Station de métro Pont Neuf - Paris - FRANCE

 

Et pour répondre à votre questionnement intérieur, oui, elle était sublime :-) mais j'ai un peu bouché les ombres pour ne conserver qu'une silhouette. Dommaaaaaaaage :-)

Back yard, Corinth, Orange Co., VT.

"Why's she wearing MY ears?.... Harumph!!!!"

Polygonia interrogationis

 

found objects

 

A question for any American collectors is this a genuine Ford part? I would be disappointed if it was a replica it looks genuine to me though and considering how old it is its in amazing shape it has clearly been restored hopefully its not a aftermarket replica i cant believe I’ve found 3 US import caps now!

Thirty Strangers - One Question: What makes you happy?

 

An answer so obvious, I'm surprised it's taken so long for anyone to think of it. Mums always make everyone happy :) One thing after completing this project I've come to realise is that I should really have asked everyone why they wrote what they wrote... As it would be interesting to know what about it that makes them happy.

 

This guy was just having coffee with his two friends and was really enthusiastic about the project, It was really nice talking to them about it.

 

Doing this project you get exposed to a whole range of people, the ones who think that it's a really cool idea and want to know more, the ones who are pretty impartial to what I'm doing and why... sometimes to the point of not even asking what the picture is for haha, and then the people who get angry when I ask and tell me to piss off :(

A fruit-eating butterfly dining on watermelon

Question everything... ok but... why?

Question mark butterfly feeding on a purple coneflower. Lens used with a 16 mm extension tube.

A spot of Porto philosophy just behind the station.

 

www.redbubble.com/people/mbangert/works/16542446-good-que...

 

pixels.com/featured/good-question-mark-bangert.html

No really its called a Question Mark butterfly. So named because of two marks on the under side of the wings resembling a question mark.

Probable juvenile at the Berks County Heritage Center near Reading, Berks County. If accepted this bird would represent the third record for Pennsylvania and second since 2012. The bird was discovered at this location on 21 December 2015 and has been seen daily ever since. Remarkably cooperative, the bird often feeds in the open only a few feet from the ground -- quite photogenic!

  

Note strong yellowish underparts, strongly green upperparts, and complete almond-shaped eyering, among other features. The bird's call (which I heard twice) appears to match Pacific-Slope per spectrographic analysis of recordings, though note that the taxonomy of the "Western" Flycatcher (Pacific-Slope and Cordilleran) is an open question and debate.

 

ebird.org/ebird/view/checklist?subID=S26628598

View On Black

  

Full Blue Moon Dementia

Find it in The Archives: IID 1692074 Booklets Cards-Casket Tickets-Invitations-Menus-Programs-Royal Memorabilia-Tickets-Trip Itineraries-War Memorabilia-Silk Invitations-Menus and Programs IM0287

 

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why need watch that video had puppy named Bark white love white sneakers least She’s least productive among all employees president She was class president back high school learn I’d love learn more about English language real real name change change that things get better team They hired team design their new office minute She’s laughing every minute every day best This best potato salad I’ve ever tasted several have several old clothes need donate idea It was your idea go beach remember kid loved that toy when was kid body She worked out hard achieve toned body information This information need nothing There’s nothing now ago Three years ago visited Japan first time right You’re right go back there lead Just lead way I’ll follow social feel awkward these social gatherings understand how feel big groups or small groups always feel little shy at first back Looking back knew was always introvert watch Let’s watch sun set on horizon together They’re together now follow I’ll follow home 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able send your report today age average marrying age these days off cat ran off with dog policy They have generous return policy everything Everything on sale love love you’re wearing! process Wait give time process everything you’re telling music love music including Around 20 people attended including Bob Beth consider hope consider project proposal appear How did that appear out nowhere actually I’m actually just heading out buy I’m going buy these shoes probably He’s probably still asleep human Give break only human wait it alright wait few minutes serve This blow dryer has served well years market Let’s visit Sunday market die don’t cat die let’s take vet send send package address expect can’t expect much from their poor service home can’t wait go home! sense did sense that something was okay build going build dream house stay stay with few weeks fall careful might fall oh Oh no left phone at home! nation have act as one nation plan What’s your plan this time cut Don’t cut your hair college met college interest Music interest mine death Death such heavy topic course course did take up college someone there someone who go with experience exciting experience! behind I’m scared check what’s behind that door reach can’t reach him won’t answer phone local This local business kill Smoking kill six have six books about Psychology remain These remain on top shelf effect Wow effect that mascara great! use use your phone yeah Yeah did call earlier suggest did suggest that class same English class control Where’s remote control raise It’s challenging discipline kids these days care don’t care about think perhaps Perhaps arrive at compromise little There’s little bird outside window late am running late doctor’s appointment hard That test was hard field He’s over there by soccer field else anyone else coming pass pass by grocery store former She was former housemate sell sell your old couch online major It’s major issue project sometimes Sometimes forget turn off porch lights require They’ll require show your I D along tag along your road trip development This news development really interesting themselves They take care themselves report read report it was great! role She’s going play role Elsa better Your singing has gotten much better! economic Some countries are facing economic crisis effort government must make effort solve this up grades have gone up decide decide where eat rate How would rate hotel’s service strong They have strong customer service here! possible Maybe it’s possible change their bathroom amenities heart heart full drug She got patent drug she has created cure cancer show show how solve this puzzle leader are wonderful leader light Watch face light up when mention name voice Hearing mom’s voice all need right now wife wife away weekend whole have whole house myself police police have questioned about incident mind This relaxation technique really eases mind finally finally move out from old apartment pull baby niece likes pull hair return give tickles return free best things life are free military dad military price This price pay lying report Did report this police less am praying less stress this coming new year according According weather report it’s going rain today decision This big decision explain I’ll explain everything later promise son son cute! hope hope I’ll have son one day even Even they’ve broken up they still remain friends develop That rash could develop into something more serious view This view amazing! relationship They’ve taken their relationship next level carry carry bag town This town extremely quiet road There’s road that leads edge woods drive can’t drive there need walk arm broke arm during practice true It’s true I’m leaving company federal Animal abuse now federal felony! break Don’t break law better better learn how follow rules difference What’s difference between happiness contentment thank forgot thank pie she sent us receive Did receive pie sent value value friendship much 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whose Whose umbrella this matter does it matter anyway everyone Everyone thinks stole that file center hate being center attention couple couple on their honeymoon now site This site big! end It’s end era project This project file due tomorrow hit hit burglar with bat base All moms are their child’s home base activity musical activity suggest toddler star son draw star! table saw draw it while was writing on table need need enroll good preschool court There’s basketball court near house produce Fresh farm produce best eat could eat that all day American sister dating American teach love teach English lessons oil Could buy some cooking oil at store half Just half liter situation situation getting out hand easy thought said this was going easy cost cost fuel has increased! industry fuel industry hiking prices figure government figure out how fix this problem face can’t bear face this horrendous traffic again again street Let’s cross street image There’s image stored inside mind itself bike itself pretty awesome phone Plus it has phone holder either either walk or commute work data How simplify this data cover Could cover during emergencies quite I’m quite satisfied with their work picture Picture this: lake cabin lots peace quiet clear That picture clear inside head practice Let’s practice dance number piece That’s piece cake! land Their plane going land soon recent This most recent social media post describe Describe yourself one word product This favorite product their new line cosmetics doctor doctor wall post this up on wall patient patient much pain now worker She’s factory worker news saw that on news test have pass this English test movie Let’s watch movie later certain There’s certain kind magic air now north Santa lives up north love l love Christmas! personal This letter very personal open Why did open read it support support simply simply won’t tolerate bad behavior third This third time you’ve lied technology Write about advantages technology catch Let’s catch up soon please! step Watch your step baby baby adorable computer turn on computer type need type your password attention have your attention draw draw this film That film absolutely mind-blowing Republican Republican candidate tree That tree has been there generations source are source strength red I’ll wear red dress tonight nearly nearly died that accident! organization Their organization doing great things street kids choose Let choose color cause have see cause effect this experiment hair I’ll cut hair short change look look at items bought point point all this century We’re living 21st century Mary evidence evidence clearly shows that guilty window I’ll buy window curtains next week difficult Sometimes life difficult listen have listen your teacher soon launch course soon culture hope they understand culture better billion target have 1 billion dollars account by end year chance there chance that this brother brother always have back energy Now put that energy into walking period They covered period twenty years course Have seen course already summer I’ll go beach summer less Sometimes less more realize just realize that have meeting today hundred have hundred dollars that lend available am available work on your project plant Plant seed likely It was likely deer trail opportunity It was perfect opportunity test theory term I’m sure there’s Latin term it short It was just short stay at hotel letter already passed letter intent condition know condition am choice have no choice place Let’s meet out at meeting place single am single parent rule It’s rule law daughter knows how read now administration take this up with administration south am headed south husband just bought ring birthday Congress It debated at Congress floor She floor manager campaign handled their election campaign material She had nothing material report population population nearest big city was growing well wish well call am going call bank economy economy booming medical -She needs medical assistance hospital I’ll take nearest hospital church saw church last Sunday close -Please close door thousand There are thousand reasons learn English! risk Taking risk rewarding current your current address fire Make sure your smoke alarm works case fire future -The future full hope wrong That wrong answer involve need involve police defense your defense or reason did this anyone Does anyone know answer increase Let’s increase your test score security Some apartment buildings have security bank need go bank withdraw some money myself clean up by myself certainly certainly help clean up west drive West arrive California sport favorite sport soccer board see board seek Seek find per Lobster $20 per pound subject favorite subject English! officer Where find police officer private This private party rest Let’s take 15 minute rest behavior This dog’s behavior excellent deal used car good deal performance Your performance affected by your sleep fight don’t fight with throw German ball! top are top student quickly Let’s finish reading this quickly past past English was as good as it today goal speak English fluently second second goal increase confidence bed go bed around 10pm order would like order book author author this series world-famous fill need fill (up) gas tank represent represent family focus Turn off your phone TV focus on your studies! foreign It’s great having foreign friends drop don’t drop eggs! plan Let’s make plan blood hospital needs people give blood upon Once upon time princess lived castle agency Let’s contract agency help with marketing push door says ‘push ’ ‘pull ' nature love walking nature! colou color blue no ‘No’ one shortest complete sentences recently cleaned bathroom most recently think it’s your turn this time store I’m going store buy some bread reduce reuse recycle are ways help environment sound like sound wind chimes note take notes during lesson fine movie let’s buy popcorn! near Near far wherever are believe that heart goes on movement environmental movement international movement page turn page 62 enter enter building on left share Let share idea than Ice cream has more calories than water common Most people find something common with each other poor had poor harvest this year because it was dry other This pen doesn’t work try other one natural This cleaner natural there aren’t chemicals it race watched car race on TV concern Thank your concern but I’m fine series your favorite TV series significant job earns significant amount money similar These earrings don’t match but they are similar hot Don’t touch stove it’s still hot language Learning new language fun each Put flower each vase usually usually shop at corner store response didn’t expect response come soon dead phone dead let charge it rise sun rise at 7:00 a m animal kind animal that factor Heredity factor your overall health decade I’ve lived this city over decade article Did read that newspaper article shoot wants shoot arrows at target east Drive east three miles save save all cans recycling seven There are seven slices pie left artist Taylor Swift recording artist away wish that mosquito would go away scene painted colorful street scene stock That shop has good stock postcards career Retail sales good career some people despite Despite rain still have picnic central There good shopping central London eight That recipe takes eight cups flour thus haven’t had problems thus far treatment propose treatment plan your injury beyond town just beyond those mountains happy Kittens make happy exactly Use exactly one teaspoon salt that recipe protect coat protect from cold weather approach cat slowly approached bird lie Teach your children lie size size that shirt dog think dog good pet fund have savings fund college serious She serious she never laughs occur Strange things occur that empty house media That issue has been discussed media ready Are ready leave work sign That store needs bigger sign thought I’ll have give it some thought list made list things do individual buy individual or group membership simple appliance comes with simple instructions quality paid little more quality shoes pressure There no pressure finish right now accept accept credit card answer Give your answer by noon tomorrow hard That test was very hard resource library has many online resources identify can’t identify that plant left door on your left as approach meeting We’ll have staff meeting after lunch determine Eye color genetically determined prepare I’ll prepare breakfast tomorrow disease Face masks help prevent disease whatever Choose whatever flavor like best success Failure back door success argue It’s good idea argue with your boss cup Would like cup coffee particularly It’s particularly hot outside just warm amount It take large amount food feed elephant ability has ability explain things well staff There are five people on staff here recognize recognize person this photo indicate reply indicated that she understood character trust people good character growth company has seen strong growth this quarter loss farmer suffered heavy losses after storm degree Set oven 300 degrees wonder wonder Bulls win game attack army attack at dawn herself She bought herself new coat region internet services are your region television don’t watch much television box packed dishes strong box TV There good movie on TV tonight training company pay your training pretty That pretty dress trade stock market traded lower today deal got good deal at store election Who think win election everybody likes ice cream physical Keep physical distance six feet lay baby crib general impression restaurant was good feeling have good feeling about this standard standard fee $10 00 bill electrician send bill message have text message on your phone fail fail see funny about that outside cat goes outside sometimes arrive When your plane arrive analysis I’ll give analysis when I’ve seen everything benefit There are many health benefits quinoa name What’s your name sex know sex your baby yet forward Move car forward few feet lawyer legal helped write present everyone present meeting begin section stadium are sitting environmental science economy politics political politician issues are news glass much heavier than plastic answer Could answer question skill best skill woodworking sister lives close PM movie starts at 7:30 PM professor Dr Smith professor operation mining operation employs thousands people financial keep accounts at financial institution crime police fight crime stage caterpillar larval stage butterfly ok Would it ok eat out tonight compare should compare cars before buy one authority City authorities make local laws miss you when see again design need design new logo sort Let’s sort these beads according color one only have one cat act I’ll act on your information today ten baby counted ten toes knowledge have knowledge fix that gun Gun ownership controversial topic station There train station close house blue favorite color blue state After accident was state shock strategy new corporate strategy written here little prefer little cars clearly instructions clearly written discuss We’ll discuss that at meeting indeed Your mother does indeed have hearing loss force It takes lot force open that door truth tell truth song That’s beautiful song example need example that grammar point democratic Does Australia have democratic government check check work sure it’s correct environment live healthy environment leg boy broke leg dark Turn on light it’s dark here public Masks must worn public places various That rug comes various shades gray rather Would rather have hamburger than hot dog laugh That movie always makes laugh guess don’t know just guess executive company’s executives are paid well set Set glass on table study needs study test prove employee proved worth hang hang your coat on hook entire ate entire meal 10 minutes rock There are decorative rocks garden design windows don’t open by design enough Have had enough coffee forget Don’t forget stop at store since She hasn’t eaten since yesterday claim made insurance claim car accident note Leave note you’re going late remove Remove cookies from oven manager manager look at your application help Could help move this table close Close door sound dog did make sound enjoy enjoy soda network Band name internet network legal legal documents need signed religious She very religious she attends church weekly cold feet are cold form fill out this application form final divorce was final last month main main problem lack money science studies health science at university green grass green memory has good memory card They sent card birthday above Look on shelf above sink seat That’s comfortable seat cell Your body made millions cells establish They established their business 1942 nice That’s very nice car trial They are employing on trial basis expert Matt IT expert that Did see that movie spring Spring most beautiful season firm ‘no was very firm she won’t change mind Democrat Democrats control Senate radio listen radio car visit visited museum today management That store has good management care She cares mother at home avoid should avoid poison ivy imagine imagine pigs could fly tonight Would like go out tonight huge That truck huge! ball threw ball dog no said ‘no ’ don’t ask again close Close window finish Did finish your homework yourself gave yourself haircut talk talks lot theory theory that’s good plan impact drought had big impact on crops respond hasn’t responded text yet statement police chief gave statement media maintain Exercise helps maintain healthy weight charge need charge phone popular That’s popular restaurant traditional They serve traditional Italian food there onto Jump onto boat we’ll go fishing reveal Washing off dirt revealed boy’s skinned knee direction direction city from here weapon No weapons are allowed government buildings employee That store only has three employees cultural There cultural significance those old ruins contain carton contains dozen egges peace World leaders gathered peace talks head head hurts control Keep control car base glass has heavy base it won’t fall over pain have chest pain apply Maria applied job play children play at park measure Measure twice cut once wide doorway was very wide shake Don’t shake soda fly fly France next year interview job interview went well manage Did manage find keys chair table has six matching chairs fish don’t enjoy eating fish particular That particular style looks good on camera use camera on phone structure building’s structure solid politics Mitch very active politics perform singer perform tonight bit It rained little bit last night weight Keep track your pet’s weight suddenly storm came up suddenly discover You’ll discover treasures at that thrift store candidate There are ten candidates position top flag flies on top that building production Factory production has improved over summer treat Give yourself treat job well done trip are taking trip Florida January evening I’m staying home this evening affect bank account affect how much buy inside cat stays inside conference There expert presenters at conference unit foot unit measure best Those are best glasses buy style dress out style adult Adults pay full price but children are free worry Don’t worry about tomorrow range doctor offered range options mention mention your story rather Rather than focusing on bad things let’s grateful good things far don’t move far from family deep That poem about life deep front face front edge stand close edge cliff individual These potato chips are individual serving size package specific Could more specific writer are good writer trouble Stay out trouble necessary It necessary sleep throughout Throughout life have always enjoyed reading challenge challenge better fear have fears shoulder have shoulder all work on your own institution Have attended institution higher learning middle am middle child with one older brother one younger sister sea sail seven seas dream have dream bar bar place where alcohol served beautiful are beautiful property own property like house instead Instead eating cake have fruit improve am always looking ways improve stuff When moved realized have lot stuff! claim claim fast reader but actually am average

