requiring the state to close a school system that admitted Black students to white schools.
The four Black students were admitted to Stratford without public disturbances in Feb. 1959, marking the beginning of the end for Jim Crow schools in Arlington. However it would take 20 years for the last Arlington school to be integrated.
For more information and related images, see flic.kr/s/aHskWK3q68
Photo by Gus Chinn. The image is courtesy of the D.C. Public Library Washington Star Collection © Washington Post.
Reflections in Black and White exhibit - Cape Fear Museum - January 30, 2017 - New Hanover County, NC
Reflections in Black and White, features a selection of informal black and white photographs taken by black and white Wilmingtonians after World War II before the Civil Rights movement helped end legalized segregation. Visitors will have a chance to compare black and white experiences and reflect on what people’s lives were like in the region during the latter part of the Jim Crow era.
Examine mid-century cameras and photographic equipment and experience the “thrill” of opening a replica camera store photo envelope, a rare experience in today’s digital world. Flip through some recreated pages from Claude Howell’s scrapbooks, and take your own photograph in a 1950s setting.
Reflections in Black and White features selections from four large photographic collections:
•African American photographer Herbert Howard was a postal worker, a member of the NAACP, and a semi-professional photographer. Cape Fear Museum has a collection of more than 1,000 images he took documenting Wilmington’s black community.
•Artist Claude Howell left an extensive collection of scrapbooks to the Museum. The albums include hundreds of pages with photographs of Howell’s friends, local scenery, and people.
•Student nurse Elizabeth Ashworth attended the James Walker Memorial Hospital School of Nursing right after World War II. Her photographs provide a glimpse of a group of young white women’s lives in the late 1940s.
•In 2012, the Museum acquired a collection of photos that were taken in the late 1950s and early 1960s, and left at the Camera Shop, a downtown business that was a fixture from the late 1910s through the early 1980s.
Historian Jan Davidson explained why the concept behind the exhibit: “The different historical images speak to each other in some fascinating ways. Most of us can see our own lives reflected in the images, We all eat, hang out with friends, and many of us have taken silly pictures of ourselves or our loved ones. These images show our common humanity, and allow us to relate to people in the past as we might relate to a friend.”
Cape Fear Museum hopes the exhibit will spark reflection and conversation about the history of race relations. Davidson states, “When you look at these images as a group, they give us a chance to reflect on how legally-sanctioned racial segregation helped shape people’s daily lives. We want today’s visitors to have a chance to imagine what it felt like to live in a world where Jim Crow laws and attitudes deeply affected the textures of daily life.”
See more at: www.capefearmuseum.com/
Photo by Brett Cottrell, New Hanover County
Oakland Tribune, 22 Oct 1909, Page 12 (via Newspapers dot com)
This ad (specifically citing restrictions against “Oriental” owners) happens to sit next to an article about how great Chinese people are.
I live in Rockridge. Our neighborhood (like so many others in the US) must remember the blatant racism and state-sponsored segregation that is part of its birth story. We can’t ignore this reality and its continuing effects. It should inform every housing decision we make and every local cause for which we advocate.
Recommended Reading:
More about Laymance and Rock Ridge Park (now Rockridge) →
Spottwood Bolling, the lead plaintiff in the U.S. Supreme Court case that outlawed segregation in District of Columbia public schools, is hugged by his mother, Sarah Bolling after the 1954 ruling.
Bolling was a 15-year-old sophomore at the time of the decision.
The Bolling suit ending segregation in the District of Columbia was brought by the Consolidated Parents Group, composed of working class African Americans living in the northeast quadrant and those east of the Anacostia River.
The group waged a seven-year fight beginning in 1947 to improve conditions for African Americans that began with a boycott of deplorable conditions at the all black Browne Junior High on Benning Road and ended with the Court’s school desegregation order.
However after integration, the school system quickly implemented a track system where black students were placed in the lowest tracks that included no college preparation courses and effectively segregated most black students within the schools.
The June 1967 Hobson v. Hansen court decision broke up the track system, but by then white flight to the suburbs had effectively re-segregated District of Columbia public schools.
Bolling would go on to graduate from Spingarn High School in the District and St. Augustine College in Raleigh, N.C.
He worked as a recreation center director in the District of Columbia for five years taking graduate courses in public administration.
Bolling then took work in an addiction and treatment program.
In 1978 the Washington Post interviewed him when he was acting manager of CEASED clinic addiction and methadone treatment center in northeast Washington where he said he was doing what he liked best “helping people, I find it very fulfilling.”
He reflected back on the court decision and subsequent integration of D.C. schools and said:
“More than myself or the other students, the parents were the ones who did this whole thing and they deserve the recognition. They had the guts and fortitude to carry on the fight.”
Bolling died in 1990 at age 51.
For a blog post on the fight to end legal segregation of schools in Washington, D.C., see washingtonspark.wordpress.com/2015/08/20/dcs-fighting-bar...
For more information and related images, see flic.kr/s/aHskivJu7g
Photo by George Havens. The image is courtesy of the D.C. Public Library Washington Star Collection © Washington Post.
