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This week I received some great news, with results of the Open University course I took Oct 2020 to Jan 2021; TG089-Digital Photography: Creating and sharing.
Passed with overall score of 86%, unfortunately I made a stupid error on my written submission and answered a Question twice so lost 10 marks straight away. ☹
Very good feed back from the assessor, marking me ‘Outstanding’ in Visual Awareness and Technical quality sections.
So my photo for this week has to be the photos that made up my EMA submission.
fc09.deviantart.net/fs50/f/2009/257/d/b/db5904ab6b6bc0fd6........does anyone remember Giles's indefatigable granny?
Altering Questions.
Unendliche Unterschiede offensichtlich durchqueren Raum besetzen konsequente Manieren schnelle Zeit primäre Schlussfolgerungen teilbare Teile komponierte Physik,
נימוקים קיצוניים המקביל תנועה תשובות טבעיות רצף חלקים רצופים ירושה מוגדר נקודות ארוכות תאונות לסירוגין שאלות בולט,
تعريفات كاذبة المباني المذكورة العلوم الوقوع التفكير في النظر بعض الآراء مظاهرات أغراض غير لائقة الخلافية,
προτάσεις που αποδίδουν ουσίες που δηλώνουν ισχυρισμούς ουσίας με την πρόβλεψη κατηγοριών που καθιστούν τις υποτιθέμενες απαντήσεις παρεξηγηματικές περιγραφές,
esaminando significati diversi sensazionali conoscenza assicurando giusta ragionamento ha scoperto certezze individuali termini argomenti dialettici,
健全な同等の部分潜在的な原則プロセスを特定する様々な差異を増やす潜在的な学習の移動可能なレッスン変化するポイント無限の議論大きい比率相応の時間.
Steve.D.Hammond.
The Sacredness of Questioning Everything:
Questioning God, religion, offhandedness, passions, media, language, interpretations, history, governments, bureaucracy, future
a book by David Dark
All flower photos have already been taken. Many times over. Why do we keep shooting them?.. Because they are nice :)
Fave colour? Turquise
Biggest dream? Becoming either an actor or a youtuber
Lucky\fave number ?13. Celebrity crush? Megan Fox Ariana Grande
Sexuality? Straight....I think i haven't thought about being gay or bi
Meet anyone? All of my flickr contacts Shane Dawson Lisa (shanes gf) Joey Graceffa Lady Gaga And someone famous that would think I'm good at acting and put me in a film.... LOL
Middle name? Begins with D
Love at first sight? Thinking someone is attractive or wanting to have sex with soemone
Allergies? I have none :P
Addictions? Phone Xbox MH EAH Instagram Flickr Ipad Selfies
Typical weekend? Xbox Instagram Flickr Shopping babysitting
Favourite serial killer? I don't have a favourite serial killer WTF!? xD
Birthday? 13/08/1999
Best friends? MHperfectlyimperfect
Eshi Wolf
DollPicStudios
Clawdeen-Twyla
Tengaku
Jordan/Gagasbratz
Zebraluvr11520
Cutebarbie115
DisneyDiva594
Divaray522
DollLover,BratzFan
French_Disney_Princess
PicklePud
Mariko&Susie
Jinafirelong31
LagoonaLicious
LilyVampwolf
lps592
Mimeesbatd
PancakeBoss
CatrineDemew
Pukunui81
Ramses De Nile
Freya's Dolly world
CupcakeFreak17
SailorCrystal
That-Doll
Winxbsfamt
XeLbuah
Beauitful Doll
Josephreyes34
Liv4Ever
And anyone else on my contacts list i get along so well with all of you ILY <3
Favourite food ? Ben and Jerry's ice-cream and Chocolate
Would you rather choke on tentacles or fuck a doughnut? The doughnut because nobody would ever know......
Fave social media site ? Instagram and Flickr .
Current mood? Shocked my sister is being such a brat right now
Age?14
Have you ever stolen anything? I stole a ribbon from my friends house once! #BadAss
Are you a virgin?yes definitely.
First kiss? from a girl I was like 7 lol it was at her house on her bed in the dark lol
Weirdest food I like? I can eat a lemon without going "sour faced"
Would you rather kiss satan or a monkey? Depends on the monkey xD
Ever cheated on somebody? Does flirting with other girls count :3 then again its not really flirting I'm just quite a flirty person lol
How long have you taken before having a shower/bath? This question confuses me but once I was so busy playing my Xbox I didn't get in until like an hour after I ran it and it was cold LOL
Have you ever been in love with a friend? I've had a crush on a friend before but I got over it because I knew it wasn't going to happen
How many girls have you dated? 2
Favourite movie? Hunger games ( all of them don't care if they aren't out yet ) Monster high movies mean girls scary movie saga and the paranormal activity films always make me laugh :)
Do you remember your dreams ? sometimes but I also have visions of the future in my dreams and then when it happens I'm just like "This has happened to ,me in my dreams before" its kinda like that's so raven except it happens when I'm sleeping if you don't believe me I don't care xD
What do you like about yourself? My hair my eyes my instgram my photography xD
Smoke? Eww gross no thanks I don't want a road in my chest.
Do you drink? Peach Wine <3
Do you like to play video games? Yes if I'm not on my phone I'm on the Xbox with my besties :P
What do you think of valentines? I hate it when I'm single because everyone is like "hey I'm in a relationship and your still single so F*CK YOU! HAHA" and I normally spend it eating ice cream and crying about how I'm going to die alone... nut if your like in a relationship It's a great excuse to have sex....???