 

At a crossroads – Needing to make an important decision

When you are at a crossroads, you are at a point in your life where you need to make a decision. The implication is that the decision you make will have big, life-altering consequences.

Bad apple – Bad person

You can use this idiom to describe someone who is not nice and maybe even criminal.

Barking up the wrong tree – Pursuing the wrong course

When you “bark up the wrong tree” you are pursuing the wrong solution to your problems.

Be closefisted – Stingy

If you are being “closefisted”, you don’t want to spend a lot of money.

Be cold-hearted – Uncaring

If you decide to be “cold-hearted”, you are making a deliberate decision not to care about someone or something.

Be on solid ground – Confident

When you are “on solid ground”, you are confident in your position or feel that you are safe.

Beat around the bush – Avoid saying

When you do this, you are taking a long time to say what you really need to say. You may be doing this because the “truth” is embarrassing or your unsure about how the listener will take it.

Behind you – Supportive

When you are “behind” someone, you are saying that they have your support.

Between a rock and a hard place – Facing difficulties

When you have to choose between two options, neither of which are ideal or “good”.

Blow off steam – Try to relax

When you are stressed or upset about something, sometimes you need to do something to keep you from thinking about it.

Born with a silver spoon in their mouth – Born wealthy

This idiomatic expression is used to describe someone who was born into a wealthy family.

Break the bank – Spend a lot

When you “break the bank”, you spend a lot of money on something. If something will “break the bank”, then it’s expensive.

Bright spark – Smart

A “bright spark” is someone who is smart and valuable to an organization.

Build a case – Argue your point

When you “build a case” for something, you are preparing to argue a point or convince someone that your opinion is the right one.

Build castles in the sky – Daydream

When you fantasize about something you hope to have or achieve.

Burn your bridges – End a relationship

When you “burn your bridges” you end a relationship permanently.

Butter up – Flatter

When you “butter” someone up, you are telling them nice things about themselves.

Bought a lemon – Bad bargain

If something you bought is a “lemon” it is a bad product. In a sense, you wasted your money on it.

Break the ice – Start a conversation

When you start a conversation strangers with the end goal of making new friends.

Calm before the storm – Peaceful

When you use this to describe your state of being or mind, you’re talking about a quiet period before anticipated trouble comes your way.

Chasing rainbows – Pursuing dreams

When you try to follow your dreams. The implication here, however, is that you might be better off forgetting your dreams.

Clear as mud – Hard to understand

When you are confused about something or a situation.

Cool as a cucumber – Calm

This idiomatic expression is meant to describe someone who is calm and relaxed.

Couch potato – Lazy

A couch potato is a lazy person. Specifically, someone who sprawls on their couch watching TV almost all day.

Cross that bridge when we get to it – Think about it later

When you say this, you are telling someone that you will think about something later. The implication is that it’s a problem or a decision that can be put off for now.

Chew it over – Think had about something

This idiom implies that you need to make an important decision and can’t afford to be hasty about it.

Come to light – Be revealed

When something “comes to light” something that was originally concealed from you is revealed.

Cut back on – Reduce

When you use this idiom, you are reducing something.

Cut to the chase – Speak concisely

When you tell someone to “cut to the chase”, you are expressing impatience. This is usually used when someone feels someone else is taking to long to deliver important news.

Crystal clear – Easy to understand

When you say that something is “crystal clear”, you are saying that it is understood.

Dead-end job – No more opportunities

When you are stuck in a “dead-end job”, you are in a career situation where there is no more room for advancement.

Dig deep – Strive

When you “dig deep” you put a lot of effort into a task.

Digging into – Looking closer

When you “dig into” something, you are looking for more information.

Don’t run before you can walk – Don’t assume something is easy

This is a descriptive idiom, it’s meant to make you think about how a baby needs to learn how to walk before they can run. It’s supposed to caution you about assuming you can just do something without learning the basics.

Down to earth – Practical

This describes someone who is known for being sensible and practical.

Eat like a bird – Small appetite

This is used to describe someone who doesn’t eat a lot.

Eat like a horse – Eat a lot

If you eat like a horse, you are eating a lot. You can “eat like a bird” most of the time but “eat like a horse” at a specific time because you are either very hungry or you really like the food.

Eat your words – Admit you were wrong

When you “eat your words” you are admitting that something you said earlier turned out to be wrong.

Every cloud has a silver lining – Things will get better

When you say this, you are telling yourself or someone else that you will get through your troubles.

Face the music – Face the consequences

When you “face the music”, you are owning up to a mistake and trying to make amends.

Find your feet – Adapt

When you are “finding your feet” you are learning how to adapt to a new situation, like a new job.

Follow in their footsteps – Imitate

This idiom is often used between children and their parents, but it can also refer to a mentor or someone you admire. If you “follow in someone’s footsteps”, you do the same thing that they did.

Food for thought – Something to think about

If you are given “food for thought” you have been given something to think about.

A frosty reception – To be unwelcome

If you received a “frosty reception”, you are not welcome.

Fly off the handle – Rages

You can use this idiom to describe someone who is visibly angry over a situation. Often this means that someone is shouting and maybe gesturing violently and even causing damage to property. It also implies that the angry reaction is disproportionate to the situation.

Get on with your life – Continue on after a setback

This is something you can say and should do after going through some problems.

Give them a run for their money – Compete

If you are competing with someone, you are giving them a “run for their money.”

Go Dutch – Split the bill

You can use this idiomatic expression when dining out with friends.

Go with the flow – Relax and get along

When you “go with the flow” you keep calm and just go along with whatever is happening around you.

Got off scot-free – Escaped

When you “get off scot-free”, you managed to escape any consequences for your actions.

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Hard to swallow – Unbelievable

If someone told you something that you just can’t believe, they told you something that is “hard to swallow”.

Have your whole life in front of you – Young

Someone who has their whole life in front of them is young and full of promise.

Hold out an olive branch – Apologize

When you do this, you try to make amends or peace with someone you’ve hurt or angered.

In hot water – In trouble

This idiomatic expression can be used to say that you are in a less than ideal situation.

Inching forward - Making slow progress

When you say this, you’re saying things are proceeding slowly.

Keep on the straight and narrow – Keep out of trouble

When you say this, you are implying that you are going to live in a morally correct way.

Keep your chin up – Stay positive

Even if you’re going through a hard time, you should keep thinking positive.

Kicked the bucket – Died

This is an irreverent phrase to say that someone has died. Be careful how you use it.

Let the cat out of the bag – Spoiled the secret

You “let the cat out of the bag” when you accidentally let someone in on a secret that they weren’t meant to know.

Look up to – Respect

When you “look up to” someone you are acknowledging that you respect them and value their opinion.

Loaded – Rich

When you call someone “loaded” you are saying that they are rich.

Lost at sea – Confused

If a situation is making you feel confused or lost, this is the idiom to use.

Making ends meet – Careful budgeting

If you. don’t have much money, you need to “make ends meet”. This means you carefully budget what you do have to meet your needs.

Make a mountain out of a molehill –Exaggerate

This idiom is used to say that someone is being over-dramatic with their complaints or concerns.

Make waves – Change things

When you “make waves”, you change a situation dramatically. This can also mean that you caused trouble.

Nip in the bud – Stop

When you do this, you take action to keep a situation from getting worse.

No sweat – Easy

When you say “no sweat” you are saying that a task was easy

Not your cup of tea – Not something you like

If you say that something is “not your cup of tea” you are saying it’s not something you particularly like or enjoy.

Once in a blue moon – Rare

This implies something that either won’t happen or rarely happens.

Out in the open – Public knowledge

When something is “out in the open”, it is a matter of public knowledge.

Over the moon – Very happy

You can use this to describe the feeling of getting something you’ve been looking forward to for a long time.

On cloud nine – Very happy

Similar to being over the moon.

Packed like sardines – Crowded

If people are “packed like sardines” in a venue, they are standing very close together in a small space.

Piece of cake –Easy

If you say something is a “piece of cake” you are saying that it is easy.

Pitch in - Contribute

When you “pitch-in”, you work with a group of people to reach a common goal.

Point of view – An opinion

Your “point of view” is what you think about someone or a situation.

Pony up – Pay

If you are paying back a debt, you are “ponying up” the money.

Pour oil on troubled waters – Calm things down

This basically means that you played peacemaker and kept an argument from developing into a physical fight.

Put your head in the sand – Deny something unpleasant

When you have your “head in the sand”, you are deliberately ignoring a bad situation.

Rags to riches – Became rich

Someone who went from “rags to riches” was born poor or underprivileged, but is now in a better social position.

Rain or shine – No matter what

This idiomatic expression is used to express the idea that nothing will stop you.

Reap the rewards – Received the benefits

When you “reap the rewards”, you are getting the benefits of your good work.

Rings a bell – Sounds familiar

When you think that you’ve heard a piece of information before but are not so sure.

Rule of thumb – General practice

A “rule of thumb” is an unwritten rule that is followed by the majority.

Separate the wheat from the chaff – Decide what is valuable

This picturesque idiom refers to how, when you harvest wheat, you need to separate it from the stalks and leaves. So, it means that you pick out or choose what is valuable to keep.

Shell out money – Pay

When you “shell out money”, you pay for an item.

Sitting on the fence – Neutral

When you “sit on the fence” you are avoiding making a decision. Often, this is a decision between two people with different opinions.

Smart cookie – Smart person

You can use this idiom to describe someone intelligent.

Spice things up – Make things interesting

When you “spice things up” you do something to break out of your normal routine.

Spill the beans – Tell

When you do this, you tell someone something they didn’t know. It may or not have been a secret previously.

Sticky fingers – Thief

If you accuse someone of having “sticky fingers” you are basically calling them a thief.

Take a side – Choose who to support

When you “take a side” in an argument, you are agreeing with one of those arguing.

Throw light on – Explain something

When you “throw light on” a situation, you help make sure that it is understood.

To move at a snail’s pace – Move slowly

This is another idiomatic phrase that’s meant to paint a picture. A snail moves slowly, so to move at its pace means things are going slowly.

Tread carefully – Be cautious

This implies that a situation is fraught and it might be easy to offend those involved.

Under the table – Secretive

When you do something “under the table”, you are trying to do something so that only a small amount of people are aware of it. It’s commonly used to describe something that is possibly unscrupulous. For example, bribes are given “under the table”.

Undermine your position – Act unconvincingly

When you behave in a way that makes you and your opinion seem untrustworthy.

Up in the air – Uncertain

When you say something is “up in the air”, you are saying that you are not sure that an event is happening.

Weather the storm – Survive

When you “weather the storm”, you endure a bad situation.

When it rains, it pours – Trouble comes

This refers to the fact that sometimes, many bad things happen to people at one time.

So there you have it, 10 idiomatic expressions and their meanings. These idioms are used by native English language speakers to add some color to their daily speech.

  

“Be patient toward all that is unsolved in your heart and try to love the questions themselves, like locked rooms and like books that are now written in a very foreign tongue. Do not now seek the answers, which cannot be given you because you would not be able to live them. And the point is, to live everything. Live the questions now. Perhaps you will then gradually, without noticing it, live along some distant day into the answer.”

― Rainer Maria Rilke

 

Trostbrücke 4-6, 20457 Hamburg

 

In the age of rising nationalism around the world, one may be forgiven to question if patriotism is a code word for neo-Nazism or fascism, but this Patriotic Society from 1765 has much nobler origins. It was founded in 1765 during the Age of Enlightenment as the Hamburgische Gesellschaft zur Beförderung der Künste und nützlichen Gewerbe (Hamburg society for the promotion of the arts and industries). Interestingly, the society was modelled after the 1731 establishment of the Dublin Society for promotion of agriculture, art, industry and science in Ireland (now Royal Dublin Society).

 

The building seen here occupies the original site of the old Hamburg City Hall, which was burnt down during the Great Fire of 1842. Between 1845 and 1847, a new building was erected here, but it again was severely damaged during Word War II. The current building was only completed in 1957 following years of re-building and restoration.

They usually know where the bathrooms are (that's the "loo" to me Brit buds, the "WC" to mein German buds, and a "tree" to me Aussie and Canadian buds.).

 

Relax, it's just a bit of humor. Police action in San Jose, California. Resolved peacefully.

=Some Years Ago. The Moth Cave=

 

"You mean to tell me you've never had a birthday party?" Drury asked incredulously. He ​lowered the auto-parts catalogue, and stepped away from his desk, his face smeared with axel grease from his latest back-firing Mothmobile.

 

Julian shrugged passively. "My parents were Jehovah Witnesses. They didn't believe in material possessions or celebrations, or, holidays for that matter."

 

"Right, well, we're fixing that!" Drury declared, patting him on the back enthusiastically.

 

"That's... Not necessary," Julian protested.

 

"Nonsense," Drury scoffed. "You're a Misfit. And the Misfits, know how to party."

 

~-~

 

The party in question, took place at Crazy Quilt's, the nightclub owned by Paul Dekker, the Misfits' eccentric tailor who ran a series of profitable (albeit morally dubious) ventures on the side under the guise of the bar's namesake.

 

"Hmph, well, it's not quite the Gotham Royal," Morty Drake stated, turning his nose up at the venue, as the young waiter guided the party to their seats.

 

"Yeah, well, when you pay off your debts, you can pick the venue... You know you don't need a pheasant pantry, right?" Len Fiasco rolled his eyes.

