A Washington, D.C. NAACP branch flyer advertising its annual meeting December 15, 1957 where the president of the organization gives an annual report and elections of officers are held.

The meeting was to be held at the Turner Memorial Church and 6th and Eye Streets NW. Eugene Davidson was elected as president of the branch to his sixth term.

Davidson was a long time civil rights advocate in the city who once headed the New Negro Alliance that organized boycotts of merchants that wouldn’t hire front line black employees while doing business in the black community.

The Afro American newspaper gave an account of the meeting and quotes Davidson’s report on the state or racial progress in the city in its December 28, 1957 edition that is reprinted verbatim:

“The darkening picture of the Nation’s Capital suggests that President Eisenhower insist that support of segregation be abandoned.”

That is what Eugene Davidson, president of the Washington NAACP, said during the monthly meeting at Turner Memorial AME Church Sunday, the 166th anniversary of the American Bill of Rights.

Elected to office for his sixth term, Mr. Davidson, in his “State of the Nation’s Capital” address reviewed the ups and downs of desegregation in Washington during 1957.

“Great progress has been made,” he said, “in the elimination of discrimination and segregation of public schools, public recreation and places of amusement.”

However, he reported, there were downs.

HOUSING: “The picture is not too bright, due to lack of planning for a democratic community. Because of economic pressures and prejudice, colored people live in large numbers in areas of the District where programs of slum clearance are underway.”

EMPLOYMENT: “Four out of twelve major airlines began employing colored employees in reservation and sales service during the year. But no colored are employed in large banking institutions; some colored are finding sales opportunities in neighborhood stores, but none regularly in any of the “Big Five” department stores.

“Discrimination in employment and upgrading in both the Federal and District governments are rife. All public utilities in the District have colored on their payrolls, but the number of colored employed are far out of proportion and opportunities within these companies are still too limited.

“Capital Transit company started the employment of colored as bus and streetcar operators. But the D.C. Transit Company has moved at a snail’s pace, having 23 colored operators out of some 500 operators.

EDUCATION: “Progress has been made in some instances and lack of progress in others. A large number of students have attended racially integrated schools, but there were reports of pupil achievement or behavior conditions which were erroneously interpreted as evidences of fundamental differences.

“Armstrong High school is still all-colored and is so woefully inadequate that for years the school board has been faced with strong recommendations for its complete abandonment. D.C. Teachers College is 75 per cent colored and the archaic buildings are nearly two miles apart. Congress refused to pass legislation which would have permitted the college to award a master’s degree. Moreover, employment and upgrading of administrators are tightly held at a minimum for colored.

HEALTH: “much progress has been made in the elimination of segregation in the field of health. Episcopal, Garfield and Emergency Hospitals have no colored on their staffs, but since these hospitals are consolidating under the new Health Center it is expected that this new health institution will fall in line with non-discriminatory policy.

“While colored physicians are accepted at predominately all hospitals in the District, segregation of patients and discriminatory assignment of colored physicians are still prevalent. In most of the Federally controlled hospitals complete integration exists.

NEWSPAPERS: “The molding of public opinion in accordance with our basic tenets is the field of editorial opinion , but also in thee slant of its news articles. Among the daily newspapers only the Washington News remains to stir up hate and increase race tensions with its subtle innuendos (racial tags).”

SPORTS: “During the year the Washington Senators laced on its team its first colored American player. This sign of progress in the elimination of discrimination in hiring in sports was counter balanced by the forces of reaction as picket lines formed in front of Griffith Stadium to protest the continuing failure of George Marshall’s Redskins to employ outstanding players solely because of their race.”

YMCA: “the world diplomats coming to the Nation’s Capital have seen the continuing policy of discrimination in the Central Branch of the Young Men’s Christian Association. Because the YMCA is typed as a religious and character building organization, this is a particularly deplorable symbol of reaction in the Capital of Democracy.

METROPOLITAN POLICE BOYS CLUB: “Although a District Court decision that the club is a private organization will be reversed by a higher court, the decision has left the Board of Commissioners in a more untenable position. They have no moral right, if Democracy is to move forward, to give the slightest support, aid or nod of approval to any organization, public, quasi-public or private which makes race the basis and tenet of its operations.

POLICE DEPARTMENT; “In the District we view with alarm not only evidence of violations, but open lobbyi8ng by high police officials that laws be passed for their convenience and for the negation of the principle of speedy arraignment.

“We note with amazement and perturbation that arrogant threats of resignation have been made by an able high officer, if the process of justice is not tailored to the convenience of police work. This is dangerous to the constitutional rights of all.

POLICDE DEPARTMENT HEARINGS: “The victory won in the hearings was largely due to the testimony of police officials, including Chief Robert V. Murray, who said he is not interested in segregation and that he doesn’t care whether the system (assignments) is segregated or not. The Chief admitted that he had done nothing to implement the Commissioners’ order against discrimination.

DISTRICT COMMISSIONERS: “President Eisenhower extended his eliminate-discrimination mandate to his personally selected Board of commissioners.

“The situation suggests that the President evaluate how his mandate has been carried out; that inquiry be made forthwith into whether his pledge and his policy have been implemented; that he hear from the Commissioners themselves their defense of our charges of retrogression in the District; that he insist that support of segregation be abandoned; and that the Commissioners take positive and immediate action to reverse in 1958 a dangerous trend away from democracy.

THE FUTURE: “We (the NAACP) will continue to resist the forces of reaction and speak loudly and strongly for democracy. We shall not be deterred by threats, subversion nor by crocodile tears.”

________________________________

For a PDF of this 8 ½ x 11, one-sided flyer, see washingtonspark.files.wordpress.com/2019/12/1957-dc-naacp...

For more information and related images, see flic.kr/s/aHsmJWczcL

The image is courtesy of the Anacostia Community Museum, Smithsonian Museum Tomlinson D. Todd, Henry P. Whitehead collection.

The Rev. Pauli Murray (2nd from left) becomes the Episcopal church’s first black woman priest during ordination at the Washington Cathedral January 8, 1977.

Shown from left to right are Rev. Carol Crumley, Murray, Bishop William Creighton (partially obscured by candelabra), Rev. Elizabeth P. Wiesner, Rev. John Leslie Rabb and Rev. Rayford W. Ellis.

Murray later remarked to a reporter, “This society is not hospitable to persons of color, women and left-handed people, I’m just trying to meet the competition.”

Born in Baltimore, Maryland, Murray was raised in Durham, NC where she “passed” as white until graduation from high school.

In 1938 she was rejected for admission to the University of North Carolina and sought legal representation from the NAACP and other organizations. Her case was rejected, in part, because she wore pants rather than the customary skirts and was open about her relationships with women.

In 1940 she and another woman moved out of broken black-only seats on a bus in Virginia into whites-only seating. They refused to move and were arrested and aided in their defense by the Workers Defense Committee, a U.S. Socialist Party group formed to counter the Communist Party’s International Labor Defense.

Murray was soon hired by the Workers Defense Committee and worked to commute the death sentence of Virginia sharecropper Odell Waller who had shot his white landlord during an argument. Her work was unsuccessful, but prompted her to seek at law degree at Howard University.

She was the only woman in her class and dubbed her treatment at Howard, “Jane Crow” after she was told by a professor that he did not know why women went to law school.

She joined the Congress of Racial Equality and participated in early sit-ins 1943-44 in Washington, D.C. seeking to desegregate restaurants in the city.

Murray was elected Chief Justice of the Howard Court of Peers, the highest student position and she graduated first in her class in 1944. However, Murray was rejected for graduate work at Harvard because the school did not accept women.

She ultimately did her post-graduate work at Boalt Hall School of Law at University of California, Berkeley and passed the California bar exam in 1945.

Murray was one of the early advocates for abandoning arguing for equality under the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson “separate but equal” doctrine and instead challenge segregation as illegal under the Constitution. This approach ultimately led to the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court school desegregation decisions.

Murray worked most of her career as a lawyer and law professor until turning toward the clergy.

She was an early critic of the sexism within the civil rights movement and an advocate for women. Open with about her sexuality during a time in which the vast majority of gay and lesbian people were in the closet, she described her sexuality as “inverted sex instinct” that caused her to behave as a man attracted to women.

Despite the prejudice and discrimination against her as a black, female lesbian, she excelled in her endeavors until her death in 1985.

For more information and related images, see flic.kr/s/aHskMSqaue

Photo by Ray Lustig. The image is courtesy of the D.C. Public Library Washington Star Collection © Washington Post.

The city of Gary plans to raze the long-abandoned St. John's Hospital, which was built in 1929 during an era of segregation to serve the city's black community at a time when they were not welcome at "white hospitals." The decrepit hospital building at 22nd Avenue and Massachusetts Street in Midtown had been vacant since it closed in 1950, and was repeatedly named one of Indiana's most endangered buildings by Indiana Landmarks in recent years.

www.washingtonpost.com/history/2019/10/18/son-former-slav...

www.nwitimes.com/business/local/historic-st-john-hospital...

www.insideindianabusiness.com/story/41079270/historic-hos...

sites.google.com/site/stjohnshospitaldpg/

blackchristiannews.com/2019/09/gary-indiana-to-demolish-h...