How do you feel about tattoos? I don't like those ugly big ones like David Beckam has but I don't mind the rest of them
Do you like anyone? Yes she goes to my school <3
What is your perfect date? A candle lit dinner with champagne and rose petals.
Have you ever broke a bone? No but I honestly don't know how I'm the bloody clumsiest person ever xD
What deodorant do you wear? Lynx
If you could live anywhere ? Califonia
Biggest regret? Not puching that dickhead that bullied me in year 6
If you could change anything about yourself what would it be?my belly I wish I had abs :( but I'm going to the gym soon so yaaayyy!!!
What are you scared of ? Snakes......
Name of favourite toy as a kid? Surprisingly it was Action men then Laura croft figure then barbie then bratz then i stopped playing with dolls for like 5 years
Favourite cereal? wheatabix
Are you still a virgin? Yes but two more years then its legal xD looool
Boxers or briefs? Boxers
Do you like cheese ? I love it
Who are you talking to now? My Brother xD
When did I go sleep last night? 2am
Do you have armpit hair? not really but Its coming through ( Puberty sucks guys -_- )
How big is your dick? Bigger than the middle finger I'm sticking up at the pedo who wrote this question
Favourite tv show? I don't watch TV xD
Longest relationship ? Well I'm in one right now but we never speak so its not really a relationship I'm just super gorgeous so I said id be her boyfriend whoops LOL
If I could travel anywhere ? America
Favourite song ? Clean bandit Rather be <3
What do you want to be when you're older? Actor
Naughtiest thing I've ever done is? I broke a couple up, they were both assholes anyway
Favourite animal? Fish
Love or Money ? Love what is money if you have nobody to share it with you can have all the dolls you want but if nobody loves you you cant even take pictures and put them on flickr because nobody cares
How many kids do you want? 2
Ten years from now where are you? Hopefully on your TV :P
Do you like massages? I dont mind them lol
If You are reading this consider yourself tagged ( sorry about the crappy old picture )
A great sign appeared in the sky above the nuclear generating facility near Salem, N.J. Taken from the other side of the Delaware River estuary at Augustine Beach just south of Port Penn, Delaware. Opinions expressed by the steam vent are strictly its own.
-Added to the Cream of the Crop pool as most favorited.
Another view of this scene: flickr.com/photos/48878663@N00/266533252/
Known for it's speed and safety record, this privatized military workhorse is currently employed in over 72 factions of global warfare conflicts.
Chronologically, Ally's photo was the first one, but due to editing, answering questions, and some real-life setbacks, I was only able to publish it now, almost 3 weeks later! Ally is a very kind and friendly person, and it was a true pleasure to take a photo of her avatar and have a pleasant chat with her. Here are her answers to our 3 questions:
1) If your avatar could describe itself in one sentence, what would it say? Ally Nova is a sweet, fun loving girl that loves hanging out with her friends, fashion, meeting people from all over the world, photography and the social aspect of second life.
2)What’s the one thing that makes you stand out in Second Life?
I'd have to say the number one thing is the fact that in my time in SL i have learned to curse in so many different languages!
3)What’s the best adventure you’ve had in Second Life so far?
Dressing up like a pirate with some friends and sailing around the blake sea! We had so much fun that day and hopefully are doing it again soon!!
« If you appreciate my work and would like to support me becoming an independent photographer, become a Patreon supporter at www.patreon.com/alexdehaas, or buy me a coffee at www.buymeacoffee.com/alexdehaas :) »
One reason is that there are so many different womanly looks that I want to experience; and that takes time.
And a corollary of that: There were so many years wasted when I would not, or could not, dress that I am making up for lost opportunities.
And, at the risk of being morbid, when I realize that the end is a lot closer than the beginning, I also realize I don't have any time to waste. Losing 15 months during the pandemic was bad enough, but beyond my control. I am in control now.
River Wear, river that rises near Wearhead in the county of Durham, England, and enters the North Sea at Sunderland. With headwaters in the Pennines, it flows through Weardale and once entered the sea in the vicinity of Hartlepool, but it was subsequently diverted northward. Durham city is built along the Wear, and its castle and cathedral stand 100 feet (30 metres) above the river on an incised meander (loop). From Bishop Auckland the river flows across coalfields, but coal mining had ceased by the end of the 20th century.
Stanhope is a market town and civil parish in the County Durham district, in the ceremonial county of Durham, England. It lies on the River Wear between Eastgate and Frosterley, in the north-east of Weardale. The main A689 road over the Pennines is crossed by the B6278 between Barnard Castle and Shotley Bridge. In 2001 Stanhope had a population of 1,633, in 2019 an estimate of 1,627, and a figure of 1,602 in the 2011 census for the ONS built-up-area which includes Crawleyside. In 2011 the parish population was 4,581.[4]
Stanhope parish is the largest parish area in England, at 85 square miles (221 km2) It has some land in common with the neighbouring Wolsingham civil parish. On 31 December 1894 "Stanhope Urban" parish was formed from part of Stanhope parish, but on 1 April 1937 it was merged back. In 1894 Stanhope became an urban district which contained Stanhope Urban parish, on 1 April 1937 the urban district was abolished and merged with Weardale Rural District. On 1 April 1946, 2,396 acres (969.6 ha) were transferred to the parish from Wolsingham. Stanhope Town Hall was completed in 1849.
Stanhope is surrounded by moorland in the North Pennines Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) – the second largest of a current 40 such areas in England and Wales.
