[ Canon 7D | Canon 35mm 1.4 | Natural Light ]

  

Since I decided to publish to The People of Detroit daily, I've been especially motivated to get out everyday and make new portraits. Which reminds me.

  

Never approach a stranger and ask if you can "make their portrait." Though the term is well understood among photographer auteurs who want to emphasize that they are not merely "taking" a picture - not merely clicking the shutter - but that they are thoughtfully blending different ingredients to "make" a photo, the general public has no ideal what you mean.

  

I explained my project and asked Charli (sp?) if I could make her portrait, and she quickly responded that she was on her way to work and didn't have time for me to draw a picture of her.

  

:)

  

I apologized for using photographerese and explained that I wanted to take her picture with a camera.

  

After "making" a few frames, I told Charli that I usually include a caption with my images that usually explains the subject's occupation, interests, or role within the community.

  

"Oh. Ok, I'm the owner of the Vine Bar."

  

The name of the bar didn't ring any bells with me. But, I'm not exactly a social butterfly so I decided to ask a couple of friends if they knew where the Vine Bar was?

  

Nothing.

  

So, I went home and googled it.

  

Nothing.

  

Finally, I was a lil restless around 11:30 p.m. I decided to play a hunch...

  

I thought maybe I misheard her and that she had infact said "Wine Bar" The only wine bar I know of downtown is Enoteca on the corner of Woodward and Cadillac Square.

  

I got my bike out and played my hunch. Sure enough, there was a side walk sign in front of what used to be Enoteca:

  

"Vine Bar".

  

Got damn, I'm smart.

  

So there you have it. This is Charli and she owns the the Vine Bar.

 

[Meet more of the The People of Detroit ]

my enchanted twig and vine design was published in the Summer 2010

Belle Armorie Jewelry magazine.

BadGirlBoudoir.com

Published by Ebal, Brazil 1951

The Postcard

 

A postcard published by Sunny South Photographers, D.&W.,B. They state on the back of the card: 'British Manufacture Throughout'.

 

The card was posted in Curry Rivel on Thursday the 6th. July 1933 to:

 

Mrs. Goozee,

152, Leighton Road,

Kentish Town,

London NW.

 

The message on the back of the card was as follows:

 

"Curry Rivel.

My Dear Blanche & All,

Thought you would like a

card from us.

We are having grand weather,

but it's soon getting to

Saturday now.

We have had two days at

Weymouth, and yesterday we

went to Burnham for the day.

Hope you are all well.

Love from us both,

Midge".

 

Dachau Concentration Camp

 

So what else happened on the day that Midge posted the card?

 

Well, on the 6th. July 1933, the German National People's Party was dissolved.

 

The coalition government of the German National People's Party and the the National Socialist German Worker's Party (Nazi Party) established the first concentration camp to be built by Nazi Germany - Dachau.

 

Dachau opened on the 22nd. March 1933. The camp was initially intended to intern Hitler's political opponents who consisted of communists, social democrats, and other dissidents.

 

The camp was located in the grounds of an abandoned munitions factory northeast of the medieval town of Dachau, about 16 km (10 mi) northwest of Munich in the state of Bavaria, in southern Germany.

 

After its opening by Heinrich Himmler, its purpose was enlarged to include forced labor, and, eventually, the imprisonment of Jews, Romani, German and Austrian criminals, and, finally, foreign nationals from countries that Germany occupied or invaded.

 

The Dachau camp system grew to include nearly 100 sub-camps, which were mostly work camps or Arbeitskommandos, and were located throughout southern Germany and Austria.

 

The main camp was liberated by U.S. forces on the 29th. April 1945.

 

Prisoners lived in constant fear of brutal treatment and terror detention, including standing cells, floggings, the so-called tree or pole hanging, and standing at attention for extremely long periods in very cold weather.

 

There were 32,000 documented deaths at the camp, and thousands that were never documented. Approximately 10,000 of the 30,000 remaining prisoners were sick at the time of liberation.

 

General Overview

 

Dachau served as a prototype and model for the other German concentration camps that followed. Almost every community in Germany had members taken away to these camps. Newspapers continually reported:

 

"The removal of the enemies of

the Reich to concentration camps."

 

As early as 1935, a jingle went around:

 

"Lieber Herr Gott,

Mach mich stumm,

Das ich nicht nach Dachau komm".

 

This translates as:

 

"Dear God,

Make me dumb,

That I may not to Dachau come".

 

('Dumb' means 'Silent' in this context.)

 

The camp's layout and building plans were developed by Commandant Theodor Eicke, and were applied to all later camps. He devised a separate, secure camp near the command center, which consisted of living quarters, administration and army camps.

 

Eicke became the chief inspector for all concentration camps, responsible for organizing others according to his model.

 

The Dachau complex included the prisoners' camp which occupied approximately 5 acres, and the much larger area of SS training school including barracks, factories plus other facilities of around 20 acres.

 

The entrance gate used by prisoners carries the phrase "Arbeit macht frei" which translates as "Work shall set you free". This phrase was also used in several other concentration camps such as Theresienstadt and Auschwitz.

 

Dachau was the concentration camp that was in operation the longest, from March 1933 to April 1945, nearly all twelve years of the Nazi regime. Dachau's close proximity to Munich, where Hitler came to power and where the Nazi Party had its official headquarters, made Dachau a convenient location.

 

From 1933 to 1938, the prisoners were mainly German nationals detained for political reasons. After Kristallnacht, 30,000 male Jewish citizens were deported to concentration camps. More than 10,000 of them were interned in Dachau.

 

As the German military occupied other European states, citizens from across Europe were sent to concentration camps. Subsequently, the camp was used for prisoners of all sorts, from every nation occupied by the forces of the Third Reich. 

 

In the postwar years, the camp continued in use. From 1945 through 1948, the camp was used by the Allies as a prison for SS officers awaiting trial.

 

After 1948, when hundreds of thousands of ethnic Germans were expelled from eastern Europe, it held Germans from Czechoslovakia until they could be resettled.

 

It also served as a military base for the United States, which maintained forces in the country. The camp finally closed in 1960. At the insistence of survivors, various memorials have been constructed and installed there. 

 

Statistics vary but they are in the same general range. It will never be known exactly how many people were interned or murdered there, due to periods of disruption.

 

One source gives a general estimate of over 200,000 prisoners from more than 30 countries during Nazi rule, of whom two-thirds were political prisoners, including many Catholic priests, and nearly one-third were Jews.

 

25,613 prisoners are believed to have been murdered in the camp and almost another 10,000 in its subcamps, primarily from disease, malnutrition and suicide.

 

In late 1944, a typhus epidemic occurred in the camp caused by poor sanitation and overcrowding, and this caused more than 15,000 deaths. It was followed by an evacuation, in which large numbers of the prisoners died.

 

Toward the end of the war, death marches to and from the camp caused the deaths of numerous unrecorded prisoners.

 

After liberation, prisoners weakened beyond recovery by starvation continued to die. Two thousand cases of "the dread black typhus" had already been identified by the 3rd. May, and the U.S. Seventh Army was:

 

"Working day and night to alleviate

the appalling conditions at the camp".

 

Prisoners with typhus, a louse-borne disease with an incubation period from 12 to 18 days, were treated by the 116th. Evacuation Hospital, while the 127th. was the general hospital for the other illnesses.

 

Over the 12 years of use as a concentration camp, the Dachau administration recorded the intake of 206,206 prisoners and deaths of 31,951.

 

Crematoria were constructed to dispose of the deceased. Visitors may now walk through the buildings and view the ovens used to cremate bodies, which hid the evidence of many deaths.

 

It is claimed that in 1942, more than 3,166 prisoners in weakened condition were transported to Hartheim Castle near Linz, and were executed by poison gas because they were deemed unfit.

 

The gas chamber at Dachau bore a "Brausebad" sign, meaning "Shower Bath".