Hundreds of white Anacostia High School students are turned back on the Pennsylvania Ave. SE Sousa Bridge by police October 5, 1954 as they sought to join forces Eastern Junior-Senior High School students opposed to integration.
Pictured is a mid-point on the bridge where a cordon of police sought to prevent their crossing. Several hundred white students were turned back here on the bridge while about a 100 who slipped through the first police cordon were turned back at Barney Circle.
About 500 students boycotted classes at Anacostia and about 300 at McKinley High School on October 4th, the first day of integration. There were some minor scuffles at Anacostia between black and white students on the first day of the integration of classes.
The student strike spread to Eastern and six junior high schools on October 5th.
McKinley students marched to the Board of Education building October 5th and were herded into Franklin Park by police. A delegation of three students met with assistant school superintendent Norman J. Nelson.
By October 6th, the strikes and school boycotts collapsed with attendance near normal.
The District of Columbia was one of the few major segregated school systems that moved quickly to integrate schools in the wake of the four May 1954 U.S. Supreme Court decisions outlawing school segregations, including the Bolling v. Sharpe decision banning Jim Crow public schools in Washington, D.C.
However, the school system quickly implemented a track system where black students were placed in the lowest tracks that included no college preparation courses and effectively segregated most black students within the schools.
The June 1967 Hobson v. Hansen decision broke up the track system, but by when white flight to the suburbs had effectively re-segregated District of Columbia public schools.
For a background post on the fight to break up D.C.’s Jim Crow schools, see washingtonareaspark.com/2015/08/20/dcs-fighting-barber-th...
For more information and related images, see flic.kr/s/aHskivJu7g
The photographer is unknown. The image is a Washington Daily News photograph courtesy of the D.C. Public Library Washington Star Collection © Washington Post.
24 room boarding house • National Register of Historic Places, 2007 • Hearing History's Echos • Last House Standing
"Downtown Tampa’s last rooming house, at 851 Zack St., provided rooms for Ella Fitzgerald, Chick Webb, Cab Calloway, James Brown, the Ink Spots [also Ray Charles], and other black musicians traveling through Tampa during the segregation era. They played in bars and nightclubs in the Central Avenue business district, a community created by blacks that thrived from 1900 to 1960. Years ago, Tampa bulldozed its entire black business district, also known as 'the Scrub.'” -http://sticksoffire.com/2007/09/19/jackson-house-on-national-register/
White supremacist seized a meeting room at Annandale high school April 30, 1954 from a Parent-Teacher Association (PTA) study group on integration and forced the workshop outside onto the school lawn (photo above).
The Fairfax County Federation of PTAs was attempting to hold a workshop on problems presented by the U.S. Supreme Court 1954 decisions outlawing segregation in public schools.
About 100 people led by the Fairfax chapter of the Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties disrupted the meeting inside the school for more than one hour with loud booing and hissing and charging that the PTA was “packed” with “pro-integrationists.”
The white supremacists were led by Manning Gasch, president of the Defenders group, Lee Sweeney, a member of the Defenders and Harley Williams a member of the Fairfax High School PTA.
The planned workshop was held by about 80 people in abbreviated form outside while the white supremacists carried out a meeting inside.
In 1954, the political organization of U.S. senator Harry F. Byrd, Sr., controlled Virginia politics. Senator Byrd promoted the "Southern Manifesto" opposing integrated schools, which was signed in 1956 by more than one hundred southern congressmen.
On February 25, 1956, Byrd called for what became known as Massive Resistance. This was a group of laws, passed in 1956, intended to prevent integration of the schools.
A Pupil Placement Board was created with the power to assign specific students to particular schools. Tuition grants were to be provided to students who opposed integrated schools. The linchpin of Massive Resistance was a law that cut off state funds and closed any public school that attempted to integrate.
In September 1958 several schools in Warren County, Charlottesville, and Norfolk were about to integrate under court order. They were seized and closed, but the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals overturned the school-closing law.
Simultaneously, a federal court issued a verdict against the law based on the "equal protection" clause of the 14th Amendment.
Speaking to the General Assembly a few weeks later, Gov. J. Lindsay Almond conceded defeat. Beginning on February 2, 1959, a few courageous black students integrated the schools that had been closed. Still, hardly any African American students in Virginia attended integrated schools.
After Virginia's school-closing law was ruled unconstitutional in January 1959, the General Assembly repealed the compulsory school attendance law and made the operation of public schools a local option for the state's counties and cities.
Schools that had been closed in Front Royal, Norfolk, and Charlottesville reopened because citizens there preferred integrated schools to none at all.
Fairfax resisted integration until token efforts were made in 1960. The school system was not largely integrated until the 1966-67 school year—12 years after the U.S. Supreme Court decisions. Desegregation efforts continued into the 1970s.