Features of interest include:
A petrified tree stump standing in the churchyard was found with two others, one of which features in the Great North Museum in Newcastle upon Tyne.
The Durham Dales Centre incorporates a tea room, tourist information and craft shops.
Stanhope Bridge, a scheduled monument, was built in the 15th century and widened in 1792.
The ford has a stepping-stone bridge for pedestrians.
The 18th-century Stanhope Castle in the town centre stands on the possible site of a medieval castle. It was built in 1798 by Cuthbert Rippon, MP for Gateshead.
The town has one of only two heated open-air swimming pools in the North East.
Stanhope was at the centre of the Weardale campaign (1327), when Sir James Douglas of Scotland invaded England and faced Edward III and Roger Mortimer, Earl of March. A series of skirmishes took place on the valley floor and in Stanhope Park.
The parish church dedicated to St Thomas is mostly from the 12th–13th centuries, with restoration in 1663 and 1867. The earliest known Rector was Richardus in 1200. Joseph Butler, later Bishop of Bristol, was Rector in 1725.
Stanhope Castle may be on the site of a motte and bailey castle according to some evidence from the 1790s. Furthermore, Bishop Anthony Bek granted land "to the west side of Stanhope castle". The present castle was built for Cuthbert Rippon (1744-1801) in 1798 with additions in 1823 by his son, also Cuthbert (1797–1867) and Member of Parliament for Gateshead. Ignatius Bonomi (1787–1870) was the architect. In 1941 the castle was adapted by the Home Office as a school for boys and remained so until 1980, when it was converted into apartments. Part of the gardens lie to the north of the castle across the main road, including the park wall and gazebo.
Stanhope Agricultural Show is held on the second weekend of September each year. It has been held annually since 1834, except in world-war years, the 2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak and times of bad weather.
Stanhope is the current terminus of the Weardale Railway, a heritage line operating mainly at weekends from Bishop Auckland, with stations at Frosterley, Wolsingham and Witton-le-Wear. Stanhope Station stood in for the fictional Partlington Station in an episode of the criminal drama series Vera.
Notable residents
Joseph Butler (1692–1752), theologian and cleric
William Greenwell (1820–1918), archaeologist and Anglican cleric, catalogued Late Bronze Age finds at Heathery Burn Cave near Stanhope in 1859–1872.
William Percival Crozier (1879–1944), scholar and journalist, edited the Manchester Guardian in 1932–1944.
Muriel Young (1923–2001), television continuity announcer, presenter and producer, died in Stanhope.
County Durham, officially simply Durham is a ceremonial county in North East England. The county borders Northumberland and Tyne and Wear to the north, the North Sea to the east, North Yorkshire to the south, and Cumbria to the west. The largest settlement is Darlington, and the county town is the city of Durham.
The county has an area of 2,721 km2 (1,051 sq mi) and a population of 866,846. The latter is concentrated in the east; the south-east is part of the Teesside built-up area, which extends into North Yorkshire. After Darlington (92,363), the largest settlements are Hartlepool (88,855), Stockton-on-Tees (82,729), and Durham (48,069). For local government purposes the county comprises three unitary authority areas—County Durham, Darlington, and Hartlepool—and part of a fourth, Stockton-on-Tees. The county historically included the part of Tyne and Wear south of the River Tyne, and excluded the part of County Durham south of the River Tees.
The west of the county contains part of the North Pennines uplands, a national landscape. The hills are the source of the rivers Tees and Wear, which flow east and form the valleys of Teesdale and Weardale respectively. The east of the county is flatter, and contains by rolling hills through which the two rivers meander; the Tees forms the boundary with North Yorkshire in its lower reaches, and the Wear exits the county near Chester-le-Street in the north-east. The county's coast is a site of special scientific interest characterised by tall limestone and dolomite cliffs.
What is now County Durham was on the border of Roman Britain, and contains survivals of this era at sites such as Binchester Roman Fort. In the Anglo-Saxon period the region was part of the Kingdom of Northumbria. In 995 the city of Durham was founded by monks seeking a place safe from Viking raids to house the relics of St Cuthbert. Durham Cathedral was rebuilt after the Norman Conquest, and together with Durham Castle is now a World Heritage Site. By the late Middle Ages the county was governed semi-independently by the bishops of Durham and was also a buffer zone between England and Scotland. County Durham became heavily industrialised in the nineteenth century, when many collieries opened on the Durham coalfield. The Stockton and Darlington Railway, the world's first public railway to use steam locomotives, opened in 1825. Most collieries closed during the last quarter of the twentieth century, but the county's coal mining heritage is remembered in the annual Durham Miners' Gala.
Remains of Prehistoric Durham include a number of Neolithic earthworks.
The Crawley Edge Cairns and Heathery Burn Cave are Bronze Age sites. Maiden Castle, Durham is an Iron Age site.
Brigantia, the land of the Brigantes, is said to have included what is now County Durham.
There are archaeological remains of Roman Durham. Dere Street and Cade's Road run through what is now County Durham. There were Roman forts at Concangis (Chester-le-Street), Lavatrae (Bowes), Longovicium (Lanchester), Piercebridge (Morbium), Vindomora (Ebchester) and Vinovium (Binchester). (The Roman fort at Arbeia (South Shields) is within the former boundaries of County Durham.) A Romanised farmstead has been excavated at Old Durham.