 

Between January and April 1945 11,560 detainees died at Dachau according to a U.S. Army report of 1945, though the Dachau administration registered 12,596 deaths from typhus at the camp over the same period.

 

Dachau was the third concentration camp to be liberated by British or American Allied forces.

 

History of the Camp

 

After the takeover of Bavaria on the 9th. March 1933, Heinrich Himmler, then Chief of Police in Munich, began to speak with the managers of an unused gunpowder and munitions factory.

 

Himmler toured the site to see if it could be used for quartering protective-custody prisoners. The concentration camp at Dachau was opened on the 22nd. March 1933, with the arrival of about 200 prisoners from Stadelheim Prison in Munich and the Landsberg fortress (where Hitler had written Mein Kampf during his own imprisonment).

 

Himmler announced that the camp could hold up to 5,000 people, and described it as "the first concentration camp for political prisoners" to be used to restore calm to Germany.

 

The press statement given at the opening stated:

 

"On Wednesday the first concentration camp is to be

opened in Dachau with an accommodation for 5000

people. All Communists and—where necessary—

Reichsbanner and Social Democratic functionaries who

endanger state security are to be concentrated here,

as in the long run it is not possible to keep individual

functionaries in the state prisons without overburdening

these prisons, and on the other hand these people

cannot be released because attempts have shown that

they persist in their efforts to agitate and organize as

soon as they are released."

 

Whatever the publicly stated purpose of the camp, the SS men who arrived there on the 11th. May 1933 were left in no illusion as to its real purpose by the speech that was given on that day by Johann-Erasmus Freiherr von Malsen-Ponickau:

 

"Comrades of the SS!

You all know what the Fuehrer has called us to do.

We have not come here for human encounters with

those pigs in there. We do not consider them human

beings, as we are, but as second-class people.

For years they have been able to continue their criminal

existence. But now we are in power. If those pigs had

come to power, they would have cut off all our heads.

Therefore we have no room for sentimentalism.

If anyone here cannot bear to see the blood of

comrades, he does not belong and had better leave.

The more of these pig dogs we strike down, the fewer

we need to feed."

 

Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals and emigrants were also sent to Dachau after the 1935 passage of the Nuremberg Laws which institutionalized racial discrimination.

 

In early 1937, the SS, using prisoner labor, initiated the construction of a large complex capable of holding 6,000 prisoners. The construction was completed in August 1938.

 

More political opponents, and over 11,000 German and Austrian Jews were sent to the camp after the annexation of Austria and the Sudetenland in 1938.

 

Sinti and Roma in the hundreds were sent to the camp in 1939, and over 13,000 prisoners were sent to the camp from Poland in 1940.

 

Representatives of the International Committee of the Red Cross inspected the camp in 1935 and in 1938, and documented the harsh conditions.

 

Investigation of the First Deaths in 1933

 

Shortly after the SS was commissioned to supplement the Bavarian police overseeing the Dachau camp, the first reports of prisoner deaths at Dachau began to emerge.

 

In April 1933, Josef Hartinger, an official from the Bavarian Justice Ministry, and physician Moritz Flamm, a part-time medical examiner, arrived at the camp to investigate the deaths in accordance with the Bavarian penal code.

 

The two men noted many inconsistencies between the injuries on the corpses and the camp guards' accounts of the deaths.

 

Over a number of months, Hartinger and Flamm uncovered clear evidence of murder, and compiled a dossier of charges against Hilmar Wäckerle, the SS commandant of Dachau, Werner Nürnbergk the camp doctor, and Josef Mutzbauer, the camp's chief administrator (Kanzleiobersekretär).

 

In June 1933, Hartinger presented the case to his superior, Bavarian State Prosecutor, Karl Wintersberger. Initially supportive of the investigation, Wintersberger became reluctant to submit the resulting indictment to the Justice Ministry, increasingly under the influence of the SS.

 

Hartinger accordingly reduced the scope of the dossier to the four clearest cases, and Wintersberger signed it, after first notifying Himmler as a courtesy.

 

The killings at Dachau suddenly stopped (temporarily); Wäckerle was transferred to Stuttgart and replaced by Theodor Eicke.

 

The indictment and related evidence reached the office of Hans Frank, the Bavarian Justice Minister, but was intercepted by Gauleiter Adolf Wagner and locked away in a desk, only to be discovered by the US Army.

 

In 1934, both Hartinger and Wintersberger were transferred to provincial positions. Dr. Flamm was no longer employed as a medical examiner, and was to survive two attempts on his life before his suspicious death in the same year.

 

Flamm's thoroughly gathered and documented evidence within Hartinger's indictment ensured that it achieved convictions of senior Nazis at the Nuremberg trials in 1947. Wintersberger's complicit behaviour is documented in his own evidence to the Pohl Trial.

 

Forced Labor

 

The prisoners of Dachau concentration camp originally were to serve as forced labor for a munition factory, and to expand the camp. It was used as a training center for the SS-Totenkopfverbände guards, and was a model for other concentration camps.

 

The camp was about 300 m × 600 m (1,000 ft × 2,000 ft) in rectangular shape. The prisoners' entrance was secured by an iron gate with the motto "Arbeit macht frei" ("Work will make you free"). This reflected Nazi propaganda, which described concentration camps as labor and re-education camps.

 

This was their original purpose, but the focus was soon shifted to using forced labor as a method of torture and murder. The original slogan was left on the gates.

 

As of 1938, the procedure for new arrivals occurred at the Schubraum, where prisoners had to hand over their clothing and possessions.  One former Luxembourgian prisoner, Albert Theis, reflected about the room:

 

"There we were stripped of all our clothes.

Everything had to be handed over: money,

rings, watches. One was now stark naked".

 

The camp included an administration building that contained offices for the Gestapo trial commissioner, SS authorities, the camp leader and his deputies. These administration offices consisted of large storage rooms for the personal belongings of prisoners, the bunker, roll-call square where guards would also inflict punishment on prisoners (especially those who tried to escape).

 

There was also a canteen where prisoners served SS men with cigarettes and food, a museum containing plaster images of prisoners who suffered from bodily defects, the camp office, the library, the barracks, and the infirmary, which was staffed by prisoners who had previously held occupations such as physicians or army surgeons.

 

Operation Barbarossa

 

Over 4,000 Soviet prisoners of war were murdered by the Dachau commandant's guard at the SS shooting range located at Hebertshausen, two kilometers from the main camp, in the years 1941/1943. These murders were in clear violation of the provisions laid down in the Geneva Convention for prisoners of war.

 

The SS used the euphemism Sonderbehandlung ("Special Treatment") for these criminal executions. The first of these executions took place on the 25th. November 1941.

 

After 1942, the number of prisoners being held at the camp continued to exceed 12,000. Dachau originally held communists, leading socialists and other "enemies of the state", but over time, the Nazis began to send German Jews to the camp.

 

In the early years of imprisonment, Jews were offered permission to emigrate overseas if they "voluntarily" gave their property to enhance Hitler's public treasury.

 

Once Austria was annexed and Czechoslovakia was dissolved, the citizens of both countries became the next prisoners at Dachau.

 

In 1940, Dachau became filled with Polish prisoners, who continued to be the majority of the prisoner population until Dachau was officially liberated.

 

The prisoner enclosure at the camp was heavily guarded to ensure that no prisoners escaped. A 3-metre-wide (10 ft) no-man's land was the first marker of confinement for prisoners; an area which, upon entry, would elicit lethal gunfire from guard towers.

 

Guards tossed inmates' caps into this area, resulting in the death of the prisoners when they attempted to retrieve the caps. Despondent prisoners committed suicide by entering the zone.

 

A four-foot-deep and eight-foot-broad (1.2 × 2.4 m) creek, connected with the river Amper, lay on the west side between the "neutral-zone" and the electrically charged, and barbed wire fence which surrounded the entire prisoner enclosure.

