View allAll Photos Tagged Segregation
In 1948 U.S. President Harry S. Truman end of segregation in the U.S. Armed Forces in Executive Order 9981 on July 26, 1948, but Despite this, by the time of the Korean War, the 24th Infantry Regiment in the Korean war remained predominantly African–American with an officer corps of both White and black Americans also at that time The 24th Infantry Regiment was attached to the 25th Infantry Division of the U.S. 8th Army stationed in Japan for its Occupation.
The 24th and other USA, SK, and U.N. forces fought throughout the entire Korean peninsula, from trying to delay KPA as much as possible, holding Pusan Perimeter and its offensive out of it to the pursuit of the Korean People's Army (KPA) into North Korea, to the Chinese counteroffensives and finally to U.N. counteroffensives that stabilized near the current Korean Demilitarized Zone.
The 24th received the Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation and had three posthumous Medal of Honor recipients. Still, due to its mixed reputation, the 24th was dissolved after 82 years of Served.
Oakland Tribune, 22 Oct 1909, Page 12 (via Newspapers dot com)
This ad (specifically citing restrictions against “Oriental” owners) happens to sit next to an article about how great Chinese people are.
I live in Rockridge. Our neighborhood (like so many others in the US) must remember the blatant racism and state-sponsored segregation that is part of its birth story. We can’t ignore this reality and its continuing effects. It should inform every housing decision we make and every local cause for which we advocate.
Recommended Reading:
More about Laymance and Rock Ridge Park (now Rockridge) →
Mendez family championed end of educational segregation in California
LOS ANGELES — With the theme “many backgrounds, many stories,” the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Los Angeles District closed out Hispanic Heritage Month Oct. 13 at the District headquarters by hearing a first-hand account of a historic journey.
Sylvia Mendez was just 8 years old in 1943 when she and her brothers were denied enrollment in the Westminster School District in Orange County. At the time, roughly 80 percent of California school districts were segregated.
Sylvia’s father, Gonzalo, tried reasoning with the principal, the school board and finally the school district, to no-avail. He and other parents organized protests demanding an end to the segregation, ultimately filing the lawsuit.
They won their case in 1946, but the school district appealed. On April 14, 1947 the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the decision and California Governor Earl Warren signed a law repealing the state’s remaining school segregation statutes on June 14, 1947.
“Mendez v. Westminster School District was the precedent for Brown v. Board of Education,” said Mendez. “Seven years before the rest of the nation, California was integrated.”
The Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954 does not mention the Mendez case, but it is no coincidence that two of the key players in both cases were Warren, by then Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, and Thurgood Marshall, the chief counsel for the NAACP in both cases.
“As she became very sick, my mother would say, ‘nobody knows about this case and that California was the first state to be integrated, seven years before the rest of the nation’ and that’s when I promised my mother I would go around the country and talk about Mendez v. Westminster,” said Mendez.
Her mother, Felicitas, died in 1998 and Mendez has kept her promise, championing the family’s story.
Mendez’s passion has been recognized in California and around the country. Two public schools are currently named after her parents. In 2007, a U.S. Postage stamp marked the 60th anniversary of the case and on Feb. 15, 2011, President Barack Obama presented Mendez with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. With it, she once again joins Warren and Marshall.
“I talk to our folks a lot about passion in what they are doing; I see the passion in your eyes in what you are doing,” said District Commander Col. Mark Toy. “If we could all do that, it would be amazing.”
(USACE photo by Richard Rivera)
A picketer in front of a Gadsden, Alabama, drugstore turns to answer a heckler during a demonstration, on June 10, 1963. About two dozen black youths picketed several stores and two theaters. There were no arrests and no violence.
AP Photo
Mendez family championed end of educational segregation in California
LOS ANGELES — With the theme “many backgrounds, many stories,” the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Los Angeles District closed out Hispanic Heritage Month Oct. 13 at the District headquarters by hearing a first-hand account of a historic journey.
Sylvia Mendez was just 8 years old in 1943 when she and her brothers were denied enrollment in the Westminster School District in Orange County. At the time, roughly 80 percent of California school districts were segregated.
Sylvia’s father, Gonzalo, tried reasoning with the principal, the school board and finally the school district, to no-avail. He and other parents organized protests demanding an end to the segregation, ultimately filing the lawsuit.
They won their case in 1946, but the school district appealed. On April 14, 1947 the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the decision and California Governor Earl Warren signed a law repealing the state’s remaining school segregation statutes on June 14, 1947.
“Mendez v. Westminster School District was the precedent for Brown v. Board of Education,” said Mendez. “Seven years before the rest of the nation, California was integrated.”
The Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954 does not mention the Mendez case, but it is no coincidence that two of the key players in both cases were Warren, by then Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, and Thurgood Marshall, the chief counsel for the NAACP in both cases.
“As she became very sick, my mother would say, ‘nobody knows about this case and that California was the first state to be integrated, seven years before the rest of the nation’ and that’s when I promised my mother I would go around the country and talk about Mendez v. Westminster,” said Mendez.
Her mother, Felicitas, died in 1998 and Mendez has kept her promise, championing the family’s story.
Mendez’s passion has been recognized in California and around the country. Two public schools are currently named after her parents. In 2007, a U.S. Postage stamp marked the 60th anniversary of the case and on Feb. 15, 2011, President Barack Obama presented Mendez with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. With it, she once again joins Warren and Marshall.
“I talk to our folks a lot about passion in what they are doing; I see the passion in your eyes in what you are doing,” said District Commander Col. Mark Toy. “If we could all do that, it would be amazing.”
(USACE photo by Richard Rivera)
Reflections in Black and White exhibit - Cape Fear Museum - January 30, 2017 - New Hanover County, NC
Reflections in Black and White, features a selection of informal black and white photographs taken by black and white Wilmingtonians after World War II before the Civil Rights movement helped end legalized segregation. Visitors will have a chance to compare black and white experiences and reflect on what people’s lives were like in the region during the latter part of the Jim Crow era.
Examine mid-century cameras and photographic equipment and experience the “thrill” of opening a replica camera store photo envelope, a rare experience in today’s digital world. Flip through some recreated pages from Claude Howell’s scrapbooks, and take your own photograph in a 1950s setting.
Reflections in Black and White features selections from four large photographic collections:
•African American photographer Herbert Howard was a postal worker, a member of the NAACP, and a semi-professional photographer. Cape Fear Museum has a collection of more than 1,000 images he took documenting Wilmington’s black community.
•Artist Claude Howell left an extensive collection of scrapbooks to the Museum. The albums include hundreds of pages with photographs of Howell’s friends, local scenery, and people.
•Student nurse Elizabeth Ashworth attended the James Walker Memorial Hospital School of Nursing right after World War II. Her photographs provide a glimpse of a group of young white women’s lives in the late 1940s.
•In 2012, the Museum acquired a collection of photos that were taken in the late 1950s and early 1960s, and left at the Camera Shop, a downtown business that was a fixture from the late 1910s through the early 1980s.
Historian Jan Davidson explained why the concept behind the exhibit: “The different historical images speak to each other in some fascinating ways. Most of us can see our own lives reflected in the images, We all eat, hang out with friends, and many of us have taken silly pictures of ourselves or our loved ones. These images show our common humanity, and allow us to relate to people in the past as we might relate to a friend.”
Cape Fear Museum hopes the exhibit will spark reflection and conversation about the history of race relations. Davidson states, “When you look at these images as a group, they give us a chance to reflect on how legally-sanctioned racial segregation helped shape people’s daily lives. We want today’s visitors to have a chance to imagine what it felt like to live in a world where Jim Crow laws and attitudes deeply affected the textures of daily life.”
See more at: www.capefearmuseum.com/
Photo by Brett Cottrell, New Hanover County
Oakland Tribune, 19 Oct 1909, Page 16 (via Newspapers dot com)
I live in Rockridge. Our neighborhood (like so many others in the US) must remember the blatant racism and state-sponsored segregation that is part of its birth story. We can’t ignore this reality and its continuing effects. It should inform every housing decision we make and every local cause for which we advocate.