Remains of the Anglo-Saxon period include a number of sculpted stones and sundials, the Legs Cross, the Rey Cross and St Cuthbert's coffin.
Around AD 547, an Angle named Ida founded the kingdom of Bernicia after spotting the defensive potential of a large rock at Bamburgh, upon which many a fortification was thenceforth built. Ida was able to forge, hold and consolidate the kingdom; although the native British tried to take back their land, the Angles triumphed and the kingdom endured.
In AD 604, Ida's grandson Æthelfrith forcibly merged Bernicia (ruled from Bamburgh) and Deira (ruled from York, which was known as Eforwic at the time) to create the Kingdom of Northumbria. In time, the realm was expanded, primarily through warfare and conquest; at its height, the kingdom stretched from the River Humber (from which the kingdom drew its name) to the Forth. Eventually, factional fighting and the rejuvenated strength of neighbouring kingdoms, most notably Mercia, led to Northumbria's decline. The arrival of the Vikings hastened this decline, and the Scandinavian raiders eventually claimed the Deiran part of the kingdom in AD 867 (which became Jórvík). The land that would become County Durham now sat on the border with the Great Heathen Army, a border which today still (albeit with some adjustments over the years) forms the boundaries between Yorkshire and County Durham.
Despite their success south of the river Tees, the Vikings never fully conquered the Bernician part of Northumbria, despite the many raids they had carried out on the kingdom. However, Viking control over the Danelaw, the central belt of Anglo-Saxon territory, resulted in Northumbria becoming isolated from the rest of Anglo-Saxon Britain. Scots invasions in the north pushed the kingdom's northern boundary back to the River Tweed, and the kingdom found itself reduced to a dependent earldom, its boundaries very close to those of modern-day Northumberland and County Durham. The kingdom was annexed into England in AD 954.
In AD 995, St Cuthbert's community, who had been transporting Cuthbert's remains around, partly in an attempt to avoid them falling into the hands of Viking raiders, settled at Dunholm (Durham) on a site that was defensively favourable due to the horseshoe-like path of the River Wear. St Cuthbert's remains were placed in a shrine in the White Church, which was originally a wooden structure but was eventually fortified into a stone building.
Once the City of Durham had been founded, the Bishops of Durham gradually acquired the lands that would become County Durham. Bishop Aldhun began this process by procuring land in the Tees and Wear valleys, including Norton, Stockton, Escomb and Aucklandshire in 1018. In 1031, King Canute gave Staindrop to the Bishops. This territory continued to expand, and was eventually given the status of a liberty. Under the control of the Bishops of Durham, the land had various names: the "Liberty of Durham", "Liberty of St Cuthbert's Land" "the lands of St Cuthbert between Tyne and Tees" or "the Liberty of Haliwerfolc" (holy Wear folk).
The bishops' special jurisdiction rested on claims that King Ecgfrith of Northumbria had granted a substantial territory to St Cuthbert on his election to the see of Lindisfarne in 684. In about 883 a cathedral housing the saint's remains was established at Chester-le-Street and Guthfrith, King of York granted the community of St Cuthbert the area between the Tyne and the Wear, before the community reached its final destination in 995, in Durham.
Following the Norman invasion, the administrative machinery of government extended only slowly into northern England. Northumberland's first recorded Sheriff was Gilebert from 1076 until 1080 and a 12th-century record records Durham regarded as within the shire. However the bishops disputed the authority of the sheriff of Northumberland and his officials, despite the second sheriff for example being the reputed slayer of Malcolm Canmore, King of Scots. The crown regarded Durham as falling within Northumberland until the late thirteenth century.
Following the Battle of Hastings, William the Conqueror appointed Copsig as Earl of Northumbria, thereby bringing what would become County Durham under Copsig's control. Copsig was, just a few weeks later, killed in Newburn. Having already being previously offended by the appointment of a non-Northumbrian as Bishop of Durham in 1042, the people of the region became increasingly rebellious. In response, in January 1069, William despatched a large Norman army, under the command of Robert de Comines, to Durham City. The army, believed to consist of 700 cavalry (about one-third of the number of Norman knights who had participated in the Battle of Hastings), entered the city, whereupon they were attacked, and defeated, by a Northumbrian assault force. The Northumbrians wiped out the entire Norman army, including Comines, all except for one survivor, who was allowed to take the news of this defeat back.
Following the Norman slaughter at the hands of the Northumbrians, resistance to Norman rule spread throughout Northern England, including a similar uprising in York. William The Conqueror subsequently (and successfully) attempted to halt the northern rebellions by unleashing the notorious Harrying of the North (1069–1070). Because William's main focus during the harrying was on Yorkshire, County Durham was largely spared the Harrying.
Anglo-Norman Durham refers to the Anglo-Norman period, during which Durham Cathedral was built.
Matters regarding the bishopric of Durham came to a head in 1293 when the bishop and his steward failed to attend proceedings of quo warranto held by the justices of Northumberland. The bishop's case went before parliament, where he stated that Durham lay outside the bounds of any English shire and that "from time immemorial it had been widely known that the sheriff of Northumberland was not sheriff of Durham nor entered within that liberty as sheriff. . . nor made there proclamations or attachments". The arguments appear to have prevailed, as by the fourteenth century Durham was accepted as a liberty which received royal mandates direct. In effect it was a private shire, with the bishop appointing his own sheriff. The area eventually became known as the "County Palatine of Durham".