 

In August 1944 a women's camp opened inside Dachau. The first shipment of women came from Auschwitz-Birkenau.

 

In the last months of the war, the conditions at Dachau deteriorated. As Allied forces advanced toward Germany, the Germans began to move prisoners from concentration camps near the front to more centrally located camps. They hoped to prevent the liberation of large numbers of prisoners.

 

Transports from the evacuated camps arrived continually at Dachau. After days of travel with little or no food or water, the prisoners arrived weak and exhausted, often near death. Typhus epidemics became a serious problem as a result of overcrowding, poor sanitary conditions, insufficient provisions, and the weakened state of the prisoners.

 

Owing to repeated transports from the front, the camp was constantly overcrowded, and the hygiene conditions were beneath human dignity. Starting from the end of 1944 up to the day of liberation, 15,000 people died, about half of all the prisoners held at Dachau.

 

Final Days of the Camp

 

As late as the 19th. April 1945, prisoners were sent to Dachau; on that date a freight train from Buchenwald with nearly 4,500 prisoners was diverted to Nammering.

 

SS troops and police confiscated food and water that local townspeople tried to give to the prisoners. Nearly three hundred dead bodies were ordered removed from the train, and carried to a ravine over 400 metres (1⁄4 mile) away.

 

The 524 prisoners who had been forced to carry the dead to this site were then shot by the guards, and buried along with those who had died on the train. Nearly 800 bodies went into this mass grave.

 

The train continued on to Dachau.

 

During April 1945, as U.S. troops drove deeper into Bavaria, the commander of Dachau suggested to Himmler that the camp be turned over to the Allies.

 

Himmler, in signed correspondence, prohibited such a move, adding that:

 

"No prisoners shall be allowed to

fall into the hands of the enemy

alive."

 

On the 24th. April 1945, just days before the U.S. troops arrived at the camp, the commandant and a strong guard forced between 6,000 and 7,000 surviving inmates on a death march from Dachau south to Eurasburg, then eastwards towards the Tegernsee. Any prisoners who could not keep up on the six-day march were shot. Many others died of exhaustion, hunger and exposure. Months later a mass grave containing 1,071 prisoners was found along the route.

 

Though at the time of liberation the death rate had peaked at 200 per day, after the liberation by U.S. forces the rate eventually fell to between 50 and 80 deaths per day.

 

In addition to the direct abuse of the SS and the harsh conditions, people died from typhus epidemics and starvation.

 

Between the years 1933 and 1945, more than 3.5 million Germans were imprisoned in such concentration camps or prison for political reasons.

 

Approximately 77,000 Germans were killed for one or another form of resistance by Special Courts, courts-martial, and the civil justice system. Many of these Germans had served in government, the military, or in civil positions, and these roles were thought to allow them to engage in subversion and conspiracy against the Nazis.

 

Organization of the Camp

 

Dachau was divided into two sections: the camp area and the crematorium. The crematorium was next to, but not directly accessible from within the camp, and was erected in 1942.

 

The camp area consisted of 32 barracks, including one for clergy imprisoned for opposing the Nazi regime, and one reserved for medical experiments.

 

The Dachau complex included other SS facilities beside the concentration camp—a leader school of the economic and civil service, the medical school of the SS, etc. The camp was originally called a "Protective Custody Camp," and occupied less than half of the area of the entire complex.

 

The courtyard between the prison and the central kitchen was used for the summary execution of prisoners. The camp was surrounded by an electrified barbed-wire fence, a ditch, and a wall with seven guard towers.

 

In early 1937, the SS, using prisoner labor, initiated construction of a large complex of buildings in the grounds of the original camp. The construction was completed in mid-August 1938, and the camp remained essentially unchanged and in operation until 1945. Dachau was therefore the longest running concentration camp of the Third Reich.

 

Medical Experimentation

 

Hundreds of prisoners suffered and died, or were executed in medical experiments conducted at Dachau, of which Sigmund Rascher was in charge.

 

Hypothermia experiments involved being immersed in vats of icy water, in some cases wearing Luftwaffe flying gear, or being strapped down naked outdoors in freezing temperatures.

 

Attempts at reviving the subjects included scalding baths, and forcing naked women to have sex with the unconscious victim.

 

There was extensive communication between the investigators and Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS, regarding the experiments, although the original records of the experiments were destroyed in an attempt to conceal the atrocities.

 

During 1942, "high altitude" experiments were conducted. Victims were subjected to rapid decompression to pressures found at 4,300 metres (14,100 ft), and experienced spasmodic convulsions, agonal breathing, and eventual death.

 

Agonal breathing is when someone who is not getting enough oxygen is gasping for air. It is not true breathing - it is a natural reflex that happens when your brain is not getting the oxygen it needs to survive. Agonal breathing is a sign that a person is near death.

 

A Camp of Many Colours

 

The camp was originally designed for holding German and Austrian political prisoners and Jews, but in 1935 it began to be used also for ordinary criminals. Inside the camp there was a sharp division between the two groups of prisoners; those who were there for political reasons, and the "professional" criminals, who has been sent there by the criminal courts.

 

The political prisoners who had been arrested by the Gestapo and were there because they disagreed with Nazi Party policies, or with Hitler, naturally did not consider themselves criminals.

 

Dachau was used as the chief camp for Christian (mainly Catholic) clergy who were imprisoned for not conforming with the Nazi Party line.

 

Poles constituted the largest ethnic group in the camp during the war, followed by Russians, French, Yugoslavs, Jews, and Czechs.

 

Many Poles met their deaths with the "invalid trains" sent out from the camp; others were liquidated in the camp and given bogus death certificates. Some died of cruel punishment for misdemeanors—beaten to death or run to exhaustion. 

 

The average number of Germans in the camp during the war was 3,000. Just before the liberation many German prisoners were evacuated, but 2,000 of these Germans died during the evacuation transport.

 

Prisoners were divided into categories. At first, they were classified by the nature of the crime for which they were accused, but eventually were classified by the specific authority-type under whose command a person was sent to camp. 

 

-- Those who were there for political reasons wore a red tag.

 

-- "Professional" criminals wore a green tag.

 

-- Cri-Po prisoners arrested by the criminal police wore a brown badge.

 

-- "Work-shy and asocial" people sent by the welfare authorities or the Gestapo wore a black badge.

 

-- Jehovah's Witnesses arrested by the Gestapo wore a violet badge.

 

-- Homosexuals sent by the criminal courts wore a pink badge.

 

-- Emigrants arrested by the Gestapo wore a blue badge.

 

-- "Race polluters" arrested by the criminal court or Gestapo wore badges with a black outline.

 

-- Second-termers arrested by the Gestapo wore a bar matching the color of their badge.

 

-- "Idiots" wore a white armband with the label Blöd (Stupid).

 

-- Romani wore a black triangle.

 

-- Jews, whose incarceration in the Dachau concentration camp dramatically increased after Kristallnacht, wore a yellow badge, combined with another color. 

 

The Priest Barracks of Dachau Concentration Camp

 

In an effort to counter the strength and influence of spiritual resistance, Nazi security services monitored clergy very closely.

 

Priests were frequently denounced, arrested and sent to concentration camps, often simply on the basis of being "Suspected of activities hostile to the State" or that there was "Reason to suppose that his dealings might harm society". 

 

Despite SS hostility to religious observance, the Vatican and German bishops successfully lobbied the regime to concentrate clergy in one camp, and obtained permission to build a chapel for the priests to live communally and for time to be allotted to them for their religious and intellectual activity.

 

Priest Barracks at Dachau were established in Blocks 26, 28 and 30, though only temporarily. 26 became the international block, and 28 was reserved for Poles – the most numerous group. 