Recommended Reading:
More about Laymance and Rock Ridge Park (now Rockridge) →
Oakland Tribune, 19 Oct 1909, Page 16 (via Newspapers dot com)
I live in Rockridge. Our neighborhood (like so many others in the US) must remember the blatant racism and state-sponsored segregation that is part of its birth story. We can’t ignore this reality and its continuing effects. It should inform every housing decision we make and every local cause for which we advocate.
Recommended Reading:
More about Laymance and Rock Ridge Park (now Rockridge) →
24 room boarding house • National Register of Historic Places, 2007 • Hearing History's Echos • Last House Standing
"Downtown Tampa’s last rooming house, at 851 Zack St., provided rooms for Ella Fitzgerald, Chick Webb, Cab Calloway, James Brown, the Ink Spots [also Ray Charles], and other black musicians traveling through Tampa during the segregation era. They played in bars and nightclubs in the Central Avenue business district, a community created by blacks that thrived from 1900 to 1960. Years ago, Tampa bulldozed its entire black business district, also known as 'the Scrub.'” -http://sticksoffire.com/2007/09/19/jackson-house-on-national-register/
Kids having fun at the beach at Jones Lake State Park in Bladen County, North Carolina. The park was founded in 1939 as a recreational park for African-Americans during the segregation era in North Carolina. The park was desegregated in the 1960s. It is on North Carolina Highway 242 just outside of Elizabethtown in Bladen County.
one of three sculptures in Kelly Ingram Park by James Drake (b. 1946) • part of the I Ain't Afraid of Your Jail sculpture, children in view 01 are looking at an upside down jail on the other side of the walking path, inscribed "Segregation is a Sin" • children sculpture can be viewed through the bars
dogs and firehoses and water cannon were used by police under direction of Birmingham Public Safety Commissioner "Bull" Connor in attempt to disperse demonstrators during spring,1963 African American civil rights action • resulted in arrests of Revs. N.H. Smith Jr., A.D. King and John T. Porter, who had led march in support of already jailed Revs. Martin Luther King, Jr, Fred Shuttlesworth and Ralph Abernathy, leaders of the non-violent Birmingham Campaign to end racial segregation
Children's Crusade followed, 959 children ages 6–18 arrested, May 2 • Kelly Ingram Park (West Park) was epicenter of massive protest • Revolution Frozen Time -LA Times • Rev. Martin Luther King's Letter From a Birmingham Jail • more on King's letter • National Register #84000636, 1984
Civil Rights Battlegrounds Enter World of Tourism -New York Times • Alabama Civil Rights Trail
From my collection - a real piece of history - from the days before integration in the Military. This photo came from Lawrence College in Appleton, Wisconsin. During WWII Military Training took place there - this must have been from some type of USO show or something. It is not dated - the back has all kinds of stamped info on it, but the main titles say, "OFFICIAL U.S. NAVY PHOTOGRAPH" "NAVY PUBLIC RELATIONS OFFICER".
An all Black band and Black tap dancer - this was a great photo find - a real slice of history. It is hard to look back and believe they divided the troops by race.
This link will take you to the all White Band from the same time period: www.flickr.com/photos/78428166@N00/2411823497/
In 1921, The Blue Triangle Branch — a segregated branch of the YWCA for young African-American woman — was formed. The Blue Triangle Branch existed until June of 1956, at which point the YWCA became fully integrated.
#blackhistorymonth
➤ Read more about the Blue Triangle Branch of the YWCA in Wheeling
- photo from the YWCA Collection of the Ohio County Public Library Archives.
➤ Visit the Library's Wheeling History website
The photos on the Ohio County Public Library's Flickr site may be freely used by non-commercial entities for educational and/or research purposes as long as credit is given to the "Ohio County Public Library, Wheeling WV." These photos may not be reproduced in any format for profit or other presentation without the permission of The Ohio County Public Library.
Congress of Industrial Organizations chief John L. Lewis smiles while testifying before the Senate and House Labor Committees in 1937 endorsing the minimum and maximum hour provisions of the Black-Conner bill as a modest beginning of genuine planning towards a better economic order.
Lewis, an opponent of racial segregation, testified in 1938 against the nomination of Rep. Lindsay Warren (D-N.C.) as comptroller general of the United States based on his role in imposing Jim Crow on the House of Representatives public restaurant.
In January 1934, Warren issued orders to bar African Americans from the restaurant and its first victim was Morris Lewis, the confidential secretary to the only African American U.S. Representative at the time, Rep. Oscar DePriest (R-Il.).
The exclusion, along with the forcible eviction of civil rights activist Mabel Byrd from the Senate public restaurant the following month set of a series of demonstrations.
Small interracial groups sought service in the restaurants over a 10-day period in March 1934 seeking to integrate the restaurants by direct action.
A demonstration by 30 African American Howard University students attempting to integrate the House and Senate restaurants resulted in the arrest of five students, although charges were dropped.
DePriest pursued an inside strategy attempting to get a vote barring Jim Crow in the House restaurant but was easily out maneuvered by Speaker of the House Thomas Rainey (D-Il.).
The effort to end Jim Crow at that time was unsuccessful.
John L. Lewis was an American leader of organized labor who served as president of the United Mine Workers of America (UMW) from 1920 to 1960.
He was the driving force behind the founding of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), which established the United Steel Workers of America and helped organize millions of other industrial workers in the 1930s.
After resigning as head of the CIO in 1941, he took the Mine Workers out of the CIO in 1942 and in 1944 took the union into the American Federation of Labor (AFL).
A leading liberal, he played a major role in helping Franklin D. Roosevelt win a landslide in 1936, but as an isolationist, broke with Roosevelt in 1940 on FDR's anti-Nazi foreign policy.
Lewis was a brutally effective and aggressive fighter and strike leader who gained high wages for his membership while steamrolling over his opponents, including the United States government.
His massive leonine head, forest-like eyebrows, firmly set jaw, powerful voice and ever-present scowl thrilled his supporters, angered his enemies, and delighted cartoonists. Coal miners for 40 years hailed him as their leader, whom they credited with bringing high wages, pensions and medical benefits.
For a detailed blog post on the fight to end Jim Crow in the U.S. Capitol public restaurants, see washingtonspark.wordpress.com/2018/02/26/origins-of-the-c...
For related images, see flic.kr/s/aHsmcArGZz
The photographer is unknown. The image is a Harris and Ewing photograph courtesy of the Library of Congress. Call Number: LC-H22- D-1643 [P&P]
The beach at Jones Lake State Park in Bladen County, North Carolina. The park was founded in 1939 as a recreational park for African-Americans during the segregation era in North Carolina. The park was desegregated in the 1960s. It is on North Carolina Highway 242 just outside of Elizabethtown in Bladen County.
James and Margaret Lomax become the first black children to attend a formerly all-white elementary school in Virginia February 10, 1959 after a federal judge ordered the city of Alexandria to admit nine plaintiffs.
Alexandria became the four school district to integrate schools in the state. The three previous school districts that had been integrated involved junior high or high schools.
The Lomax’s mother is seen accompanying them to the Ficklin Elementary School at about 8:00 a.m. as a police officer stands by.
Five other black children entered the Ramsay school and two others the Hammond school on the first day of integration of Alexandria public schools.
The school board appealed an earlier order to admit the students to federal judge Simon Sobeloff who quickly ruled against the city of Alexandria.
Referring to Alexandria school officials, Sobeloff told their attorneys, “They say they are through with resistance—massive or retail. They are not going to clutter up the courts any longer. You don’t do that. You wait until each plaintiff fights his way through and, when he prevails, you say ‘give us more time.’”
The lead attorney for the children was Franklin Reeves.
The schools were integrated without demonstrations or overt student strikes that plagued some other school systems in the area when they integrated. However, there were some minor incidents.
One student was withdrawn by his mother from Hammond and absences were slightly higher at all three schools.
School officials reported that another white supremacist taboo was broken: the five newcomers to the Ramsay school shared tables with other students for lunch while the two students at Ficklin did the same.