For more information and related images, see flic.kr/s/aHskWK3q68
Photo by Walter Oates. The image is courtesy of the D.C. Public Library Washington Star Collection © Washington Post.
one of three sculptures in Kelly Ingram Park by James Drake (b. 1946) • part of the I Ain't Afraid of Your Jail sculpture, children in view 01 are looking at an upside down jail on the other side of the walking path, inscribed "Segregation is a Sin" • children sculpture can be viewed through the bars
dogs and firehoses and water cannon were used by police under direction of Birmingham Public Safety Commissioner "Bull" Connor in attempt to disperse demonstrators during spring,1963 African American civil rights action • resulted in arrests of Revs. N.H. Smith Jr., A.D. King and John T. Porter, who had led march in support of already jailed Revs. Martin Luther King, Jr, Fred Shuttlesworth and Ralph Abernathy, leaders of the non-violent Birmingham Campaign to end racial segregation
Children's Crusade followed, 959 children ages 6–18 arrested, May 2 • Kelly Ingram Park (West Park) was epicenter of massive protest • Revolution Frozen Time -LA Times • Rev. Martin Luther King's Letter From a Birmingham Jail • more on King's letter • National Register #84000636, 1984
Civil Rights Battlegrounds Enter World of Tourism -New York Times • Alabama Civil Rights Trail
Congress of Industrial Organizations chief John L. Lewis smiles while testifying before the Senate and House Labor Committees in 1937 endorsing the minimum and maximum hour provisions of the Black-Conner bill as a modest beginning of genuine planning towards a better economic order.
Lewis, an opponent of racial segregation, testified in 1938 against the nomination of Rep. Lindsay Warren (D-N.C.) as comptroller general of the United States based on his role in imposing Jim Crow on the House of Representatives public restaurant.
In January 1934, Warren issued orders to bar African Americans from the restaurant and its first victim was Morris Lewis, the confidential secretary to the only African American U.S. Representative at the time, Rep. Oscar DePriest (R-Il.).
The exclusion, along with the forcible eviction of civil rights activist Mabel Byrd from the Senate public restaurant the following month set of a series of demonstrations.
Small interracial groups sought service in the restaurants over a 10-day period in March 1934 seeking to integrate the restaurants by direct action.
A demonstration by 30 African American Howard University students attempting to integrate the House and Senate restaurants resulted in the arrest of five students, although charges were dropped.
DePriest pursued an inside strategy attempting to get a vote barring Jim Crow in the House restaurant but was easily out maneuvered by Speaker of the House Thomas Rainey (D-Il.).
The effort to end Jim Crow at that time was unsuccessful.
John L. Lewis was an American leader of organized labor who served as president of the United Mine Workers of America (UMW) from 1920 to 1960.
He was the driving force behind the founding of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), which established the United Steel Workers of America and helped organize millions of other industrial workers in the 1930s.
After resigning as head of the CIO in 1941, he took the Mine Workers out of the CIO in 1942 and in 1944 took the union into the American Federation of Labor (AFL).
A leading liberal, he played a major role in helping Franklin D. Roosevelt win a landslide in 1936, but as an isolationist, broke with Roosevelt in 1940 on FDR's anti-Nazi foreign policy.
Lewis was a brutally effective and aggressive fighter and strike leader who gained high wages for his membership while steamrolling over his opponents, including the United States government.
His massive leonine head, forest-like eyebrows, firmly set jaw, powerful voice and ever-present scowl thrilled his supporters, angered his enemies, and delighted cartoonists. Coal miners for 40 years hailed him as their leader, whom they credited with bringing high wages, pensions and medical benefits.
For a detailed blog post on the fight to end Jim Crow in the U.S. Capitol public restaurants, see washingtonspark.wordpress.com/2018/02/26/origins-of-the-c...
For related images, see flic.kr/s/aHsmcArGZz
The photographer is unknown. The image is a Harris and Ewing photograph courtesy of the Library of Congress. Call Number: LC-H22- D-1643 [P&P]
The beach at Jones Lake State Park in Bladen County, North Carolina. The park was founded in 1939 as a recreational park for African-Americans during the segregation era in North Carolina. The park was desegregated in the 1960s. It is on North Carolina Highway 242 just outside of Elizabethtown in Bladen County.
marabastad, pretoria. old polaroids and slide scans, around 1980
Marabastad was a culturally diverse community, with the Hindu Mariamman Temple arguably being its most prominent landmark.
Like the residents of other racially diverse areas in South Africa, such as District Six, "Fietas" and Sophiatown, the inhabitants of Marabastad were relocated to single-race townships further away from the city centre.
These removals were due to Apartheid laws like the Group Areas Act. Unlike Sophiatown, Fietas and District Six, it was not bulldozed, but it retained many of its original buildings, and became primarily a business district, with most shops still owned by the Indians who had also lived there previously.
Some property was however owned by the city council and the government, resulting in limited development taking place there. In addition, a large shopping complex was built to house Indian-owned shops.
The black residents of Marabastad were relocated to Atteridgeville (1945),
the Coloured residents to Eersterus (1963), and the Indian residents to Laudium (1968).
There are plans to revive once-picturesque Marabastad, and to reverse years of urban decay and neglect, although few seem to have been implemented as of 2005.
History[edit]
Marabastad was named after the local headman of a village to the west of Steenhoven Spruit. During the 1880s he lived in Schoolplaats and acted as an interpreter.
During this period some Africans lived on the farms where they were being employed and also chose to live on other, undeveloped land. Schoolplaats could also not accommodate all the migrants and this resulted in squatting.