 

Of a total of 2,720 clergy recorded as imprisoned at Dachau, the overwhelming majority, some 2,579 (or 95%) were Catholic. Among the other denominations, there were 109 Protestants, 22 Greek Orthodox, 8 Old Catholics and Mariavites and 2 Muslims.

 

R. Schnabel's 1966 investigation, 'Die Frommen in der Hölle' ("The Pious Ones in Hell") found an alternative total of 2,771, and included the fate all the clergy listed, with 692 noted as deceased and 336 sent out on "invalid trainloads" and therefore presumed dead. 

 

Over 400 German priests were sent to Dachau. Total numbers incarcerated are difficult to ascertain, for some clergy were not recognised as such by the camp authorities, and some—particularly Poles—did not wish to be identified as such, fearing they would be mistreated.

 

Priest Friedrich Hoffman testified at the trial of former camp personnel. He stated that hundreds of priests died at the camp after being exposed to malaria during Nazi medical experiments.

 

The Nazis introduced a racial hierarchy—keeping Poles in harsh conditions, while favoring German priests. Poles arrived in December 1941, and a further 500 of mainly elderly clergy arrived in October the following year. Inadequately clothed for the bitter cold, of this group, only 82 survived.

 

A large number of Polish priests were chosen for Nazi medical experiments. In November 1942, 20 were given phlegmons. A phlegmon is an inflammation of soft tissue that spreads under the skin or inside the body. It is usually caused by an infection, and generally produces pus.

 

120 priests were used by Dr. Schilling for malaria experiments between July 1942 and May 1944.

 

Dachau Staff

 

The camp staff consisted mostly of male SS, although 19 female guards served at Dachau as well, most of them until liberation. Female guards were also assigned to the Augsburg Michelwerke, Bureau, Kaufering, Mühldorf, and Munich Agfa Camera Werke subcamps.

 

Several Norwegians worked as guards at the Dachau camp.

 

In the major Dachau war crimes case (United States of America v. Martin Gottfried Weiss et. al.), forty-two officials of Dachau were tried from November to December 1945.

 

All 42 were found guilty – thirty-six of the defendants were sentenced to death on the 13th. December 1945, of whom 23 were hanged on the 28th.–29th. May 1946, including the commandant, SS-Obersturmbannführer Martin Gottfried Weiss, SS-Obersturmführer Freidrich Wilhelm Ruppert and camp doctors Karl Schilling and Fritz Hintermeyer.

 

Camp commandant Weiss admitted in affidavit testimony that:

 

"Most of the deaths at Dachau during my administration

were due to typhus, TB, dysentery, pneumonia, pleurisy,

and body weakness brought about by lack of food."

 

His testimony also admitted to deaths by shootings, hangings and medical experiments.

 

Ruppert ordered and supervised the deaths of innumerable prisoners at Dachau main and subcamps, according to the War Crimes Commission official trial transcript. He testified about hangings, shootings and lethal injections, but did not admit to direct responsibility for any individual deaths.

 

An anonymous Dutch prisoner contended that British Special Operations Executive (SOE) agent Noor Inayat Khan was cruelly beaten by SS officer Wilhelm Ruppert before being shot from behind; the beating may have been the actual cause of her death.

 

Satellite Camps and Sub-Camps of Dachau

 

Satellite camps under the authority of Dachau were established in the summer and autumn of 1944 near armaments factories throughout southern Germany to increase war production.

 

Dachau alone had more than 30 large subcamps, and hundreds of smaller ones, in which over 30,000 prisoners worked almost exclusively on armaments.

 

Overall, the Dachau concentration camp system included 123 sub-camps and Kommandos which were set up in 1943 when factories were built near the main camp to make use of forced labor of the Dachau prisoners.

 

Of the 123 sub-camps, eleven of them were called Kaufering. All Kaufering sub-camps were set up to specifically build three underground factories (Allied bombing raids made it necessary for them to be underground) for a project called Ringeltaube (wood pigeon). This was planned to be the location in which the German jet fighter plane, Messerschmitt Me 262, was to be built.

 

In the last days of war, in April 1945, the Kaufering camps were evacuated and around 15,000 prisoners were sent up to the main Dachau camp. Typhus alone was estimated to have caused 15,000 deaths between December 1944 and April 1945:

 

"Within the first month after the arrival of the American

troops, 10,000 prisoners were treated for malnutrition

and kindred diseases. In spite of this, one hundred

prisoners died each day during the first month from

typhus, dysentery or general weakness".

 

As U.S. Army troops neared the Dachau sub-camp at Landsberg on the 27th. April 1945, the SS officer in charge ordered that 4,000 prisoners be murdered. The windows and doors of their huts were nailed shut. The buildings were then doused with gasoline and set afire. Prisoners who were naked or nearly so were burned to death, while some managed to crawl out of the buildings before dying.

 

Earlier that day, as Wehrmacht troops withdrew from Landsberg am Lech, townspeople hung white sheets from their windows. Infuriated SS troops dragged German civilians from their homes and hanged them from trees.

 

The Winding-Down of the Camps

 

As the Allies began to advance on Nazi Germany, the SS began to evacuate the first concentration camps in the summer of 1944. Thousands of prisoners were killed before the evacuation due to illness or being unable to walk. At the end of 1944, the overcrowding, the unhygienic conditions and the lack of food rations became disastrous. In November a typhus fever epidemic broke out that took thousands of lives.

 

In the second phase of the evacuation, in April 1945, Himmler gave direct evacuation routes for the remaining camps. Prisoners who were from the northern part of Germany were to be directed to the Baltic and North Sea coasts to be drowned.

 

The prisoners from the southern part were to be gathered in the Alps, which was the location in which the SS wanted to resist the Allies. On the 28th. April 1945, an armed revolt took place in the town of Dachau. Both former and escaped concentration camp prisoners, and a renegade Volkssturm (civilian militia) company took part. At about 8:30 am the rebels occupied the Town Hall. The SS gruesomely suppressed the revolt within a few hours.

 

Being fully aware that Germany was about to be defeated in World War II, the SS invested its time in removing evidence of the crimes it had committed in the concentration camps. They began destroying incriminating evidence in April 1945, and planned on murdering the prisoners using codenames "Wolke A-I" (Cloud A-1) and "Wolkenbrand" (Cloud fire).

 

However, these plans were not carried out. In mid-April, plans to evacuate the camp started by sending prisoners toward Tyrol. On the 26th. April, over 10,000 prisoners were forced to leave the Dachau concentration camp on foot, in trains, or in trucks. The largest group of some 7,000 prisoners was driven southward on a foot-march lasting several days. More than 1,000 prisoners did not survive this march. The evacuation transports cost many thousands of prisoners their lives.

 

The Liberation of Dachau

 

On the 26th. April 1945, prisoner Karl Riemer fled the Dachau concentration camp to get help from American troops, and on the 28th. April Victor Maurer, a representative of the International Red Cross, negotiated an agreement to surrender the camp to U.S. troops.

 

That night a secretly formed International Prisoners Committee took over the control of the camp. American units commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Felix L. Sparks were ordered to secure the camp. On the 29th. April Sparks led part of his battalion as they entered the camp over a side wall.

 

At about the same time, Brigadier General Henning Linden led the 222nd. Infantry Regiment including his aide, Lieutenant William Cowling, to accept the formal surrender of the camp from German Lieutenant Heinrich Wicker at an entrance between the camp and the compound for the SS garrison.

 

Linden was traveling with Marguerite Higgins and other reporters; as a result, Linden's detachment generated international headlines by accepting the surrender of the camp.

 

More than 30,000 Jews and political prisoners were freed, and ever since 1945, adherents of the 42nd. and 45th. Division have argued over which unit was the first to liberate Dachau.

 

Satellite Camps Liberation

 

The first Dachau sub-camp to be discovered by advancing Allied forces was Kaufering IV, by the 12th. Armored Division on the 27th. April 1945. Sub-camps subsequently liberated by the 12th. Armored Division included: Erpting, Schrobenhausen, Schwabing, Langerringen, Türkheim, Lauingen, Schwabach, and Germering.