James Ragland seemed to get the most negative reaction from other students at Hammond.
When he sat for lunch at a large table with two white boys, the boys got up and moved to another table. In another instance two white boys in study hall moved their desks to rear of the room when he sat down.
When a boy gave Ragland a copy of the school newspaper to read on his first day, another youth grabbed it away.
However, during the press event, Ragland told reporters that “Everybody was friendly and nice.”
Virginia was one of a number of southern states that openly defied the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court decision outlawing segregation in public schools.
In the late 1950s, the state of Virginia started its policy of “massive resistance” that involved closing any public school that integrated and providing state aid to all white private schools.
It would take Alexandria until the fall of 1968 to achieve at least token integration at all its schools.
For more information and related images, see flic.kr/s/aHskWK3q68
Photo by Paul Schmick. The image is courtesy of the D.C. Public Library Washington Star Collection © Washington Post.
marabastad, pretoria. old polaroids and slide scans, around 1980
Marabastad was a culturally diverse community, with the Hindu Mariamman Temple arguably being its most prominent landmark.
Like the residents of other racially diverse areas in South Africa, such as District Six, "Fietas" and Sophiatown, the inhabitants of Marabastad were relocated to single-race townships further away from the city centre.
These removals were due to Apartheid laws like the Group Areas Act. Unlike Sophiatown, Fietas and District Six, it was not bulldozed, but it retained many of its original buildings, and became primarily a business district, with most shops still owned by the Indians who had also lived there previously.
Some property was however owned by the city council and the government, resulting in limited development taking place there. In addition, a large shopping complex was built to house Indian-owned shops.
The black residents of Marabastad were relocated to Atteridgeville (1945),
the Coloured residents to Eersterus (1963), and the Indian residents to Laudium (1968).
There are plans to revive once-picturesque Marabastad, and to reverse years of urban decay and neglect, although few seem to have been implemented as of 2005.
History[edit]
Marabastad was named after the local headman of a village to the west of Steenhoven Spruit. During the 1880s he lived in Schoolplaats and acted as an interpreter.
During this period some Africans lived on the farms where they were being employed and also chose to live on other, undeveloped land. Schoolplaats could also not accommodate all the migrants and this resulted in squatting.
An overflow from Schoolplaats to the north-west and Maraba’s village occurred and in August 1888 the land was surveyed by the government. The location Marabastad was established and was situated between the Apies River in the north, Skinner Spruit in the west, Steenhoven Spruit in the east and De Korte Street in the south.
There were 67 stands varying between 1400 and 2500 square meters each. Residents were not allowed to own stands, but had to rent them from the government at 4 pounds a year.
They were allowed to build their own houses and to plant crops on empty plots. Water was acquired from the various bordering rivers and 58 wells situated in the area.
The township was not private owned and was managed by the Transvaal Boer Republic. At the outbreak of the Second Boer War in 1899 there were no rules and regulations with regard to Marabastad.
Africans who streamed to Pretoria during the war were living in squatter camps near the artillery barracks, the brickworks and the railway stations at Prinshof.
This resulted in the development of ‘New Marabastad’ in the area between Marabastad and the Asiatic Bazaar in 1900 by the British military authorities. They had been occupying the city since June 1900 and resettled refugees in the area. By 1901 there were 392 occupied stands in the New Marabastad and there was no real segregation between Africans, Asians and Coloured people.
Although New Marabastad was intended as a temporary settlement the military authorities granted permission for in their employ to erect brick houses. This resulted in the erection of other permanent structures like schools and churches.
The new Town Council was established in 1902 and it was accepted that the residents of New Marabastad would be moved to other, planned townships.
In 1903 New Marabastad had grown to 412 stands while Old Marabastad still only had 67. Along with the Cape Location, which was situated in the southern part of the Asiatic Bazaar, it fell under the jurisdiction of the City Council of that year.
The greatest problem was the provision of water and this was only addressed after the war. Due to the fear of epidemic all wells in the area had been filled during the war, and a single public tap had replaced the entire system.
New Marabastad didn’t have any wells or taps. There was an attempt to rectify this in 1903 by providing more taps, but the number was still inadequate.
In 1906 New and Old Marabastad became one location.
Rates were determined and sanitary and building regulations came into effect. These regulations didn’t achieve their objections as a result of municipal maladministration and the fact that Africans could not own land and afford well-built permanent houses.
Streets remained unpaved, the water supply was inadequate and there were no sanitary facilities worth mentioning. More and more shacks appeared. By 1907 conditions improved marginally, but the streets were left in their unkempt state and by 1910 this had still not been addressed.
The Native Affairs Department accused the Pretoria Town Council of inefficient administration, which had led directly to this situation.
Removals[edit]
South Africa portal
The relocation of residents of Old Marabastad had been on the agenda of the town council since 1903 and in 1907, when the council decided to build a new sewage farm, it became a reality.
It was decided to remove all residents of the area to a new location further away from the city centre and to demolish the old township. Now followed the struggle of finding a suitable site.
The site on the southern slope of Daspoortrand was decided on in 1912 and in January planning for the ‘New Location’ started. It would include a number of brick houses that could be rented from the municipality.
By September of the same year the first relocations were taking place and demolishing of old structures commenced. It was a slow process and Old Marabastad was only completely destroyed by 1920.
The lack of space remained a problem and New Marabastad was experiencing severe overcrowding.
By 1923 the last houses of the second municipal project was completed in New Location and Marabastad residents who had been exposed to the worst conditions were allowed to move in first.
In 1934 part of the Schoolplaats population was moved to Marabastad and the squatter problem became more severe.
There was no room for expansion due to a lack of space.
An attempt to solve these problems manifested itself in the establishment of Atteridgeville in 1939. The Marabastad community would be moved here and compensation was offered to previous owners of property in the form of new houses they could rent, but not own.
The war slowed down the process considerably, but 1949 had moved three quarters of the population of Marabastad to Atteridgeville, and by 1950 the transition was complete
Exposition : The color line
Du mardi 04 octobre 2016 au dimanche 15 janvier 2017
Quel rôle a joué l’art dans la quête d’égalité et d’affirmation de l’identité noire dans l’Amérique de la Ségrégation ? L'exposition rend hommage aux artistes et penseurs africains-américains qui ont contribué, durant près d’un siècle et demi de luttes, à estomper cette "ligne de couleur" discriminatoire.
—————
« Le problème du 20e siècle est le problème de la ligne de partage des couleurs ».
Si la fin de la Guerre de Sécession en 1865 a bien sonné l’abolition de l'esclavage, la ligne de démarcation raciale va encore marquer durablement la société américaine, comme le pressent le militant W.E.B. Du Bois en 1903 dans The Soul of Black Folks. L’exposition The Color Line revient sur cette période sombre des États-Unis à travers l’histoire culturelle de ses artistes noirs, premières cibles de ces discriminations.
Des thématiques racistes du vaudeville américain et des spectacles de Minstrels du 19e siècle à l’effervescence culturelle et littéraire de la Harlem Renaissance du début du 20e siècle, des pionniers de l’activisme noir (Frederick Douglass, Booker T. Washington) au réquisitoire de la chanteuse Billie Holiday (Strange Fruit), ce sont près de 150 ans de production artistique – peinture, sculpture, photographie, cinéma, musique, littérature… – qui témoignent de la richesse créative de la contestation noire.
marabastad, pretoria. old polaroids and slide scans, around 1980
Marabastad was a culturally diverse community, with the Hindu Mariamman Temple arguably being its most prominent landmark.
Like the residents of other racially diverse areas in South Africa, such as District Six, "Fietas" and Sophiatown, the inhabitants of Marabastad were relocated to single-race townships further away from the city centre.
These removals were due to Apartheid laws like the Group Areas Act. Unlike Sophiatown, Fietas and District Six, it was not bulldozed, but it retained many of its original buildings, and became primarily a business district, with most shops still owned by the Indians who had also lived there previously.
Some property was however owned by the city council and the government, resulting in limited development taking place there. In addition, a large shopping complex was built to house Indian-owned shops.