 

"A life without luxury is a life not worth living my uptight friend," Drake educated him.

 

"It's fine. Really," Day assured the pair, as the trio sat down at a corner booth. Drury, Chuck and Blake were already sat down, each wearing paper crowns on their heads. Drake and Fiasco were now looking over the drinks menus.

 

"Here: happy birthday, Jules, I baked you a banana cake. It's even got dates!" Drury grinned, as he handed him a neatly wrapped parcel. Blake, was already stifling a laugh, to Julian's confusion who looked down at the loaf and frowned.

 

"I appreciate the... gesture, but I don't like dates," he stated glumly.

 

"Pfffft! What are you doing calling yourself the fucking Calendar Man then," Blake chortled, as he raised his hand, and smacked Day's buttocks.

 

"Ah. A joke, I see."

 

"Here, drinks are on me! I'll have a Porn Star Martini; Sex on the Beach for the pencil," Blake pulled the waiter close, a goofy grin on his face.

 

"Drury, you have to try this whiskey," Drake spoke, ensuring that Blake would not order on his behalf too. "A Macallan for the boy and I, good man. 72 years, if you could be so kind."

 

"We're on a budget," Drury blushed..

 

"There's no such thing as a "budget" when you're celebrating," Drake toasted.

 

"Château du Blanc, please," Day asked politely.

 

"I, uh, I'll have a creme soda," Chuck said.

 

With the waiter out of earshot, Fiasco leaned in. "What the hell is a 'Sex on the Beach?'" he scowled.

 

"Course, you wouldn't know," Blake teased. "That's a joke, put down the steak knife. It's a cocktail, man. Jeez."

 

While the two bickered, Chuck saw his chance. "Here. Happy birthday," Chuck smiled as he passed a red and white present over to Julian.

 

"Thank you, Charlie. I.... take it Garfield couldn't make it?" Day presumed.

 

"Ah, no. No. He has that thing with Sionis; Black Mask. Guy's a real up and comer. Looking for muscle. Thought it could be a pretty good gig for us," Drury explained.

 

"Sionis? That lowly drug lord in the narrows?" Drake pondered.

 

"You didn't say he was a drug dealer, Dru," Chuck stated, a little wary of it.

 

"This is what I never understood..." Julian rolled his eyes. "Why do you even entertain the notion of dealing with these... mobsters. You would think, that after Bressi-"

 

"Hey," Drury snapped. "Tony Bressi was a two-bit gangster who thought he was better than me and the other capes. Sionis isn't like that. He's got a mask. He's got a gimmick. This is good for us! We finally have a freak on the high table, and it'd be stupid not to capitalise on that. It's good business: Gar, Len and I had that arrangement with Twag and Falcone way back, and that was solid!"

 

"I heard Falcone had Twag whacked," Len noted.

 

"That... doesn't matter. It's all good news guys, honest!"

 

==The Gotham Royal==

 

East Hallway: Floor 24

 

Time until Detonation: 46 minutes

 

Drury and Chuck led the way; followed by Sharpe, Flannegan and Joey. Lastly, Gar walked slowly behind them. Needham and Mayo had taken the party guests in the opposite direction, and even with the bomb still in play, Gar's mind began to wander.

 

Intuitively, Drury picked up on this behaviour, and halted the group's progression. "What is it?" he asked, as he walked over to his friend.

 

Gar, kicked the ground. "It's nothing, I-"

 

"Uh, hello! Fearless Bomb, anyone?" Sharpe waved at the pair impatiently.

 

"I... I gotta go back for Jenna," Gar decided.

 

"You... What-?" Drury stammered, but it was no use; Gar had already turned back in the direction of the second group

 

"Uh, no, you don't," Sharpe chased after him. "Half an hour ago, she thought you were going to propose, and instead, you gave her a fucking homework assignment. This is real shit we're in, Lynns. Whatever happened to bros before -"

 

"You know, it's a wonder more people don't shoot you in the head," Rigger shook his head in disbelief.

 

"Most people miss," Sharpe winked cheekily.

 

Though his mind was made up, this gave Gar pause. "I didn't- She- She didn't actually think I was gonna propose, right?"

 

"Go," Chuck assured him. "We'll go on ahead. Just, uh, send her our best."

 

"Their best," Flannegan corrected him. "I don't know the broad."

 

As Gar departed, Drury's comms device began buzzing with static. Already agitated, he put his finger to his ear, and cursed loudly. "Blake, I swear to god-"

 

"Now, now. Let's not bring Him into this. This mess is all yours," a cold voice cut him off.

 

"Julian..." Drury said in shock, turning to Chuck, his face pale.

 

"Julian-?" Chuck stammered. "How did you get this frequency?" he wondered.

 

"I took the earpieces from Thomas and the Ten-Eyed Man. They're unharmed, don't worry. They're much more useful to me alive, after all."

 

As he spoke, a horrifying thought entered Chuck's mind. "Wait, if you've got their comms, that means-"

 

"I'm afraid so. For what it's worth, it seemed like a very good pla-"

 

Chuck ripped his earpiece out, tossed it to the ground and crushed it with his heel. In turn, the other Misfits did the same. "Actually, I think I might just put mine in my pocket," Joey reasoned. "Might be handy later."

 

"Right. Yeah... Probably shouldn't have smashed mine," Chuck admitted.

 

"Probably not, no... Guys, I hate to be the pessimist here, but... what now?" Joey wondered. "Jules knows we're coming."

 

"Gar could be walking straight into an ambush..." Drury shook his head.

 

"And we're all gonna be huffing crazy gas if you don't stop Day. You three need to get in that penthouse, we'll back up Lynns," Flannegan stated, gesturing at Sharpe. "Besides. I owe Krill a rematch," Flannegan smirked, as he and Sharpe strutted off.

 

As they prepared their next move, a fist chapped on the bathroom door opposite them. "Hello? Is it safe to come out yet?" Booker's nasally voice called out.

 

Chuck, Joey and Drury each looked at one another. "No."

 

==East Stairwell: Floor 19==

 

By the time Gar had caught up to them, Needham had already taken the grumbling ensemble of party guests down three flights of stairs; L-Ron was lagging behind, pushed forward by a rather high spirited Mayo; Franco was muttering obscenities to anyone who would listen (namely, Jenna, Rosso and Gaige) and the Great White Shark was whistling sea shanties.

 

"Jenna! Jenna!" Gar called out.

 

"What does that bacon-faced prick want now?" Franco whispered to Rosso.

 

"Hey, Eric, can you give us a minute?" Gar halted the group.

 

"Sure," Needham shrugged. "Let's keep moving, people," he ordered.

 

"Gar? What's wrong?" Jenna's brow furrowed. "Are you alright?"

 

Gar twiddled his thumbs, avoiding her eye-line. "No. I mean, I am, but listen; I know all this is crazy. You went to this party, I dunno, to escape the craziness of our lives. And instead there's a calendar killer, and a really irritating Brit. It's mad. But it's more bearable, I think, I hope, if we face it... Face it..."

 

"What is it, Gar?" she smiled expectantly.

 

His eyes bulged as he noticed a familiar figure take aim at him. "Duck!"

 

Before Jenna could react, Gar had pushed her to the ground, as a purple, ice-cold polka dot soared overhead, where he and Jenna had been standing just moments before: Krill, had found them.

 

"'Ello, lads. Heard ya were looking for me," he smirked, as he hurled a second dot at the stunned party guests; one Needham halted with a well-aimed web.

 

"Into the hallway!" Needham ordered the crowd, as he pushed White through the fire door.

 

Gar helped Jenna to her feet, and took a defensive stance against Krill. "Go with them," he instructed her, as he gestured half heartedly to Franco. "I got this," he added, thoroughly unsure of himself.

 

"Sure you do," Krill chuckled dismissively. "Sure you- Ow!"

 

Gar's brow furrowed; A white baton had struck Krill on the side of his head. Sharpe, was sliding down the banister towards them, while Flannegan followed along on foot.

 

"You... shouldn't have been able to hit me," Krill rubbed the fresh bump on his head.

 

"I'm full of surprises!" Sharpe grinned as he knocked Krill through the fire door with a flying kick: Despite Gar's best efforts, the fight had carried over into the hallway. Needham and Mayo had pushed most of the guests onwards, but Franco's ensemble had elected to stay behind and watch the fight.

 

"Away from the guests, you moron!" Gar snapped at Sharpe.

 

"Oops?" Sharpe apologised with mild sincerity.

 

Meanwhile, Flannegan was throwing scattered, furious punches at Krill, with none of them finding their mark; With every punch the Misfits threw his way, Krill simply redirected the blow to hit one of their own; Gar aimed an uppercut at Krill, and struck Flannegan instead; Sharpe aimed his leg at Krill's groin and instead incapacitated Gar; Flannegan attempted to headbutt Krill, and instead collided with a brick wall; it was a disaster.

In a last ditch effort, Gar unhooked an incendiary grenade from his belt, and tossed it at Krill, who diverted the explosive towards a charging Flannegan; as the resultant explosion knocked him down, the disruptor slid out of Flannegan's grip. Not appreciating what the device really was, Krill kicked it aside and let out an amused chuckle. He knelt beside Flannegan, and peeled a familiar, buzzsaw-like dot off of his suit. "Now," he smirked at Flannegan. "Am I the only one having an intense case of deja vu right now?" he joked.

 

Gaige, glanced back at the fight, and against his better judgement, broke away from the crowd.

Puzzled, Franco clutched the Physician's arm. "What are you doing? This is exactly what we wanted," he smiled. "Let that calendar creep and his goons have their fun, when they're done, we can have Gotham- you and-"

 

Gaige nudged past him, and stomped off in Krill's direction, Walker's words ringing in his head.

 

"Where are you going-? Physician!" Franco protested. "Ah, fuck this!" he exclaimed, thrusting his fist through the plaster on the nearby wall. "Physician, what are you doing?!" he panicked, chasing after him.

 

Ignoring Franco's tantrum, the 'Physician' calmly picked the disruptor up from off the ground and latched it onto Krill's back.

 

"What the- Who the fuck are you-?!" Krill exclaimed nervously, desperately trying to remove the now chirping device from off his person.

 

"Physician!" Franco snapped defiantly.

 

"I'm not The Physician, son," The man warned. "I'm The Doctor."

 

"Doctor! Doctor who?" Krill protested, now fruitlessly trying to open a portal.

 

The Doctor smiled, pulled off his ascot, and wrapped it around his head. Then, he reached into his pocket, pulled out a replacement gold tie, and tied it around his neck. "Doctor Gaige, you polka dotted prick," he announced as he pulled his fist back, and launched it at Krill's face.

 

"Oh." Krill stumbled backwards; blood trickling down his face. "So... so does anyone actually stay in prison these days, or is it just a fucking bed and breakfast?"

 

"Holy crap, Gaige?! Aw, man, Drury's gonna freak out!" Sharpe exclaimed. Having already put the pieces together himself, Gar simply glanced at him, and shook his head.

 

"Hey, Dickhead," a gruff voice called up at Krill, and before he could react, Flannegan's own fist had collided with Krill's jaw.

 

Intent to join the winning team and hoping to get back in Jenna's good graces, Franco smirked at his date and advanced forward. He picked up a discarded suitcase and threw it against Krill's back. 'Y'know, something chivalrous. Romantic, even.' That notion soon dissipated as Krill turned back, scowled, and drop kicked him across the hallway with damning ease.

 

"Tsk, tsk. Naughty Davey. Naughty. Leave the fighting to the professionals," he tutted.

 

As Franco reached for his pistol, Krill shot a pink dot at him, striking him in the side. Franco peeled back his dinner jacket, and scowled at the fresh, deep gash the dot's ridged edge had left.

 

"Davey!" Jenna screamed.

 

As she motioned to help him, however, she suddenly found herself unable to move, as though she had been rooted to the spot. Rosso stared back at her, and marched over to Franco in her stead, placing a hand over his wound and pressing down. Hard.

The two of them locked eyes for a moment, and in that instant, they resolved to fix this the only way they knew how: Franco reached into his bloodstained jacket and retrieved his phone; his final attempt to get control of the situation and of Gaige and Jenna. "Hello? This the Mothkiller?" he asked in a hushed tone into the receiver. His answer, was the heavy breathing of a longtime smoker. That confirmed it.

Franco cleared his throat, and continued. "I... I think I have some information you might be interested in."

 

~-~

 

The Misfits now knew what they had to do: Without his portals, Krill was just another C-Lister with a gimmick. And those, they knew how to deal with.

 

As his desperation grew, Krill kept frantically ripping the dots off his suit, and hurling them at the pair, one after another; Gar ducked; Gaige blocked them; Flannegan took two to the chest but kept moving; Sharpe leapt over them one after the other.

And then, Krill looked down at his costume: He'd ran out of dots. Flannegan grabbed him by the scruff of his neck, and flung him against the far window; glass shattering as he made impact. He reached for a shard of broken glass, pulled Sharpe towards him, and held the shard close to his throat.

 

"Go on then!" he warned the Misfits. "Bring it on, you dicks! You think I won't kill this prick? I killed Manga Khan! And guess what, I liked him! He didn't hit me in the head with a fucking billy club neither."

 

"Hem-hem," a tinny voice called out.

 

Krill's eyes darted feverishly towards the approaching figure. "They really don't pay me enough for this," he gasped. "Alright, Johnny Five, what have you got?"

 

L-Ron, bowed his metal head. "Excuse me, but you did not kill Lord Manga."

 

"Eh-?" Krill's mouth twitched.

 

"Lord Manga, isn't dead," L-Ron restated. "Lord Manga is an energy being. Essentially formless. And you, took the head off of his favourite armour."

 

A cloud of pink mist erupted through the broken window frame, wrapped itself around Krill's face, and pulled him and Sharpe through the open window.

 

"No!" Gar cried, as he ran over to the broken windowsill. "I can't- I-"

 

He paused. "I don't believe it."

 

Krill and Sharpe had landed on the cloth awning above the hotel lobby, and though they were both worse for wear, they were breathing: Sharpe's powers had saved them both.

 

==Sionis Penthouse: Floor 48==

 

"Abner? Abner, come in. Krill!" Day bellowed down his comms device. No answer.

 

"See," Blake chuckled. "That's the one thing you need to know about the Misfits, pal-"

 

"I know everything there is to know about the Misfits," Day snapped at him.

 

"It's that, we may be assholes, but we're persistent assholes."

 

"I- I don't think I'm an asshole," Ten stated.

 

Day's lip curled; his head rocked from side to side, and it looked like he might throw up. Then his body stiffened. "Noted," he said softly.

 

==Jumbo Carson's Apartment==

 

"WHAT?!" Carson bellowed, flipping over a table in blinded rage. "Walker's back in Gotham? Why the hell did no one tell me that?!"

 

"Dad, calm down," Bridget pleaded, placing a hand on his shoulder. He shrugged it off.

 

"No!" he dismissed her, tossing the Christmas tree onto its' side. "Who does Day think he is? Trying to cut me out of the action? Me?! How dare he! The Royal's like ten minutes away! We could've coordinated! I could've been there! I approached him: me! But no, he's too good for me! First, he denies me, then he bosses me around, and now he won't even give me the time of day! Fuck him!"

 

Carson set the phone down, and took a deep ragged breath.

 

"He's dead, Bridget," he growled. "That bald little prick is dead. What about it, Hayden? Fancy a trip out?"

 

The pirate, nodded excitedly. "Silly little red man throwing quite the fit.

Silly little red man, hasn't thought it through a bit.

So you take the silly little man, all dressed in black and red

And you grab the red man by the throat and you cut off his head."