An overflow from Schoolplaats to the north-west and Maraba’s village occurred and in August 1888 the land was surveyed by the government. The location Marabastad was established and was situated between the Apies River in the north, Skinner Spruit in the west, Steenhoven Spruit in the east and De Korte Street in the south.
There were 67 stands varying between 1400 and 2500 square meters each. Residents were not allowed to own stands, but had to rent them from the government at 4 pounds a year.
They were allowed to build their own houses and to plant crops on empty plots. Water was acquired from the various bordering rivers and 58 wells situated in the area.
The township was not private owned and was managed by the Transvaal Boer Republic. At the outbreak of the Second Boer War in 1899 there were no rules and regulations with regard to Marabastad.
Africans who streamed to Pretoria during the war were living in squatter camps near the artillery barracks, the brickworks and the railway stations at Prinshof.
This resulted in the development of ‘New Marabastad’ in the area between Marabastad and the Asiatic Bazaar in 1900 by the British military authorities. They had been occupying the city since June 1900 and resettled refugees in the area. By 1901 there were 392 occupied stands in the New Marabastad and there was no real segregation between Africans, Asians and Coloured people.
Although New Marabastad was intended as a temporary settlement the military authorities granted permission for in their employ to erect brick houses. This resulted in the erection of other permanent structures like schools and churches.
The new Town Council was established in 1902 and it was accepted that the residents of New Marabastad would be moved to other, planned townships.
In 1903 New Marabastad had grown to 412 stands while Old Marabastad still only had 67. Along with the Cape Location, which was situated in the southern part of the Asiatic Bazaar, it fell under the jurisdiction of the City Council of that year.
The greatest problem was the provision of water and this was only addressed after the war. Due to the fear of epidemic all wells in the area had been filled during the war, and a single public tap had replaced the entire system.
New Marabastad didn’t have any wells or taps. There was an attempt to rectify this in 1903 by providing more taps, but the number was still inadequate.
In 1906 New and Old Marabastad became one location.
Rates were determined and sanitary and building regulations came into effect. These regulations didn’t achieve their objections as a result of municipal maladministration and the fact that Africans could not own land and afford well-built permanent houses.
Streets remained unpaved, the water supply was inadequate and there were no sanitary facilities worth mentioning. More and more shacks appeared. By 1907 conditions improved marginally, but the streets were left in their unkempt state and by 1910 this had still not been addressed.
The Native Affairs Department accused the Pretoria Town Council of inefficient administration, which had led directly to this situation.
Removals[edit]
South Africa portal
The relocation of residents of Old Marabastad had been on the agenda of the town council since 1903 and in 1907, when the council decided to build a new sewage farm, it became a reality.
It was decided to remove all residents of the area to a new location further away from the city centre and to demolish the old township. Now followed the struggle of finding a suitable site.
The site on the southern slope of Daspoortrand was decided on in 1912 and in January planning for the ‘New Location’ started. It would include a number of brick houses that could be rented from the municipality.
By September of the same year the first relocations were taking place and demolishing of old structures commenced. It was a slow process and Old Marabastad was only completely destroyed by 1920.
The lack of space remained a problem and New Marabastad was experiencing severe overcrowding.
By 1923 the last houses of the second municipal project was completed in New Location and Marabastad residents who had been exposed to the worst conditions were allowed to move in first.
In 1934 part of the Schoolplaats population was moved to Marabastad and the squatter problem became more severe.
There was no room for expansion due to a lack of space.
An attempt to solve these problems manifested itself in the establishment of Atteridgeville in 1939. The Marabastad community would be moved here and compensation was offered to previous owners of property in the form of new houses they could rent, but not own.
The war slowed down the process considerably, but 1949 had moved three quarters of the population of Marabastad to Atteridgeville, and by 1950 the transition was complete
Mrs Sarah Lena Echols Malone places a face on the segregated community of Buttermilk Bottom Community of Old Fourth Ward in downtown Atlanta in the 1930's.
Despite harsh conditions imposed by segregation, Buttermilk Bottom was a vibrant community with African American run schools, churches and businesses. It was akin to a village. Homes had no electricity and telephones. The inhabitants used kerosene lamps and communicated by yelling out the windows to their neighbors. They rarely used their household's skeleton keys to lock their doors, they had no pit bull guard dogs or installed any window burglar bars. They had nothing of value to steal. Family,. friends, businesses were in convenient walking distance on the non-traffic unpaved dirt roads. Unfortunally, lamps had to be dimmed the nights when armed "hood"lums in pick up trucks would race through center of the community. Buttermilk Bottom's bulldozing under “urban renewal” during the 1960's damaged community structures throughout Atlanta.
Atlanta's Civic Center on Piedmont Avenue, and it's parking lot were the ground zero land area of Buttermilk Bottom Community's footprint.. It was said that the community received its name because of the downward slope of the land's sewers' not retaining water backups causing a buttermilk smell. Humorists also call another black community, “lightening..” So “white” milk would be a fitting name for the “Bottom.”
The Malone's lived at 267 Pine Place, Apt #3. with their cousins William Huff's family to make ends meet. Most families were members of Church of God in Christ on Buchanan Street, near Currier Street. Elder Henry Ingram's Sunday Church services could be heard all across Buttermilk Bottom. School Street like many others doesn't exist anymore. Forrest Avenue is now Ralph McGill Boulevard. Buchanan Street is gone.