The black residents of Marabastad were relocated to Atteridgeville (1945),
the Coloured residents to Eersterus (1963), and the Indian residents to Laudium (1968).
There are plans to revive once-picturesque Marabastad, and to reverse years of urban decay and neglect, although few seem to have been implemented as of 2005.
History[edit]
Marabastad was named after the local headman of a village to the west of Steenhoven Spruit. During the 1880s he lived in Schoolplaats and acted as an interpreter.
During this period some Africans lived on the farms where they were being employed and also chose to live on other, undeveloped land. Schoolplaats could also not accommodate all the migrants and this resulted in squatting.
An overflow from Schoolplaats to the north-west and Maraba’s village occurred and in August 1888 the land was surveyed by the government. The location Marabastad was established and was situated between the Apies River in the north, Skinner Spruit in the west, Steenhoven Spruit in the east and De Korte Street in the south.
There were 67 stands varying between 1400 and 2500 square meters each. Residents were not allowed to own stands, but had to rent them from the government at 4 pounds a year.
They were allowed to build their own houses and to plant crops on empty plots. Water was acquired from the various bordering rivers and 58 wells situated in the area.
The township was not private owned and was managed by the Transvaal Boer Republic. At the outbreak of the Second Boer War in 1899 there were no rules and regulations with regard to Marabastad.
Africans who streamed to Pretoria during the war were living in squatter camps near the artillery barracks, the brickworks and the railway stations at Prinshof.
This resulted in the development of ‘New Marabastad’ in the area between Marabastad and the Asiatic Bazaar in 1900 by the British military authorities. They had been occupying the city since June 1900 and resettled refugees in the area. By 1901 there were 392 occupied stands in the New Marabastad and there was no real segregation between Africans, Asians and Coloured people.
Although New Marabastad was intended as a temporary settlement the military authorities granted permission for in their employ to erect brick houses. This resulted in the erection of other permanent structures like schools and churches.
The new Town Council was established in 1902 and it was accepted that the residents of New Marabastad would be moved to other, planned townships.
In 1903 New Marabastad had grown to 412 stands while Old Marabastad still only had 67. Along with the Cape Location, which was situated in the southern part of the Asiatic Bazaar, it fell under the jurisdiction of the City Council of that year.
The greatest problem was the provision of water and this was only addressed after the war. Due to the fear of epidemic all wells in the area had been filled during the war, and a single public tap had replaced the entire system.
New Marabastad didn’t have any wells or taps. There was an attempt to rectify this in 1903 by providing more taps, but the number was still inadequate.
In 1906 New and Old Marabastad became one location.
Rates were determined and sanitary and building regulations came into effect. These regulations didn’t achieve their objections as a result of municipal maladministration and the fact that Africans could not own land and afford well-built permanent houses.
Streets remained unpaved, the water supply was inadequate and there were no sanitary facilities worth mentioning. More and more shacks appeared. By 1907 conditions improved marginally, but the streets were left in their unkempt state and by 1910 this had still not been addressed.
The Native Affairs Department accused the Pretoria Town Council of inefficient administration, which had led directly to this situation.
Removals[edit]
South Africa portal
The relocation of residents of Old Marabastad had been on the agenda of the town council since 1903 and in 1907, when the council decided to build a new sewage farm, it became a reality.
It was decided to remove all residents of the area to a new location further away from the city centre and to demolish the old township. Now followed the struggle of finding a suitable site.
The site on the southern slope of Daspoortrand was decided on in 1912 and in January planning for the ‘New Location’ started. It would include a number of brick houses that could be rented from the municipality.
By September of the same year the first relocations were taking place and demolishing of old structures commenced. It was a slow process and Old Marabastad was only completely destroyed by 1920.
The lack of space remained a problem and New Marabastad was experiencing severe overcrowding.
By 1923 the last houses of the second municipal project was completed in New Location and Marabastad residents who had been exposed to the worst conditions were allowed to move in first.
In 1934 part of the Schoolplaats population was moved to Marabastad and the squatter problem became more severe.
There was no room for expansion due to a lack of space.
An attempt to solve these problems manifested itself in the establishment of Atteridgeville in 1939. The Marabastad community would be moved here and compensation was offered to previous owners of property in the form of new houses they could rent, but not own.
The war slowed down the process considerably, but 1949 had moved three quarters of the population of Marabastad to Atteridgeville, and by 1950 the transition was complete
Mrs Sarah Lena Echols Malone places a face on the segregated community of Buttermilk Bottom Community of Old Fourth Ward in downtown Atlanta in the 1930's.
Despite harsh conditions imposed by segregation, Buttermilk Bottom was a vibrant community with African American run schools, churches and businesses. It was akin to a village. Homes had no electricity and telephones. The inhabitants used kerosene lamps and communicated by yelling out the windows to their neighbors. They rarely used their household's skeleton keys to lock their doors, they had no pit bull guard dogs or installed any window burglar bars. They had nothing of value to steal. Family,. friends, businesses were in convenient walking distance on the non-traffic unpaved dirt roads. Unfortunally, lamps had to be dimmed the nights when armed "hood"lums in pick up trucks would race through center of the community. Buttermilk Bottom's bulldozing under “urban renewal” during the 1960's damaged community structures throughout Atlanta.
Atlanta's Civic Center on Piedmont Avenue, and it's parking lot were the ground zero land area of Buttermilk Bottom Community's footprint.. It was said that the community received its name because of the downward slope of the land's sewers' not retaining water backups causing a buttermilk smell. Humorists also call another black community, “lightening..” So “white” milk would be a fitting name for the “Bottom.”
The Malone's lived at 267 Pine Place, Apt #3. with their cousins William Huff's family to make ends meet. Most families were members of Church of God in Christ on Buchanan Street, near Currier Street. Elder Henry Ingram's Sunday Church services could be heard all across Buttermilk Bottom. School Street like many others doesn't exist anymore. Forrest Avenue is now Ralph McGill Boulevard. Buchanan Street is gone.
In 1995-6 ReproHistory, of New York, promoted Buttermilk Bottom with displays and exhibitions. entitled Entering Buttermilk Bottom. This was presented in Atlanta on the parking lot site. And with Voices of Renewal in 1997-98 the celebrated continued.
Many notable Georgia African Americans families originated from Buttermilk Bottom.
One of the proud descendants of earlier times was James Hiram Malone.
First black Georgian to win the Scholastic National Art Award (Though barred from local contest.)
Youngest black to Win Atlanta University National Art Contest
First Black US Army Chief Illustrator
First Black Graphic Designer for::
Montgomery Ward
Kmart Intermational Headquarters
Crowleys
Chatham
Atlanta's senior black contemporary artist (Circa 1945)
For more information:
flickr.com/photos/results/3096833942/
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malone.imagekind.com/masterpieces
jhmalone@att.net is my e-mail
Rapid Response Rhetoric ? Nov 17th, 2022, Canada House of Commons Question Period, the Minister of Seniors was asked about her Senior citizens and we sincerely hope to have interpreted the broken English correctly,
Kamel K. - "We have permanently increased OAS for Seniors over the,, etc, etc,, "
Excuse me ? The M P is asking about help for Seniors - that's Seniors with an s - This means all Canadians age 65 and up ? Why does the Minister's rapid rhetoric response answer refer only to those Seniors over the age of 75 and leave out the majority or 57% of Seniors that are aged 65 to 74 who will get absolutely nothing from the benefit she boasts about ? It can be hurtful when those in power insinuates or makes it sound like you are getting something when the truth is you aren't getting anything ? Liberals must stop the pretending and quit making it sound in their speeches as if the 10% raise is universal to all Seniors and admit that to put forth any such ridiculous notion is false and misleading being that the majority of Seniors get absolutely nothing from the new 10 % raise that they continually boast about ? Liberal Politicians have been doing this for over 2 years now as the raise is held back from release ? It can be discouraging to witness so many Senior citizens being misrepresented in comments, speeches and responses implying that the 10% raise in old age pension is an umbrella benefit covering all Seniors. This is an absolutely false presumption to give out ? Some of the comments even give out a false impression that the raise in OAS was already being used and enjoyed by Seniors when in fact it hadn't even been released yet, and still hasn't been released at the time of this writing, and if it is ever released it will only benefit 43% of Seniors ?