Walking along the beach reminds me of a question Albert Einstein once posed to another physics nerd:

Why is wet sand a 'hard' surface to walk on whereas dry sand and sand under water are 'soft'. The answer is due to the effects of surface tension.

 

Bongin Bongin Bay, Northern Beaches, Sydney (Saturday 21 Jun 2008 @ 7:29am).

 

ISO100 | f/11 | 1/8sec | 17mm | eval.metering | AWB | raw | GND4 + grad tobacco filters | tripod | remote shutter release

Don't ask questions

 

Luis and I were scouting Uummannaq Island like saints of light, arguing about angles and clouds, when the tundra coughed up a cube with a radiation symbol. Just sitting there. Calm. Rusted. Patient.

We laughed first, of course we did, because humor is the body’s way of not screaming. “Minimalist altar?” Luis said. “Arctic USB hub?” I offered. The sky blushed in pastel auroras, as if complicit.

Then the wind shifted. The metal looked older than our doubts. No tracks. No wires. No logic. Only silence, thick and radioactive with implication.

We took photos quickly, reverently, like tourists in a forbidden chapel.

It's best not to ask questions.

 

Photography and file processing; __luca__ nevermind(Luis Campillo)

Frightened assistant & caption; Lis Xia

Gear; Nikon D2H & Voigtlander Color Skopar 20mm F3.5 SLII, 400 ISO

 

My small contribution. Feel free to copy, post and modify it! Well I'd be happy if you let me know :).

 

Greenmonster

 

I post the whole essay of Kant in German first. The English version is below.

 

BEANTWORTUNG DER FRAGE: WAS IST AUFKLÄRUNG ?

Berlinische Monatsschrift. Dezember-Heft 1784. S. 481-494

 

IMMANUEL KANT

  

AUFKLÄRUNG ist der Ausgang des Menschen aus seiner selbstverschuldeten Unmündigkeit. Unmündigkeit ist das Unvermögen, sich seines Verstandes ohne Leitung eines anderen zu bedienen. Selbstverschuldet ist diese Unmündigkeit, wenn die Ursache derselben nicht am Mangel des Verstandes, sondern der Entschließung und des Mutes liegt, sich seiner ohne Leitung eines andern zu bedienen. Sapere aude! Habe Mut, dich deines eigenen Verstandes zu bedienen! ist also der Wahlspruch der Aufklärung.

 

Faulheit und Feigheit sind die Ursachen, warum ein so großer Teil der Menschen, nachdem sie die Natur längst von fremder Leitung freigesprochen [A482] (naturaliter maiorennes), dennoch gerne zeitlebens unmündig bleiben; und warum es anderen so leicht wird, sich zu deren Vormündern aufzuwerfen. Es ist so bequem, unmündig zu sein. Habe ich ein Buch, das für mich Verstand hat, einen Seelsorger, der für mich Gewissen hat, einen Arzt, der für mich die Diät beurteilt usw., so brauche ich mich ja nicht selbst zu bemühen. Ich habe nicht nötig zu denken, wenn ich nur bezahlen kann; andere werden das verdrießliche Geschäft schon für mich übernehmen. Daß der bei weitem größte Teil der Menschen (darunter das ganze schöne Geschlecht) den Schritt zur Mündigkeit, außer dem daß er beschwerlich ist, auch für sehr gefährlich halte, dafür sorgen schon jene Vormünder, die die Oberaufsicht über sie gütigst auf sich genommen haben. Nachdem sie ihr Hausvieh zuerst dumm gemacht haben und sorgfältig verhüteten, daß diese ruhigen Geschöpfe ja keinen Schritt außer dem Gängelwagen, darin sie sie einsperreten, wagen durften, so zeigen sie ihnen nachher die Gefahr, die ihnen drohet, wenn sie es versuchen, allein zu gehen. Nun ist diese Gefahr zwar eben so groß nicht, denn sie würden durch einigemal Fallen wohl endlich gehen lernen; allein ein Beispiel von der Art macht doch schüchtern und schreckt gemeiniglich von allen ferneren Versuchen ab.

 

Es ist also für jeden einzelnen Menschen schwer, sich aus der ihm beinahe zur Natur gewordenen Unmündigkeit [A483] herauszuarbeiten. Er hat sie sogar liebgewonnen und ist vorderhand wirklich unfähig, sich seines eigenen Verstandes zu bedienen, weil man ihn niemals den Versuch davon machen ließ. Satzungen und Formeln, diese mechanischen Werkzeuge eines vernünftigen Gebrauchs oder vielmehr Mißbrauchs seiner Naturgaben, sind die Fußschellen einer immerwährenden Unmündigkeit. Wer sie auch abwürfe, würde dennoch auch über den schmalesten Graben einen nur unsicheren Sprung tun, weil er zu dergleichen freier Bewegung nicht gewöhnt ist. Daher gibt es nur wenige, denen es gelungen ist, durch eigene Bearbeitung ihres Geistes sich aus der Unmündigkeit herauszuwickeln und dennoch einen sicheren Gang zu tun.

 

Daß aber ein Publikum sich selbst aufkläre, ist eher möglich; ja es ist, wenn man ihm nur Freiheit läßt, beinahe unausbleiblich. Denn da werden sich immer einige Selbstdenkende, sogar unter den eingesetzten Vormündern des großen Haufens finden, welche, nachdem sie das Joch der Unmündigkeit selbst abgeworfen haben, den Geist einer vernünftigen Schätzung des eigenen Werts und des Berufs jedes Menschen, selbst zu denken, um sich verbreiten werden. Besonders ist hiebei: daß das Publikum, welches zuvor von ihnen unter dieses Joch gebracht worden, sie hernach selbst zwingt, darunter zu bleiben, wenn es von einigen seiner Vormünder, die selbst aller Aufklärung unfähig sind, dazu aufgewiegelt [A484] worden; so schädlich ist es, Vorurteile zu pflanzen, weil sie sich zuletzt an denen selbst rächen, die oder deren Vorgänger ihre Urheber gewesen sind. Daher kann ein Publikum nur langsam zur Aufklärung gelangen. Durch eine Revolution wird vielleicht wohl ein Abfall von persönlichem Despotism und gewinnsüchtiger oder herrschsüchtiger Bedrückung, aber niemals wahre Reform der Denkungsart zustande kommen; sondern neue Vorurteile werden, ebensowohl als die alten, zum Leitbande des gedankenlosen großen Haufens dienen.

 

Zu dieser Aufklärung aber wird nichts erfordert als Freiheit; und zwar die unschädlichste unter allem, was nur Freiheit heißen mag, nämlich die: von seiner Vernunft in allen Stücken öffentlichen Gebrauch zu machen. Nun höre ich aber von allen Seiten rufen: Räsonniert nicht! Der Offizier sagt: Räsonniert nicht, sondern exerziert! Der Finanzrat: Räsonniert nicht, sondern bezahlt! Der Geistliche: Räsonniert nicht, sondern glaubt! (Nur ein einziger Herr in der Welt sagt: Räsonniert, soviel ihr wollt und worüber ihr wollt, aber gehorcht!) Hier ist überall Einschränkung der Freiheit. Welche Einschränkung aber ist der Aufklärung hinderlich, welche nicht, sondern ihr wohl gar beförderlich? – Ich antworte: Der öffentliche Gebrauch seiner Vernunft muß jederzeit frei sein, und der allein kann Aufklärung unter Menschen zustande [A485] bringen; der Privatgebrauch derselben aber darf öfters sehr enge eingeschränkt sein, ohne doch darum den Fortschritt der Aufklärung sonderlich zu hindern. Ich verstehe aber unter dem öffentlichen Gebrauche seiner eigenen Vernunft denjenigen, den jemand als Gelehrter von ihr vor dem ganzen Publikum der Leserwelt macht. Den Privatgebrauch nenne ich denjenigen, den er in einem gewissen ihm anvertrauten bürgerlichen Posten oder Amte von seiner Vernunft machen darf. Nun ist zu manchen Geschäften, die in das Interesse des gemeinen Wesens laufen, ein gewisser Mechanism notwendig, vermittelst dessen einige Glieder des gemeinen Wesens sich bloß passiv verhalten müssen, um durch eine künstliche Einhelligkeit von der Regierung zu öffentlichen Zwecken gerichtet oder wenigstens von der Zerstörung dieser Zwecke abgehalten zu werden. Hier ist es nun freilich nicht erlaubt zu räsonnieren; sondern man muß gehorchen. Sofern sich aber dieser Teil der Maschine zugleich als Glied eines ganzen gemeinen Wesens, ja sogar der Weltbürgergesellschaft ansieht, mithin in der Qualität eines Gelehrten, der sich an ein Publikum im eigentlichen Verstande durch Schriften wendet, kann er allerdings räsonnieren, ohne daß dadurch die Geschäfte leiden, zu denen er zum Teile als passives Glied angesetzt ist. So würde es sehr verderblich sein, wenn ein Offizier, dem von seinen Oberen etwas anbefohlen wird, im Dienste [A486] über die Zweckmäßigkeit oder Nützlichkeit dieses Befehls laut vernünfteln wollte; er muß gehorchen. Es kann ihm aber billigermaßen nicht verwehrt werden, als Gelehrter über die Fehler im Kriegesdienste Anmerkungen zu machen und diese seinem Publikum zur Beurteilung vorzulegen. Der Bürger kann sich nicht weigern, die ihm auferlegten Abgaben zu leisten; sogar kann ein vorwitziger Tadel solcher Auflagen, wenn sie von ihm geleistet werden sollen, als ein Skandal, (das allgemeine Widersetzlichkeiten veranlassen könnte), bestraft werden. Ebenderselbe handelt demohngeachtet der Pflicht eines Bürgers nicht entgegen, wenn er als Gelehrter wider die Unschicklichkeit oder auch Ungerechtigkeit solcher Ausschreibungen öffentlich seine Gedanken äußert. Ebenso ist ein Geistlicher verbunden, seinen Katechismusschülern und seiner Gemeine nach dem Symbol der Kirche, der er dient, seinen Vortrag zu tun, denn er ist auf diese Bedingung angenommen worden. Aber als Gelehrter hat er volle Freiheit, ja sogar den Beruf dazu, alle seine sorgfältig geprüften und wohlmeinenden Gedanken über das Fehlerhafte in jenem Symbol und Vorschläge wegen besserer Einrichtung des Religions- und Kirchenwesens dem Publikum mitzuteilen. Es ist hiebei auch nichts, was dem Gewissen zur Last gelegt werden könnte. Denn was er zufolge seines Amts als Geschäftträger der Kirche lehrt, das stellt er als etwas vor, in Ansehung [A487] dessen er nicht freie Gewalt hat, nach eigenem Gutdünken zu lehren, sondern das er nach Vorschrift und im Namen eines andern vorzutragen angestellt ist. Er wird sagen: unsere Kirche lehrt dieses oder jenes; das sind die Beweisgründe, deren sie sich bedient. Er zieht alsdann allen praktischen Nutzen für seine Gemeinde aus Satzungen, die er selbst nicht mit voller Überzeugung unterschreiben würde, zu deren Vortrag er sich gleichwohl anheischig machen kann, weil es doch nicht ganz unmöglich ist, daß darin Wahrheit verborgen läge, auf alle Fälle aber wenigstens doch nichts der innern Religion Widersprechendes darin angetroffen wird. Denn glaubte er das letztere darin zu finden, so würde er sein Amt mit Gewissen nicht verwalten können; er müßte es niederlegen. Der Gebrauch also, den ein angestellter Lehrer von seiner Vernunft vor seiner Gemeinde macht, ist bloß ein Privatgebrauch, weil diese immer nur eine häusliche, obzwar noch so große Versammlung ist; und in Ansehung dessen ist er als Priester nicht frei und darf es auch nicht sein, weil er einen fremden Auftrag ausrichtet. Dagegen als Gelehrter, der durch Schriften zum eigentlichen Publikum, nämlich der Welt spricht, mithin der Geistliche im öffentlichen Gebrauche seiner Vernunft, genießt einer uneingeschränkten Freiheit, sich seiner eigenen Vernunft zu bedienen und in seiner eigenen Person zu sprechen. Denn daß die Vormünder des Volks [A488] (in geistlichen Dingen) selbst wieder unmündig sein sollen, ist eine Ungereimtheit, die auf Verewigung der Ungereimtheiten hinausläuft.

 

Aber sollte nicht eine Gesellschaft von Geistlichen, etwa eine Kirchenversammlung oder eine ehrwürdige Classis (wie sie sich unter den Holländern selbst nennt), berechtigt sein, sich eidlich auf ein gewisses unveränderliches Symbol zu verpflichten, um so eine unaufhörliche Obervormundschaft über jedes ihrer Glieder und vermittelst ihrer über das Volk zu führen und diese so gar zu verewigen? Ich sage: das ist ganz unmöglich. Ein solcher Kontrakt, der auf immer alle weitere Aufklärung vom Menschengeschlechte abzuhalten geschlossen würde, ist schlechterdings null und nichtig; und sollte er auch durch die oberste Gewalt, durch Reichstage und die feierlichsten Friedensschlüsse bestätigt sein. Ein Zeitalter kann sich nicht verbünden und darauf verschwören, das folgende in einen Zustand zu setzen, darin es ihm unmöglich werden muß, seine (vornehmlich so sehr angelegentliche) Erkenntnisse zu erweitern, von Irrtümern zu reinigen und überhaupt in der Aufklärung weiterzuschreiten. Das wäre ein Verbrechen wider die menschliche Natur, deren ursprüngliche Bestimmung gerade in diesem Fortschreiten besteht; und die Nachkommen sind also vollkommen dazu berechtigt, jene Beschlüsse, als unbefugter und frevelhafter Weise genommen, zu verwerfen. Der Probierstein [A489] alles dessen, was über ein Volk als Gesetz beschlossen werden kann, liegt in der Frage: ob ein Volk sich selbst wohl ein solches Gesetz auferlegen könnte? Nun wäre dieses wohl, gleichsam in der Erwartung eines bessern, auf eine bestimmte kurze Zeit möglich, um eine gewisse Ordnung einzuführen: indem man es zugleich jedem der Bürger, vornehmlich dem Geistlichen, frei ließe, in der Qualität eines Gelehrten öffentlich, d. i. durch Schriften, über das Fehlerhafte der dermaligen Einrichtung seine Anmerkungen zu machen, indessen die eingeführte Ordnung noch immer fortdauerte, bis die Einsicht in die Beschaffenheit dieser Sachen öffentlich so weit gekommen und bewähret worden, daß sie durch Vereinigung ihrer Stimmen (wenngleich nicht aller) einen Vorschlag vor den Thron bringen könnte, um diejenigen Gemeinden in Schutz zu nehmen, die sich etwa nach ihren Begriffen der besseren Einsicht zu einer veränderten Religionseinrichtung geeinigt hätten, ohne doch diejenigen zu hindern, die es beim alten wollten bewenden lassen. Aber auf eine beharrliche, von niemanden öffentlich zu bezweifelnde Religionsverfassung auch nur binnen der Lebensdauer eines Menschen sich zu einigen, und dadurch einen Zeitraum in dem Fortgange der Menschheit zur Verbesserung gleichsam zu vernichten und fruchtlos, dadurch aber wohl gar der Nachkommenschaft nachteilig zu machen ist schlechterdings unerlaubt. Ein Mensch kann zwar für seine Person [A490] und auch alsdann nur auf einige Zeit in dem, was ihm zu wissen obliegt, die Aufklärung aufschieben; aber auf sie Verzicht zu tun, es sei für seine Person, mehr aber noch für die Nachkommenschaft, heißt die heiligen Rechte der Menschheit verletzen und mit Füßen treten. Was aber nicht einmal ein Volk über sich selbst beschließen darf, das darf noch weniger ein Monarch über das Volk beschließen; denn sein gesetzgebendes Ansehen beruht eben darauf, daß er den gesamten Volkswillen in dem seinigen vereinigt. Wenn er nur darauf sieht, daß alle wahre oder vermeinte Verbesserung mit der bürgerlichen Ordnung zusammenbestehe, so kann er seine Untertanen übrigens nur selbst machen lassen, was sie um ihres Seelenheils willen zu tun nötig finden; das geht ihn nichts an, wohl aber zu verhüten, daß nicht einer den andern gewalttätig hindere, an der Bestimmung und Beförderung desselben nach allem seinen Vermögen zu arbeiten. Es tut selbst seiner Majestät Abbruch, wenn er sich hierin mischt, indem er die Schriften, wodurch seine Untertanen ihre Einsichten ins reine zu bringen suchen, seiner Regierungsaufsicht würdigt, sowohl wenn er dieses aus eigener höchsten Einsicht tut, wo er sich dem Vorwurfe aussetzt: Caesar non est supra grammaticos, als auch und noch weit mehr, wenn er seine oberste Gewalt soweit erniedrigt, den geistlichen Despotism einiger Tyrannen [A491] in seinem Staate gegen seine übrigen Untertanen zu unterstützen.