Rapid strata formation in soft sand (field evidence).

Photo of strata formation in soft sand on a beach, created by tidal action of the sea.

Formed in a single, high tidal event.

This natural example of rapid, simultaneous stratification refutes the Superposition Principle and the Principle of Lateral Continuity.

Superposition only applies on a rare occasion of sedimentary deposits in perfectly, still water. Superposition is required for the long evolutionary timescale, but the evidence shows it is not the general rule, as was once believed. Most sediment is laid down in moving water, where particle segregation is the rule, resulting in the simultaneous deposition of strata/layers as shown in the photo.

Where the water movement is very turbulent, violent, or catastrophic, great depths of stratified sediment can be laid down in a short time. Certainly not the many millions of years assumed by evolutionists.

The composition of strata formed in any deposition event. is related to whatever materials are in the sediment mix. Whatever is in the mix will be automatically sorted into strata/layers. It could be sand, or material added from mud slides, erosion of chalk deposits, volcanic ash etc. Any organic material (potential fossils) will also be sorted and buried within the rapidly, formed strata.

See many other examples of rapid stratification with geological features: www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/sets/72157635944904973/

Stratified, soft sand deposit. demonstrates the rapid, stratification principle.

Important, field evidence which supports the work of the eminent, sedimentologist Dr Guy Berthault MIAS - Member of the International Association of Sedimentologists.

(Dr Berthault's experiments (www.sedimentology.fr/)

And also the experimental work of Dr M.E. Clark (Professor Emeritus, U of Illinois @ Urbana), Andrew Rodenbeck and Dr. Henry Voss, (www.ianjuby.org/sedimentation/)

Location: Sandown beach, Isle of Wight. Formed 16/01/2018, This field evidence demonstrates that multiple strata in sedimentary deposits do not need millions of years to form and can be formed rapidly. This natural example confirms the principle demonstrated by the sedimentation experiments carried out by Dr Guy Berthault and other sedimentologists. It calls into question the standard, multi-million year dating of sedimentary rocks, and the dating of fossils by depth of burial or position in the strata.

Mulltiple strata/layers and several, geological features are evident in this example.

Dr Berthault's experiments (www.sedimentology.fr/) and other experiments (www.ianjuby.org/sedimentation/) and field studies of floods and volcanic action show that, rather than being formed by gradual, slow deposition of sucessive layers superimposed upon previous layers, with the strata or layers representing a particular timescale, particle segregation in moving water or airborne particles can form strata or layers very quickly, frequently, in a single event.

And, most importantly, lower strata are not older than upper strata, they are the same age, having been created in the same sedimentary episode.

Such field studies confirm experiments which have shown that there is no longer any reason to conclude that strata/layers in sedimentary rocks relate to different geological eras and/or a multi-million year timescale. www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PVnBaqqQw8&feature=share&amp.... they also show that the relative position of fossils in rocks is not indicative of an order of evolutionary succession. Obviously, the uniformitarian principle, on which the geologic column is based, can no longer be considered valid. And the multi-million, year dating of sedimentary rocks and fossils needs to be reassessed. Rapid deposition of stratified sediments also explains the enigma of polystrate fossils, i.e. large fossils that intersect several strata. In some cases, tree trunk fossils are found which intersect the strata of sedimentary rock up to forty feet in depth. upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Lycopsi... They must have been buried in stratified sediment in a short time (certainly not millions, thousands, or even hundreds of years), or they would have rotted away. youtu.be/vnzHU9VsliQ

In fact, the vast majority of fossils are found in good, intact condition, which is testament to their rapid burial. You don't get good fossils from gradual burial, because they would be damaged or destroyed by decay, predation or erosion. The existence of so many fossils in sedimentary rock on a global scale is stunning evidence for the rapid depostion of sedimentary rock as the general rule. It is obvious that all rock containing good intact fossils was formed from sediment laid down in a very short time, not millions, or even thousands of years.

See set of photos of other examples of rapid stratification: www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/sets/72157635944904973/

Carbon dating of coal should not be possible if it is millions of years old, yet significant amounts of Carbon 14 have been detected in coal and other fossil material, which indicates that it is less than 50,000 years old. www.ldolphin.org/sewell/c14dating.html

www.grisda.org/origins/51006.htm

Evolutionists confidently cite multi-million year ages for rocks and fossils, but what most people don't realise is that no one actually knows the age of sedimentary rocks or the fossils found within them. So how are evolutionists so sure of the ages they so confidently quote? The astonishing thing is they aren't. Sedimentary rocks cannot be dated by radiometric methods*, and fossils can only be dated to less than 50,000 years with Carbon 14 dating. The method evolutionists use is based entirely on assumptions. Unbelievably, fossils are dated by the assumed age of rocks, and rocks are dated by the assumed age of fossils, that's right ... it is known as circular reasoning.

* Regarding the radiometric dating of igneous rocks, which is claimed to be relevant to the dating of sedimentary rocks, in an occasional instance there is an igneous intrusion associated with a sedimentary deposit -

Prof. Aubouin says in his Précis de Géologie: "Each radioactive element disintegrates in a characteristic and constant manner, which depends neither on the physical state (no variation with pressure or temperature or any other external constraint) nor on the chemical state (identical for an oxide or a phosphate)."

"Rocks form when magma crystallizes. Crystallisation depends on pressure and temperature, from which radioactivity is independent. So, there is no relationship between radioactivity and crystallisation.

Consequently, radioactivity doesn't date the formation of rocks. Moreover, daughter elements contained in rocks result mainly from radioactivity in magma where gravity separates the heavier parent element, from the lighter daughter element. Thus radiometric dating has no chronological signification." Dr. Guy Berthault www.sciencevsevolution.org/Berthault.htm

Visit the fossil museum:

www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/sets/72157641367196613/

Just how good are peer reviews of scientific papers?

www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6154/60.full

www.examiner.com/article/want-to-publish-science-paper-ju...

The neo-Darwinian idea that the human genome consists entirely of an accumulation of billions of mutations is, quite obviously, completely bonkers. Nevertheless, it is compulsorily taught in schools and universities as 'science'.

www.flickr.com/photos/truth-in-science/35505679183

Five women of the group "Women of the Wailing Wall" were arrested while fighting for there right to pray as men do dressing in a talit and singing the praier in load voice. They say that despite repeated arrests they will repeat this act again and again until they get recognized for their right to pray according to their faith. Rosh Chodesh is considered a holiday for women since the days of the Talmud. First of the month, according to rabbinic tradition, women are exempt from all work, since the compensation received from the Lord on that did not participate with the men act the Golden Calf. Struggle of "Women of the Wailing Wall" began in December 1988 after the first International Conference of Jewish feminists attended by dozens of women from around the world. "As part of the conference, planned to women participating to have a prayer of thanksgiving for the State at the Wall with a Torah scroll. When they arrived and began began to read from the Torah, broke Rampage violent men's section. they spat on them, abused them verbally abused and dragged them to the hand arrangement books. all this, simply because women of prayed aloud, wrapped in shawls and holding a Torah scroll.

English follows the Hebrew:

ב-11/2/13 נעצרו 10 מנשות הכותל שהחלו לפעול ב- 1988 ומאז נלחמות על זכותן הפמיניסטית להתפלל כמו הגברים בשירה בקול ולבושות בתלית,.

הן אומרות שלמרות המעצרים החוזרים הן יחזרו לשם בכל פעם מחדש עד שיכירו בזכותן להתפלל לפי אמונתן.

Ten women of the group "Women of the Wailing Wall" were arrested while fighting for there right to pray as men do dressing in a talit and singing the praier in load voice.

They say that despite repeated arrests they will repeat this act again and again until they get recognized for their right to pray according to their faith

.

ראש חודש נחשב חג עבור נשים עוד מתקופת התלמוד. בראש חודש, לפי מסורת חז"ל, הנשים פטורות מכל מלאכה, מאחר וקיבלו תגמול מאת ה' על כי לא השתתפו עם הגברים במעשה עגל הזהב.

המאבק של נשות הכותל התחיל בדצמבר 1988 לאחר הכנס הבינלאומי הראשון של פמיניסטיות יהודיות בה השתתפו עשרות נשים מכל העולם ". כחלק מהכנס, תכננו הנשים המשתתפות לקיים תפילת הודיה לשלום המדינה ברחבת הכותל עם ספר תורה. כאשר הגיעו והחלו החלו לקרוא בתורה, התפרצה השתוללות אלימה מצד עזרת הגברים. הם ירקו עליהן, התעללו בהן התעללות מילולית וסחבו להן את ספרי הסידור מהיד. כל זאת, רק בשל העובדה שנשות הכותל התפללו בקול, עטופות בטליתות ואוחזות ספר תורה.