Kamel K. - "800 dollars for a full pensioner" -
'a full pensioner' I don't know what country she came from, but we don't have that here ? Does this mean Seniors aged 65 thru 74 are now to be called half pensioners ?
Kamel K. - " we are doubling the GST Credit " -
What ? I wish it were true but this rapid rhetoric response is absolutely false - they have only doubled 2 of the regular 4 payments always given each year for this 1 time only and no more ? This tricky slip-o-the-tongue and sayitfast reference occurs far too often ? They also fail to remember that GST is a universal benefit and not just something for Seniors only ? All Canadians who qualify get this benefit and will receive it so why make it sound like it is specifically designed just for a Seniors benefit only ?
Kamel K. - "provided dental care" -
Where is it ? FYI update May 2024 - It's here. Liberals have launched their new dental care program..
Kamel K. - " provide a 500 dollar rental assist "
Unfortunately, you'd have to be living in a car, (and some Seniors are) to qualify for this 1 time only emergency 500.00 rental crisis benefit ? The allowable max earnings is set so low that the number of qualifiers will be lminimal ? (20 G max net annually ). When doing taxes for my Grandson who happens to work full time at Walmart, we were disappointed when he failed to overcome the almost impossible maximum income allowed guidelines set by the Government ? His minimum wage earnings were classed as too high to meet the salary limitations demanded ? Unfortunately, most needy renters, and minimum wage workers. the handicapped, low and fixed income Seniors are disqualified because they make too much money ? It's difficult to comprehend how a Senior citizen who must live 12 months on a pension, or a working person who must work an entire 12 month year in return for what it recently cost for the PM to rent a room in London for 4 nights can be deemed as making too much money for crisis rental assistance ? Some Apartment rentals for Seniors in Halifax have doubled in the last 4 years ( a 1 bedroom at 750. oo has risen up to 2000. oo ) .
This one time only, band aide solution has set such extremely low allowable yearly earning conditions along with so much red tape that only the fewest of the few could ever possibly qualify providing they can show adequate proof from their employer, landlord etc etc. ? And homeowners with mortgages are left out of this ? And so for a 'rental emergency' plan in a crisis this plan seems to be inadequatel, as well as, miserly, stingy and an insult to anyone desperately needing some help now ? Being that the assistance is only for the very few who qualify, it seems by the thought process that has gone into this and by the benefit they have come up with, that rather than provide real help for desperate renters who are trapped in a housing crisis, that it seems more likely that such a very meek and miserly benefit must have been designed purely to help the Liberal politicians themselves by providing a convenient rapid response answer to use whenever asked what they are doing about the current serious rental crisis in Canada ?
Canada Workers Benefit- And it would be remiss not to mention that my minimum wage full time working Grandson has also been penalized by the same, 'making too much money syndrome', to successfully qualify for CWB (aka Canada Workers Benefit) entitlement because his minimum wage working salary at Walmart is considered to be too much to overcome the strict limitations and restrictions placed on this Benefit ?
FYI Update July 2023 - New changes in CWB brought in this year will now allow my minimum wage Grandson to receive some CWB,, tyvm
Kamel K. - "we continue to deliver for Seniors" -
Seniors ? Did you say Seniors with an 's' ,, as in, 'all' seniors ? Not so much for the over 4 million of the total Canadian senior population aged 65 thru 74 that have been left out, misrepresented, segregated and discriminated against ? And, it can be hurtful when someone in power and Authority claims or makes it seem like you are getting something when you really aren't getting anything ?
And as for the 'deliver' part,, the Government has surely established a guiness record for a 'slow delivery' or the time it takes to 'deliver' after first promising Seniors a 10% raise in OAS to begin in July 2020 and then making them wait a full 2 years of extra time until the end of July 2022 for the first ever delivery some 2 years late ? And the 25% raise in Widows Survivors benefits promised at the same time 3 year ago still hasn't ever been delivered ?
Why are Senior citizens being penalized for noble attributes like many years and years of work and paying taxes, as well as, marital status ?
The Liberals are making cost cutting measures to Seniors benefits by using segregation ? They have excluded and eliminated many needy Seniors from assistance during trying times ? Be it the one Senior only per household GST benefit rule or any Seniors benefit that they tie in with the GST that means the benefit can only go to one Senior per household ? There was also the controversial 10 % raise in Senior's OAS that excluded 4000 Senior citizens, or, the 2021 one time 500.oo emergency Covi payment that also excluded 4000 needy Seniors from the money during a historic pandemic, or, The 3 consecutive Federal Budgets that kept re-using the same 10% raise in OAS over and over again, or, the nine billion dollar Affordability Plan that overlooked 4000 Seniors, and there was also the Nov. 2022 Fall mini budget that forgot all about Senior citizens, and the 1 time only renters assistance that was so hard to qualify for that you'd have to be living in your car for approval, and then there was also the 226.00 grocery benefit that was attached to the GST so that only one Senior in the same household could get it, just to name a few ?
In order to receive the one time Covi 500.oo Seniors assistance benefit given in 2021 the Senior must be over age 75 ? Surely Each and every Senior citizen out there deserves this emergency benefit during the worst ever National health crisis in history ? Why would over 4000 Canadian Seniors aged 65 thru 74 be excluded from this crucial one time health crisis emergency benefit during a pandemic ? And why do they act in the media as if this benefit is given out to all of the Seniors ? How could anyone implement cost cutting measures to save money on the backs of elderly citizens who are currently absorbing 75 % of all Covi deaths ? This is genocide and a shameful National disgrace ?
,
A double penalty ?
It seems that many spouses of Senior citizens who were homemakers and raised children are now excluded from both the CPP, and from their own individual GST rebate check likr everyone else because of current 1 single GST rebate per household rule ? And so, many Seniors currently live well below the minimum livable poverty line ? Why in the world would a Senior citizen be downplayed and penalized for being married, a Mother and a homemaker ?
giving Seniors 225 for groceries ?
April 3, 2023 - Liberals say that to make life more affordable during a food crisis, their budget 2023 delivers a new grocery rebate offering food inflation relief for 11 million low or modest income Canadians and families who need it most.
They have announced that their one time only grocery rebate will give up to $467 to eligible couples with children; and $234 for a single Canadians without children; and (the lowest amount being offered) ,, $225 for Seniors,
.But don't Grannies need groceries too ?
The Liberal announcement of an urgent grocery rebate to be given as help in a food crisis makes it appear as though the amount of $225 is given to Seniors ? In fact this benefit will be handled similar to the way the GST is administered and therefore like the GST, it can only be given to 1 of the 2 partnered seniors living under the same roof ? This means that the so called 225 Seniors grocery rebate payment can only be issued to 1 of the 2 Seniors (similar to the GST), or the 2 individual Seniors could split the check between them at 112.50 each ? This cuts the real and true Seniors grocery benefit down to 1/2 of the amount they like to make it sound in their ads that the Seniors are getting ? And this makes these Seniors by far the least rewarded of any person receiving this desperately needed Government assistance ?
.
news clippings,,
Global News · 2019-09-18 Initial promise of a new 10% increase in Seniors OAS starting in 2020 but only to those 75 and up ?
www.bing.com/videos/search?q=liberals++promise+to+raise+s...
Trudeau in Kitchener Monday, Sept. 16, 2019 : New 10 % OAS raise to seniors will begin in July 2020,
www.cbc.ca/news/politics/liberals-trudeau-seniors-electio...
2019-09-18 Trudeau promises Seniors that he will boost the CPP survivor's benefit by 25%
www.bing.com/videos/search?q=liberals+promise+to+raise+se...
August 10, 2020 - Trudeau seeks advice from Mark Carney on economic recovery plan,,
www.ctvnews.ca/politics/article/trudeau-seeks-advice-from...