 

During the liberation of the sub-camps surrounding Dachau, advance scouts of the U.S. Army's 522nd. Field Artillery Battalion liberated the 3,000 prisoners of the "Kaufering IV Hurlach" slave labor camp:

 

"They found the camp afire and a stack of some four

hundred bodies burning ... American soldiers then

went into Landsberg and rounded up all the male

civilians they could find and marched them out to

the camp.

The former commandant was forced to lie amidst a

pile of corpses. The male population of Landsberg

was then ordered to walk by, and ordered to spit on

the commandant as they passed.

The commandant was then turned over to a group

of liberated camp survivors".

 

The 522nd's personnel later discovered the survivors of a death march headed generally southwards from the Dachau main camp to Eurasburg, then eastwards towards the Austrian border on the 2nd. May, just west of the town of Waakirchen.

 

Weather at the time of liberation was unseasonably cool; on the 2nd. May, the area received a snowstorm with 10 centimetres (4 in) of snow at nearby Munich. Proper clothing was still scarce, and film footage from the time (as seen in The World at War) shows naked, gaunt people either wandering on snow or dead under it.

 

Due to the number of sub-camps over a large area that comprised the Dachau concentration camp complex, many Allied units have been officially recognized by the United States Army Center of Military History and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum as liberating units of Dachau.

 

The Killing of Camp Guards at Dachau

 

A photograph taken by the U.S. Army on the 29th. April 1945 exists which appears to show an unauthorized execution of SS troops in a coal yard in the area of the Dachau concentration camp during its liberation—part of the Dachau liberation reprisals.

 

American troops killed some of the camp guards after they had surrendered. The number is disputed, as some were killed in combat, some while attempting to surrender, and others after their surrender was accepted. In 1989, Brigadier General Felix L. Sparks, the Colonel in command of a battalion that was present, stated:

 

"The total number of German guards killed at Dachau

during that day most certainly does not exceed fifty,

with thirty probably being a more accurate figure.

The regimental records of the 157th. Field Artillery

Regiment for that date indicate that over a thousand

German prisoners were brought to the regimental

collecting point.

Since my task force was leading the regimental attack,

almost all the prisoners were taken by the task force,

including several hundred from Dachau."

 

An Inspector General report resulting from a US Army investigation conducted between the 3rd. and 8th. May 1945 found that 21 plus "a number" of presumed SS men were killed, with others being wounded after their surrender had been accepted.

 

In addition, 25 to 50 SS guards were estimated to have been killed by the liberated prisoners. Lee Miller visited the camp just after liberation, and photographed several guards who were killed by soldiers or prisoners.

 

According to Sparks, court-martial charges were drawn up against him and several other men under his command, but General George S. Patton, who had recently been appointed military governor of Bavaria, chose to dismiss the charges.

 

Colonel Charles L. Decker, an acting deputy judge advocate, concluded in late 1945 that:

 

"While war crimes had been committed at Dachau

by Germany, certainly, there was no such systematic criminality among United States forces as pervaded

the Nazi groups in Germany."

 

American troops also forced local citizens to the camp to see for themselves the conditions there and to help bury the dead. Many local residents were shocked about the experience, and claimed no knowledge of the activities at the camp.

 

The Post-Liberation Easter

 

The 6th. May 1945 was the day of Pascha, Orthodox Easter. In a cell block used by Catholic priests to say daily Mass, several Greek, Serbian and Russian priests and one Serbian deacon, wearing makeshift vestments made from towels of the SS guard, gathered with several hundred Greek, Serbian and Russian prisoners to celebrate the Paschal Vigil. A prisoner described the scene:

 

"In the entire history of the Orthodox Church there

has probably never been an Easter service like the

one at Dachau in 1945.

Greek and Serbian priests together with a Serbian

deacon adorned the makeshift 'vestments' over their

blue and gray-striped prisoners' uniforms.

Then they began to chant, changing from Greek to

Slavic, and then back again to Greek.

The Easter Canon, the Easter Sticheras—everything

was recited from memory.

The Gospel—In the beginning was the Word—also

from memory. And finally, the Homily of Saint John—

also from memory.

A young Greek monk from the Holy Mountain stood

up in front of us and recited it with such infectious

enthusiasm that we shall never forget him as long as

we live. Saint John Chrysostomos himself seemed to

speak through him to us and to the rest of the world

as well!"

 

There is a Russian Orthodox chapel at the camp today, and it is well known for its icon of Christ leading the prisoners out of the camp gates.

 

After Liberation

 

Authorities worked night and day to alleviate conditions at the camp immediately following the liberation as an epidemic of black typhus swept through the prisoner population. Two thousand cases had already been reported by the 3rd. May.

 

By October of the same year the camp was being used by the U.S. Army as a place of confinement for war criminals, the SS and important witnesses. It was also the site of the Dachau Trials for German war criminals, a site chosen for its symbolism.

 

In 1948, the Bavarian government established housing for refugees on the site, and this remained for many years.

 

The Kaserne quarters and other buildings used by the guards were converted and served as the Eastman Barracks, an American military post. Since the closure of the Eastman Barracks in 1974, these areas are now occupied by the Bavarian Bereitschaftspolizei (rapid response police unit).

 

Deportation of Soviet Nationals

 

By January 1946, 18,000 members of the SS were being confined at the camp along with an additional 12,000 persons, including deserters from the Russian army and a number who had been captured in German Army uniform.

 

The occupants of two barracks rioted as 271 of the Russian deserters were to be loaded onto trains that would return them to Russian-controlled lands, as agreed at the Yalta Conference.

 

Inmates barricaded themselves inside two barracks. While the first was able to be cleared without too much trouble, those in the second building, set fire to it, tore off their clothing in an effort to frustrate the guards, and linked arms to resist being removed from the building.

 

Tear gas was used by the American soldiers before rushing the barrack, only for them to find that many had committed suicide. The American services newspaper Stars and Stripes reported:

 

“The GIs quickly cut down most of those who had

hanged themselves from the rafters. Those still

conscious were screaming in Russian, pointing first

at the guns of the guards, then at themselves,

begging to us to shoot.”

 

Ten of the soldiers were successful in their bid to commit suicide during the riot, while another 21 attempted suicide, apparently with razor blades. Many had "cracked heads" inflicted by 500 American guards, in the attempt to bring the situation under control.

 

Dachau in the Media

 

-- In his 2013 autobiography, 'Moose: Chapters from My Life', in the chapter entitled, "Dachau", author Robert B. Sherman chronicles his experiences as an American Army serviceman during the initial hours of Dachau's liberation.

 

-- In Lewis Black's first book, 'Nothing's Sacred', he mentions visiting the camp as part of his tour of Europe, and how it looked all cleaned up and spiffy, "like some delightful holiday camp", and only the crematorium building showed any sign of the horror that went on there.

 

-- In Maus, Vladek describes his time interned at Dachau, as well as other concentration camps. He describes the journey to Dachau in over-crowded trains, trading rations for other goods and favors to stay alive, and contracting typhus.

 

-- Frontline: "Memory of the Camps" (7 May 1985) is a 56-minute television documentary that addresses Dachau and other Nazi concentration camps.

a photo of mine was published in TIME magazine today. not just any issue - the Person of the Year issue. and my photo was created in reference to said Person of the Year :o)

 

I also had a photo published in this month's NJ Audubon magazine. my friends Pete and Lisa, who got married last June, used a shot I took of them for an article that describes how they donated wedding favors to the nonprofit conservation group.

 

(semi-related side note: even though my flickr icon is a raven, and I'm a total nature nerd, I'm really not much of a birder. I just really like ravens)

 

that, and my hopping horse photo made the front page of Explore. my first time for that. thanks so much you guys - you're truly an awesome group of peeps. also, major props to the other flickrers who got chosen to be in the story. so cool!