 

Wenn denn nun gefragt wird: leben wir jetzt in einem aufgeklärten Zeitalter? so ist die Antwort: Nein, aber wohl in einem Zeitalter der Aufklärung. Daß die Menschen, wie die Sachen jetzt stehen, im ganzen genommen, schon imstande wären oder darin auch nur gesetzt werden könnten, in Religionsdingen sich ihres eigenen Verstandes ohne Leitung eines andern sicher und gut zu bedienen, daran fehlt noch sehr viel. Allein, daß jetzt ihnen doch das Feld geöffnet wird, sich dahin frei zu bearbeiten und die Hindernisse der allgemeinen Aufklärung oder des Ausganges aus ihrer selbstverschuldeten Unmündigkeit allmählich weniger werden, davon haben wir doch deutliche Anzeigen. In diesem Betracht ist dieses Zeitalter das Zeitalter der Aufklärung oder das Jahrhundert FRIEDERICHS.

 

Ein Fürst, der es seiner nicht unwürdig findet zu sagen, daß er es für Pflicht halte, in Religionsdingen den Menschen nichts vorzuschreiben, sondern ihnen darin volle Freiheit zu lassen, der also selbst den hochmütigen Namen der Toleranz von sich ablehnt, ist selbst aufgeklärt und verdient von der dankbaren Welt und Nachwelt als derjenige gepriesen zu werden, der zuerst das menschliche Geschlecht der Unmündigkeit, wenigsten von seiten der Regierung, entschlug und jedem frei ließ, sich [A492] in allem, was Gewissensangelegenheit ist, seiner eigenen Vernunft zu bedienen. Unter ihm dürfen verehrungswürdige Geistliche, unbeschadet ihrer Amtspflicht, ihre vom angenommenen Symbol hier oder da abweichenden Urteile und Einsichten in der Qualität der Gelehrten frei und öffentlich der Welt zur Prüfung darlegen; noch mehr aber jeder andere, der durch keine Amtspflicht eingeschränkt ist. Dieser Geist der Freiheit breitet sich auch außerhalb aus, selbst da, wo er mit äußeren Hindernissen einer sich selbst mißverstehenden Regierung zu ringen hat. Denn es leuchtet dieser doch ein Beispiel vor, daß bei Freiheit für die öffentliche Ruhe und Einigkeit des gemeinen Wesens nicht das mindeste zu besorgen sei. Die Menschen arbeiten sich von selbst nach und nach aus der Rohigkeit heraus, wenn man nur nicht absichtlich künstelt, um sie darin zu erhalten.

 

Ich habe den Hauptpunkt der Aufklärung, d. i. des Ausganges der Menschen aus ihrer selbstverschuldeten Unmündigkeit, vorzüglich in Religionssachen gesetzt, weil in Ansehung der Künste und Wissenschaften unsere Beherrscher kein Interesse haben, den Vormund über ihre Untertanen zu spielen, überdem auch jene Unmündigkeit, so wie die schädlichste, also auch die entehrendste unter allen ist. Aber die Denkungsart eines Staatsoberhaupts, der die erstere begünstigt, geht noch weiter und sieht ein: daß selbst in Ansehung seiner Gesetzgebung [A493] es ohne Gefahr sei, seinen Untertanen zu erlauben, von ihrer eigenen Vernunft öffentlichen Gebrauch zu machen und ihre Gedanken über eine bessere Abfassung derselben, sogar mit einer freimütigen Kritik der schon gegebenen, der Welt öffentlich vorzulegen; davon wir ein glänzendes Beispiel haben, wodurch noch kein Monarch demjenigen vorging, welchen wir verehren.

 

Aber auch nur derjenige, der, selbst aufgeklärt, sich nicht vor Schatten fürchtet, zugleich aber ein wohldiszipliniertes zahlreiches Heer zum Bürgen der öffentlichen Ruhe zur Hand hat, – kann das sagen, was ein Freistaat nicht wagen darf: Räsonniert, soviel ihr wollt, und worüber ihr wollt; nur gehorcht! So zeigt sich hier ein befremdlicher, nicht erwarteter Gang menschlicher Dinge; sowie auch sonst, wenn man ihn im großen betrachtet, darin fast alles paradox ist. Ein größerer Grad bürgerlicher Freiheit scheint der Freiheit des Geistes des Volks vorteilhaft und setzt ihr doch unübersteigliche Schranken; ein Grad weniger von jener verschafft hingegen diesem Raum, sich nach allem seinen Vermögen auszubreiten. Wenn denn die Natur unter dieser harten Hülle den Keim, für den sie am zärtlichsten sorgt, nämlich den Hang und Beruf zum freien Denken, ausgewickelt hat: so wirkt dieser allmählich zurück auf die Sinnesart des Volks, (wodurch dies der Freiheit zu handeln [A494] nach und nach fähiger wird), und endlich auch sogar auf die Grundsätze der Regierung, die es ihr selbst zuträglich findet, den Menschen, der nun mehr als Maschine ist, seiner Würde gemäß zu behandeln.¹

  

Königsberg in Preußen, den 30. Septemb. 1784. I. Kant.

 

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An Answer to the Question:

What is Enlightenment? (1784)

 

by IMMANUEL KANT

 

Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-imposed immaturity. Immaturity is the inability to use one's understanding without guidance from another. This immaturity is self-imposed when its cause lies not in lack of understanding, but in lack of resolve and courage to use it without guidance from another. Sapere Aude! [dare to know] "Have courage to use your own understanding!"--that is the motto of enlightenment.

 

Laziness and cowardice are the reasons why so great a proportion of men, long after nature has released them from alien guidance (natura-liter maiorennes), nonetheless gladly remain in lifelong immaturity, and why it is so easy for others to establish themselves as their guardians. It is so easy to be immature. If I have a book to serve as my understanding, a pastor to serve as my conscience, a physician to determine my diet for me, and so on, I need not exert myself at all. I need not think, if only I can pay: others will readily undertake the irksome work for me. The guardians who have so benevolently taken over the supervision of men have carefully seen to it that the far greatest part of them (including the entire fair sex) regard taking the step to maturity as very dangerous, not to mention difficult. Having first made their domestic livestock dumb, and having carefully made sure that these docile creatures will not take a single step without the go-cart to which they are harnessed, these guardians then show them the danger that threatens them, should they attempt to walk alone. Now this danger is not actually so great, for after falling a few times they would in the end certainly learn to walk; but an example of this kind makes men timid and usually frightens them out of all further attempts.

 

Thus, it is difficult for any individual man to work himself out of the immaturity that has all but become his nature. He has even become fond of this state and for the time being is actually incapable of using his own understanding, for no one has ever allowed him to attempt it. Rules and formulas, those mechanical aids to the rational use, or rather misuse, of his natural gifts, are the shackles of a permanent immaturity. Whoever threw them off would still make only an uncertain leap over the smallest ditch, since he is unaccustomed to this kind of free movement. Consequently, only a few have succeeded, by cultivating their own minds, in freeing themselves from immaturity and pursuing a secure course.

 

But that the public should enlighten itself is more likely; indeed, if it is only allowed freedom, enlightenment is almost inevitable. For even among the entrenched guardians of the great masses a few will always think for themselves, a few who, after having themselves thrown off the yoke of immaturity, will spread the spirit of a rational appreciation for both their own worth and for each person's calling to think for himself. But it should be particularly noted that if a public that was first placed in this yoke by the guardians is suitably aroused by some of those who are altogether incapable of enlightenment, it may force the guardians themselves to remain under the yoke--so pernicious is it to instill prejudices, for they finally take revenge upon their originators, or on their descendants. Thus a public can only attain enlightenment slowly. Perhaps a revolution can overthrow autocratic despotism and profiteering or power-grabbing oppression, but it can never truly reform a manner of thinking; instead, new prejudices, just like the old ones they replace, will serve as a leash for the great unthinking mass.

 

Nothing is required for this enlightenment, however, except freedom; and the freedom in question is the least harmful of all, namely, the freedom to use reason publicly in all matters. But on all sides I hear: "Do not argue!" The officer says, "Do not argue, drill!" The tax man says, "Do not argue, pay!" The pastor says, "Do not argue, believe!" (Only one ruler in the World says, "Argue as much as you want and about what you want, but obey!") In this we have examples of pervasive restrictions on freedom. But which restriction hinders enlightenment and which does not, but instead actually advances it? I reply: The public use of one's reason must always be free, and it alone can bring about enlightenment among mankind; the private use of reason may, however, often be very narrowly restricted, without otherwise hindering the progress of enlightenment. By the public use of one's own reason I understand the use that anyone as a scholar makes of reason before the entire literate world. I call the private use of reason that which a person may make in a civic post or office that has been entrusted to him. Now in many affairs conducted in the interests of a community, a certain mechanism is required by means of which some of its members must conduct themselves in an entirely passive manner so that through an artificial unanimity the government may guide them toward public ends, or at least prevent them from destroying such ends. Here one certainly must not argue, instead one must obey. However, insofar as this part of the machine also regards himself as a member of the community as a whole, or even of the world community, and as a consequence addresses the public in the role of a scholar, in the proper sense of that term, he can most certainly argue, without thereby harming the affairs for which as a passive member he is partly responsible. Thus it would be disastrous if an officer on duty who was given a command by his superior were to question the appropriateness or utility of the order. He must obey. But as a scholar he cannot be justly constrained from making comments about errors in military service, or from placing them before the public for its judgment. The citizen cannot refuse to pay the taxes imposed on him; indeed, impertinent criticism of such levies, when they should be paid by him, can be punished as a scandal (since it can lead to widespread insubordination). But the same person does not act contrary to civic duty when, as a scholar, he publicly expresses his thoughts regarding the impropriety or even injustice of such taxes. Likewise a pastor is bound to instruct his catecumens and congregation in accordance with the symbol of the church he serves, for he was appointed on that condition. But as a scholar he has complete freedom, indeed even the calling, to impart to the public all of his carefully considered and well-intentioned thoughts concerning mistaken aspects of that symbol, as well as his suggestions for the better arrangement of religious and church matters. Nothing in this can weigh on his conscience. What he teaches in consequence of his office as a servant of the church he sets out as something with regard to which he has no discretion to teach in accord with his own lights; rather, he offers it under the direction and in the name of another. He will say, "Our church teaches this or that and these are the demonstrations it uses." He thereby extracts for his congregation all practical uses from precepts to which he would not himself subscribe with complete conviction, but whose presentation he can nonetheless undertake, since it is not entirely impossible that truth lies hidden in them, and, in any case, nothing contrary to the very nature of religion is to be found in them. If he believed he could find anything of the latter sort in them, he could not in good conscience serve in his position; he would have to resign. Thus an appointed teacher's use of his reason for the sake of his congregation is merely private, because, however large the congregation is, this use is always only domestic; in this regard, as a priest, he is not free and cannot be such because he is acting under instructions from someone else. By contrast, the cleric--as a scholar who speaks through his writings to the public as such, i.e., the world--enjoys in this public use of reason an unrestricted freedom to use his own rational capacities and to speak his own mind. For that the (spiritual) guardians of a people should themselves be immature is an absurdity that would insure the perpetuation of absurdities.

 

But would a society of pastors, perhaps a church assembly or venerable presbytery (as those among the Dutch call themselves), not be justified in binding itself by oath to a certain unalterable symbol in order to secure a constant guardianship over each of its members and through them over the people, and this for all time: I say that this is wholly impossible. Such a contract, whose intention is to preclude forever all further enlightenment of the human race, is absolutely null and void, even if it should be ratified by the supreme power, by parliaments, and by the most solemn peace treaties. One age cannot bind itself, and thus conspire, to place a succeeding one in a condition whereby it would be impossible for the later age to expand its knowledge (particularly where it is so very important), to rid itself of errors,and generally to increase its enlightenment. That would be a crime against human nature, whose essential destiny lies precisely in such progress; subsequent generations are thus completely justified in dismissing such agreements as unauthorized and criminal. The criterion of everything that can be agreed upon as a law by a people lies in this question: Can a people impose such a law on itself? Now it might be possible, in anticipation of a better state of affairs, to introduce a provisional order for a specific, short time, all the while giving all citizens, especially clergy, in their role as scholars, the freedom to comment publicly, i.e., in writing, on the present institution's shortcomings. The provisional order might last until insight into the nature of these matters had become so widespread and obvious that the combined (if not unanimous) voices of the populace could propose to the crown that it take under its protection those congregations that, in accord with their newly gained insight, had organized themselves under altered religious institutions, but without interfering with those wishing to allow matters to remain as before. However, it is absolutely forbidden that they unite into a religious organization that nobody may for the duration of a man's lifetime publicly question, for so do-ing would deny, render fruitless, and make detrimental to succeeding generations an era in man's progress toward improvement. A man may put off enlightenment with regard to what he ought to know, though only for a short time and for his own person; but to renounce it for himself, or, even more, for subsequent generations, is to violate and trample man's divine rights underfoot. And what a people may not decree for itself may still less be imposed on it by a monarch, for his lawgiving authority rests on his unification of the people's collective will in his own. If he only sees to it that all genuine or purported improvement is consonant with civil order, he can allow his subjects to do what they find necessary to their spiritual well-being, which is not his affair. However, he must prevent anyone from forcibly interfering with another's working as best he can to determine and promote his well-being. It detracts from his own majesty when he interferes in these matters, since the writings in which his subjects attempt to clarify their insights lend value to his conception of governance. This holds whether he acts from his own highest insight--whereby he calls upon himself the reproach, "Caesar non eat supra grammaticos."'--as well as, indeed even more, when he despoils his highest authority by supporting the spiritual despotism of some tyrants in his state over his other subjects.

 

If it is now asked, "Do we presently live in an enlightened age?" the answer is, "No, but we do live in an age of enlightenment." As matters now stand, a great deal is still lacking in order for men as a whole to be, or even to put themselves into a position to be able without external guidance to apply understanding confidently to religious issues. But we do have clear indications that the way is now being opened for men to proceed freely in this direction and that the obstacles to general enlightenment--to their release from their self-imposed immaturity--are gradually diminishing. In this regard, this age is the age of enlightenment, the century of Frederick.