Rosh Chodesh is considered a holiday for women since the days of the Talmud. First of the month, according to rabbinic tradition, women are exempt from all work, since the compensation received from the Lord on that did not participate with the men act the Golden Calf.

Struggle of "Women of the Wailing Wall" began in December 1988 after the first International Conference of Jewish feminists attended by dozens of women from around the world. "As part of the conference, planned to women participating to have a prayer of thanksgiving for the State at the Wall with a Torah scroll. When they arrived and began began to read from the Torah, broke Rampage violent men's section. they spat on them, abused them verbally abused and dragged them to the hand arrangement books. all this, simply because women of prayed aloud, wrapped in shawls and holding a Torah scroll.

Hebron, Palestine

"Segregation Today, the Divided City of Hebron"

1. “Any visit [to Hebron] usually begins at the Tomb of the Patriarchs, the magnetic core of Hebron’s religious power. Judaism deems the site, recorded in the Bible as the Cave of Machpela, purchased by Abraham, as second in sacred value only to the Temple Mount, that part of ancient Jerusalem on which the First and Second Temples were built. Inside are caskets said to contain the remains of Jacob, Isaac, and Abraham himself, revered as a forefather by the three ancient monotheistic faiths.

As the Jews of Hebron remind visitors, including the busload of African Christians that pulls in, for seven hundred years Jews were barred by the city’s Mameluke, Ottoman, British, and Jordanian rulers from entering this holy site; they were allowed to ascend only the first seven steps toward it. In 1967, when Hebron and the rest of the West Bank were conquered by Israel in the Six-Day War, Jews could at last walk the eighth step, and the fifty-odd more, and enter.”

2. “Today, there are separate entrances to the tomb for Jews and for Muslims. But what is more striking is the road approaching the site: it is divided according to nationality, with three quarters of the thoroughfare available to Israelis, and the narrow remainder set aside for Palestinians. Concrete blocks separate the two parts. The Israelis are given the greater portion because they are allowed to drive down this road, a right denied to Palestinians.

On Israeli military maps, this shows up as a green road, which means that no Palestinian cars are allowed. Blue is for those streets where no Palestinian cars are allowed and no Palestinian shops are permitted to open. Then there are roads that are more restricted still: on those, no Palestinian is allowed to set foot. The Israel Defense Forces refer to such a road as a tzir sterili, literally a sterile road.

Most of the H2 Palestinians unlucky enough to have their homes on a tzir sterili have had their front doors sealed shut. To leave, they have to use a back door, which often means climbing out onto the roof and down via a series of ladders: inconvenient for those who are young and fit, difficult if not impossible for those who are old or infirm. Later I will see an elderly man, a bag of cement resting on his shoulder, walking with a boy I take to be his grandson. When he reaches a-Shuhada Street, once the main artery through central Hebron and a “sterile road” since 2000, he turns off and begins to ascend a steep series of rough-hewn steps, necessary in order to walk around rather than on the street. This will lead him through a series of unpaved, dusty paths, a longer, indirect alternative route to a-Shuhada Street. This is so neither his feet nor those of the little boy will touch the forbidden road—ensuring it remains sterili.”

3. “The street is lined with what used to be shops, now permanently closed behind green metal shutters. They are all covered by graffiti. In a short walk I see “Arabs out!” and “Death to the Arabs” as well as the less familiar “You have Arabs, you have mice,” which has been painted over but is still legible. So too is “Arabs to the crematorium,” close to the Muslim cemetery. (One notorious message, daubed in English but covered over a few years ago, read “Arabs to the gas chambers.”) The clenched fist symbol of the Kach party of the late Rabbi Meir Kahane, the founder of the Jewish Defense League once ostracized as a fascist, appears in several places. But the most recurrent image is also the most shocking. It is the Star of David. Utterly familiar to Jewish eyes, it nevertheless is a shock to see that symbol—associated with Judaism itself and with the long history of Jewish suffering—used as a crude declaration of dominance, used, in fact, as an insult.”

4. “A study by the Israeli human rights group B’Tselem shows that 1,014 housing units—apartments or houses—have been abandoned by their occupants, some 42 percent of the total in this core part of Hebron. One estimate suggests that this amounts to eight or nine thousand people who found that life under such restrictions was no longer viable or bearable. Eventually, I see one of the rare people who have held on, remaining inside H2. An Arab woman is hanging laundry on her balcony on a-Shuhada Street. She is caged on all sides by a mesh of metal wire, including above her head. This is not because of any law or regulation; she has put herself in what looks like a small chicken coop for her own protection, to avoid the stones that would otherwise be thrown at her by settlers.

The roof of the cage is, indeed, weighed down with stones.”

—Jonathan Freedland, An Exclusive Corner of Hebron, The New York Review Of Books, Feb. 23, 2012

www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/23/exclusive-c...

decanting-cerebral.tumblr.com/post/18193878053/segregatio...

The laurel is an example of a living fossil, it is un-evolved after millions of years and remains alive today unchanged from fossil examples.

Rapid formation of strata, latest evidence:

www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/sets/72157635944904973/

Fossil museum: www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/sets/72157641367196613/

The formation of fossils.

What many people don't seem to realise is that all good, intact fossils require rapid burial in sufficient sediment to prevent decay or predatory destruction.

So it is evident that rock containing good, undamaged fossils was laid down rapidly, quite likely in catastrophic conditions.

Another important factor is that many large fossils (tree trunks, large fish, dinosaurs etc.) intersect several or many strata (sometimes called layers) which indicates that multiple strata were formed simultaneously in a single event by grading/segregation of sedimentary particles into distinct layers, and not stratum by stratum over long periods of time or different geological eras, which is the evolutionist's, uniformitarian interpretation of the geological column.

Rapid formation of strata, latest evidence:

www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/sets/72157635944904973/

Fossil museum: www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/sets/72157641367196613/

There is no credible mechanism for progressive evolution.

Darwin believed that there was unlimited variability in the gene pool of all creatures and plants.

However, the changes possible through selective breeding were known by breeders to be strictly limited.

This was due to the fact that the changes seen in selective breeding were due to the shuffling, deletion and emphasis of genetic information already existing in the gene pool (micro-evolution). There was no viable mechanism for creating new, beneficial, genetic information required to create entirely new structures and features (macro-evolution).

Darwin ignored the limits which were well known to breeders (even though he selectively bred pigeons himself, and should have known better). He simply extrapolated the limited, minor changes observed in selective breeding to major, unlimited, progressive changes able to create new structures, organs etc. through natural selection, over millions of years.

Of course, the length of time involved made no difference, the existing, genetic information could not increase of its own accord, no matter how long the timescale.

That was a gigantic flaw in Darwinism, and opponents of Darwin's ideas tried to argue that changes were limited, as selective breeding had demonstrated. But because Darwinism had acquired an ideological status, belief in it outweighed the verdict of observational and experimental science, and classical Darwinism became scientific orthodoxy for nearly a century.

Opponents continued to argue all this time, that Darwinism was unscientific nonsense, but they were ostracised and ridiculed as cranks, weirdoes or religious fanatics.

Finally however, it was discovered that the opponents of Darwin were perfectly correct - and that constructive, genetic changes require new, additional, genetic information.

This looked like the ignominious end of Darwinism, as there was no credible, natural mechanism able to create new, constructive, genetic information. And Darwinism should have been heading for the dustbin of history,

However, rather than ditch the whole idea, the vested interests in Darwinism had become so great, with numerous, lifelong careers and an ideological agenda involved in the Darwinian belief system, a desperate attempt was made to rescue it from its justified demise.

A mechanism had to be invented to explain the origin of new, constructive information.

That invented mechanism was 'mutations'. Mutations are ... genetic, copying MISTAKES.

The public had already been convinced that classical Darwinism was a scientific fact, and that anyone who questioned it was a crank, so all that had to be done was to give the impression that the theory had simply been refined and updated in the light of modern science.

The fact that classical Darwinism had been wrong all along, and was fatally flawed from the outset was kept quiet.

The new developments were simply portrayed as the evolution and development of the theory. The impression was given that there was nothing wrong with the idea of progressive (macro) evolution, it had simply evolved in the light of greater knowledge.

The new, improved Darwinism became known as Neo-Darwinism.

So what is Neo-Darwinism?

It is progressive, macro evolution based on the ludicrous idea that random mutations (accidental, genetic, copying mistakes) selected by natural selection, can provide constructive, genetic information capable of creating entirely new features, structures, organs, and biological systems. Macro evolution is based on a belief in a complete progression from microbes to man through millions of random, genetic, copying MISTAKES. There is no evidence for it whatsoever, it is unscientific nonsense which defies logic.

Micro-evolution is simply the small changes which take place, through natural selection or selective breeding, but only within the strict limits of the built-in variability of the existing gene pool. Any changes outside the extent of the existing gene pool requires a credible mechanism for the creation of new, constructive, genetic information, that is what is essential for macro evolution. Micro evolution does not involve or require the creation of any new, genetic information. So micro evolution and macro evolution are entirely different. There is no connection between them at all.