In 1995-6 ReproHistory, of New York, promoted Buttermilk Bottom with displays and exhibitions. entitled Entering Buttermilk Bottom. This was presented in Atlanta on the parking lot site. And with Voices of Renewal in 1997-98 the celebrated continued.
Many notable Georgia African Americans families originated from Buttermilk Bottom.
One of the proud descendants of earlier times was James Hiram Malone.
First black Georgian to win the Scholastic National Art Award (Though barred from local contest.)
Youngest black to Win Atlanta University National Art Contest
First Black US Army Chief Illustrator
First Black Graphic Designer for::
Montgomery Ward
Kmart Intermational Headquarters
Crowleys
Chatham
Atlanta's senior black contemporary artist (Circa 1945)
For more information:
flickr.com/photos/results/3096833942/
*********************************************************
malone.imagekind.com/masterpieces
jhmalone@att.net is my e-mail
Oakland Tribune, 19 Oct 1909, Page 16 (via Newspapers dot com)
I live in Rockridge. Our neighborhood (like so many others in the US) must remember the blatant racism and state-sponsored segregation that is part of its birth story. We can’t ignore this reality and its continuing effects. It should inform every housing decision we make and every local cause for which we advocate.
Recommended Reading:
More about Laymance and Rock Ridge Park (now Rockridge) →
Reflections in Black and White exhibit - Cape Fear Museum - January 30, 2017 - New Hanover County, NC
Reflections in Black and White, features a selection of informal black and white photographs taken by black and white Wilmingtonians after World War II before the Civil Rights movement helped end legalized segregation. Visitors will have a chance to compare black and white experiences and reflect on what people’s lives were like in the region during the latter part of the Jim Crow era.
Examine mid-century cameras and photographic equipment and experience the “thrill” of opening a replica camera store photo envelope, a rare experience in today’s digital world. Flip through some recreated pages from Claude Howell’s scrapbooks, and take your own photograph in a 1950s setting.
Reflections in Black and White features selections from four large photographic collections:
•African American photographer Herbert Howard was a postal worker, a member of the NAACP, and a semi-professional photographer. Cape Fear Museum has a collection of more than 1,000 images he took documenting Wilmington’s black community.
•Artist Claude Howell left an extensive collection of scrapbooks to the Museum. The albums include hundreds of pages with photographs of Howell’s friends, local scenery, and people.
•Student nurse Elizabeth Ashworth attended the James Walker Memorial Hospital School of Nursing right after World War II. Her photographs provide a glimpse of a group of young white women’s lives in the late 1940s.
•In 2012, the Museum acquired a collection of photos that were taken in the late 1950s and early 1960s, and left at the Camera Shop, a downtown business that was a fixture from the late 1910s through the early 1980s.
Historian Jan Davidson explained why the concept behind the exhibit: “The different historical images speak to each other in some fascinating ways. Most of us can see our own lives reflected in the images, We all eat, hang out with friends, and many of us have taken silly pictures of ourselves or our loved ones. These images show our common humanity, and allow us to relate to people in the past as we might relate to a friend.”
Cape Fear Museum hopes the exhibit will spark reflection and conversation about the history of race relations. Davidson states, “When you look at these images as a group, they give us a chance to reflect on how legally-sanctioned racial segregation helped shape people’s daily lives. We want today’s visitors to have a chance to imagine what it felt like to live in a world where Jim Crow laws and attitudes deeply affected the textures of daily life.”
See more at: www.capefearmuseum.com/
Photo by Brett Cottrell, New Hanover County
Kids having fun at the beach at Jones Lake State Park in Bladen County, North Carolina. The park was founded in 1939 as a recreational park for African-Americans during the segregation era in North Carolina. The park was desegregated in the 1960s. It is on North Carolina Highway 242 just outside of Elizabethtown in Bladen County.
Mendez family championed end of educational segregation in California
LOS ANGELES — With the theme “many backgrounds, many stories,” the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Los Angeles District closed out Hispanic Heritage Month Oct. 13 at the District headquarters by hearing a first-hand account of a historic journey.
Sylvia Mendez was just 8 years old in 1943 when she and her brothers were denied enrollment in the Westminster School District in Orange County. At the time, roughly 80 percent of California school districts were segregated.
Sylvia’s father, Gonzalo, tried reasoning with the principal, the school board and finally the school district, to no-avail. He and other parents organized protests demanding an end to the segregation, ultimately filing the lawsuit.
They won their case in 1946, but the school district appealed. On April 14, 1947 the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the decision and California Governor Earl Warren signed a law repealing the state’s remaining school segregation statutes on June 14, 1947.
“Mendez v. Westminster School District was the precedent for Brown v. Board of Education,” said Mendez. “Seven years before the rest of the nation, California was integrated.”
The Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954 does not mention the Mendez case, but it is no coincidence that two of the key players in both cases were Warren, by then Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, and Thurgood Marshall, the chief counsel for the NAACP in both cases.