COVID-19 update: Call for inquiry ? Canada closing in on 50,000 known cases. Nursing homes account for 79% of deaths to date ? Calling for an inquiry into long care nursing-home similar to the Government's 100 million dollar MMA inquiry which ended up ruled as genocide ?
nationalpost.com/news/canada/covid-19-trudeau-says-in-man...
Ontario’ genocide ? Losses in the COVID-19 deaths is more than 5,000 Ontario nursing-home residents,
calgaryherald.com/news/covid-deaths-lawsuit-against-ontar...
August 10, 2020 - Trudeau seeks advice from Mark Carney on economic recovery plan,,
www.ctvnews.ca/politics/article/trudeau-seeks-advice-from...
In 2020, the consolidated Canadian general government (CGG), posted a historic deficit in the order of $325.5 billion.
www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/211122/dq211122a-...
Since coming to office in 2015, the Trudeau Liberals have increased federal spending from $281 billion to $497 billion. The national population has increased 21%.
www.msn.com/en-ca/news/other/gunter-liberal-achievements-...
Canada’s auditor general says a “minimum” of $27.4 billion in suspicious COVID-19 benefit payments needs investigated ? CRA announced they will not investigate $30 billion in suspicious CERB payments because “it wouldn’t be worth the effort"
nationalpost.com/news/politics/auditor-general-27-billion...
Seniors must endure an additional long and frustrating 2 year waiting period after the Liberals hold back a promised 10 % raise for 2 years while using it over and over in a variety of different non-related Government financial matters ?
www.flickr.com/photos/74039487@N02/52226068212/in/album-7...
Elderly Canadians in trouble - Seniors find themselves placed on the bottom of the Trudeau totem pole ?
www.flickr.com/photos/74039487@N02/50876147926/in/photost...
The doubling of the cost of renting combined with high prices on everything else push low and middle class Seniors into poverty :
www.msn.com/en-ca/money/topstories/single-seniors-being-p...
www.thestar.com/business/2022/06/16/seniors-renters-and-l...
2022 Federal budget ? The, still held back, 10 % raise to Seniors old age pension that was given to Seniors in last years budget 2021 is resurrected and re-given again in yet another Federal budget ? www.ctvnews.ca/politics/what-the-2022-federal-budget-has-...
Jun, 2022 - manipulating the Seniors share in an announcement ? Deputy prime minister and minister of finance Chrystia Freeland disguises , hides and misrepresents 57 % of Seniors when announcing an $8.9 billion plan to help Canadians deal with record-breaking inflation.
www.flickr.com/photos/74039487@N02/52229440155/in/album-7...
July 18 2022 - How can a benefit described as 'new' in an election promise some 3 years ago in 2019, and then described again as a 'new' help for Seniors in the pandemic 2020, and then described as 'new' again as a benefit for Seniors in the federal budget 2021, and then described and used once again as a 'new' benefit for Seniors in federal budget 2022, and then in 2022 also described once again as a 'new' benefit for Seniors in an Affordability Plan and also in as new in the Liberal Fall mini budget, ever be described and referred to as something 'new' by this Liberal Minister of Seniors ? Kamal Khera on July 18 2022 announcing, "Today we are announcing new support for those Seniors aged 75 and up" ?? What's ??? it's Like a stuck record playing over and over again ? www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=35310363329969&set=a.237...
March 31, 2023 - Renters desperately need urgent help now ? Rent for a 1 bedroom in Halifax goes from pre-Covi 750.oo in 2019, up to 2150.oo in 2024 ? Liberals offer help but place extreme restrictions and severe limitations that are almost impossible to overcome on their Canada $500 Rent Assistance benefit and make it a strictly 1 time only benefit ?
www.canada.ca/en/services/taxes/child-and-family-benefits...
Years of unimaginable abuse to Senior Citizens in Long Care Nursing Homes - Manitoba to disband office created to protect Seniors in long term care following a scathing report ? quote "What the report revealed, specifically as it relates to abuse of elderly, is sickening and repulsive," Relatives call for inquiry similar to MMA inquiry into decades of systemic abuse and the genocide of totally vulnerable and helpless Senior citizens ?
www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/manitoba-auditor-general-...
Bill C-319 is an Act to amend the Old Age Security Act (amount of full pension)
www.parl.ca/legisinfo/en/bill/44-1/c-319
July 26,2023 - Seamus O’Regan Jr. appointed new Minister of Seniors ? Kamal Kould Khera less is out and Seamus is in ? Both of these Minister of Seniors voted NO to C-319 that would have provided justice, fair play and equality to Seniors aged 65 thru 74 ?
vocm.com/2023/07/26/oregan-hutchings-gain-new-cabinet-dut...
Oct 18 2023 - Bill C-319 - Minister of Finance, the PM and both Ministers of Seniors vote No to allowing Seniors aged 65 thru 74 the right to receive the same 10% raise in OAS as other Seniors currently enjoy ? But the Bill passes first reading anyway without them ?
www.ourcommons.ca/Members/en/votes/44/1/422
Oct 22 2023 House of Commons - Many Seniors are also veterans . Questions to the Standing Committee on Veterans Affairs - Why is this Liberal Government banning Christian prayers such as the Lords Prayer on Remembrance Day ? In many cases these were the last words ever spoken to a dying soldier on the battlefield .
www.youtube.com/watch?v=0B1fXX5gQMk
Jul 29, 2024 - a CBC news article could create friction between Canadian Seniors and the younger generations ? www.cbc.ca/radio/costofliving/seniors-discounts-1.7275056
Why are Halifax Councillors taking advantage of the poor the sick and the vulnerable elderly Senior citizens by tricking them into paying for free loaders to ride the HRM transit system for free ?
www.flickr.com/photos/74039487@N02/48602924896/in/album-7...
Many Senior citizens enjoy the occasional recreational tobacco, however a small indulgence is now unaffordable for many Seniors due to punishing Government over taxation,
www.flickr.com/photos/74039487@N02/53088887466/in/datepos...
www.flickr.com/photos/74039487@N02/9344935900
CBC Apr 21 2024 - Are they blaming Seniors now for the housing crisis ? Treasury Board President Anita Anand implies budgets have been overly generous to Seniors and this may have cost the younger generation ?
www.flickr.com/photos/74039487@N02/53679216053/in/album-7...
CRA taxation year 2023 - While many Senior citizens struggle with the increasing cost of living, Liberals raise personal income taxes of low and mid-income Seniors ?
www.flickr.com/photos/74039487@N02/53679216053/in/album-7...
Some struggling seniors soon to shiver ? The Nova Scotia Tim Houston Government must be unaware of the record cost of living struggle and the rental crisis in Nova Scotia and they've decided to cut benefits and lower this years home heating rebate downwards to almost half of what it was last year ? The rebate is reduced to 600 dollars for winter 2024-25 ?
ca.news.yahoo.com/province-considered-multiple-options-he...
As Seniors old age pensions are being downsized the Canada Child Benefit has been up sized by 4.7% ?
www.ctvnews.ca/canada/canadian-families-will-receive-more...
In a groundbreaking move, CBC introduces gambling in the Olympic games for the first time ever ?
2024 Paris Olympics - It appears that CBC has partnered with one particular online Casino company and BetRivers in running sports betting ads during its telecasting of Olympic events ? Is the inclusion of a Casino and Sports betting parlor running gambling ads during thr Olympic events appropriate to the principles and high moral standards exemplified by the Olympic Games ?
frontofficesports.com/ins-and-outs-of-betting-on-paris-ol...
Dec 07, 2024 , Department in charge of Old Age Security auditor doesn't know if the current payments are enough,
www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/canada-old-age-se...
Jan 06, 2025 - Trudeau resigns as prime minister,, Prorogues Parliament until March 24 2025,,
www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-news-conferen
Apr 29, 2025, - How Health Minister Kamal Khera lost in Liberal stronghold of Brampton West,, economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/canada/ho...
thepointer.com/article/2025-04-29/liberal-stronghold-in-b...
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Reflections in Black and White exhibit - Cape Fear Museum - January 30, 2017 - New Hanover County, NC
Reflections in Black and White, features a selection of informal black and white photographs taken by black and white Wilmingtonians after World War II before the Civil Rights movement helped end legalized segregation. Visitors will have a chance to compare black and white experiences and reflect on what people’s lives were like in the region during the latter part of the Jim Crow era.