 

headed to Maine for a few days. happy holidays, everyone!

100 x 2025, Theme: RF 16mm f/2.8 STM lens, image 13/100.

 

Thank you to everyone who visits, faves, and comments.

Published 1815

Published by Pela Livraria do Globo, Brazil 1937-1938

Published by Blissful Bummer Press, USA. Photos shot in 2018.

published by Gallucci in 2006 - blogged at theanimalarium.blogspot.com

In the old days, the mill would have been turned around to get optimal wind by a horse hitched up to the wheel behind the mill. Today, the mill was turned by car power and man power. This was the first time they had the mill working for the season. Inside they will milling corn.

  

NHA Home - Historic Nantucket Articles

 

Originally published in the Historic Nantucket, Vol 44, no. 1 (Spring 1996), p. 128-129

 

The Old Mill : What we know about it and what we don't....

Editorial commentary by Elizabeth Oldham

 

When was it built and who built it?

 

IT APPEARS THAT 1746 REALLY IS THE YEAR the Old Mill was erected, even though an account in the I&M on 15 September 1905 reads: "The old windmill is of very ancient origin, but the exact date cannot be given." We've found it harder to irrefutably confirm that Nathan Wilbur was the builder. His name appears in the 1913 Harry Turner article for the I&M, in which Wilbur is referred to as "a Nantucket sailor who had visited Holland . . . and gained a knowledge of the methods . . . of employing wind-power for grinding grain. ..." But an undated, unsigned manuscript fragment in the NHA collection states: "A company of gentlemen contracted with a man by the name of Wilbur to build the mill. Mr. Wilbur on leaving the island, with money obtained for the contract, and after reaching [the] mainland was waylaid robbed & murdered." Further to that incident, Jane G. Austin's Nantucket Scraps (Boston and New York, 1892) has a local character saying "They wanted a windmill and they didn't know how to make one, and they got an off-islander, name of Wilbur, to make it, and like fools gave him the money beforehand. He went back to the continent for something— nails maybe, or maybe idees—and carried the money with him; some pirate or other got wind of it, and the first they knew down here, the man was robbed and murdered there on Cape Cod...."

   

What was used to build it?

 

TURNER ALSO REPEATS THE PERHAPS APOCRYPHAL record of the materials used to build the mill: "Oaken beams, washed ashore from wrecked vessels, furnished the material for the framework of the mill, while deck planking of white oak, still tough and as firm as when pinned into the vessel, was available for the exterior." [In a file copy of the Turner article, a penciled note beside this passage, in Edouard Stackpole's hand, reads "not accurate."]

 

A notice on a card issued by John F. Sylvia, owner of the mill from 1866 until the NHA acquired it in 1897, reads: "This Old Mill was built in 1746; the oak timber used in its construction grew at a short distance from its site, across Dead Horse Valley, at the southward from the mill." The 7 August 1897 I&M states: "Mr. Gardner (owner of the mill 1828-55) found the timbers substantial, as they were of native oak. Edward K. Godfrey's The Island of Nantucket: What It Was and What It Is (Boston, 1882) has it that "Eliakim Swain . . . tended it for many years. ... It was built of oak which grew just across Dead Horse Valley, to the southward of it."

   

Who paid for it?

 

The French Connection

IT HAS LONG BEEN RECORDED IN PRINT AND anecdote that Miss Caroline L. W. French purchased the mill at auction on 4 August 1897 and presented it to the NHA. But confusion arises here, both in the Proceedings of the NHA for the annual meeting of 25 July 1898 and in a letter written by Mary E. Starbuck, recording secretary, which suggests that Miss French only made up the $135 necessary to arrive at the purchase price of $885, the remaining funds having been contributed over a period of years by other interested parties. The Proceedings read: "With some difficulty but admirable management, the society had raised $750, and Miss Caroline L. French, who together with others interested had promised to help us out, generously gave the $135 necessary to make up the full amount." Miss Starbuck's letter of 5 April 1898 reads: "Our chief triumph last summer was the purchase of the Old Mill. . . . We had scraped up over seven hundred dollars and friends made up the required amount, eight hundred and eighty-five."

 

The only published account of the actual auction found to date is in the 8 August 1897 edition of the New York Herald ["By telegraph to the Herald"]: "The entire bidding was between the society and a private individual, who desired the mill for an investment. The land was bid up to $105; the mill itself brought out bids to $450; then the final bidding, starting at $550, ran up to $885. As the battle of the bids wavered between the contesting parties anxious looks passed to and fro, and when finally Mr. James H. Gibbs secured it at $885 for the historical society the pent up anxiety of the crowd burst into cheers. ... Dr. Mitchell, president of the historical society, stated that the mill would be sacredly preserved."

 

The 30 July 1892 I&M included an article about the Nantucket Improvement Association, which owned Mill Hill Park and had expressed interest in acquiring the adjacent property on which the mill stood. The Improvement Association had convened a meeting on 22 July 1892 to "raise a purchasing fund"; the article continues: "How tame would be the view of the town from the incoming boat without the towers of the North and Unitarian churches and the Old Mill. Contributions can be sent to Roland B. Hussey, of the Inquirer and Mirror, to W. H. C. Lawrence, of the subscription committee, or to Mss H. B. W. Worth, secretary of the Nantucket Improvement Association." And the NHA treasurer's report for 23 July 1896 includes, under the rubric "SINKING FUND," this item: "By Nantucket Improvement Association (Mill Fund)....... $175.01."

 

It was not until 1899, when the Minutes of the NHA Council meeting of 5 August tell us: "President Barnard read a letter from Miss C. L. W. French, saying that at the solicitation of friends, she has consented to have it made known that she was the donor of the $750 given to the NHA in 1895." A letter to Miss French, framed at the same meeting, reads: "It gave the members of the Council much satisfaction to be able to identify this 'unknown friend,' who has been so frequently referred to ... and it was with great pleasure that we found the 'unknown' to be also the known friend to whose kindness and generosity we have already openly testified." And it was voted at the meeting "That the Mill comm. be instructed to place a suitable tablet in the mill, stating that the mill was saved to the Assn. by the generosity of Miss C.LW. French of Boston."

 

So, she did not bid for the mill at the auction on 4 August 1897, and it took two years for her generosity to be publicly acknowledged; but it was only in reading those Minutes that our doubts were dispelled.

   

Who built the first millon Nantucket, and where?

 

THE 7 AUGUST 1897 ISSUE OF THE I&M (three days after the auction) claims (as do other accounts) that "The first mill at Nantucket was owned by Tristram Coffin, who assumed a contract to construct a windmill for grinding grain for the inhabitants after the person to whom a contract was first awarded had failed to comply with its terms."[Nat Philbrick's statement about the possibly combined identities of Richard Macy and Nathan Wilbur is certainly a valid conjecture.]

 

The Obed Macy work Nat cites is an old (undated, unsigned) copy book in the NHA manuscript collection, which begins thus: " Copied [italics added] from a book of Obed Macy's writing when he was an old man. 'If ever my History of Nantucket is republished, in a second edition some of the following anecdotes may be found useful.'" Among the anecdotes is the one Nat refers to: "A Short Memorial of Richard Macy, Grandfather of Obed Macy. He was grandson to Thomas Macy the first settler of Nantucket. ... In 1723 he [Richard] built the first wharf that was made here, now called the Strait Wharf." There follows the tale of the windmill dreamed up by his grandfather recounted in Nat's article.

 

The map reproduced in the original edition of Crevecoeur's Letters shows a cluster of mills (of the "post" type) situated at the original settlement on the north shore. But the town had moved in from Sherburn[e] by 1720, so perhaps the mapmaker sited the four mills a little too far north.