Sadberge was a liberty, sometimes referred to as a county, within Northumberland. In 1189 it was purchased for the see but continued with a separate sheriff, coroner and court of pleas. In the 14th century Sadberge was included in Stockton ward and was itself divided into two wards. The division into the four wards of Chester-le-Street, Darlington, Easington and Stockton existed in the 13th century, each ward having its own coroner and a three-weekly court corresponding to the hundred court. The diocese was divided into the archdeaconries of Durham and Northumberland. The former is mentioned in 1072, and in 1291 included the deaneries of Chester-le-Street, Auckland, Lanchester and Darlington.
The term palatinus is applied to the bishop in 1293, and from the 13th century onwards the bishops frequently claimed the same rights in their lands as the king enjoyed in his kingdom.
The historic boundaries of County Durham included a main body covering the catchment of the Pennines in the west, the River Tees in the south, the North Sea in the east and the Rivers Tyne and Derwent in the north. The county palatinate also had a number of liberties: the Bedlingtonshire, Islandshire and Norhamshire exclaves within Northumberland, and the Craikshire exclave within the North Riding of Yorkshire. In 1831 the county covered an area of 679,530 acres (2,750.0 km2) and had a population of 253,910. These exclaves were included as part of the county for parliamentary electoral purposes until 1832, and for judicial and local-government purposes until the coming into force of the Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844, which merged most remaining exclaves with their surrounding county. The boundaries of the county proper remained in use for administrative and ceremonial purposes until the Local Government Act 1972.
Boldon Book (1183 or 1184) is a polyptichum for the Bishopric of Durham.
Until the 15th century, the most important administrative officer in the Palatinate was the steward. Other officers included the sheriff, the coroners, the Chamberlain and the chancellor. The palatine exchequer originated in the 12th century. The palatine assembly represented the whole county, and dealt chiefly with fiscal questions. The bishop's council, consisting of the clergy, the sheriff and the barons, regulated judicial affairs, and later produced the Chancery and the courts of Admiralty and Marshalsea.
The prior of Durham ranked first among the bishop's barons. He had his own court, and almost exclusive jurisdiction over his men. A UNESCO site describes the role of the Prince-Bishops in Durham, the "buffer state between England and Scotland":
From 1075, the Bishop of Durham became a Prince-Bishop, with the right to raise an army, mint his own coins, and levy taxes. As long as he remained loyal to the king of England, he could govern as a virtually autonomous ruler, reaping the revenue from his territory, but also remaining mindful of his role of protecting England’s northern frontier.
A report states that the Bishops also had the authority to appoint judges and barons and to offer pardons.
There were ten palatinate barons in the 12th century, most importantly the Hyltons of Hylton Castle, the Bulmers of Brancepeth, the Conyers of Sockburne, the Hansards of Evenwood, and the Lumleys of Lumley Castle. The Nevilles owned large estates in the county. John Neville, 3rd Baron Neville de Raby rebuilt Raby Castle, their principal seat, in 1377.
Edward I's quo warranto proceedings of 1293 showed twelve lords enjoying more or less extensive franchises under the bishop. The repeated efforts of the Crown to check the powers of the palatinate bishops culminated in 1536 in the Act of Resumption, which deprived the bishop of the power to pardon offences against the law or to appoint judicial officers. Moreover, indictments and legal processes were in future to run in the name of the king, and offences to be described as against the peace of the king, rather than that of the bishop. In 1596 restrictions were imposed on the powers of the chancery, and in 1646 the palatinate was formally abolished. It was revived, however, after the Restoration, and continued with much the same power until 5 July 1836, when the Durham (County Palatine) Act 1836 provided that the palatine jurisdiction should in future be vested in the Crown.
During the 15th-century Wars of the Roses, Henry VI passed through Durham. On the outbreak of the Great Rebellion in 1642 Durham inclined to support the cause of Parliament, and in 1640 the high sheriff of the palatinate guaranteed to supply the Scottish army with provisions during their stay in the county. In 1642 the Earl of Newcastle formed the western counties into an association for the King's service, but in 1644 the palatinate was again overrun by a Scottish army, and after the Battle of Marston Moor (2 July 1644) fell entirely into the hands of Parliament.
In 1614, a Bill was introduced in Parliament for securing representation to the county and city of Durham and the borough of Barnard Castle. The bishop strongly opposed the proposal as an infringement of his palatinate rights, and the county was first summoned to return members to Parliament in 1654. After the Restoration of 1660 the county and city returned two members each. In the wake of the Reform Act of 1832 the county returned two members for two divisions, and the boroughs of Gateshead, South Shields and Sunderland acquired representation. The bishops lost their secular powers in 1836. The boroughs of Darlington, Stockton and Hartlepool returned one member each from 1868 until the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885.
The Municipal Corporations Act 1835 reformed the municipal boroughs of Durham, Stockton on Tees and Sunderland. In 1875, Jarrow was incorporated as a municipal borough, as was West Hartlepool in 1887. At a county level, the Local Government Act 1888 reorganised local government throughout England and Wales. Most of the county came under control of the newly formed Durham County Council in an area known as an administrative county. Not included were the county boroughs of Gateshead, South Shields and Sunderland. However, for purposes other than local government, the administrative county of Durham and the county boroughs continued to form a single county to which the Crown appointed a Lord Lieutenant of Durham.