 

A prince who does not find it beneath him to say that he takes it to be his duty to prescribe nothing, but rather to allow men complete freedom in religious matters--who thereby renounces the arrogant title of tolerance--is himself enlightened and deserves to be praised by a grateful present and by posterity as the first, at least where the government is concerned, to release the human race from immaturity and to leave everyone free to use his own reason in all matters of conscience. Under his rule, venerable pastors, in their role as scholars and without prejudice to their official duties, may freely and openly set out for the world's scrutiny their judgments and views, even where these occasionally differ from the accepted symbol. Still greater freedom is afforded to those who are not restricted by an official post. This spirit of freedom is expanding even where it must struggle against the external obstacles of governments that misunderstand their own function. Such governments are illuminated by the example that the existence of freedom need not give cause for the least concern regarding public order and harmony in the commonwealth. If only they refrain from inventing artifices to keep themselves in it, men will gradually raise themselves from barbarism.

 

I have focused on religious matters in setting out my main point concerning enlightenment, i.e., man's emergence from self-imposed immaturity, first because our rulers have no interest in assuming the role of their subjects' guardians with respect to the arts and sciences, and secondly because that form of immaturity is both the most pernicious and disgraceful of all. But the manner of thinking of a head of state who favors religious enlightenment goes even further, for he realizes that there is no danger to his legislation in allowing his subjects to use reason publicly and to set before the world their thoughts concerning better formulations of his laws, even if this involves frank criticism of legislation currently in effect. We have before us a shining example, with respect to which no monarch surpasses the one whom we honor.

 

But only a ruler who is himself enlightened and has no dread of shadows, yet who likewise has a well-disciplined, numerous army to guarantee public peace, can say what no republic may dare, namely: "Argue as much as you want and about what you want, but obey!" Here as elsewhere, when things are considered in broad perspective, a strange, unexpected pattern in human affairs reveals itself, one in which almost everything is paradoxical. A greater degree of civil freedom seems advantageous to a people's spiritual freedom; yet the former established impassable boundaries for the latter; conversely, a lesser degree of civil freedom provides enough room for all fully to expand their abilities. Thus, once nature has removed the hard shell from this kernel for which she has most fondly cared, namely, the inclination to and vocation for free thinking, the kernel gradually reacts on a people's mentality (whereby they become increasingly able to act freely), and it finally even influences the principles of government, which finds that it can profit by treating men, who are now more than machines, in accord with their dignity.

 

I. Kant

Konigsberg in Prussia, 30 September 1784

 

Ohio

Cat was wondering how she succeeded to get up there. And the main question remained: how to get down?

(can someone call the firemen, please?)

 

Cat se demandait comment elle était arrivé jusque là. Mais la question principale était: comment redescendre?

(quelqu'un peut appeler les pompiers, là?)

Read all about Why™ this is an important question on www.stuckinplastic.com ...

Question: how long would it take for nature to take back the planet?

The powder blue surgeon fish or tang is another tropical fish prized in the aquarium trade. Online an large adult sells for about 200$. Maybe that is partly the reason we saw few of these in Mayotte.

 

Roger and Terry raised the question of ethics and tropical fish keeping on the last photo I posted, that of an angelfish. I have less of a problem with the sale of fish that have been bred in captivity than with those captured in the wild. If a fish can be bred in a tank I guess that the tank reproduces the essential factors of that fishes habitat.

 

It seems to me that fish that normally range over a large area of coral reef are probably best left where they are. A coral reef aquarium is unlikely to have all the components that are needed by a fish like this surgeonfish or the regal angelfish and so they are unlikely to survive long in an aquarium. That keeps the price high and ensures capturing in the wild continues. Such captures are often carried out in ways ( eg cycanide poisoning) that devastate the reef habitat and deplete native populations of fish. The trade in tropical fish is hard to police and regulate but needs to be done. It needs to be sustainable in the long run.

 

briantissot.com/2015/05/30/science-and-ethics-in-the-hawa...

 

awionline.org/awi-quarterly/2015-fall/ethical-and-ecologi...

 

news.mongabay.com/2016/01/quantifying-the-aquarium-trade-...

  

3d human with a red question mark

My work is not to be used anywhere without my permission © All Rights Reserved by : areeb ♥'s photostream ,, For your Questions : ask.fm/Areebaa

With only five legs her survival was in question but here she is thriving. 8/10/2021

Sony A7R RAW Photos of Pretty, Tall Blond Ballerina Model Goddesses Dancing Ballet! Carl Zeiss Sony FE 55mm F1.8 ZA Sonnar T* Lens & Lightroom 5.3

 

New Instagram! instagram.com/45surf

New Instagram!

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New blog celebrating my philosophy of photography with tips, insights, and tutorials!

45surf.wordpress.com

 

Ask me any questions! :)

 

And here're a couple of HD video movies I shot of the goddess with the 4K Sony:

vimeo.com/45surf

 

Enjoy! Be sure to watch in the full 1080P HD!

 

The epic goddess was tall, thin, fit, tan, and in wonderful shape (as you can see).

 

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Epic Goddess Straight Out of Hero's Odyssey Mythology! Pretty Model! :) Tall, thin, fit and beautiful!

 

Welcome to your epic hero's odyssey! The beautiful 45surf goddess sisters hath called ye to adventure, beckoning ye to read deeply Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, whence ye shall learn of yer own exalted artistic path guided by Hero's Odyssey Mythology. I wouldn't be saying it if it hadn't happened to me.

  

New 500px!

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twitter.com/45surf

 

Pretty Swimsuit Bikini Model Goddess! :)

 

Follow me on facebook! facebook.com/elliot.mcgucken

 

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She was a beauty--a gold 45 goddess for sure! A Gold 45 Goddess exalts the archetypal form of Athena--the Greek Goddess of wisdom, warfare, strategy, heroic endeavour, handicrafts and reason. A Gold 45 Goddess guards the beauty of dx4/dt=ic and embodies 45SURF's motto "Virtus, Honoris, et Actio Pro Veritas, Amor, et Bellus, (Strength, Honor, and Action for Truth, Love, and Beauty," and she stands ready to inspire and guide you along your epic, heroic journey into art and mythology. It is Athena who descends to call Telemachus to Adventure in the first book of Homer's Odyssey--to man up, find news of his true father Odysseus, and rid his home of the false suitors, and too, it is Athena who descends in the first book of Homer's Iliad, to calm the Rage of Achilles who is about to draw his sword so as to slay his commander who just seized Achilles' prize, thusly robbing Achilles of his Honor--the higher prize Achilles fought for. And now Athena descends once again, assuming the form of a Gold 45 Goddess, to inspire you along your epic journey of heroic endeavour.

 

ALL THE BEST on your Epic Hero's Odyssey from Johnny Ranger McCoy!

 

All 45surf Hero's Odyssey Mythology Photography is shot in the honor of Truth, Beauty, and the Light of Physicist Dr. E's Moving Dimensions Theory's dx4/dt=ic . The fourth dimension is expanding relative to the three spatial dimensions at the rate of c. Ergo relativity, time, entropy, and entanglement.

 

Sony A7R RAW Photos of Pretty Blonde Bikini Swimsuit Ballerina Model Goddess Dancing Ballet! Carl Zeiss Sony FE 55mm F1.8 ZA Sonnar T* Lens! Lightroom 5.3 ! Pretty Hazel Eyes & Silky Blond Hair!

 

Join my new Instagrams:

 

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All the best on your Epic Hero's Odyssey from Johnny Ranger McCoy!

 

Pretty ballerinas dancing Ballet in Leotards and Tutus!

Do ya'll think people would be interested in purchasing minifigs like these off ebay as I am thinking whether or not to sell them?

Welcome to Vaporium! A world unlike any you have ever seen. Flying dragons, mining Dwarves, if you can make it up, it’ll probably exist there.

Existing of several dozen small and big islands, it’s a place where all sorts of people live among each other. Several hundreds of years the Vaporians have been expanding their empire, from the northern Dwarven realms to the tropical islands full of pirates and cannibals. Every island is somehow connected, be it by bridge or boat.

Walk around in the magical world of Vaporium and discover its secrets. As far as she is willing to show them to you, that is…

 

“Where do the Vaporians get their power from?” Is a question you might have. Well, all the power in Vaporium comes from the mechanical island, which also provides Vaporium with her name: Vaporia Magistralis. Nobody knows exactly where it comes from and research shows it has been spinning for several thousands of years. Ever since one of Professor Schweitzer’s clones bumped his submarine against the surface about threehunderd years ago, many of his relatives and other people made their home. The clone built the high tower to research why the island turns around exactly. They have however yet to find out why this is the case and all attempts to figure this out have ended catastrophically. The expedition led by Stanley Steam for instance led to the disappearance of Stanley himself. Only his shoe was recovered when it was spat out atop the enormous tower.

The island itself is home to remarkable events. Some plants grow beautifully, while others wither away the moment they touch the soil. It is also reported that many crates, animals or people suddenly begin to levitate.

 

Up in the north there is a mysterious tower dubbed by the as Zâhnar Khûzuhk: the Tower of Darkness. It appears to consist of dark grey granite and was built long before even the Dwarves travelled to this region. De Dwarves, oldest people of Vaporium, do not share much information they have about this place and every explorer that sets foot on the island is never heard of again.

Probably as a response to Zâhnar Khûzuhk the three towers were built that shield the Tower of Darkness from the mainland. They are called the Three Mages, probably named after the three wizards or mages that built the towers. This is also the most northern place where one can moor ones ship.

 

The mine of Stormcap is many centuries old. Long before the Vaporians reached this place the Dwarves were already delving deep in to the earth for gold and precious gems. How old the mine is precisely we do not know, because the stubborn little creatures are a very secluded people and do not wish to share much about their past. We do know however that they love gold and like to sell their jewels to the Vaporians. Few jewels or golden decorations are made without gold mined by the Dwarves in Dazûhm Ghӕrl, as the Dwarves like to call their mine.

The current lord of the mine is Jarl Thorgrim One-Eye. Some known dwarves which you might recognize are bombardiers Dӕlen and Dӕren Blackbeard (although the father has traded his black hair and beard for a grey shine) and Jormund the Black Storm.

 

Also on Stormcap is the little village called Stormhaven. Originally built as a tiny fisherman’s village, overtime, it has become one of the most prosperous merchant villages of Vaporium, all thanks to the wealth of the Dwarves. Almost every day you can visit the market or enjoy the local music. One can find knives and swords of Dwarven craftsmanship and other niftily made artifacts in the little shops. The Mayor Harold Ondanin often looks over the square from his little balcony. The center of the square is dominated by the statue of the Mage who founded the village.

 

Oldrock Keep was originally built as a Dwarven keep, but after the colonization of the Dwarvenempire by the Vaporians, it was traded for the Mine that was much more profitable for the Dwarves. The current lord of the keep is lord Dunstan Rendanin. Considering it is located so far north, technology is not that advanced in this place, but it is certainly not a place of poverty. This is the last place where people can moor their ship before going more north. For that reason the Wolfshead Inn is a famous inn, where they pour delicious dark beer.

 

The gigantic castle of king Jeryn the Always Happy is of course a marvel of construction. The people of king Jeryn are stubborn and tend to hold to their old medieval society. They avoid every form of technology. You will not find any steam engines or blunderbusses here. This causes them to be mocked by other Vaporians, but they don’t seem to mind because they keep on laughing regardless.

In the courtyard one can see the throne hall and atop the balcony stand King and Queen together. Remarkable is the clock tower which had its fair share of use since gold loving Dragons hold a fancy to the castle.

 

Roaming between the many islands one can witness the most remarkable vehicle known to Vaporium. The enormous mechanical dragon built by doctor Frankenstone. This dragon, named Draconis Magnificus, was completely designed and built by the doctor. Here and there it lands to take in supplies to take with him on his journeys through the world of Vaporium.

 

The city of Eglaïm in the warm tropical south is gouverned by Grandvizier Karsin al-Rauth. The Grandvizier is a man who loves gold, but then again: who doesn’t? This means however that he allows a lot of thing that are not strictly legal. This makes Eglaïm, also known as the Drops of the Sea, a safehaven for all sorts of outlaws and pirates. As long as they fill the gold chests of the Grandvizier he doesn’t mind if they store or sell their stolen goods in the city. The big ships with darkred sails are feared throughout the seas of Vaporium, because more often than not sailors lose their cargo after being entered by the Bloodsails.

 

Near the city of Eglaïm is the mysterious Temple of Legoqatl. Once every seven years a delegation of the island travels to Eglaïm laden with golden gifts for the Grandvizier, to make sure they are left alone to their dark practices. The Grandvizier tries to make sure they are left alone, but alas there are stubborn sailors who do try to moor their ships to the island. The few who leave the island never say a word about what happens there, but that it’s not to be trusted is a fact.

 

The small Island of Rynce Stohn, greatgrandchild of Jaques Stohn, is always in some sort of commotion. Just like his grandfather Rynce likes to invent stuff and to think of new and innovating stuff. He is also an old apprentice of doctor Frankenstone. The most crazy things he imagines he can actually produce with his hands. His current project is highly classified, but judging by the framework it’s going to be enormous.

 

Dragons are an abundance in Vaporium. Many a tower or castlekeep has fallen because of an angry or furious Dragon. The ruins of these towers are many and scattered all over the place and often a refuge for outlaws or pirates.

 

Skullbreak Island is an ominous island, upon which an incredibly high tower is built. The skeletons of many who perished there still lay all about the island, and the only inhabitant is rarely seen.

 

Made by:

 

Elderon: www.flickr.com/photos/elderon

Tijger-San: www.flickr.com/photos/tijger-san

Large: www.flickr.com/photos/67012989@N07/

Rinse: www.flickr.com/photos/52841518@N03/

JeroenD: www.flickr.com/photos/57194035@N03/

WftH: www.flickr.com/photos/workfromtheheart/

And myself.

 

The Rundāle Palace, Latvia.

 

What you're seeing here is a recreation of the original interior. The restoration cost over 8 million Euros, which, when you see the results, doesn't seem nearly enough to produce the splendors one encounters at every turn.

 

What's not clear to me is whether any of decoration is original and restored and how much is brand new. This always frustrates me because I'm hung up on the concept of authenticity. I'll just come right out and say I don't get the same satisfaction from replicas that I do from originals.

 

One way to resolve this conundrum is to say this is an authentic replica of an 18th century palace that was, as the text below explains, "demolished in 1812 during the Franco-Russian [Napoleonic] War," and then "demolished [again in 1919] by the men of the Bermondt-Avalov army," which was commanded by a Cossack warlord who decided to take over newly-independent Latvia instead of fighting the Bolsheviks.

 

Still, this begs the question of the meaning of such a place. A hot take is that it's an expression of Latvian nationalism. However, in the 18th century this region was ruled by Germans and then by Russians. Most ethnic Latvians were serfs. Perhaps the nationalist message is that the Latvians, once free from the rule of Baltic Germans, Czarist Russians, Nazis and the Soviets, had the wherewithal to recreate a palace once owned by an overlord and make it their own. To further make the point, the compound is now a major tourist attraction, so interiors once intended solely for the aristocracy, royalty and their hangers-on and servants are today filled to the brim with tourists like us.

 

Is is also a acknowledged center for the study of 18th-century interior design? The devil is in the details, and I haven't yet had time to delve into that.

 

If you're wondering why the point of view in these photos is from the top of the windows to the ceiling, it's because there were mobs of visitors that made it almost impossible to photograph whole walls, much less floors.