 

We are persuaded that the answers to these questions—either to confirm or refute tradition—may be found here in the Stackpole Research Library, in other repositories on the island, on Cape Cod (was Wilbur's murder recorded there?), or somewhere.

 

We hope others will join us in experiencing what Jean Weber calls "the excitement and rigor attached to the validation of our past."

     

About the Author: Elizabeth Oldham is a freelance editor, member of the NHA Editorial Board, and NHA Research Library associate.

Published by O Globo, Brazil 1942

File name: 10_03_000819a

Binder label: Soap

Title: New Process Soap, the wonderful 3 lb. bar [front]

Created/Published: Buffalo, N. Y. : G. H. Dunston, Lith.

Date issued: 1870-1900 (approximate)

Physical description: 1 print : chromolithograph ; 12 x 8 cm.

Genre: Advertising cards

Subject: Children; Dolls; Household soap

Notes: Title from item. Item verso is blank.

Statement of responsibility: Gowans & Stover

Collection: 19th Century American Trade Cards

Location: Boston Public Library, Print Department

Rights: No known restrictions.

Image by yours truly, published back in autumn 2013 by a transportation (professional) magazine, illustrating an article about the Reed Creek greenway, of which I happened to be a fan. Original photo already posted here; adding a page shot. Name credit upper right. Sorry the focus quality is poor.

That's my husband, George, walking at far right.

ASTR

Webster Hall

November 19th, 2015

New York City

© 2015 LEROE24FOTOS.COM

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

THIS MATERIAL MAY NOT BE PUBLISHED,

BROADCAST, REWRITTEN OR REDISTRIBUTED.

OK, it's just in a Legal Journal's "Fiction Edition" (legal fiction?), but it's still pretty cool. Unfortunately, the printing process did a number on the photo itself. It looks better here than in reality, since I did some post processing.

 

The Postcard

 

A postcard that was published by A. & C. Black Ltd. of 4, 5, and 6 Soho Square, London W1. The artwork was by Edgar H. Fisher, and the card was printed in Great Britain. On the back of the card they state:

 

'From Jennison's "Natural

History - Animals" Price 7/6d.'

 

Edgar H. Fisher

 

Edgar H. Fisher was a British Impressionist and Modern painter. His work has been offered at auction multiple times, with realized prices ranging from 155 USD to 1,221 USD, depending on the size and medium of the artwork.

 

The card was posted in Leiston, Suffolk using a 2d. stamp on Monday the 4th. October 1948 to:

 

Miss S. P. Freese,

Room 36,

Churchman Nursery Ward,

Ipswich Hospital,

Anglesea Road,

Ipswich.

 

The message on the divided back of the card was as follows:

 

"Darling,

We did not leave Ipswich

until quite late because I

wanted to feel that I was

near you.

Sambo met the car and

was so disgusted when

he saw that you were not

with us that he went away

and stayed away all night

and all day, and only came

back for food this afternoon.

I have spent today tidying

up your room so it will be

lovely when you come back

to it which won't be long.

I am thinking of you all the

time, Darling.

Love and a hug from

Aunt Iris."

 

The Giraffe

 

The giraffe is a large African hoofed mammal belonging to the genus Giraffa. It is the tallest living terrestrial animal, and the largest ruminant on Earth.

 

The giraffe's chief distinguishing characteristics are its extremely long neck and legs, its horn-like ossicones, and its spotted coat patterns. It is classified under the family Giraffidae, along with its closest extant relative, the okapi.

 

The giraffe's scattered range extends from Chad in the north to South Africa in the south, and from Niger in the west to Somalia in the east.

 

Giraffes usually inhabit savannahs and woodlands. Their food source is leaves, fruits, and flowers of woody plants, primarily acacia species, which they browse at heights most other herbivores cannot reach.

 

Lions, leopards, spotted hyenas, and African wild dogs may prey upon giraffes. Giraffes live in herds of related females and their offspring, or bachelor herds of unrelated adult males, but are gregarious and may gather in large aggregations.

 

Males establish social hierarchies through "necking", combat bouts where the neck is used as a weapon. Dominant males gain mating access to females, which bear sole responsibility for raising the young.

 

The giraffe has intrigued various ancient and modern cultures for its peculiar appearance, and has often been featured in paintings, books, and cartoons. It is classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as vulnerable to extinction, and has been extirpated from many parts of its former range.

 

Giraffes are still found in numerous national parks and game reserves, but estimates as of 2016 indicate there are approximately 97,500 members of Giraffa in the wild. More than 1,600 were kept in zoos in 2010.

 

The Nubian Giraffe

 

There are nine distinct sub-species of giraffe, one of which is the Nubian giraffe (G. c. camelopardalis) shown in the illustration. It is found in eastern South Sudan and southwestern Ethiopia, in addition to Kenya and Uganda.

 

It has sharply defined chestnut-coloured spots surrounded by mostly white lines, while undersides lack spotting. The median lump is particularly developed in the male. 

 

Around 2,150 are thought to remain in the wild. The Nubian giraffe is very common in captivity, although the original phenotype is rare — a group is kept at Al Ain Zoo in the United Arab Emirates. In 2003, this group numbered 14.

 

'Monty'

 

So what else happened on the day that Aunt Iris posted the card?

 

Well, on the 4th. October 1948, Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery was named head of the Western European Defence Organization, with French General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, British Air Marshal Sir James Robb, and French Vice Admiral Robert Jaujard as his aides.

 

A Coal Strike in France

 

Also on that day, 300,000 French coal miners went on a Communist-directed strike.

 

The Railroad Hour

 

Also on that day, the radio series The Railroad Hour premiered on ABC.

 

Iain Hewitson

 

The 4th. October 1948 also marked the birth in Otaki, New Zealand of Iain Hewitson. He is a chef, restaurateur, and television personality. One of his TV shows was called 'Never Trust a Skinny Cook.'

 

Linda McMahon

 

Linda McMahon was also born on that day, in New Bern, North Carolina. Linda is a professional wrestling magnate and politician.

 

Jan Savitt

 

The day also marked the death of the American bandleader Jan Savitt.

 

Jan Savitt, was born Jacob Savetnick on the 4th. September 1907 in Shumsk, then part of the Russian Empire (now part of Ukraine). He was reared in Philadelphia.

 

He was known as "The Stokowski of Swing", from having played violin in Leopold Stokowski's orchestra. As well as being a bandleader, Jan was a musical arranger and violinist.

 

Jan Savitt - The Early Years

 

Jan Savitt evidenced musical ability an early age, and began winning conservatory scholarships to study the violin. He was offered the position of concert master in Leopold Stokowski's Philadelphia Symphony Orchestra, but turned it down, preferring to continue his studies at Curtis Institute.

 

About a year later, believing himself ready, he joined Stokowski, and the association continued for seven years, during which time Savitt gained further acclamation as a concert soloist and leader of a string quartet.

 

Jan Savitt's Personal Life

 

Savitt was married to model Barbara Ann Stillwell from 1940 until his death in 1948, and had two daughters with her, one of whom, Jo Ann, was married to Joel Douglas, son of actor Kirk Douglas, from 2004 until her death in 2013.

 

Jan Savitt's Career

 

In 1938, Jan Savitt & His Top Hatters broadcast from 5:00–5:30 pm every Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday as the KYW staff orchestra at KYW/NBC in Philadelphia.

 

Saturday's weekly broadcast was one hour, coast-to-coast. The group also played at the Earl Theatre, and performed with The Andrews Sisters and The Three Stooges.

 

Jan got his start in popular music some time later as music director of KYW, Philadelphia, where he evolved the unique "shuffle rhythm" which remained his trademark. Numerous sustaining programs created such a demand for the "shuffle rhythm" that Savitt left KYW to form his own dance crew.

 

Savitt's band was notable for including George "Bon Bon" Tunnell, one of the first African American singers to perform with a white band. Helen Englert Blaum, known at the time as Helen Warren, also sang with Savitt during the war years.