Neo-Darwinian, macro evolution is the ridiculous idea that everything in the genome of humans and every living thing past and present (apart from the original genetic information in the very first living cell) is the result of millions of genetic copying mistakes..... mutations ... of mutations .... of mutations.... of mutations .... and so on - and on - and on.

In other words, Neo-Darwinism proposes that the complete genome (every scrap of genetic information in the DNA) of every living thing that has ever lived was created by a series ... of mistakes ... of mistakes .... of mistakes .... of mistakes etc. etc.

If we look at the whole picture we soon realise that what is actually being proposed by evolutionists is that, apart from the original information in the first living cell - every additional scrap of genetic information for all - features, structures, systems and processes that exist, or have ever existed in living things, such as:

skin, bones, bone joints, shells, flowers, leaves, wings, scales, muscles, fur, hair, teeth, claws, toe and finger nails, horns, beaks, nervous systems, blood, blood vessels, brains, lungs, hearts, digestive systems, vascular systems, liver, kidneys, pancreas, bowels, immune systems, senses, eyes, ears, sex organs, sexual reproduction, sperm, eggs, pollen, the process of metamorphosis, marsupial pouches, marsupial embryo migration, mammary glands, hormone production, melanin etc. .... have been created from scratch, by an incredibly long series of small, accumulated mistakes ... mistake - upon mistake - upon mistake - upon mistake - over and over again, millions of times. That is ... every part, system and process of all living things are the result of literally billions of genetic MISTAKES of MISTAKES, accumulated over many millions of years.

So what we are asked to believe is that something like a vascular system, or reproductive organs, developed in small, random, incremental steps, with every step being the result of a copying mistake, and with each step being able to provide a significant survival or reproductive advantage in order to be preserved and become dominant in the gene pool. Incredible!

If you believe that ... you will believe anything.

Even worse, evolutionists have yet to cite a single example of a positive, beneficial, mutation which adds constructive information to the genome of any creature. Yet they expect us to believe that we have been converted from an original, single living cell into humans by an accumulation of billions of beneficial mutations (mistakes).

Conclusion:

Progressive, microbes-to-man evolution is impossible - there is no credible mechanism to produce all the new, genetic information which is essential for that to take place.

The evolution story is an obvious fairy tale presented as scientific fact.

However, nothing has changed - those who dare to question Neo-Darwinism are still portrayed as idiots, retards, cranks, weirdoes, anti-scientific ignoramuses or religious fanatics.

Want to join the club?

What about the fossil record?

All creatures and plants alive today, which are found as fossils, are the same in their fossil form as the living examples, in spite of the fact that the fossils are claimed to be millions of years old. So all living things today could be called 'living fossils' inasmuch as there is no evidence of any evolutionary changes in the alleged multi-million year timescale. The fossil record shows either extinct species or unchanged species, that is all.

The Cambrian Explosion.

Trilobites and other many creatures appeared suddenly in some of the earliest rocks of the fossil record, with no intermediate ancestors. This sudden appearance of a great variety of advanced, fully developed creatures is called the Cambrian Explosion. Trilobites are especially interesting because they have complex eyes, which would need a lot of progressive evolution to develop such advanced features However, there is no evidence of any evolution leading up to the Cambrian Explosion, and that is a serious dilemma for evolutionists.

Trilobites are now thought to be extinct, although it is possible that similar creatures could still exist in unexplored parts of deep oceans.

Rapid formation of strata - latest evidence:

www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/sets/72157635944904973/

See fossil of a crab unchanged after many millions of years:

www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/12702046604/in/set-72...

Fossil museum: www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/sets/72157641367196613/

What about all the claimed scientific evidence that evolutionists have found for evolution?

The evolutionist 'scientific' method has resulted in a serious decline in scientific integrity, and has given us such scientific abominations as:

Piltdown Man (a fake),

Nebraska Man (a pig),

South West Colorado Man (a horse),

Orce man (a donkey),

Embryonic Recapitulation (a fraud),

Archaeoraptor (a fake),

Java Man (a giant gibbon),

Peking Man (a monkey),

The Horse Series (unrelated species cobbled together),

Peppered Moth (faked photographs)

Etc. etc.

Anyone can call anything 'science' ... it doesn't make it so.

All these examples were trumpeted by evolutionists as scientific evidence for evolution.

Do we want to trust evolutionists claims about scientific evidence, when they have such an appalling record?

Just how good are peer reviews of scientific papers?

www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6154/60.full

www.examiner.com/article/want-to-publish-science-paper-ju...

Piltdown Man and Nebraska Man were even used in the famous, Scopes Trial as positive evidence for evolution.

Piltdown Man reigned for over 40 years, as a supreme example of human evolution, before it was exposed as a crudely, fashioned fake.

Is that 'science'?

The ludicrous Hopeful Monster Theory and so-called Punctuated Equilibrium (evolution in big jumps) were invented by evolutionists as a desperate attempt to explain away the lack of fossil evidence for evolution. They are proposed methods of evolution which, it is claimed, need no fossil evidence. They are actually an admission that the required fossil evidence does not exist.

Piltdown Man... it survived as alleged proof of evolution for over 40 years in evolution textbooks and was taught in schools and universities, it survived peer reviews etc. and was used as supposed irrefutable evidence for evolution at the famous Scopes Trial..

Nebraska Man, this was a single tooth of a peccary. it was trumpeted as evidence for the evolution of humans, and artists impressions of an ape-like man appeared in newspapers magazines etc. It was also used as 'scientific' evidence for evolution in the Scopes Trial. Such 'scientific' evidence is enough to make any genuine, respectable scientist weep.

South West Colorado Man, another tooth .... of a horse this time... It was presented as evidence for human evolution.

Orce man, a fragment of skullcap, which was most likely from a donkey, but even if it was human. such a tiny fragment is certainly not any proof of human evolution as it was made out to be.

Embryonic Recapitulation, the evolutionist zealot Ernst Haeckel (who was a hero of Hitler) published fraudulent drawings of embryos and his theory was readily accepted by evolutionists as proof of evolution. Even after he was exposed as a fraudster, evolutionists still continued to use his fraudulent evidence in books and publications on evolution, including school textbooks, until very recently.

Archaeoraptor, A so-called feathered dinosaur from the Chinese fossil faking industry. It managed to fool credulous evolutionists, because it was exactly what they were looking for. The evidence fitted the wishful thinking.

Java Man, Dubois, the man who discovered Java Man and declared it a human ancestor ..... admitted much later that it was actually a giant gibbon, however, that spoilt the evolution story which had been built up around it, so evolutionists were reluctant to get rid of it, and still maintained it was a human ancestor. Dubois had also 'forgotten' to mention that he found the bones of modern humans at the same site.

Peking Man, made up from monkey skulls which were found in an ancient limestone burning industrial site where there were crushed monkey skulls and modern human bones. Drawings were made of Peking Man, but the original skull conveniently disappeared. So that allowed evolutionists to continue to use it as evidence without fear of it ever being debunked.

The Horse Series, unrelated species cobbled together, They were from different continents and were in no way a proper series of intermediates, They had different numbers of ribs etc. and the very first in the line, is similar to a creature alive today - the Hyrax.

Peppered Moth, moths were glued to trees to fake photographs for the peppered moth evidence. They don't normally rest on trees in daytime. In any case, the selection of a trait which is part of the variability of the existing gene pool, is not progressive evolution. It is just normal, natural selection within limits, which no-one disputes.

Columbia, South Carolina

Listed 1/14/2021

Reference Number: 100006020

Leevy’s Funeral Home built in 1951, was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2020 for its significance in black history and the system of segregation in Columbia, South Carolina. The funeral home was part of a community effort by the city’s Black citizens, to create alternative spaces to gather and provide one another with essential services, including funerary services. The building’s significance expands beyond funeral services as it was also a site for politics as it assisted in African American voter registration and education. The funeral home was owned and operated by Isaac Samuel (I. S.) Leevy, a prominent local political activist and community leader. The funeral home was Leevy’s home, place of business, and the center of his political actions. Leevy was heavily involved in South Carolina politics as a registered Republican who advocated for the two-party system and voter registration. Black-owned funeral homes like Leevy’s that emerged in the early twentieth century did so out of both necessity and a desire for the African American dead to be afforded the same respect as whites. Around the turn of the twentieth century, few American communities had a Black-owned funeral home. African Americans who sought out mortuary services therefore had to seek the services of white undertakers. Some simply refused to serve African Americans altogether. Black funeral homes offered African Americans the full range of services associated with caring for the dead, including embalming, burial, and, in some cases, even casket manufacturing. Leevy’s itself was ultimately among the Black funeral homes that placed emphasis on the ambulance services they offered to the local community and the respectful services they deserved.