 

Here is the whole history of the construction of the palace from the palace's informative Web site. I recommend visiting it if for no other reason than to see the rooms devoid of visitors. Also, there's a section on the restoration.

rundale.net/en/

 

The name of Rundāle comes from the German place-name Ruhenthal (Valley of Peace).

 

The Rundāle Palace built during the 16th century was located on the northern side of the pond. It can be seen in the design of F. B. Rastrelli as a small square field with towers in the corners.

 

Rundāle Manor was already created at the end of the 15th century. It belonged to the Grotthus family from 1505 to 1681 and the palace was mentioned in the list of Livonian castles in 1555.

 

Facade finishing components have been found in the territory of the palace – cast fragments and fragments of coats of arms carved in stone dating to the middle of the 17th century. In 1735 Ernst Johann von Biron bought the Rundāle property for 42 000 thalers.

 

The old palace was completely torn down, and the stones, bricks and even the mortar were used in the construction of the new palace.

 

Duke Ernst Johann died in 1772, and the palace was inherited by his widow Duchess Benigna Gottlieb; during her time orchards were formed around the palace. Duke Peter did not come to Rundāle often, he mostly resided in the smaller Vircava Palace near Jelgava.

 

In 1795 Duke Peter gave up his throne and the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was added to the Russian Empire. Catherine II gave Rundāle Manor as a present to Count Valerian Zubov who died in 1804.

 

During the distribution of inheritance Rundāle became the property of his brother Prince Platon Zubov, the last favourite of Catherine II.

 

During the time of Zubov the palace was refurnished, however the building itself remained untouched, only entrance porticos were added to the central building and several fireplaces were built inside.

 

The palace was demolished in 1812 during the Franco-Russian War – mirrors were smashed, silk wallpaper was torn down, the library given as a present from Catherine II was destroyed.

 

Prince Platon Zubov died in Rundāle Palace on 7 April 1822. His widow married Count Andrey Shuvalov, and Rundāle Manor belonged to this family until the agrarian reform of the Republic of Latvia in 1920.

 

The Shuvalovs rarely stayed in the palace, excluding the time period from 1864 to 1866 when Count Pyotr Shuvalov was the governor-general of the Baltic region and used Rundāle Palace as his official summer residence.

 

During this time unsuccessful renovation of the palace rooms was carried out, however during the 1880’s careful renovation of the interior design was performed. At the end of the 19th century part of the palace’s furniture and works of art was taken to Saint Petersburg.

 

During the time from 1915 to 1918 a German army commandant’s office and an infirmary was established in the palace. In 1919 the palace was demolished by the men of the Bermondt-Avalov army.

 

The palace was renovated in 1923 and some of its rooms were used as the primary school of Rundāle Parish. In 1924 Rundāle Palace was handed over to the Latvian Union of Disabled Veterans, but in 1933 it was taken over by the Board of Monuments which started the renovation of the building and the restoration of some of the rooms, and the western building was constructed for the needs of the primary school.

 

In 1938 the palace was handed over to the State Historical Museum that was planning to create a church art and decorative art museum there. The palace was also open to the public during World War II.

 

In 1945 a grain storage was formed in the halls of the palace, and the palace was closed to the public after that.

 

In 1963 some of the palace’s rooms were given to the Museum of Regional Studies and Art of Bauska, but in 1972 a permanent Rundāle Palace Museum was created and its main aim was to renew the whole ensemble of the palace by mainly orientating towards the condition of the palace during the second part of the 18th century.

 

The first restored rooms in the eastern building of the palace were opened to the public in 1981, gradually being followed by new interiors. Restoration of the palace was finished in 2014.

 

Construction history

 

Count Ernst Johann von Biron bought the Rundāle manor complex on 26 June 1735. In August of the same year the court architect of Russia Francesco Rastrelli came to Courland. From September until December agreements were being concluded with carpenters, masons, brickmakers, construction material suppliers, potters – stove makers.

 

The construction project was ready in January of 1736. The eight pages of the project are located in the graphic art collection “Albertina” in Vienna. It consists of a situation plan, two floor plans, a sketch of four facades and the altar of the palace church.

 

The first construction period from 1736 to 1740.

 

On 24 May 1736 the foundation-stone of the palace was set. Construction of the foundation was completed on 6 July, whereas on 13 October the central building was built to the level of the windowsill of the second floor. The construction of 12 brick-kilns and 12 brick storages was finished in June. 268 masons were working in the palace, but Rastrelli requested 500 men.

 

Construction was stopped on 1 November due to cold.

The construction works were restarted on 12 April 1737. On 28 May the central building was finished, and on 18 June covering was started to be placed on the side buildings, whereas the construction of the central building roof was finished at the end of June.

 

When the works were stopped on 10 October, one side building was roofed over, and the other one was covered with a temporary roof. The foundations of the stables were also ready. The bricklaying works were finished on 1 October 1737.

 

After Biron was elected Duke, he ordered to simplify the building. The finishing materials were produced by the master carpenters and woodcarver A. Kamaev of the Imperial Construction Bureau of Saint Petersburg, master potter I. Ushakov of the Neva brick factory with his team and painters I. Mizinov, I. Pilugin and I. Yevdokimov. Austrian potters were working in Vircava. The finishing materials were also being produced in Saint Petersburg.

 

In 1738 the volume of work in Rundāle decreased, as construction works of Jelgava Palace began. Some of the produced components were also taken to Jelgava. However, the works were moving forward – chimneys and room arches were being built, roofs were being finished.

 

From 14 June, when the construction of the main residence in Jelgava began, the construction works in Rundāle were moving at a slower pace. Master carpenter Eger had finished oak-wood panels for 33 rooms, as well as 13 oak-wood parquet floors. Ceilings boards were put up in the rooms, so that the plastering works could be started. In September the carpenters started working on the outside staircases. The construction of the gate tower was also started.

 

Entwurf von Rastrelli: die Nordfassade des Schlosses Rundāle mit dem Torturm

Rastrelli’s design, nothern facade of the palace with the gate tower.

 

In 1739 the interior plastering works were supposed to be carried out, but the Duke ordered to decrease the amount of plasterers and to simplify the work. Stucco formations were made only for the main staircase rooms and halls, the other rooms were left with smooth ceilings. Only ten craftsmen were working in Rundāle.

 

On 1 February after the order of Empress of Russia Anna Ioannovna all of the Saint Petersburg Construction Office masons were sent to Courland.

 

The components made for Rundāle, including carved doors, panels, parquet, Austrian potter stoves, plafonds painted on canvas and cast-iron facade decorations made by Bartolomeo Tarsia that can be seen in the Jelagava Palace facade, were transported to the main residence in Jelgava.

 

N. Vasilyev assisted Rastrelli in managing the construction works. Russian chamberlain Ernst Johann von Buttlar was in charge of finances and organisation and he was sending reports to Saint Petersburg regarding the work process.

 

In 1740 the woodcut altar of the palace church was transported to Jelgava. Supposedly the room decoration in the palace had been finished, but not all of the wall panels had been mounted and some of the stoves were also not set up, as a lot of the materials were in storage.

 

Work was stopped after the palace revolution of 20 November in Russia and the arrest and exile of Duke Ernst Johann. The prepared finishing materials and construction components were sent to Saint Petersburg, and some of the built-in components, such as doors, wall panels and parquet, were broken.

Overall more than a thousand different profession craftsmen and workers were employed in the construction works of the palace.

 

The second construction period from 1764 to 1770.

 

In 1762 Ernst Johann von Biron was granted mercy and returned to Courland in January of 1763.

In January of 1764 Johann Gottfried Seidel was appointed the court architect of the Duke, but in August Francesco Rastrelli returned to work for the Duke and was appointed to the position of main administrator of the Duke’s buildings.

 

During this time he arranged his construction designs and carried out general supervision of the Duke’s construction works.

The unfinished gate tower was torn down and the stable building construction was started. Latvian carpenters and woodworkers were sent from the Duke’s domain manors to Rundāle up until 1768. In 1765 woodworker Blanks, sculptor Zībenbrods, locksmith Šreibfogels, gold plating master Johans Endress, potter Šēfers, locksmith Horstmanis and coppersmith Mēmels were working in the palace.

 

In 1766 Severin Jensen from Denmark started working as the court architect. His style can be seen in the gateposts and in the stable buildings, which obtained a semicircular shape in contrast to Rastrelli’s rectangular design. A dating – 16 May 1766 – has been made in the keystone of the northern facade window.

 

In 1768 the gate was built and the forgings were placed.

 

The palace interior planning was changed slightly. By merging five smaller rooms the grand dining-room – the Grand Gallery – was created, whereas a dance hall known as the White Hall was created in the place of the palace church. Both front staircases, the Small Gallery, the lobby and galleries of the first floor were preserved from the original interiors of the first construction period.

 

The stucco decorative finishing of the interiors was carried out by the Berlin sculptor and stucco marble master Johann Michael Graff together with his team – his brother Josef and assistants Bauman and Lanz – from 1765 to 1768.

 

Sculpturesque decorations were made in twenty-seven rooms, but in two rooms of the Duke’s apartments and in the hall – synthetic marble panels. Works were started in the central building first.

 

The Marble Hall and the marble panel of the Gold Hall in which the dating has been engraved on the door lining, were finished in 1767. In July of 1768 Graff received payment for his final works – the White Hall, Oval Cabinet, Duchess’ Boudoir and vases for the 22 stair banisters.

 

The ceilings were painted by the Italian painters Francesco Martini and Carlo Zucchi from Saint Petersburg. They started working in August of 1766, but only the name of Martini is mentioned in documents starting with March of 1768. Francesco Martini received his last payment in March of 1769.

 

Ceilings of eight rooms, as well as the walls of two rooms were painted. One of the ceiling paintings got destroyed. The repainted wall paintings were later uncovered in the Grand Gallery and in the second study of the Duke.

 

The Duke came to Rundāle Palace in April of 1767 and stayed there until December with interruptions, although the finishing works were still in progress. The palace was also inhabited in 1768. The final works were carried out in 1770 when a fellow of J. M. Graff placed mirrors in the White Hall.

 

20.04.2018

   

To be, or not to be: that is the question:

Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer

The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,

Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,

And by opposing end them? To die: to sleep;

No more; and by a sleep to say we end

The heart-ache and the thousand natural shocks

That flesh is heir to, 'tis a consummation

Devoutly to be wish'd. To die, to sleep;

To sleep: perchance to dream: ay, there's the rub;

For in that sleep of death what dreams may come

When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,

Must give us pause: there's the respect

That makes calamity of so long life;

For who would bear the whips and scorns of time,

The oppressor's wrong, the proud man's contumely,

The pangs of despised love, the law's delay,

The insolence of office and the spurns

That patient merit of the unworthy takes,

When he himself might his quietus make

With a bare bodkin? who would fardels bear,

To grunt and sweat under a weary life,

But that the dread of something after death,

The undiscover'd country from whose bourn

No traveller returns, puzzles the will

And makes us rather bear those ills we have

Than fly to others that we know not of?

Thus conscience does make cowards of us all;

And thus the native hue of resolution

Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought,

And enterprises of great pith and moment

With this regard their currents turn awry,

And lose the name of action. - Soft you now!

The fair Ophelia! Nymph, in thy orisons

Be all my sins remember'd.

 

William Shakespeare - To be, or not to be (from Hamlet 3/1)

Thanks for visiting! Most photos are of Mei, my wife and muse.

 

FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)

 

My photos with more than 1000 Faves: 1000+ faves album

So...yeah, this is the picture in question, the one that was used by a national geographic photographer to promote a for-profit photo workshop at Burning Man. Kinda funny that it's getting all the attention, because it's a fairly crappy HDR in my opinion. Anyway, thanks for the support...you can check out my other burning man photos here:

 

Burning Man 2012:

 

www.flickr.com/photos/michaelholden/sets/72157631392416880/

 

Burning Man 2011:

 

www.flickr.com/photos/michaelholden/sets/72157627529205924/

Burning Man 2010:

 

www.flickr.com/photos/michaelholden/sets/72157624681071111/

 

Burning Man 2009:

 

www.flickr.com/photos/michaelholden/sets/72157622425997753/

 

Burning Man 2008:

 

www.flickr.com/photos/michaelholden/sets/72157608718823709/

  

Here's the original story:

 

Chris and I got to Burning Man on Friday the 28th, before the event opened. Shortly after sunset I rode out to the Man. It had just rained and was fairly stormy. The only person out there was a single Ranger, on what has been called "stick duty". I took a number of exposures and ended up liking this one the best...something about that Ranger out there all alone. This is an HDR image made from three exposures (1/13, 1/25, 1/50) at f7.1 shot with my bitchin' Tokina 14-24mm wide angle lens. After I processed the source files in Photomatix I ran it through Noise Ninja to help deal with artifacts induced in the HDR manipulation process.

 

You can view and download high-rez versions of this photo on a nice background on my website at

 

www.michaelholden.com/pics/v/bman09/DSC_7998_9_7_tonemapp...

 

(lots of other pics from Burning Man, festivals, events, parties and chihuahuas are up there too!)

Three Questions

 

When this female grizzly made serious eye contact with me three questions popped into my mind.

  

Is it just curiosity?

 

Is she just warning me to get out of her space?

 

Is she considering me for dinner?

  

No matter. The answer to all three was the same. Get back into the car. I had been shooting over the hood of the car and as soon as I got back inside she lost interest and began to browse the nearby vegetation for goodies.

 

Polygonia interrogationis

Entropy, as expressed by the Second Law of Thermodynamics, is an all pervasive natural force, similar in importance to gravity or electro- magnetism. Its attributes involve the flow of what we call "time". It shows why time travel is impossible and why water only runs downhill. Entropy permeates all aspects of human existence. Entropy explains why it is easy to lose money and difficult to make money. Entropy is the force behind Murphy's Law: Anything that can go wrong, must go wrong. Is time-travel impossible? Why does water only run downhill? Why is it easy to lose money but difficult to acquire it? The answer to these and many other puzzling questions rests in the Second Law of Thermodynamics, in Entropy. The so-called Second Law relates closely to the term Entropy. An understanding of this fundamental law of nature and its ramification provides great insights in the way the world really works. Entropy, as expressed by the Second Law, is the ultimate Natural Law because it determines the flow of what we call "time". Thus, entropy deals with the very existence of the universe. The term entropy describes phenomena that have the most profound effect on all events in human existence, including our ability to achieve happiness by aligning ourselves with Objective Reality.

 

The Second Law holds a unique position in science because it has never evolved from a theory such as the Theory of Relativity or the Theory of Quantum Mechanics. The Second Law is empirical. There is no fully satisfactory theoretical proof for the Second Law, although there are some connections to Quantum Mechanics, Probability and Relativity. Once a Unified Field Theory, the Theory of Everything, is developed, it will and must account for Entropy. Many scientists, who claimed that this Law is paradoxical in nature, have tried to attack it. However, in all instances the alleged paradoxes were due to faulty reasoning. The Second Law has prevailed and has established itself as the most fundamental of all Natural Laws.

 

The profound nature of the Second Law manifests itself in every aspect of human existence. It covers questions pertaining to the obscure beginnings of the universe to the way we pour milk in our coffee. I remember my high school teacher posing the question: You have a cup of very hot coffee that you would like to drink as soon as possible, let us say, within 5 minutes. Should you first add the desired quantity of cold milk to the coffee and then let the coffee sit for 5 minutes? Alternatively, do you let the coffee sit for 5 minutes and then add the same quantity of milk?