“As she became very sick, my mother would say, ‘nobody knows about this case and that California was the first state to be integrated, seven years before the rest of the nation’ and that’s when I promised my mother I would go around the country and talk about Mendez v. Westminster,” said Mendez.
Her mother, Felicitas, died in 1998 and Mendez has kept her promise, championing the family’s story.
Mendez’s passion has been recognized in California and around the country. Two public schools are currently named after her parents. In 2007, a U.S. Postage stamp marked the 60th anniversary of the case and on Feb. 15, 2011, President Barack Obama presented Mendez with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. With it, she once again joins Warren and Marshall.
“I talk to our folks a lot about passion in what they are doing; I see the passion in your eyes in what you are doing,” said District Commander Col. Mark Toy. “If we could all do that, it would be amazing.”
(USACE photo by Richard Rivera)
Oakland Tribune, 19 Oct 1909, Page 16 (via Newspapers dot com)
I live in Rockridge. Our neighborhood (like so many others in the US) must remember the blatant racism and state-sponsored segregation that is part of its birth story. We can’t ignore this reality and its continuing effects. It should inform every housing decision we make and every local cause for which we advocate.
Recommended Reading:
More about Laymance and Rock Ridge Park (now Rockridge) →
James and Margaret Lomax become the first black children to attend a formerly all-white elementary school in Virginia February 10, 1959 after a federal judge ordered the city of Alexandria to admit nine plaintiffs.
Alexandria became the four school district to integrate schools in the state. The three previous school districts that had been integrated involved junior high or high schools.
The Lomax’s mother is seen accompanying them to the Ficklin Elementary School at about 8:00 a.m. as a police officer stands by.
Five other black children entered the Ramsay school and two others the Hammond school on the first day of integration of Alexandria public schools.
The school board appealed an earlier order to admit the students to federal judge Simon Sobeloff who quickly ruled against the city of Alexandria.
Referring to Alexandria school officials, Sobeloff told their attorneys, “They say they are through with resistance—massive or retail. They are not going to clutter up the courts any longer. You don’t do that. You wait until each plaintiff fights his way through and, when he prevails, you say ‘give us more time.’”
The lead attorney for the children was Franklin Reeves.
The schools were integrated without demonstrations or overt student strikes that plagued some other school systems in the area when they integrated. However, there were some minor incidents.
One student was withdrawn by his mother from Hammond and absences were slightly higher at all three schools.
School officials reported that another white supremacist taboo was broken: the five newcomers to the Ramsay school shared tables with other students for lunch while the two students at Ficklin did the same.
James Ragland seemed to get the most negative reaction from other students at Hammond.
When he sat for lunch at a large table with two white boys, the boys got up and moved to another table. In another instance two white boys in study hall moved their desks to rear of the room when he sat down.
When a boy gave Ragland a copy of the school newspaper to read on his first day, another youth grabbed it away.
However, during the press event, Ragland told reporters that “Everybody was friendly and nice.”
Virginia was one of a number of southern states that openly defied the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court decision outlawing segregation in public schools.
In the late 1950s, the state of Virginia started its policy of “massive resistance” that involved closing any public school that integrated and providing state aid to all white private schools.
It would take Alexandria until the fall of 1968 to achieve at least token integration at all its schools.
For more information and related images, see flic.kr/s/aHskWK3q68
Photo by Paul Schmick. The image is courtesy of the D.C. Public Library Washington Star Collection © Washington Post.
The LA Plaza de Cultura y Artes, Los Angeles’ first Mexican-American cultural center, opened its doors to the public during its grand opening in downtown Saturday, April 16. The Smithsonian Affiliate is a 2.2-acre facility is dedicated to celebrating the influence of Mexican and Mexican-American culture on Southern California. Although many people enjoyed the free live music, art workshops, and tours, members of Gabrieleno Band of Mission Indians protested across the street with chants like “The people who there are grave robbers,” and “Shame on you Los Angeles.” People who attended were able to tour the center’s interactive exhibit “LA Starts Here!” that showcases artifacts, films, and mosaics from 1781 to today. (Photo credit: Jeffrey Ledesma/ Neon Tommy)
In 1921, The Blue Triangle Branch — a segregated branch of the YWCA for young African-American woman — was formed. The Blue Triangle Branch existed until June of 1956, at which point the YWCA became fully integrated.
#blackhistorymonth
➤ Read more about the Blue Triangle Branch of the YWCA in Wheeling
- photo from the YWCA Collection of the Ohio County Public Library Archives.
➤ Visit the Library's Wheeling History website
The photos on the Ohio County Public Library's Flickr site may be freely used by non-commercial entities for educational and/or research purposes as long as credit is given to the "Ohio County Public Library, Wheeling WV." These photos may not be reproduced in any format for profit or other presentation without the permission of The Ohio County Public Library.
Mendez family championed end of educational segregation in California
LOS ANGELES — With the theme “many backgrounds, many stories,” the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Los Angeles District closed out Hispanic Heritage Month Oct. 13 at the District headquarters by hearing a first-hand account of a historic journey.
Sylvia Mendez was just 8 years old in 1943 when she and her brothers were denied enrollment in the Westminster School District in Orange County. At the time, roughly 80 percent of California school districts were segregated.