Over its existence, the administrative county lost territory, both to the existing county boroughs, and because two municipal boroughs became county boroughs: West Hartlepool in 1902 and Darlington in 1915. The county boundary with the North Riding of Yorkshire was adjusted in 1967: that part of the town of Barnard Castle historically in Yorkshire was added to County Durham, while the administrative county ceded the portion of the Borough of Stockton-on-Tees in Durham to the North Riding. In 1968, following the recommendation of the Local Government Commission, Billingham was transferred to the County Borough of Teesside, in the North Riding. In 1971, the population of the county—including all associated county boroughs (an area of 2,570 km2 (990 sq mi))—was 1,409,633, with a population outside the county boroughs of 814,396.
In 1974, the Local Government Act 1972 abolished the administrative county and the county boroughs, reconstituting County Durham as a non-metropolitan county. The reconstituted County Durham lost territory to the north-east (around Gateshead, South Shields and Sunderland) to Tyne and Wear and to the south-east (around Hartlepool) to Cleveland. At the same time it gained the former area of Startforth Rural District from the North Riding of Yorkshire. The area of the Lord Lieutenancy of Durham was also adjusted by the Act to coincide with the non-metropolitan county (which occupied 3,019 km2 (1,166 sq mi) in 1981).
In 1996, as part of 1990s UK local government reform by Lieutenancies Act 1997, Cleveland was abolished. Its districts were reconstituted as unitary authorities. Hartlepool and Stockton-on-Tees (north Tees) were returned to the county for the purposes of Lord Lieutenancy. Darlington also became a third unitary authority of the county. The Royal Mail abandoned the use of postal counties altogether, permitted but not mandatory being at a writer wishes.
As part of the 2009 structural changes to local government in England initiated by the Department for Communities and Local Government, the seven district councils within the County Council area were abolished. The County Council assumed their functions and became the fourth unitary authority. Changes came into effect on 1 April 2009.
On 15 April 2014, North East Combined Authority was established under the Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009 with powers over economic development and regeneration. In November 2018, Newcastle City Council, North Tyneside Borough Council, and Northumberland County Council left the authority. These later formed the North of Tyne Combined Authority.
In May 2021, four parish councils of the villages of Elwick, Hart, Dalton Piercy and Greatham all issued individual votes of no confidence in Hartlepool Borough Council, and expressed their desire to join the County Durham district.
In October 2021, County Durham was shortlisted for the UK City of Culture 2025. In May 2022, it lost to Bradford.
Eighteenth century Durham saw the appearance of dissent in the county and the Durham Ox. The county did not assist the Jacobite Rebellion of 1715. The Statue of Neptune in the City of Durham was erected in 1729.
A number of disasters happened in Nineteenth century Durham. The Felling mine disasters happened in 1812, 1813, 1821 and 1847. The Philadelphia train accident happened in 1815. In 1854, there was a great fire in Gateshead. One of the West Stanley Pit disasters happened in 1882. The Victoria Hall disaster happened in 1883.
One of the West Stanley Pit disasters happened in 1909. The Darlington rail crash happened in 1928. The Battle of Stockton happened in 1933. The Browney rail crash happened in 1946.
The First Treaty of Durham was made at Durham in 1136. The Second Treaty of Durham was made at Durham in 1139.
The county regiment was the Durham Light Infantry, which replaced, in particular, the 68th (Durham) Regiment of Foot (Light Infantry) and the Militia and Volunteers of County Durham.
RAF Greatham, RAF Middleton St George and RAF Usworth were located in County Durham.
David I, the King of Scotland, invaded the county in 1136, and ravaged much of the county 1138. In 17 October 1346, the Battle of Neville's Cross was fought at Neville's Cross, near the city of Durham. On 16 December 1914, during the First World War, there was a raid on Hartlepool by the Imperial German Navy.
Chroniclers connected with Durham include the Bede, Symeon of Durham, Geoffrey of Coldingham and Robert de Graystanes.
County Durham has long been associated with coal mining, from medieval times up to the late 20th century. The Durham Coalfield covered a large area of the county, from Bishop Auckland, to Consett, to the River Tyne and below the North Sea, thereby providing a significant expanse of territory from which this rich mineral resource could be extracted.
King Stephen possessed a mine in Durham, which he granted to Bishop Pudsey, and in the same century colliers are mentioned at Coundon, Bishopwearmouth and Sedgefield. Cockfield Fell was one of the earliest Landsale collieries in Durham. Edward III issued an order allowing coal dug at Newcastle to be taken across the Tyne, and Richard II granted to the inhabitants of Durham licence to export the produce of the mines, without paying dues to the corporation of Newcastle. The majority was transported from the Port of Sunderland complex, which was constructed in the 1850s.
Among other early industries, lead-mining was carried on in the western part of the county, and mustard was extensively cultivated. Gateshead had a considerable tanning trade and shipbuilding was undertaken at Jarrow, and at Sunderland, which became the largest shipbuilding town in the world – constructing a third of Britain's tonnage.[citation needed]
The county's modern-era economic history was facilitated significantly by the growth of the mining industry during the nineteenth century. At the industry's height, in the early 20th century, over 170,000 coal miners were employed, and they mined 58,700,000 tons of coal in 1913 alone. As a result, a large number of colliery villages were built throughout the county as the industrial revolution gathered pace.
The railway industry was also a major employer during the industrial revolution, with railways being built throughout the county, such as The Tanfield Railway, The Clarence Railway and The Stockton and Darlington Railway. The growth of this industry occurred alongside the coal industry, as the railways provided a fast, efficient means to move coal from the mines to the ports and provided the fuel for the locomotives. The great railway pioneers Timothy Hackworth, Edward Pease, George Stephenson and Robert Stephenson were all actively involved with developing the railways in tandem with County Durham's coal mining industry. Shildon and Darlington became thriving 'railway towns' and experienced significant growths in population and prosperity; before the railways, just over 100 people lived in Shildon but, by the 1890s, the town was home to around 8,000 people, with Shildon Shops employing almost 3000 people at its height.