 

The answer is not intuitive but it is simple, if we are familiar with the Second Law: The rate of heat exchange between the hot coffee and the ambient air depends on their temperature differential. The higher the temperature differential, the faster will be the rate of exchange. Within the 5-minute waiting period, heat transfers to the air at a higher rate if we do not add the cold milk initially to the coffee. If we add the milk at the beginning, instead of at the end of the 5 minutes, the energy transfer will slow down and the coffee will be markedly hotter at the end of 5 minutes.

 

This revelation does not appear to be a momentous event. It was only intended to indicate the pervasiveness of the Second Law, especially in view of the fact that most people are seemingly ignorant of it. The point is, the Second Law is not intuitive. We have to acquire the relevant knowledge by a rational thought process in order to take advantage of it. The cup of coffee is not important but the principle behind the cup permeates all of our existence: In order to optimize the effectiveness of our actions it is helpful to understand the implications of Entropy.

 

Entropy describes the degradation of energy to perform work. What is energy? On the high school level, we simply defined energy as the capacity to do work. However, the real question is, What factor, precisely, is doing this work? Why does energy have the capacity to perform work? The HOWs in life are easy, the WHYs are the tough ones.

 

Energy is the raw material of the universe. At the time of the Big Bang, about 13.7 billion years ago, there was nothing but raw energy. There was no mass with a physical attribute. It was only much later in the nascent universe that this primal energy transformed itself into physical mass, stars, nebula and black holes. Stars, and particularly supernovas, are the factories of the elements, such as iron, from which human beings are formed.

 

As we know from Einstein's famous formula E = m c^2, mass and energy are freely convertible into each other. The Hydrogen Bomb demonstrates this conversion in a spectacular fashion. Most of the energy it generates is due to the conversion of matter into energy. Such conversion of matter into energy, and vice-versa, is also a less spectacular event in everyday phenomena although it is usually so minuscule as to escape our attention: When we exercise vigorously, we convert chemical energy into radiated heat energy. All this radiated energy that leaves our body has mass, just as light has energy and weight, although it will not register on our bathroom scale.

 

In cognizance of these basic facts, we can stipulate that energy is the basic raw material that makes up the universe and all that is contained within it, including human beings. The essence of the universe is the unity of energy, time and space.

 

Energy is essentially a heat phenomenon. Heat and work are mechanisms by which systems exchange energy with one another. The mechanical equivalent of heat is called a Joule. 4.2 joules are the equivalent of one calorie, the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius.

 

In order for energy to perform work, a difference must exist between energy at a high potential and energy at a more randomized, diluted, potential. The term entropy is a measure of the degree to which energy has lost the capacity to perform useful work. Entropy signifies the dilution, the randomization of energy. We may look at water in two lakes, connected by a canal. Unless the lakes are at a different level, unless they are at a different energy potential, there is plenty of water, but all this water has no potential energy and cannot perform any useful work because it cannot change levels. This ability or inability to perform useful work is an analogy to and is at the heart of the term entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

 

Let us back up a little: This whole subject of Thermodynamics sounds like a very complicated affair. Indeed, it is both very simple and extremely complex. There are three Laws of Thermodynamics, but we need to concern ourselves only with the first two laws because they are closely interwoven and can actually be expressed in one sentence: The total energy content of the universe is constant and the total entropy, the non-usable energy, is constantly increasing. There you have it: The combination of the first and second law of thermodynamics.

 

Very interesting, but what does it mean? It means that energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can be transformed into mass, chemical energy, heat energy, latent energy and work, but it cannot be created and it cannot disappear. Energy is also in a constant, inevitable and irreversible process of becoming increasingly randomized. Salt crystals may be dissolved in a beaker of water without losing its identity as salt. The salt became more randomized when it dissolved in the water. The Law of Entropy decrees that it cannot reconvert itself to the less randomized, crystalline version. The salt cannot reconstitute itself as crystals, unless we introduce external energy to evaporate the water.

 

The amount of energy in the universe was established at the time of the Big Bang. At that point, energy was extremely concentrated and ordered. Since then, the universe has expanded vastly and energy has become more diluted and randomized. It is inherent in the nature of the universe that this process must and will continue. If it were to stop, the universe would cease to exist.

 

This increasing randomization of energy, entropy, is part of the structure of the universe. The energy dilemma does not involve the amount of energy that is available; it involves the form in which the energy is available. The universe is involved in a constant process of converting one form of energy into another form and in doing so, it inevitably must convert part of the original energy into more randomized, less usable, heat energy. Potential energy is organized energy whereas heat represents randomized, disorganized energy. Heat energy is irretrievable energy. Although the energy contained in heat is not destroyed, it has become unavailable for producing work. All forms of energy are degraded incessantly and irreversibly to an inferior, lower-quality, more-randomized form of energy: Heat.

 

By the same principle, the solar energy that pours out of the furnace of the sun travels on and on until it eventually becomes scattered throughout the universe: It becomes so randomized that it becomes unusable for the performance of work. Therefore, we must stipulate that entropy, as a measure of the randomness of energy in the universe, is always increasing.

 

The question arises, what will happen when all the usable energy in the universe is converted into randomized heat energy and is no longer capable of performing such work as expanding the universe. We refer to this condition as the Heat Death of the Universe: Once all the energy in the universe is converted to and randomized as heat, then the universe will be in a state of energy equilibrium, everything will be of the same temperature and entropy will remain constant. This is where science gets more complicated and involves the microwave background radiation consisting of photons near, but not quite at, absolute Zero. Scientists have recently detected this microwave background radiation and have thus confirmed the connectivity between Thermodynamics and Quantum Mechanics.

 

Before we go on to some practical manifestations of entropy, we need to be aware of a very important characteristic of entropy: The Laws of Thermodynamics pertain only to a system that we refer to as a closed system: An entity that does not exchange energy, information or mass with anything outside the system. The universe in its totality is a closed system because no new energy is injected into it. Therefore, all laws of Thermodynamics apply to the universe. Earth is not a closed system because our sun constantly injects it with new energy. This infusion of energy into the non-closed system of the earth makes it possible to comply with the Second Law while achieving an increase in the complexity of life forms, as necessitated by the process of evolution.

 

The laws of thermodynamics are among the very few laws of nature that describe phenomena that are an integral part of the origin of the universe, of the Big Bang. The other laws in this category are gravity, relativity, nuclear binding forces and electromagnetism. Human beings need not concern themselves with the effects of relativity or quantum mechanics. However, the phenomena of thermodynamics constantly and profoundly affect all human beings.

 

If there are any laws that have truly universal applicability and that also affect ordinary human affairs, they are the Laws of Thermodynamics. The following statement contains the essence of Entropy: In any transformation of energy from one form to another, useful energy is lost irreversibly. The German physicist Clausius first used the term Entropy in 1865 to describe the nature of the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Even great physicists of that period, like James Maxwell, had trouble with a concept involving only negatives and dealing with the idea of measuring a state of disorder. Today we can condense the statement of Entropy by stating: Entropy in a closed system can never decrease. There are no exceptions to this statement.

 

The Second Law decrees that water can only flow downhill. Objects do not run uphill by themselves. If we wish to have water run uphill, we must supply outside energy to pump it up the hill.

 

A clock gradually runs down because the latent energy in its spring is used to run the clock and part of this energy is converted to irretrievable heat. Because the heat cannot be reconstituted into usable energy, this energy is lost irretrievably and the clock cannot rewind itself.

 

Even in the most complex energy transformations, there is a forward direction to the process because only an outside energy source can reverse a heat-process within a closed system. The burning of gasoline in a car creates mechanical energy and heat. However, no process in the universe will allow the exhaust gases to re-combine with the heat energy and reconstitute the original gasoline: The heat energy of the burning gasoline has achieved a higher and irreversible state of randomization: The entropy of the system, and the universe, is irreversibly increased, as required by the Second Law.

 

The close relationship of entropy to the statistical laws of probability becomes clear when we hold a stack of five coins in a hand and throw them on a flat surface. Instead of retaining their previous order and proximity, they scatter and increase their randomness. The fall of the coins generated and dissipated the tiniest little bit of heat and the lack of this heat prevented the coins from reforming in the same stack as before. Entropy always drives all transformation of energy in such a way as to increase irreversible randomness.

 

Ice must have a tendency to melt because H2O molecules in ice crystals are more orderly than in the form of water. Ice crystals tend to become randomized by changing from orderly ice crystals to a more disorderly state as a liquid.

 

Water must evaporate: A gaseous structure is more randomized than a liquid state.

 

Time can only flow in one direction: The arrow of time can only move from the dead past to the non-existing future. The Second Law is closely interwoven with the laws of probability. Therefore, the laws of entropy are statistical laws. If we apply statistical laws applicable to entropy to future events, they provide meaningful results; if we apply them to past events, they are meaningless. Therefore, time can flow only from the dead past toward the future, which does not yet exist. Time travel will always remain impossible: It is inherently impossible to move from one state of non-existence to other states of non-existence. The Second Law decrees that the universe would have to cease to exist in order to allow for time-travel.

 

The laws of thermodynamics are the descriptors of the universe and do not permit perpetual motion machines. We would only waste our time and money if we were to attempt building a machine that not only can run forever, but that could even produce excess energy while doing so.

 

Heat flows from a hot object to a cold object, never the other way around. When we drop a hot peace of metal in a container of cold water, the metal cools and the water heats up until their temperatures have equalized. During this process the entropy, the randomness of the system consisting of the water and the metal, increases and no further useful work can be performed because there is no longer a temperature differential between the water and the metal: The system has become randomized.

 

This manifestation of the Second Law can be stated quite simply: Heat energy will not flow from a cooler to a warmer body. It would be foolish to try to warm our hands on a block of ice although there is considerable heat in the ice. If we compare the heat of ice with the heat of liquid hydrogen, ice would appear to be very hot, indeed. It would be easy to build a machine that runs on the heat differential between the cold block of ice and the much colder liquid hydrogen. However, since the heat in the ice is at a much lower level than the heat in our body, heat cannot flow from the ice to our hands. We cannot warm our hands by immersing them in ice. We have always known this fact. Now we know why we cannot warm our hand by touching a block of ice.

 

Bridges and buildings will inevitably collapse, unless entropy is counteracted by the addition of new energy, such as money, energy, power or labor, to the system. If we do not paint the bridge, it will eventually, but inevitably, collapse.

 

Money is not energy but it represents energy. Therefore, money becomes randomized automatically, in compliance with the Second Law. As we only know too well, money has a distinct tendency to dissipate, to randomize. On the other hand, the creation of wealth requires an infusion of energy from a source outside the system, such as a competent strategy or the contribution of additional capital or labor.

 

We know empirically, that things do not organize themselves into artifacts that are more complex unless new energy is inserted from outside the system. This fact is obvious because a broken window will not repair itself. Without competent management, without the energy to organize and structure transactions, a business will fail, a victim of entropy.

 

Without new software, without the infusion of new energy from outside the computer system, a computer will never acquire new capabilities, but its hard-drive will fill up with defects and clutter due to the degeneration of the data it holds. A well known fact.

 

The Second Law of Thermodynamics is closely interwoven with the future of the universe and with all life on earth. Sometimes people say that the existence of life on earth violates or contradicts the Second Law. However, this is not the case; we know of nothing in the universe that violates the Second Law.

 

The definition of life revolves around three prerequisites: The organism must be able to replicate itself, the organism must be capable of energy conversion and the organism must be subject to evolution. The essence of evolution is an increase in complexity, as is obvious when we consider the evolution of living organisms over eons of time.

 

An increase in complexity entails an increase in the orderliness of the organizational character of the organism: Life represents a decrease of entropy, a decrease of randomness. Such a decrease in randomization can only come about as a result of an infusion of energy from the outside of the closed system, from the outside of the organism. Therefore, the ability to utilize energy by converting it to a usable form, is the essence of all things that we call alive or living. In the case of life on earth, the outside energy is derived from the sun. No sunlight, no life on earth.

 

This is the chain of life on earth: No energy, no evolution. -- No evolution, no life -- No energy, no life

 

The discussion of energy is significant, because nothing happens in the universe without energy. The whole universe is a cauldron of energy conversions. As far as human beings are concerned, we need to remember that the standard of living of a person or a nation is determined primarily by the availability of usable energy sources, such as oil or nuclear energy. Without sources of energy to turn our wheels and to compensate for entropy, humanity would revert to the primeval existence of hunters and gatherers.

 

Many people have trouble understanding the principle of entropy because it is a concept of negatives, because it is a measure of the disorder, of the randomness of a closed system. Every biochemical function requires a decrease in entropy, which can only be achieved by the infusion of energy into a life-sustaining system.

 

Many people erroneously believe that everything that we use up can be recycled and reused if we only develop the appropriate technology. However, the Second Law makes it inherently impossible to achieve complete reconstitution or recycling. In order to recycle a used product, we must insert additional energy in the collecting, transportation and reprocessing of used materials and this energy expenditure contributes to the overall entropy, the randomness, of the environment. Thus, discards can be recycled only by the expenditure of additional energy and at the expense of increasing the entropy of the universe as a whole. On a light note: Every time someone lights a cigarette, he increases the entropy of the universe and contributes to the energy death of the universe.

 

Why is this discussion of entropy and the Second Law so important to us, to ordinary human beings? After all, most of us are more concerned with living a happy life, than the heat death of the universe. The problem is that the Second Law has a tendency to interfere with our happiness because it has a pervasive, pernicious effect on our lives. It is imperative that we are aware of the impairments caused by entropy in order to counteract them effectively.

 

If we encounter a problem in life, it is most important to be fully cognizant of the precise nature and cause of the problem. In trying to resolve the problem, it would be counter-productive to invoke the help of imagined superior beings, instead of dealing with the problem in a realistic, purposeful manner. Unless we understand the nature of entropy, we cannot resolve the deleterious effects that make it difficult to achieve desired results. Therefore, a profound knowledge of the Second Law is extremely important to our quest for happiness.

 

"Murphy's Law" is well known. After allowing for many humorous embellishments and variations on the basic theme, Mr. Murphy’s proposition states: "Anything that can go wrong will go wrong." A corollary version claims: "Left to themselves, things tend to go from bad to worse".

 

We laugh about this aspect of life because we have all experienced the effect of Mr. Murphy's Law on many occasions. Rather than recognize Murphy's Law as a humorous version of a basic law of nature, we usually look upon it as a quirk of nature. Nothing could be further from the truth: When we look at the Second Law of Thermodynamics, we realize that Mr. Murphy's law is an inescapable consequence of the principle of Entropy.

 

Unless we constantly insert new energy into a house by maintaining it, painting it, repairing it, the structure will eventually but inevitably be leveled to the ground. Its molecules will move from a lower level of randomization, from structure, to a higher level of randomization, towards unstructured debris.

 

Entropy is the reason why paint peels, why hot coffee turns cold. Furthermore, entropy is the reason why investments have a preordained inclination to go sour -- unless we enhance success by inserting into the investment system additional energy in the form of strategy, work, calculated risk or other forms of energy. Entropy ensures that sugar, which becomes more randomized when it is dissolved in water, will not reconstitute itself in the crystalline form -- unless we apply heat energy from outside the system and evaporate the water.

 

Wherever we look, whatever we do, we must be acutely aware of the immutable laws of thermodynamics, especially the easily overlooked Second Law: Entropy. This fundamental law of physics ranks with other fundamental manifestations of the universe such as gravity, time and electromagnetism.

 

Anything that can go wrong not only will go wrong, it must go wrong, as decreed by the Second Law of Thermodynamics

 

www.rationality.net/entropy.htm

Black and white Street Photography Candid people portrait, Borough Market. London.