Sylvia’s father, Gonzalo, tried reasoning with the principal, the school board and finally the school district, to no-avail. He and other parents organized protests demanding an end to the segregation, ultimately filing the lawsuit.
They won their case in 1946, but the school district appealed. On April 14, 1947 the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the decision and California Governor Earl Warren signed a law repealing the state’s remaining school segregation statutes on June 14, 1947.
“Mendez v. Westminster School District was the precedent for Brown v. Board of Education,” said Mendez. “Seven years before the rest of the nation, California was integrated.”
The Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954 does not mention the Mendez case, but it is no coincidence that two of the key players in both cases were Warren, by then Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, and Thurgood Marshall, the chief counsel for the NAACP in both cases.
“As she became very sick, my mother would say, ‘nobody knows about this case and that California was the first state to be integrated, seven years before the rest of the nation’ and that’s when I promised my mother I would go around the country and talk about Mendez v. Westminster,” said Mendez.
Her mother, Felicitas, died in 1998 and Mendez has kept her promise, championing the family’s story.
Mendez’s passion has been recognized in California and around the country. Two public schools are currently named after her parents. In 2007, a U.S. Postage stamp marked the 60th anniversary of the case and on Feb. 15, 2011, President Barack Obama presented Mendez with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. With it, she once again joins Warren and Marshall.
“I talk to our folks a lot about passion in what they are doing; I see the passion in your eyes in what you are doing,” said District Commander Col. Mark Toy. “If we could all do that, it would be amazing.”
(USACE photo by Richard Rivera)
Mendez family championed end of educational segregation in California
LOS ANGELES — With the theme “many backgrounds, many stories,” the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Los Angeles District closed out Hispanic Heritage Month Oct. 13 at the District headquarters by hearing a first-hand account of a historic journey.
Sylvia Mendez was just 8 years old in 1943 when she and her brothers were denied enrollment in the Westminster School District in Orange County. At the time, roughly 80 percent of California school districts were segregated.
Sylvia’s father, Gonzalo, tried reasoning with the principal, the school board and finally the school district, to no-avail. He and other parents organized protests demanding an end to the segregation, ultimately filing the lawsuit.
They won their case in 1946, but the school district appealed. On April 14, 1947 the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the decision and California Governor Earl Warren signed a law repealing the state’s remaining school segregation statutes on June 14, 1947.
“Mendez v. Westminster School District was the precedent for Brown v. Board of Education,” said Mendez. “Seven years before the rest of the nation, California was integrated.”
The Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954 does not mention the Mendez case, but it is no coincidence that two of the key players in both cases were Warren, by then Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, and Thurgood Marshall, the chief counsel for the NAACP in both cases.
“As she became very sick, my mother would say, ‘nobody knows about this case and that California was the first state to be integrated, seven years before the rest of the nation’ and that’s when I promised my mother I would go around the country and talk about Mendez v. Westminster,” said Mendez.
Her mother, Felicitas, died in 1998 and Mendez has kept her promise, championing the family’s story.
Mendez’s passion has been recognized in California and around the country. Two public schools are currently named after her parents. In 2007, a U.S. Postage stamp marked the 60th anniversary of the case and on Feb. 15, 2011, President Barack Obama presented Mendez with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. With it, she once again joins Warren and Marshall.
“I talk to our folks a lot about passion in what they are doing; I see the passion in your eyes in what you are doing,” said District Commander Col. Mark Toy. “If we could all do that, it would be amazing.”
(USACE photo by Richard Rivera)
Picketers from area colleges demonstrate at the home of Senator J. Lister Hill (D-Al.) May 7 1963 as part of a nationwide campaign of support for the desegregation campaign underway in Birmingham, Al.
About 80 pickets were involved. Signs in the photo read, “SNCC - Let democracy reign in Alabama,” and “SNCC – We insist of freedom today.”
The demonstrators were organized by the local Non-Violent Action Group, the same group that had led the desegregation of prominent public facilities in Maryland and Virginia in 1960.
The Birmingham campaign to end Jim Crow in the downtown part of the city had been ongoing for months. The jails had been filled. Martin Luther King Jr. had written his “Letter from Birmingham Jail” rejecting white moderates plea to end the campaign.
As the jails filled, civil rights leader James Bevel controversially used children in the quest.
Birmingham police chief Bull Connor had used fire hoses to disperse protesters once the jails were full.
The pressure on the city was relentless.
On May 7th, it took city authorities four hours to serve breakfast to the hundreds of protesters jailed.
Later that day, fire hoses were used again on demonstrators with Connor saying he, “wished he [Fred Shuttlesworth, one of the leaders who was hit with the spray] was carried away in a hearse.”
Another 1,000 people were arrested, bringing the total to over 2,500.
In the midst of the Cold War, the Soviet Union televised and sent photos around the world of the repression, particularly to African countries where it was vying for influence with the U.S.
At the request of civil rights leaders, protests were scheduled in more than 100 cities in support of the Birmingham campaign on May 7-8—including the one in Washington, D.C. where both of Alabama’s senators’ homes were picketed—Hill’s at 3715 49th Street NW and John Sparkman’s at 4928 Indian Lane NW.