National Register of Historic Places Homepage

Leevy's Funeral Home Columbia, South Carolina

National Register of Historic Places on Facebook

Charlene Taylor, an NAACP member and mother of two school age children, enters the U.S. courthouse in Arlington, Va. September 11, 1957 where a suit by black parents and pursued by the NAACP was challenging segregated schools in that county.

Virginia was one of a number of southern states that openly defied the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court decision outlawing segregation in public schools.

At issue in this particular case was Arlington County’s requirement that parents of any student new to the school district or desiring to transfer to another school fill out a pupil placement application.

The NAACP charged that the application was an attempt by Arlington to circumvent the court’s decision.

On February 2, 1959 four African American children entered Stratford Junior High School beginning a process of legal integration of Arlington schools that would take two decades to complete.

In the late 1950s, the state of Virginia started its policy of “massive resistance” that involved closing any public school that integrated and providing state aid to all white private schools.

Arlington was stripped of its elected school board by the state when it adopted a modest policy of integration.

For more information and related images, see flic.kr/s/aHskWK3q68

Photo by Gus Chinn. The image is courtesy of the D.C. Public Library Washington Star Collection © Washington Post.

Persistent URL: floridamemory.com/items/show/259877

Local call number: TD00024B

Title: Dr. R.L. Anderson and nurse Lottie Mae Chauis examine an expectant mother at the FAMU Hospital in Tallahassee, Florida

Date: September 13, 1953

Physical descrip: 1 photonegative - b&w - 5 x 4 in.

Series Title: Tallahassee Democrat Collection

Repository: State Library and Archives of Florida

500 S. Bronough St., Tallahassee, FL, 32399-0250 USA, Contact: 850.245.6700, Archives@dos.myflorida.com

A building at 2043 Wilson Boulevard in Arlington is shown July 17, 1958 where a group organized as the Tenth District Education Corp. sought to open a whites-only school in the event Arlington’s schools were shuttered by the state of Virginia to resist de-segregation.

Note the spelling of “grammer” on the sign.

Arlington was under federal court order to admit four Black students to Stratford Junior High in February.

Virginia state law required the closure of any public school system in the state that admitted Black students to whites-only schools.

The would-be school was organized by John Rathbone, one of the founders of the white supremacist Arlington chapter of the Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberty in 1954 that was organized in the wake of the U.S. Supreme Court decisions holding that segregation was illegal in public schools.

Rathbone ran afoul of local authorities when he tried to open the school, located a block from the county courthouse, in violation of local zoning laws and without obtaining an occupancy permit.

Rathbone tried to fight the zoning decision saying that the building should be considered a house and not a school and that a 1956 Virginia state law granted exceptions to private schools.

The school never opened and the courts voided the Virginia law requiring the state to close a school system that admitted Black students to white schools.

The four Black students were admitted to Stratford without public disturbances in Feb. 1959, marking the beginning of the end for Jim Crow schools in Arlington. However it would take 20 years for the last Arlington school to be integrated.

For more information and related images, see flic.kr/s/aHskWK3q68

The photographer is unknown. The image is courtesy of the D.C. Public Library Washington Star Collection © Washington Post.

Title: Executive Order 9981 dated July 26, 1948 in which President Harry S. Truman bans the segregation of the Armed Forces., 07/26/1948

Creator(s): National Archives and Records Administration. Office of the Federal Register. (04/01/1985 - ) (Most Recent), Department of State. (09/1789 - ) (Predecessor)

Persistent URL: arcweb.archives.gov/arc/action/ExternalIdSearch?id=300009

Executive Order 9981 dated July 26, 1948, General Records of the United States Government; Record Group 11; National Archives.

Access Restrictions: Unrestricted

Use Restrictions: Unrestricted

Exposition : The color line

Du mardi 04 octobre 2016 au dimanche 15 janvier 2017

Quel rôle a joué l’art dans la quête d’égalité et d’affirmation de l’identité noire dans l’Amérique de la Ségrégation ? L'exposition rend hommage aux artistes et penseurs africains-américains qui ont contribué, durant près d’un siècle et demi de luttes, à estomper cette "ligne de couleur" discriminatoire.

—————

« Le problème du 20e siècle est le problème de la ligne de partage des couleurs ».

Si la fin de la Guerre de Sécession en 1865 a bien sonné l’abolition de l'esclavage, la ligne de démarcation raciale va encore marquer durablement la société américaine, comme le pressent le militant W.E.B. Du Bois en 1903 dans The Soul of Black Folks. L’exposition The Color Line revient sur cette période sombre des États-Unis à travers l’histoire culturelle de ses artistes noirs, premières cibles de ces discriminations.

Des thématiques racistes du vaudeville américain et des spectacles de Minstrels du 19e siècle à l’effervescence culturelle et littéraire de la Harlem Renaissance du début du 20e siècle, des pionniers de l’activisme noir (Frederick Douglass, Booker T. Washington) au réquisitoire de la chanteuse Billie Holiday (Strange Fruit), ce sont près de 150 ans de production artistique – peinture, sculpture, photographie, cinéma, musique, littérature… – qui témoignent de la richesse créative de la contestation noire.

Local college students picket in front of the White House May 17, 1960 on the sixth anniversary of the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision to outlaw segregation in public schools.

At the time, southern states were still engaged in “massive resistance” to the Court’s order.

“If we can organize the Southern States for massive resistance to this order I think that, in time, the rest of the country will realize that racial integration is not going to be accepted in the South.” Senator Harry Flood Byrd, 1954

The NAACP Legal Defense Fund describes the situation at the time:

“Almost immediately after Chief Justice Earl Warren finished reading the Supreme Court’s unanimous opinion in Brown v. Board of Education in the early afternoon of May 17, 1954, Southern white political leaders condemned the decision and vowed to defy it.

“James Eastland, the powerful Senator from Mississippi, declared that “the South will not abide by nor obey this legislative decision by a political body.”

“Senator Harry Byrd of Virginia described the opinion as “the most serious blow that has yet been struck against the rights of the states in a matter vitally affecting their authority and welfare.” At the time, Senator Byrd headed the “Byrd Machine,” Virginia’s most powerful political organization. He became the leading architect behind Virginia’s diehard segregationist campaign.

“In August of 1954, Virginia Governor Thomas Bahnson Stanley created a commission to conspire to defy Brown. The Gray commission, named after State Senator Garland Gray, held that school attendance should not be compulsory; money should be allocated to parents as tuition grants if they opposed integration; and authorized local school boards would assign students to schools themselves.

“By 1956, Senator Byrd had created a coalition of nearly 100 Southern politicians to sign on to his “Southern Manifesto” an agreement to resist the implementation of Brown.

“On February 25, 1956, Senator Byrd issued the call for “Massive Resistance” — a collection of laws passed in response to the Brown decision that aggressively tried to forestall and prevent school integration. For instance, the Massive Resistance doctrine included a law that punished any public school that integrated by eliminating its state funds and eventually closing the school.

“In addition to legal and legislative resistance, the white population of the southern United States mobilized en masse to nullify the Supreme Court’s decree. In states across the South, whites set up private academies to educate their children, at first using public funds to support the attendance of their children in these segregated facilities, until the use of public funds was successfully challenged in court.

“In other instances, segregationists tried to intimidate black families by threats of violence and economic reprisals against plaintiffs in local cases. Thurgood Marshall described the situation in Mississippi to the NAACP’s regional secretary in September 1954 as such:

‘All credit has been withdrawn from the president of new branch, a storekeeper in Lelzoni. Stringer, in Columbus is being smeared through the American Legion…… His credit was withdrawn in Columbus several months ago…One of our members who signed [a] petition in Walthall county did not receive renewal of his contract to drive the school bus….Dr. Battle, one of our key people in Indianola, says a large number of his patients on nearby plantations are now former patients.’

“The most egregious violators simply closed the public schools. In response to a May 1, 1959 order to integrate its schools, officials in Prince Edward County, Virginia closed its entire public school system instead. The entire public school system remained closed for the next five years.

“In September 1958 as schools in Norfolk, Charlottesville, and Warren County were on the verge of integration via court order, they were closed by state officials. Although the Virginia Supreme Court overturned the school-closure law, the General Assembly made school attendance optional.

“Meanwhile, Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas became a staging ground for an alarming picture of democracy gone astray. The response to the presence of the Little Rock 9 was so violent that President Eisenhower felt compelled to call in the National Guard.

“The Little Rock 9 case resulted in the Supreme Court’s decision Cooper v. Aaron (1958), a landmark ruling in which the Supreme Court reaffirmed its decision in Brown and the obligation of states to follow the mandate of the U.S. Supreme Court to desegregate schools.

“It was not until the Legal Defense Fund’s later victories in Green v. County School Board (1968) and Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg (1971) that the Supreme Court issued mandates that segregation be dismantled “root and branch.” In these rulings, the Court outlined specific factors to be considered to eliminate the effects of segregation and ensured that federal district courts were able to more forthrightly to exercise their authority.