Examine mid-century cameras and photographic equipment and experience the “thrill” of opening a replica camera store photo envelope, a rare experience in today’s digital world. Flip through some recreated pages from Claude Howell’s scrapbooks, and take your own photograph in a 1950s setting.
Reflections in Black and White features selections from four large photographic collections:
•African American photographer Herbert Howard was a postal worker, a member of the NAACP, and a semi-professional photographer. Cape Fear Museum has a collection of more than 1,000 images he took documenting Wilmington’s black community.
•Artist Claude Howell left an extensive collection of scrapbooks to the Museum. The albums include hundreds of pages with photographs of Howell’s friends, local scenery, and people.
•Student nurse Elizabeth Ashworth attended the James Walker Memorial Hospital School of Nursing right after World War II. Her photographs provide a glimpse of a group of young white women’s lives in the late 1940s.
•In 2012, the Museum acquired a collection of photos that were taken in the late 1950s and early 1960s, and left at the Camera Shop, a downtown business that was a fixture from the late 1910s through the early 1980s.
Historian Jan Davidson explained why the concept behind the exhibit: “The different historical images speak to each other in some fascinating ways. Most of us can see our own lives reflected in the images, We all eat, hang out with friends, and many of us have taken silly pictures of ourselves or our loved ones. These images show our common humanity, and allow us to relate to people in the past as we might relate to a friend.”
Cape Fear Museum hopes the exhibit will spark reflection and conversation about the history of race relations. Davidson states, “When you look at these images as a group, they give us a chance to reflect on how legally-sanctioned racial segregation helped shape people’s daily lives. We want today’s visitors to have a chance to imagine what it felt like to live in a world where Jim Crow laws and attitudes deeply affected the textures of daily life.”
See more at: www.capefearmuseum.com/
Photo by Brett Cottrell, New Hanover County
From an album (AL-66) donated to the museum by Jean Jermy which contains images from his time in the US Navy, circa 1918-20.
Repository: San Diego Air and Space Museum Archive
32 toilets, extension / encroachment high mast pole lights
scrap yard segregation tri-cycle carrier
rubbish
The LA Plaza de Cultura y Artes, Los Angeles’ first Mexican-American cultural center, opened its doors to the public during its grand opening in downtown Saturday, April 16. The Smithsonian Affiliate is a 2.2-acre facility is dedicated to celebrating the influence of Mexican and Mexican-American culture on Southern California. Although many people enjoyed the free live music, art workshops, and tours, members of Gabrieleno Band of Mission Indians protested across the street with chants like “The people who there are grave robbers,” and “Shame on you Los Angeles.” People who attended were able to tour the center’s interactive exhibit “LA Starts Here!” that showcases artifacts, films, and mosaics from 1781 to today. (Photo credit: Jeffrey Ledesma/ Neon Tommy)
Mendez family championed end of educational segregation in California
LOS ANGELES — With the theme “many backgrounds, many stories,” the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Los Angeles District closed out Hispanic Heritage Month Oct. 13 at the District headquarters by hearing a first-hand account of a historic journey.
Sylvia Mendez was just 8 years old in 1943 when she and her brothers were denied enrollment in the Westminster School District in Orange County. At the time, roughly 80 percent of California school districts were segregated.
Sylvia’s father, Gonzalo, tried reasoning with the principal, the school board and finally the school district, to no-avail. He and other parents organized protests demanding an end to the segregation, ultimately filing the lawsuit.
They won their case in 1946, but the school district appealed. On April 14, 1947 the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the decision and California Governor Earl Warren signed a law repealing the state’s remaining school segregation statutes on June 14, 1947.
“Mendez v. Westminster School District was the precedent for Brown v. Board of Education,” said Mendez. “Seven years before the rest of the nation, California was integrated.”
The Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954 does not mention the Mendez case, but it is no coincidence that two of the key players in both cases were Warren, by then Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, and Thurgood Marshall, the chief counsel for the NAACP in both cases.
“As she became very sick, my mother would say, ‘nobody knows about this case and that California was the first state to be integrated, seven years before the rest of the nation’ and that’s when I promised my mother I would go around the country and talk about Mendez v. Westminster,” said Mendez.
Her mother, Felicitas, died in 1998 and Mendez has kept her promise, championing the family’s story.
Mendez’s passion has been recognized in California and around the country. Two public schools are currently named after her parents. In 2007, a U.S. Postage stamp marked the 60th anniversary of the case and on Feb. 15, 2011, President Barack Obama presented Mendez with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. With it, she once again joins Warren and Marshall.
“I talk to our folks a lot about passion in what they are doing; I see the passion in your eyes in what you are doing,” said District Commander Col. Mark Toy. “If we could all do that, it would be amazing.”
(USACE photo by Richard Rivera)
Mendez family championed end of educational segregation in California
LOS ANGELES — With the theme “many backgrounds, many stories,” the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Los Angeles District closed out Hispanic Heritage Month Oct. 13 at the District headquarters by hearing a first-hand account of a historic journey.
Sylvia Mendez was just 8 years old in 1943 when she and her brothers were denied enrollment in the Westminster School District in Orange County. At the time, roughly 80 percent of California school districts were segregated.
Sylvia’s father, Gonzalo, tried reasoning with the principal, the school board and finally the school district, to no-avail. He and other parents organized protests demanding an end to the segregation, ultimately filing the lawsuit.
They won their case in 1946, but the school district appealed. On April 14, 1947 the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the decision and California Governor Earl Warren signed a law repealing the state’s remaining school segregation statutes on June 14, 1947.
“Mendez v. Westminster School District was the precedent for Brown v. Board of Education,” said Mendez. “Seven years before the rest of the nation, California was integrated.”
The Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954 does not mention the Mendez case, but it is no coincidence that two of the key players in both cases were Warren, by then Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, and Thurgood Marshall, the chief counsel for the NAACP in both cases.
“As she became very sick, my mother would say, ‘nobody knows about this case and that California was the first state to be integrated, seven years before the rest of the nation’ and that’s when I promised my mother I would go around the country and talk about Mendez v. Westminster,” said Mendez.
Her mother, Felicitas, died in 1998 and Mendez has kept her promise, championing the family’s story.
Mendez’s passion has been recognized in California and around the country. Two public schools are currently named after her parents. In 2007, a U.S. Postage stamp marked the 60th anniversary of the case and on Feb. 15, 2011, President Barack Obama presented Mendez with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. With it, she once again joins Warren and Marshall.
“I talk to our folks a lot about passion in what they are doing; I see the passion in your eyes in what you are doing,” said District Commander Col. Mark Toy. “If we could all do that, it would be amazing.”
(USACE photo by Richard Rivera)
Picketers from area colleges demonstrate at the home of Senator J. Lister Hill (D-Al.) May 7 1963 as part of a nationwide campaign of support for the desegregation campaign underway in Birmingham, Al.
About 80 pickets were involved. Signs in the photo read, “SNCC - Let democracy reign in Alabama,” and “SNCC – We insist of freedom today.”
The demonstrators were organized by the local Non-Violent Action Group, the same group that had led the desegregation of prominent public facilities in Maryland and Virginia in 1960.
The Birmingham campaign to end Jim Crow in the downtown part of the city had been ongoing for months. The jails had been filled. Martin Luther King Jr. had written his “Letter from Birmingham Jail” rejecting white moderates plea to end the campaign.
As the jails filled, civil rights leader James Bevel controversially used children in the quest.
Birmingham police chief Bull Connor had used fire hoses to disperse protesters once the jails were full.
The pressure on the city was relentless.
On May 7th, it took city authorities four hours to serve breakfast to the hundreds of protesters jailed.
Later that day, fire hoses were used again on demonstrators with Connor saying he, “wished he [Fred Shuttlesworth, one of the leaders who was hit with the spray] was carried away in a hearse.”
Another 1,000 people were arrested, bringing the total to over 2,500.