However, by the 1930s, the coal mining industry began to diminish and, by the mid-twentieth century, the pits were closing at an increasing rate. In 1951, the Durham County Development Plan highlighted a number of colliery villages, such as Blackhouse, as 'Category D' settlements, in which future development would be prohibited, property would be acquired and demolished, and the population moved to new housing, such as that being built in Newton Aycliffe. Likewise, the railway industry also began to decline, and was significantly brought to a fraction of its former self by the Beeching cuts in the 1960s. Darlington Works closed in 1966 and Shildon Shops followed suit in 1984. The county's last deep mines, at Easington, Vane Tempest, Wearmouth and Westoe, closed in 1993.
Postal Rates from 1801 were charged depending on the distance from London. Durham was allocated the code 263 the approximate mileage from London. From about 1811, a datestamp appeared on letters showing the date the letter was posted. In 1844 a new system was introduced and Durham was allocated the code 267. This system was replaced in 1840 when the first postage stamps were introduced.
According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1911): "To the Anglo-Saxon period are to be referred portions of the churches of Monk Wearmouth (Sunderland), Jarrow, Escomb near Bishop Auckland, and numerous sculptured crosses, two of which are in situ at Aycliffe. . . . The Decorated and Perpendicular periods are very scantily represented, on account, as is supposed, of the incessant wars between England and Scotland in the 14th and 15th centuries. The principal monastic remains, besides those surrounding Durham cathedral, are those of its subordinate house or "cell," Finchale Priory, beautifully situated by the Wear. The most interesting castles are those of Durham, Raby, Brancepeth and Barnard. There are ruins of castelets or peel-towers at Dalden, Ludworth and Langley Dale. The hospitals of Sherburn, Greatham and Kepyer, founded by early bishops of Durham, retain but few ancient features."
The best remains of the Norman period include Durham Cathedral and Durham Castle, and several parish churches, such as St Laurence Church in Pittington. The Early English period has left the eastern portion of the cathedral, the churches of Darlington, Hartlepool, and St Andrew, Auckland, Sedgefield, and portions of a few other churches.
'Durham Castle and Cathedral' is a designated UNESCO World Heritage Site. Elsewhere in the County there is Auckland Castle.
I don’t belong to the HBM (Happy Bench Monday) group, but I’ll occasionally post a bench on Monday and a fence on Friday (HFF). BUT my question is.....’Is it truly about the bench or where the bench is setting?’
28/365
March 1.
I started uni today. It was awesome! I love my classes and the atmosphere.
But I also found out Shepard Fairey may be going to jail for lying to the court about trying to get rid of evidence for the Obama hope poster. This is all going to sound very childlike and uninformed coming from me but having to go to jail for lying about using a photo? What a complete waste. He has a family, he inspires so many and does actual good to the world. But instead he's being potentially punished with a 6 month jail sentence. It really makes you wonder what the point of a lot of things is.
These letters are from a art project I did about 2 years ago inspired by Barbara Kruger. They felt about street art-ish so here's my photo for the day.
Lady Knox Geyser is a joke
We really questioned before we went how the Geyser would go off every day at 10:15 am, but figured they would not make that up. When you get to the Wonderland Park, you have to go to the main building and get your ticket. Then you have to drive to where the Geyser is. We all entered an area where there were seats and the first thing we noticed was this little Teepee looking thing that looked like it was made out of paper mache. At about 10:20, the guy who was directing traffic in the parking lot came out with a bag of stuff. He gave a short talk and then dumped the bag into the mouth of the Geyser. Like a cheap high school lab experiment, the Geyser went off for about 2 minutes and shot about 20 feet in the air. That was it, the whole show.
There are lots of wonderful natural phenomena in Wai O Tapu. This is just not one of them.
Juzga a las personas por sus preguntas más que por sus respuestas...
Questions
© Luis Campillo 2018
con Miglena Nikolaeva
#ambrotype #ferrotype #tintype #fineartphotography #vintagephotography #vintageportrait #wetplate #makeportraits #oddities
That's one of the first shots with a round about 50 years old Minolta Rokkor - PF 58mm/F1:1.4 adapted to a Panasonic Lumix G-70.
The HQ-mount-parts for this DIY-Adapter were "extracted" from vintage Vivitar- and modern Kenko-Extension-Rings that I had in my parphernalia. The ring for the correction of the differnt flange focal distances is a stack of several 3-D-printed parts.
As expected (obviously nothing's never ever easy) the maths to get the right measure for the right distance are not done by subtracting 19,25 mm (MFT-FFD) from 43,5 mm (MC-FFD) because with a spacing of 24,25 mm the lens is to far away from the focal plane to be focused to infinity.
After some fondling around with different shims I found out that right measure is somewhere at 23,6 mm (or so) what would be fine for practical use. But as it's not the "right" value it is a little bit unsatisfactory.
So if somebody out there knows the right measure or has a well working adapter and a caliper to find it out I really would appreciate it to be informed about the exact measure by that person!
(Mail-ordering an adapter and sending it back after stealing the measure would be severely unsportsmanlike.)
;-)
The name of the butterfly is "Question Mark" The other one has been identified as a "Coma" butterfly LOL
Question:What is a ship?.