For more information and related images, see flic.kr/s/aHskgSB6Zi

Photo by Paul Schmick. The image is courtesy of the D.C. Public Library Washington Star Collection © Washington Post.

5 wing Segregation W=west cells E=east cells through the door were 6 cells which were closed confindment cells. 2 of the cells didn't have toilets just a hole in the ground which connected to the plumbing system and they would flush every so often.

Looking out the window of a segregation cell.

Five women of the group "Women of the Wailing Wall" were arrested while fighting for there right to pray as men do dressing in a talit and singing the praier in load voice. They say that despite repeated arrests they will repeat this act again and again until they get recognized for their right to pray according to their faith. Rosh Chodesh is considered a holiday for women since the days of the Talmud. First of the month, according to rabbinic tradition, women are exempt from all work, since the compensation received from the Lord on that did not participate with the men act the Golden Calf. Struggle of "Women of the Wailing Wall" began in December 1988 after the first International Conference of Jewish feminists attended by dozens of women from around the world. "As part of the conference, planned to women participating to have a prayer of thanksgiving for the State at the Wall with a Torah scroll. When they arrived and began began to read from the Torah, broke Rampage violent men's section. they spat on them, abused them verbally abused and dragged them to the hand arrangement books. all this, simply because women of prayed aloud, wrapped in shawls and holding a Torah scroll.

A loblolly pine watches over the beach at Jones Lake State Park in Bladen County, North Carolina. The park was founded in 1939 as a recreational park for African-Americans during the segregation era in North Carolina. The park was desegregated in the 1960s. It is on North Carolina Highway 242 just outside of Elizabethtown in Bladen County.

Baton Rouge, LA

Supposedly being renovated for apartments and retail use, but it doesn't look like there's any work going on right now.

Joan Sexton is knocked down and nearly trampled by a mounted police officer after a melee broke out during an attempt to integrate the Anacostia swimming pool June 29, 1949.

Members of the local Progressive Party youth group led the attempt to integrate the facility.

The confrontation took place when 10 white and 10 black members and supporters of the Young Progressives entered the pool reserved for whites only.

Later, about 70 African Americans arrived and entered the pool area while about 100 waiting white opponents began a scuffle. Scattered fighting broke out both inside and outside the facility between the groups.

A white woman was chased by about 50 white youths who believed she was a “Wallacite” One in the crowd yelled, “Go back to Russia, you dirty red.” Henry Wallace ran for president of the U.S. in 1948 on the Progressive Party ticket.

An African American boy was corned by a white mob and sustained cuts when he attempted to climb over a barbed wire fence. Fighting continued between the two groups outside the pool area while the numbers of participants grew to about 1,000.

Two white students distributing Young Progressive handbills in favor of integration were arrested along with two African Americans who were alleged to be fighting with whites. One white youth was arrested for fighting with one of the white Young Progressives distributing handbills.

Several others among the Progressives were injured, including one African American hit in the head with a stone and a white woman trampled by a police horse.

The pool was temporarily closed as result of the clashes. The Interior Department had been scheduled to transfer the six pools to the District’s recreation department, but held off because DC insisted on segregating pools by race.

DC finally integrated its parks and pools in 1954 in the wake of the Bolling v. Sharpe school decision. The Supreme Court outlawed segregation in public parks nationwide in 1958.

For more information and related images, see flic.kr/s/aHskhNEzdC

The photographer is unknown. The image is courtesy of the D.C. Public Library Washington Star Collection © Washington Post.

Following the lead of the students at the Divinity School who petitioned for desegregation, the Men's Student Government Association sent this petition to Chairman of the Board of Trustees Bunyan S. Womble in 1959. They asked for a change in the Board's unwritten admissions policy that rejected qualified black applicants based on their race.

Repository: Duke University Archives. Durham, NC. library.duke.edu/uarchives

Trying to locate this photo at the Duke University Archives? You’ll find it in the Bunyan S. Womble papers, 1900-1976,

Gendering Hackney

Title: Opinion in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 08/31/1951

From: Record Group/Collection: 21

Record Hierarchy Level: Item

Reference Unit: National Archives at Kansas City

Persistent URL: catalog.archives.gov/id/2641494

Repository Contact Information: NARA’s Central Plains Region (Kansas City) (NREA), 400 West Pershing Road, Kansas City, MO, 64108. .

Reproductions may be ordered via an independent vendor. NARA maintains a list of vendors at www.archives.gov/research/order/vendors-photos-maps-dc.html

Access Restrictions: Unrestricted

Use Restrictions: Unrestricted

One core topic in quantitative social science is the measurement of the polarization or segregation of groups. The vast quantity of digital data such as Internet browsing histories, item-level purchase data, or text, allows us to get a picture of interests, opinions, and related behavior. The challenge is that parsing this high-dimensional data requires methods different from the standard, existing practices of measurement. In this talk, Matthew Taddy will discuss how ideas from machine learning can be used to build a new set of metrics for measuring segregation in high dimensions. His talk will focus on how these methods were applied to measure the partisanship of speech in the United States Congress from 1872 to the present, and compare the results with the conclusions drawn from more simplistic, bias-prone measures.

This school was used back in the day for the residents of Eloy. Apparently Eloy was the first town in Arizona to desegregate, but this larger school house was for the whites and Mexican-Americans and the smaller school house was for the African-Americans. Even the brown people had to be separated, who knew.

The windows said a lot to me. You could still see light through the glass, but the opaqueness speaks to the history of this building.

This is Simon doing a speech for Martin Luther King Jr.

Story:

Simon:I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation. [Applause]

Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of captivity.

But one hundred years later, we must face the tragic fact that the Negro is still not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languishing in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. So we have come here today to dramatize an appalling condition.

In a sense we have come to our nation's capital to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men would be guaranteed the inalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check which has come back marked "insufficient funds." But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation. So we have come to cash this check -- a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice. We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of now. This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to open the doors of opportunity to all of God's children. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood.

It would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment and to underestimate the determination of the Negro. This sweltering summer of the Negro's legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality. Nineteen sixty-three is not an end, but a beginning. Those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as usual. There will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship rights. The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges.

But there is something that I must say to my people who stand on the warm threshold which leads into the palace of justice. In the process of gaining our rightful place we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds. Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred.

We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline. We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical violence. Again and again we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force. The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community must not lead us to distrust of all white people, for many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny and their freedom is inextricably bound to our freedom. We cannot walk alone.

And as we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall march ahead. We cannot turn back. There are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights, "When will you be satisfied?" We can never be satisfied as long as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities. We cannot be satisfied as long as the Negro's basic mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a larger one. We can never be satisfied as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to vote. No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream.

I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and tribulations. Some of you have come fresh from narrow cells. Some of you have come from areas where your quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality. You have been the veterans of creative suffering. Continue to work with the faith that unearned suffering is redemptive.

Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed. Let us not wallow in the valley of despair.

I say to you today, my friends, that in spite of the difficulties and frustrations of the moment, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream.

I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal."

I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at a table of brotherhood.

I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a desert state, sweltering with the heat of injustice and oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.

I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.

I have a dream today.

I have a dream that one day the state of Alabama, whose governor's lips are presently dripping with the words of interposition and nullification, will be transformed into a situation where little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls and walk together as sisters and brothers.

I have a dream today.

I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together.

This is our hope. This is the faith with which I return to the South. With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.

This will be the day when all of God's children will be able to sing with a new meaning, "My country, 'tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing. Land where my fathers died, land of the pilgrim's pride, from every mountainside, let freedom ring."

And if America is to be a great nation this must become true. So let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire. Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York. Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania!

Let freedom ring from the snowcapped Rockies of Colorado!

Let freedom ring from the curvaceous peaks of California!

But not only that; let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia!

Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee!

Let freedom ring from every hill and every molehill of Mississippi. From every mountainside, let freedom ring.

When we let freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, "Free at last! free at last! thank God Almighty, we are free at last!"

marabastad, pretoria. old polaroids and slide scans, around 1980

Marabastad was a culturally diverse community, with the Hindu Mariamman Temple arguably being its most prominent landmark.

Like the residents of other racially diverse areas in South Africa, such as District Six, "Fietas" and Sophiatown, the inhabitants of Marabastad were relocated to single-race townships further away from the city centre.

These removals were due to Apartheid laws like the Group Areas Act. Unlike Sophiatown, Fietas and District Six, it was not bulldozed, but it retained many of its original buildings, and became primarily a business district, with most shops still owned by the Indians who had also lived there previously.

Some property was however owned by the city council and the government, resulting in limited development taking place there. In addition, a large shopping complex was built to house Indian-owned shops.

The black residents of Marabastad were relocated to Atteridgeville (1945),

the Coloured residents to Eersterus (1963), and the Indian residents to Laudium (1968).

There are plans to revive once-picturesque Marabastad, and to reverse years of urban decay and neglect, although few seem to have been implemented as of 2005.