In the midst of the Cold War, the Soviet Union televised and sent photos around the world of the repression, particularly to African countries where it was vying for influence with the U.S.
At the request of civil rights leaders, protests were scheduled in more than 100 cities in support of the Birmingham campaign on May 7-8—including the one in Washington, D.C. where both of Alabama’s senators’ homes were picketed—Hill’s at 3715 49th Street NW and John Sparkman’s at 4928 Indian Lane NW.
Alabama Gov. George Wallace sent state troopers to assist Connor while Attorney General Robert Kennedy prepared to activate the National Guard and troops from nearby Fort Benning.
Over 3,000 demonstrators flooded downtown, crippling the area so that no business could be conducted.
On May 8th, city businesses expressed a desire to meet most of the campaign’s demands, but political leaders still held out for continued segregation.
On May 10th, Fred Shuttlesworth and Martin Luther King Jr. told reporters that they had an agreement from the City of Birmingham to desegregate lunch counters, restrooms, drinking fountains and fitting rooms within 90 days, and to hire blacks in stores as salesmen and clerks.
National labor unions put up bond for those in jail who were not released on personal recognizance.
On the night of May 11th, a bomb heavily damaged the Gaston Motel where King had been staying—and had left only hours before—and another damaged the house of A. D. King, Martin Luther King Jr.'s brother.
Non-violence went out the window like the bomb blasts and the African American community erupted—numerous buildings were burned. Several people, including a police officer, were stabbed.
The courts ruled that outgoing mayor Art Haynes must vacate May 21st and with him departed Connor who remarked tearfully, “This is the worst day of my life.”
Jim Crow signs in the city came down in June 1963.
The event lifted King’s status after the failure a similar campaign called the Albany movement the year before.
King went on to lead the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in August and his status as undisputed leader of the civil rights movement was cemented once again.
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The photographer is unknown. The image is a UPI telephoto.
Wasting the City! A box for a box
There it goes! The Frappant Building in Hamburg Altona is teared down to build a new City Ikea. Wide range and long lasting protest didn't help. People are not only scared that the new massive Ikea-Store in the residential area of Hamburg-Altona will bring way more traffic into the area, but also that Ikea is part of the gentrification that starts with higher rents and ends with residential segregation. At the end of the day..a box will be replaced by an even bigger box.
City officials and experts examined solid waste management best practices at ADBI in Tokyo and during field visits of waste management sites in Yokohama on 9 -11 December 2019. Read more about the event: bit.ly/2EqVdCf
Two participants hold signs expressing their views during an anti-school busing rally at the Washington Monument that drew about 4,000 people April 24, 1976.
The demonstration drew primarily from Boston, Ma. and from Louisville, Ky., but also had contingents from Detroit and locally from Prince George’s County. The Ku Klux Klan, the American Nazi Party and supporters of veteran white supremacist presidential candidate George Wallace were also represented.
Confederate battle flags and the U.S. flag turned upside-down were common as the crowd marched from the Monument to the U.S. Capitol to call on Congress to outlaw school busing to achieve integration.
Twenty years after the U.S. Supreme Court handed down its Brown vs. Board of Education decision outlawing school segregation, many school districts looked no different with white students going to predominantly white schools and black students going to predominantly black schools.
In response to suits filed mostly by the NAACP, courts around the country began ordering students bussed to achieve integration as a last resort.
Locally a court ordered Prince George’s County to implement a busing plan January 29, 1973. The students were bused without any major issues, except the 15,000 parents who rallied against the plan. About 5% of the children boycotted the first day of classes.
Test scores initially rose after implementation of busing, but began to fall again in subsequent years—at least partially due to white flight.
A leader of the anti-busing forces, Sue Mills, made a career on the county council out of the busing protest. However when Mills began her career, the county was 80% white. When she ended her run at political office in 1994 the county was majority African American.
Anti-busing protesters usually denied they were white supemacists, but the leaders and the vast majority of protesters were white. Busing was not popular among African Americans either, but the feelings were not as strong.
Schools are administered by local counties or cities in most of the country and many schools re-segregated as white parents fled school districts that had substantial numbers of African Americans to districts where whites were the overwhelming majority.
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The photographer is unknown. The image is an Associated Press wire photo obtained via an Internet sale.
Mendez family championed end of educational segregation in California
LOS ANGELES — With the theme “many backgrounds, many stories,” the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Los Angeles District closed out Hispanic Heritage Month Oct. 13 at the District headquarters by hearing a first-hand account of a historic journey.
Sylvia Mendez was just 8 years old in 1943 when she and her brothers were denied enrollment in the Westminster School District in Orange County. At the time, roughly 80 percent of California school districts were segregated.
Sylvia’s father, Gonzalo, tried reasoning with the principal, the school board and finally the school district, to no-avail. He and other parents organized protests demanding an end to the segregation, ultimately filing the lawsuit.
They won their case in 1946, but the school district appealed. On April 14, 1947 the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the decision and California Governor Earl Warren signed a law repealing the state’s remaining school segregation statutes on June 14, 1947.
“Mendez v. Westminster School District was the precedent for Brown v. Board of Education,” said Mendez. “Seven years before the rest of the nation, California was integrated.”
The Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954 does not mention the Mendez case, but it is no coincidence that two of the key players in both cases were Warren, by then Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, and Thurgood Marshall, the chief counsel for the NAACP in both cases.
“As she became very sick, my mother would say, ‘nobody knows about this case and that California was the first state to be integrated, seven years before the rest of the nation’ and that’s when I promised my mother I would go around the country and talk about Mendez v. Westminster,” said Mendez.
Her mother, Felicitas, died in 1998 and Mendez has kept her promise, championing the family’s story.
Mendez’s passion has been recognized in California and around the country. Two public schools are currently named after her parents. In 2007, a U.S. Postage stamp marked the 60th anniversary of the case and on Feb. 15, 2011, President Barack Obama presented Mendez with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. With it, she once again joins Warren and Marshall.
“I talk to our folks a lot about passion in what they are doing; I see the passion in your eyes in what you are doing,” said District Commander Col. Mark Toy. “If we could all do that, it would be amazing.”
(USACE photo by Richard Rivera)
A cypress at Jones Lake State Park in Bladen County, North Carolina. The park was founded in 1939 as a recreational park for African-Americans during the segregation era in North Carolina. The park was desegregated in the 1960s. It is on North Carolina Highway 242 just outside of Elizabethtown in Bladen County.
In the foreground a police officer has one man in custody who was passing out handbills June 29, 1949 supporting integration of the Anacostia swimming pool.
A plainclothes officer has the other young progressive in custody in the background.
Members of the local Progressive Party youth group led the attempt to integrate the facility.
The confrontation took place when 10 white and 10 black members and supporters of the Young Progressives entered the pool reserved for whites only.
Later, about 70 African Americans arrived and entered the pool area while about 100 waiting white opponents began a scuffle. Scattered fighting broke out both inside and outside the facility between the groups.
A white woman was chased by about 50 white youths who believed she was a “Wallacite” One in the crowd yelled, “Go back to Russia, you dirty red.” Henry Wallace ran for president of the U.S. in 1948 on the Progressive Party ticket.
An African American boy was corned by a white mob and sustained cuts when he attempted to climb over a barbed wire fence. Fighting continued between the two groups outside the pool area while the numbers of participants grew to about 1,000.
Two white students distributing Young Progressive handbills in favor of integration were arrested along with two African Americans who were alleged to be fighting with whites. One white youth was arrested for fighting with one of the white Young Progressives distributing handbills.
Several others among the Progressives were injured, including one African American hit in the head with a stone and a white woman trampled by a police horse.
The pool was temporarily closed as result of the clashes. The Interior Department had been scheduled to transfer the six pools to the District’s recreation department, but held off because DC insisted on segregating pools by race.
DC finally integrated its parks and pools in 1954 in the wake of the Bolling v. Sharpe school decision. The Supreme Court outlawed segregation in public parks nationwide in 1958.
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Photo by Baker. The image is courtesy of the D.C. Public Library Washington Star Collection © Washington Post.