Answer:A big boat that floats on water and is made of iron or other materials.
This photo was taken by the grandson and this simple view of life is how he see's his world.As we we grow, life gets more complicated,why is that?.
The man in photo is his grandfather,that was in the way when he took this photo?.I was in the way? Well,it looked to me,that he was pointing in the opposite direction.
Wacky Wednesday or life is normal, get with the program!
An opinion which is proving to be true,in my case,
"Life does not speed up,the people begin to slow down" Amen.
A Question Mark butterfly, Polygonia interrogationis, in the Leslie Street garden allotments, Toronto.
The Cosmic Question Mark (NGC 7822) is a nebula located in the constellation Cepheus, which is approximately 2,900 light years away. The nebula is home to one of the hottest stars known. The star is known as BD+66 1673. This star is one of the primary sources illuminating the nebula.
The nebula gets its name because it resembles a question mark in its entirety. I didn’t plan very well and didn’t shoot another couple mosaic panels to capture the entire nebula! The other two panels will be another project in the winter as this was a little bit of a pain to capture.
Image Detail:
- 22 hours of total integration time (300 seconds, gain 100, camera cooled to 14 degrees)
- 11 hours of HA/OIII narrowband data for each panel
Equipment:
- SVBONY SV503 80ED
- SVBONY SV220 HA/OIII dual narrowband filter
- SVBONY SV226 filter drawer
- Sky Watcher Star Adventurer GTi
- ZWO ASI 2600MC Pro
- ZWO ASIAIR Mini
- ZWO EAF
- ZWO 120MM guide camera
- ZWO guide scope
Software:
- PixInsight
- Adobe Photoshop
- RC Astro Blur Xterminator
- RC Astro Noise Xterminator
- RC Astro Star Xterminator
Found hogging the road at the Wolf River Restoration Area near Collierville, Tn. Note one antenna seems to be missing. Actually, it is just pointing down and cannot be seen.
è una questione di qualità
o una formalità
non ricordo più bene una formalità
come decidere di radersi i capelli
di eliminare il caffè, le sigarette
di farla finita con qualcuno
o qualcosa, una formalità una formalità
o una questione di qualità
io sto bene io sto bene
io sto male io sto male
io non so io non so
come stare dove stare
non studio non lavoro non guardo la TV
non vado al cinema non faccio sport
io sto bene io sto male io non so
cosa fare non ho arte non ho parte
non ho niente da insegnare
è una questione di qualità
o una formalità
non ricordo più bene, una formalità
Explore: Feb 09, 2008.
- Difficult is to match, at the same time, in one place and also, also ...., in the same plane .........Difficult, but not impossible .......
- Difícil es coincidir, en el mismo momento, en mismo lugar, y además, además...., en el mismo plano.........Dificil, pero no imposible.......
What would your question be?
(partial lyrics of song "One of Us" by Joan Osbourne)
Toledo, Spain
Cual seria tu pregunta?
Si Dios tuviese un nombre, cual seria, y lo llamarias asi a la cara?
(letra parcial de la cancion "One of Us" poor Joan Osbourne)
Tagged by Paris in BKK 2011. Answer 26 random questions about yourself.
1. I’m introverted by nature which is why I like to create.
2. I’m loyal to a fault.
3. I am 37% Nigerian, 22% Cameroon/Congo, 14% England/Wales, 11% Mali, 6% Irish/Scottish, 3% Benin/Togo, 3% Senegalese and 2% Norwegian.
4. I'm a foodie from way back.
5. I subscribe to Chanel's maxim; “Luxury is a necessity that begins where necessity ends”.
6. My musical likes are anything jazz or classical.
7. My favorite artist? Caravaggio.
8. My favorite designer is YSL.
9. My cup of tea? Matcha
10. My legal highs? Collecting dolls… of course.
11. My favorite book? Remembrance of Things Past.
12. My favorite color? Red.
13. How do I get around? I’m a New Yorker. We subway and taxi it everywhere.
14. I’m environmentally aware but I’m not a fanatic about it.
15. Things I can't live without? My partner.
16. I'm addicted to collecting dolls… what else?
17. Listening to music I find relaxing.
18. I love going to the flea market and brunch with friends.
19. What is my biggest dream? Continuing to believe in them.
20. One day I'll go horseback riding with Tony.
21. I pray for peace of mind most days.
22. I admire people with courage.
23. I believe a man can never have too many friends or too much money.
24. I love everything about my body and don’t worry about what I can’t change.
25. I wish I could be more patient.
26. I'm truly grateful for my health.
While waiting in line at McDonalds for our Mocha Frappas, I noticed the reflection of our car in the back hatch of the Jeep ahead of us. I've taken thousands of photos of cars at car shows and almost all of them have reflections to be dealt with one way or another. But I don't recall ever seeing one upside down like this. Maybe there's a simple explanation but I can't figure it out. Can someone tell me how this happens? Or is this just another strange 2020 thing?
...forget about questions, forget about how it appears, forget about how it looks, just care about how it feels...
...I am not into questioning, in fact I am sick of doing that for work. Getting down to the root of everything. I just want to relax and feel comfortable. Thats what I have set out to do at the begining but some how I have lost my direction...
...Don't get me wrong, what is in front of me might still be an illusion. But it is not a question of trust. What I see may still be something not quite as simple as it looks, but if it feels right...am i willing to get to the bottom of it?
...see for yourself and judge for yourself