History[edit]

Marabastad was named after the local headman of a village to the west of Steenhoven Spruit. During the 1880s he lived in Schoolplaats and acted as an interpreter.

During this period some Africans lived on the farms where they were being employed and also chose to live on other, undeveloped land. Schoolplaats could also not accommodate all the migrants and this resulted in squatting.

An overflow from Schoolplaats to the north-west and Maraba’s village occurred and in August 1888 the land was surveyed by the government. The location Marabastad was established and was situated between the Apies River in the north, Skinner Spruit in the west, Steenhoven Spruit in the east and De Korte Street in the south.

There were 67 stands varying between 1400 and 2500 square meters each. Residents were not allowed to own stands, but had to rent them from the government at 4 pounds a year.

They were allowed to build their own houses and to plant crops on empty plots. Water was acquired from the various bordering rivers and 58 wells situated in the area.

The township was not private owned and was managed by the Transvaal Boer Republic. At the outbreak of the Second Boer War in 1899 there were no rules and regulations with regard to Marabastad.

Africans who streamed to Pretoria during the war were living in squatter camps near the artillery barracks, the brickworks and the railway stations at Prinshof.

This resulted in the development of ‘New Marabastad’ in the area between Marabastad and the Asiatic Bazaar in 1900 by the British military authorities. They had been occupying the city since June 1900 and resettled refugees in the area. By 1901 there were 392 occupied stands in the New Marabastad and there was no real segregation between Africans, Asians and Coloured people.

Although New Marabastad was intended as a temporary settlement the military authorities granted permission for in their employ to erect brick houses. This resulted in the erection of other permanent structures like schools and churches.

The new Town Council was established in 1902 and it was accepted that the residents of New Marabastad would be moved to other, planned townships.

In 1903 New Marabastad had grown to 412 stands while Old Marabastad still only had 67. Along with the Cape Location, which was situated in the southern part of the Asiatic Bazaar, it fell under the jurisdiction of the City Council of that year.

The greatest problem was the provision of water and this was only addressed after the war. Due to the fear of epidemic all wells in the area had been filled during the war, and a single public tap had replaced the entire system.

New Marabastad didn’t have any wells or taps. There was an attempt to rectify this in 1903 by providing more taps, but the number was still inadequate.

In 1906 New and Old Marabastad became one location.

Rates were determined and sanitary and building regulations came into effect. These regulations didn’t achieve their objections as a result of municipal maladministration and the fact that Africans could not own land and afford well-built permanent houses.

Streets remained unpaved, the water supply was inadequate and there were no sanitary facilities worth mentioning. More and more shacks appeared. By 1907 conditions improved marginally, but the streets were left in their unkempt state and by 1910 this had still not been addressed.

The Native Affairs Department accused the Pretoria Town Council of inefficient administration, which had led directly to this situation.

Removals[edit]

South Africa portal

The relocation of residents of Old Marabastad had been on the agenda of the town council since 1903 and in 1907, when the council decided to build a new sewage farm, it became a reality.

It was decided to remove all residents of the area to a new location further away from the city centre and to demolish the old township. Now followed the struggle of finding a suitable site.

The site on the southern slope of Daspoortrand was decided on in 1912 and in January planning for the ‘New Location’ started. It would include a number of brick houses that could be rented from the municipality.

By September of the same year the first relocations were taking place and demolishing of old structures commenced. It was a slow process and Old Marabastad was only completely destroyed by 1920.

The lack of space remained a problem and New Marabastad was experiencing severe overcrowding.

By 1923 the last houses of the second municipal project was completed in New Location and Marabastad residents who had been exposed to the worst conditions were allowed to move in first.

In 1934 part of the Schoolplaats population was moved to Marabastad and the squatter problem became more severe.

There was no room for expansion due to a lack of space.

An attempt to solve these problems manifested itself in the establishment of Atteridgeville in 1939. The Marabastad community would be moved here and compensation was offered to previous owners of property in the form of new houses they could rent, but not own.

The war slowed down the process considerably, but 1949 had moved three quarters of the population of Marabastad to Atteridgeville, and by 1950 the transition was complete

Entrance to the unit with the segregation cells.

De los mejores intercambios culturales que hemos tenido en la Caravana están los que hemos cruzado con la comunidad negra, como el de hoy en Baltimore.

Los sectores negro y latino sufren de la misma segregación racial estúpida engendrada por los grupos en el poder a partir de las diferencias en el color de la piel.

El apartamiento cultural es similar, sin embargo, esto facilita que entre ambos grupos sea sencillo encontrar similitudes cuando hay un ambiente de tolerancia propicio.

Lamentablemente, los poderes hegemónicos se esfuerzan porque este ambiente no ocurra, por eso promueven tanto las confrontaciones como la separación.

Pero hoy, en Baltimore, compartimos todo: cultura, música, idioma y dolor.

Incluso la tormenta que cayó hacia el final del evento nos empapó a todos por igual.

Fue hermoso.

Title: Opinion in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 08/31/1951

From: Record Group/Collection: 21

Record Hierarchy Level: Item

Reference Unit: National Archives at Kansas City

Persistent URL: catalog.archives.gov/id/2641494

Repository Contact Information: NARA’s Central Plains Region (Kansas City) (NREA), 400 West Pershing Road, Kansas City, MO, 64108. .

Reproductions may be ordered via an independent vendor. NARA maintains a list of vendors at www.archives.gov/research/order/vendors-photos-maps-dc.html

Access Restrictions: Unrestricted

Use Restrictions: Unrestricted

Cycle Kerb

I thought others might appreciate these tidbits of forgotten history.

Please feel free to leave any comments or thoughts or impressions... Thanks in advance!

A twin maize cob found during segregation of maize population at CIMMYT's Harare research station in Zimbabwe.

Photo credit: A. Tarekegne/CIMMYT.

www.cimmyt.org

To improve segregation and collection of recyclables, Tobyhanna Army Depot purchased 116 recycling containers manufactured with 75-100% recycled plastic. TYAD buys recycled-content and biobased items because it strengthens the recycling program by closing the recycling loop and stimulates demand for domestic renewable materials.

Alabama Governor George Wallace ducks behind a bulletproof podium May 12, 1972 at Capital Plaza, MD as protesters hurl pennies, fruit, rocks, paper cartons and other objects at the presidential candidate.

Wallace was a segregationist who in his inaugural speech in 1963 called for “segregation now, segregation tomorrow and segregation forever” and who famously “stood in the schoolhouse door” to block African American students from entering the University of Alabama.

He ran for the Democratic nomination for president in 1964, 1972 and 1976. He ran as a third party candidate in 1968 and is the last third party candidate to win electoral votes. In his campaigns, he called for “states’ rights” and used other coded racial language.

In 1972, Wallace was the object of protesters in Maryland at Frederick, Hagerstown and Wheaton Plaza prior to being shot at Laurel Shopping Center May 15, 1972 by Arthur Bremer.

At his appearance in Cambridge, Maryland during the height of desegregation protest and occupation by the National Guard, a demonstration was broken up by police and National Guard using tear gas and batons.

Wallace later moderated his racial views and expressed regret for his earlier remarks. He died in 1998.

For more information and related images, see flic.kr/s/aHskzBFDmR

The photographer is unknown. The image is an auction find.

Open air for the segregation cells.

The Lincoln Theatre, at 1215 U Street, NW, opened in 1922, serving the city's African American community when segregation kept them out of other venues. Designed by Reginald W. Geare, in collaboration with Harry Crandall, a local theater operator, it hosted jazz and big band performers such as Duke Ellington, Pearl Bailey, Louis Armstrong, Ella Fitzgerald, and Billie Holiday.

In 1927, the Lincoln Theatre was sold to A.E. Lichtman, who decided to turn it into a luxurious movie house, and added a ballroom, the Lincoln Colonnade. The Lincoln Theatre struggled financially after desegregation opened other movie theaters in 1953. In the late 1950s, the Colonnade was demolished. The theater fell into disrepair after the 1968 riots and in 1978, was divided into two theaters, known as the Lincoln "Twins". The Lincoln Theatre was sold to developer Jeffrey Cohen in 1983, who closed it for years. In 1993, the theatre was restored by the U Street Theatre Foundation, with $9 million of governmental aid.

The greater U Street Historic District, roughly bounded by New Hampshire Avenue, Florida Avenue, 6th Street, R Street and 16th Street, in the Shaw neighborhood of northwestern Washognton DC, is largely a Victorian-era neighborhood, made up of row houses constructed in response to the city's high demand for housing following the Civil War and the growth of the federal government in the late 19th century. The area was predominately white and middle class until 1900, but as Washington became progressively more segregated, the U Street Corridor emerged as the city's most important concentration of businesses and entertainment facilities owned and operated by blacks, becoming known as "Black Broadway" in its cultural heyday. The late 1960's saw the neighborhood begin a fall into decline, marred by violence and drug tacking, that would last well into the revitalization and gentrification of the 1990's.