Alabama Gov. George Wallace sent state troopers to assist Connor while Attorney General Robert Kennedy prepared to activate the National Guard and troops from nearby Fort Benning.
Over 3,000 demonstrators flooded downtown, crippling the area so that no business could be conducted.
On May 8th, city businesses expressed a desire to meet most of the campaign’s demands, but political leaders still held out for continued segregation.
On May 10th, Fred Shuttlesworth and Martin Luther King Jr. told reporters that they had an agreement from the City of Birmingham to desegregate lunch counters, restrooms, drinking fountains and fitting rooms within 90 days, and to hire blacks in stores as salesmen and clerks.
National labor unions put up bond for those in jail who were not released on personal recognizance.
On the night of May 11th, a bomb heavily damaged the Gaston Motel where King had been staying—and had left only hours before—and another damaged the house of A. D. King, Martin Luther King Jr.'s brother.
Non-violence went out the window like the bomb blasts and the African American community erupted—numerous buildings were burned. Several people, including a police officer, were stabbed.
The courts ruled that outgoing mayor Art Haynes must vacate May 21st and with him departed Connor who remarked tearfully, “This is the worst day of my life.”
Jim Crow signs in the city came down in June 1963.
The event lifted King’s status after the failure a similar campaign called the Albany movement the year before.
King went on to lead the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in August and his status as undisputed leader of the civil rights movement was cemented once again.
For more information and related images, see flic.kr/s/aHskgSB6Zi
The photographer is unknown. The image is a UPI telephoto.
Wasting the City! A box for a box
There it goes! The Frappant Building in Hamburg Altona is teared down to build a new City Ikea. Wide range and long lasting protest didn't help. People are not only scared that the new massive Ikea-Store in the residential area of Hamburg-Altona will bring way more traffic into the area, but also that Ikea is part of the gentrification that starts with higher rents and ends with residential segregation. At the end of the day..a box will be replaced by an even bigger box.
City officials and experts examined solid waste management best practices at ADBI in Tokyo and during field visits of waste management sites in Yokohama on 9 -11 December 2019. Read more about the event: bit.ly/2EqVdCf
A cypress at Jones Lake State Park in Bladen County, North Carolina. The park was founded in 1939 as a recreational park for African-Americans during the segregation era in North Carolina. The park was desegregated in the 1960s. It is on North Carolina Highway 242 just outside of Elizabethtown in Bladen County.
During segregation Black performers like Lena Horne or Luis Armstrong could perform on Miami Beach but could not rent a room there, even in the hotel they were performing at.They would end up staying at the Hampton House. After years of neglect the Hampton House is being restored. It was purchased by Miami-Dade County ten years ago so it would not be demolished. Dr Martin Luther King Jr. stayed here and had a favorite room as did Muhammad Ali and Malcolm X.
A picketer in front of a Gadsden, Alabama, drugstore turns to answer a heckler during a demonstration, on June 10, 1963. About two dozen black youths picketed several stores and two theaters. There were no arrests and no violence.
AP Photo
From an album (AL-66) donated to the museum by Jean Jermy which contains images from his time in the US Navy, circa 1918-20.
Repository: San Diego Air and Space Museum Archive
Mendez family championed end of educational segregation in California
LOS ANGELES — With the theme “many backgrounds, many stories,” the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Los Angeles District closed out Hispanic Heritage Month Oct. 13 at the District headquarters by hearing a first-hand account of a historic journey.
Sylvia Mendez was just 8 years old in 1943 when she and her brothers were denied enrollment in the Westminster School District in Orange County. At the time, roughly 80 percent of California school districts were segregated.
Sylvia’s father, Gonzalo, tried reasoning with the principal, the school board and finally the school district, to no-avail. He and other parents organized protests demanding an end to the segregation, ultimately filing the lawsuit.
They won their case in 1946, but the school district appealed. On April 14, 1947 the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the decision and California Governor Earl Warren signed a law repealing the state’s remaining school segregation statutes on June 14, 1947.
“Mendez v. Westminster School District was the precedent for Brown v. Board of Education,” said Mendez. “Seven years before the rest of the nation, California was integrated.”
The Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954 does not mention the Mendez case, but it is no coincidence that two of the key players in both cases were Warren, by then Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, and Thurgood Marshall, the chief counsel for the NAACP in both cases.
“As she became very sick, my mother would say, ‘nobody knows about this case and that California was the first state to be integrated, seven years before the rest of the nation’ and that’s when I promised my mother I would go around the country and talk about Mendez v. Westminster,” said Mendez.
Her mother, Felicitas, died in 1998 and Mendez has kept her promise, championing the family’s story.
Mendez’s passion has been recognized in California and around the country. Two public schools are currently named after her parents. In 2007, a U.S. Postage stamp marked the 60th anniversary of the case and on Feb. 15, 2011, President Barack Obama presented Mendez with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. With it, she once again joins Warren and Marshall.
“I talk to our folks a lot about passion in what they are doing; I see the passion in your eyes in what you are doing,” said District Commander Col. Mark Toy. “If we could all do that, it would be amazing.”
(USACE photo by Richard Rivera)