Lincoln Theatre National Register #93001129 (1993)

Greater U Street Historic District National Register #98001557 (1998)

The following is the exact text of the spoken speech, transcribed from recordings.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation.

Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity.

But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languishing in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. So we have come here today to dramatize a shameful condition.

In a sense we have come to our nation's capital to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed the unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked "insufficient funds." But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation. So we have come to cash this check — a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice. We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of now. This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism. Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quick sands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. Now is the time to make justice a reality for all of God's children.

It would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment. This sweltering summer of the Negro's legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality. Nineteen sixty-three is not an end, but a beginning. Those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as usual. There will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship rights. The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges.

But there is something that I must say to my people who stand on the warm threshold which leads into the palace of justice. In the process of gaining our rightful place we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds. Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred.

We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline. We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical violence. Again and again we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force. The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community must not lead us to distrust of all white people, for many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny and their freedom is inextricably bound to our freedom. We cannot walk alone.

As we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall march ahead. We cannot turn back. There are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights, "When will you be satisfied?" We can never be satisfied as long as the Negro is the victim of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality. We can never be satisfied, as long as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities. We can never be satisfied as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to vote. No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream.

I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and tribulations. Some of you have come fresh from narrow jail cells. Some of you have come from areas where your quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality. You have been the veterans of creative suffering. Continue to work with the faith that unearned suffering is redemptive.

Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed. Let us not wallow in the valley of despair.

I say to you today, my friends, so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream.

I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal."

I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.

I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.

I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.

I have a dream today.

I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of interposition and nullification; one day right there in Alabama, little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers.

I have a dream today.

I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together.

This is our hope. This is the faith that I go back to the South with. With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.

This will be the day when all of God's children will be able to sing with a new meaning, "My country, 'tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing. Land where my fathers died, land of the pilgrim's pride, from every mountainside, let freedom ring."

And if America is to be a great nation this must become true. So let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire. Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York. Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania!

Let freedom ring from the snowcapped Rockies of Colorado!

Let freedom ring from the curvaceous slopes of California!

But not only that; let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia!

Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee!

Let freedom ring from every hill and molehill of Mississippi. From every mountainside, let freedom ring.

And when this happens, When we allow freedom to ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, "Free at last! free at last! thank God Almighty, we are free at last!"

................................Martin Luther King

August, 1963

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A sign in Jackson, Mississippi which reads 'Waiting Room For Colored Only by order Police Dept.', 25th May 1961. (Photo by William Lovelace/Express/Hulton Archive/Getty Images)

A federal appeals court adds to the body of legal decisions against segregated public transportation and facilities. In this case, Freedom Riders — young activists testing enforcement of those rulings in the South — had been arrested for ignoring "Whites Only" and "Colored Only" signs outside bus and train terminals in Jackson, Miss. The court rules the signs unlawful.

Two ball chains (the kind you find on light switches or inside toilets) are shaken on a square horizontal plate. The shaking provides something like temperature and the chains are something like 2D self-avoiding polymers. The two chains are each 709cm long and identical except that they are colored red and blue. After a while, they exhibit a kind of phase separation in which they each occupy non-overlapping regions of the plate. This is supposed to be an entropic effect: there are more separated configurations than mixed ones.

The shaking frequency was 20Hz. The pictures are taken 5s apart and animated at 10fps, so each second of the movie is 50 seconds of real time.

Video by Justin Bondy

Mendez family championed end of educational segregation in California

LOS ANGELES — With the theme “many backgrounds, many stories,” the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Los Angeles District closed out Hispanic Heritage Month Oct. 13 at the District headquarters by hearing a first-hand account of a historic journey.

Sylvia Mendez was just 8 years old in 1943 when she and her brothers were denied enrollment in the Westminster School District in Orange County. At the time, roughly 80 percent of California school districts were segregated.

Sylvia’s father, Gonzalo, tried reasoning with the principal, the school board and finally the school district, to no-avail. He and other parents organized protests demanding an end to the segregation, ultimately filing the lawsuit.

They won their case in 1946, but the school district appealed. On April 14, 1947 the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the decision and California Governor Earl Warren signed a law repealing the state’s remaining school segregation statutes on June 14, 1947.

“Mendez v. Westminster School District was the precedent for Brown v. Board of Education,” said Mendez. “Seven years before the rest of the nation, California was integrated.”

The Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954 does not mention the Mendez case, but it is no coincidence that two of the key players in both cases were Warren, by then Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, and Thurgood Marshall, the chief counsel for the NAACP in both cases.

“As she became very sick, my mother would say, ‘nobody knows about this case and that California was the first state to be integrated, seven years before the rest of the nation’ and that’s when I promised my mother I would go around the country and talk about Mendez v. Westminster,” said Mendez.

Her mother, Felicitas, died in 1998 and Mendez has kept her promise, championing the family’s story.

Mendez’s passion has been recognized in California and around the country. Two public schools are currently named after her parents. In 2007, a U.S. Postage stamp marked the 60th anniversary of the case and on Feb. 15, 2011, President Barack Obama presented Mendez with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. With it, she once again joins Warren and Marshall.

“I talk to our folks a lot about passion in what they are doing; I see the passion in your eyes in what you are doing,” said District Commander Col. Mark Toy. “If we could all do that, it would be amazing.”

(USACE photo by Richard Rivera)

Rules (in Dutch) for the segregation cells.

Oakland Tribune, 15 Oct 1909, Page 16 (via Newspapers dot com)

“No Oriental nor negro will ever be your neighbor, no flat nor apartment house will ever affront your eye, no unkempt garden will spoil the general beauty, no shack will ever encumber the lot next to yours. The deed we give makes these things impossible.”

I live in Rockridge. Our neighborhood (like so many others in the US) must remember the blatant racism and state-sponsored segregation that is part of its birth story. We can’t ignore this reality and its continuing effects. It should inform every housing decision we make and every local cause for which we advocate.

Recommended Reading:

More about Laymance and Rock Ridge Park (now Rockridge) →

History of racially exclusionary housing in the Bay Area →

Sidney Dearing, first Black homeowner in nearby Piedmont →

English follows the Hebrew:

ב-11/2/13 נעצרו 10 מנשות הכותל שהחלו לפעול ב- 1988 ומאז נלחמות על זכותן הפמיניסטית להתפלל כמו הגברים בשירה בקול ולבושות בתלית,.

הן אומרות שלמרות המעצרים החוזרים הן יחזרו לשם בכל פעם מחדש עד שיכירו בזכותן להתפלל לפי אמונתן.

Ten women of the group "Women of the Wailing Wall" were arrested while fighting for there right to pray as men do dressing in a talit and singing the praier in load voice.

They say that despite repeated arrests they will repeat this act again and again until they get recognized for their right to pray according to their faith

.

ראש חודש נחשב חג עבור נשים עוד מתקופת התלמוד. בראש חודש, לפי מסורת חז"ל, הנשים פטורות מכל מלאכה, מאחר וקיבלו תגמול מאת ה' על כי לא השתתפו עם הגברים במעשה עגל הזהב.

המאבק של נשות הכותל התחיל בדצמבר 1988 לאחר הכנס הבינלאומי הראשון של פמיניסטיות יהודיות בה השתתפו עשרות נשים מכל העולם ". כחלק מהכנס, תכננו הנשים המשתתפות לקיים תפילת הודיה לשלום המדינה ברחבת הכותל עם ספר תורה. כאשר הגיעו והחלו החלו לקרוא בתורה, התפרצה השתוללות אלימה מצד עזרת הגברים. הם ירקו עליהן, התעללו בהן התעללות מילולית וסחבו להן את ספרי הסידור מהיד. כל זאת, רק בשל העובדה שנשות הכותל התפללו בקול, עטופות בטליתות ואוחזות ספר תורה.

Rosh Chodesh is considered a holiday for women since the days of the Talmud. First of the month, according to rabbinic tradition, women are exempt from all work, since the compensation received from the Lord on that did not participate with the men act the Golden Calf.

Struggle of "Women of the Wailing Wall" began in December 1988 after the first International Conference of Jewish feminists attended by dozens of women from around the world. "As part of the conference, planned to women participating to have a prayer of thanksgiving for the State at the Wall with a Torah scroll. When they arrived and began began to read from the Torah, broke Rampage violent men's section. they spat on them, abused them verbally abused and dragged them to the hand arrangement books. all this, simply because women of prayed aloud, wrapped in shawls and holding a Torah scroll.

Segregation and the North American Railroad exhibit

President Edens wrote this response to Virgil Stroud when he applied to Duke. He notes that there has been "no change in policy" (meaning Duke's unwritten policy of not admitting black students) and suggests several schools that Stroud might be interested in attending.

Repository: Duke University Archives. Durham, NC. library.duke.edu/uarchives

Trying to locate this photo at the Duke University Archives? You’ll find it in the A. Hollis Edens papers, circa 1850s - 1976.