 

Savitt and his orchestra had a bit role in the 1946 film High School Hero.

 

The Death of Jan Savitt

 

Shortly before arriving in Sacramento, California, with his orchestra on Saturday, 2nd. October 1948, for a concert scheduled for that evening at Memorial Auditorium, Savitt was stricken with a cerebral haemorrhage and taken to Sacramento County Hospital.

 

Savitt died on the 4th. October 1948, with his wife at his bedside. He was laid to rest in Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale) California. He was 41 years of age when he died.

published in the second volume of the canadian/mexican comic anthology Gang Bang Bong.

www.gangbangbong.com/p/buy.html

the book was just published in the winter of 2009, and it showcases an amazing and beautiful technique that uses needle felting but applies the process to fabric, so wool is applied to the cloth using a felting needle.

 

the effect is stunning, like embroidery or even sometimes similar to painting on fabric.

 

the colors and textures are very rich, and projects have a great variety that is sure to inspire. the contrast of bright wool felted onto natural linen is a repeating feeling that always looks great.

 

the projects and scenes created in the book included detailed diagrams that show to how to recreate them, including fine details about colors and shades of wool that are combined to create depth.

 

written directions are in japanese, but the diagrams, and very clear step by step instructions with photos show how to create this effect. it's probably easier is you have had a little experience needle felting, just so you understand how that tool works, but that being said, you will be able to pick this up quickly, especially if you have some experience with felt, or embroidery, or even sewing

possibly published soon

This photograph was published in the Illustrated Chronicle on the 3rd of December 1915.

 

During the Great War the Illustrated Chronicle published photographs of soldiers and sailors from Newcastle and the North East of England, which had been in the news. The photographs were sent in by relatives and give us a glimpse into the past.

  

The physical collection held by Newcastle Libraries comprises bound volumes of the newspaper from 1910 to 1925. We are keen to find out more about the people in the photographs. If you recognise anyone in the images please comment below.

  

Copies of this photograph may be ordered from us, for more information see: www.newcastle.gov.uk/tlt Please make a note of the image reference number above to help speed up your order.

Published in In 2014, The Mobile Web Will Die—And Other Mobile Predictions – ReadWrite

 

Published in Google Glass Isn't Ready For Prime Time, Says, Uh, Google – ReadWrite

 

Published in Google Glass Moves On From Google X, Lands In Tony Fadell's Nest - ReadWrite

 

Published in Google Glass Is Edging Toward A Reimagining—And A Relaunch - ReadWrite

Published by F. Youngman LTD, Leeds. UK

Published by Ebal, Brazil 1970 thru 1973

This photograph was published in the Illustrated Chronicle on the 29th of October 1915.

 

During the Great War the Illustrated Chronicle published photographs of soldiers and sailors from Newcastle and the North East of England, which had been in the news. The photographs were sent in by relatives and give us a glimpse into the past.

  

The physical collection held by Newcastle Libraries comprises bound volumes of the newspaper from 1910 to 1925. We are keen to find out more about the people in the photographs. If you recognise anyone in the images please comment below.

  

Copies of this photograph may be ordered from us, for more information see: www.newcastle.gov.uk/tlt Please make a note of the image reference number above to help speed up your order.

published via Free Download Minecraft ift.tt/1O82PHK

BSSR-House, Park Hoogveld Parkstad Heerlen, 2011. Huib van Wijk, architect.

 

Calm and silence, light and elementary geometries and last but not least pure materials generate the elegant simplicity of our House, with the aim of countering the chaotic rhythm and frenetic pace of today’s world. It is designed focused on three points, namely 'less is more', 'doing more with less' and 'less but better'.

  

Link BSSR-House

www.flickr.com/photos/55176801@N02/sets/72157625373026635/

By

MailOnline Reporter

 

Published:

14:26 EST, 15 April 2015

 

|

Updated:

19:19 EST, 15 April 2015

            

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She has been on maternity leave from This Morning.

But, keen to show she hasn’t changed since...

 

fashionlifestyle.org/holly-willoughby-flaunts-her-post-pr...

Published in the April 1968 Workbasket insert.

Published by Chiodi, Brazil 1955

Published in Poruba and Mol Por 2000, p. 58.

Published by O Globo, Brazil 1937-1952

Published in the Unicef Desk Diary 2008 worldwide.

 

Original picture: www.flickr.com/photos/ashish_tibrewal/193981908/

 

One sunday morning, while passing from a flyover somewhere in Mumbai, I observed these children playing on the streets. As soon as I focused my camera, they imitated me and thus this candid picture.

  

Published by Editorial Molino, Argentina 1940

The Postcard

 

A postally unused Smart Novels Series postcard published prior to 1918. The photography was by the Dover Street Studios.

 

Mrs. Grundy

 

Mrs Grundy is a figurative name for an extremely conventional or priggish person, a personification of the tyranny of conventional propriety. A tendency to be overly fearful of what others might think is sometimes referred to as Grundyism.

 

Mrs Grundy originated as an unseen character in Thomas Morton's 1798 play 'Speed the Plough'.

 

Sir Johnston Forbes-Robertson

 

Sir Johnston Forbes-Robertson (16th. January 1853 – 6th. November 1937) was an English actor and theatre manager. He was considered the finest Hamlet of the Victorian era and one of the finest actors of his time, despite his dislike of the job and his lifelong belief that he was temperamentally unsuited to acting.

 

-- Forbes-Robertson's Early Years

 

Born in London, he was the eldest of the eleven children of John Forbes-Robertson, a theatre critic and journalist from Aberdeen, and his wife Frances.

 

One of his sisters, Frances (1866–1956), and three of his brothers, Ian Forbes-Robertson (1859–1936), Norman Forbes-Robertson (1858–1932) and John Kelt (Eric Forbes-Robertson) (1865–1935), also became actors.

 

He was educated at Charterhouse. Originally intending to become an artist, he trained for three years at the Royal Academy. He began a theatrical career out of a desire to be self-supporting, when the dramatist William Gorman Wills, who had seen him in private theatricals, offered him a role in his play 'Mary Queen of Scots'.

 

His many performances led him into, among other things, travel to the U.S., and work with Sir Henry Irving. He was hailed as one of the most individual and refined of English actors. He was a personal friend of the Duke of Sutherland and his family, and often stayed with them at Trentham Hall; he is known to have recommended to them various writers and musicians in dire need of assistance.

 

Forbes-Robertson first came to prominence playing second leads to Henry Irving before making his mark in the role of Hamlet. One of his early successes was in W. S. Gilbert's 'Dan'l Druce, Blacksmith'.

 

In 1882, he starred with Lottie Venne and Marion Terry in G. W. Godfrey's comedy 'The Parvenu' at the Court Theatre. George Bernard Shaw wrote the part of Caesar in 'Caesar and Cleopatra' for him. Shaw stated:

 

"I wrote 'Caesar and Cleopatra' for Forbes-Robertson,

because he is the classic actor of our day, and had

a right to require such a service from me.

Forbes-Robertson is the only actor I know who can

find out the feeling of a speech from its cadence.

His art meets the dramatist’s art directly, picking it

up for completion and expression without

explanations or imitations … Without him 'Caesar

and Cleopatra' would not have been written".

 

Forbes-Robertson's other notable roles were Romeo, Othello, Leontes in 'The Winter's Tale', and the leading role in 'The Passing of the Third Floor Back'; performed on Broadway in 1908.

 

-- Forbes-Robertson's Later Years

 

He did not play Hamlet until he was 44 years old, but after his success in the part he continued playing it until 1916, including a surviving silent film (1913). In a theatre review of Forbes-Robertson’s performance in Hamlet published in The Saturday Review (2nd. October 1897) George Bernard Shaw wrote:

 

"Nothing half so charming has been seen

by this generation. It will bear seeing again

and again. … His intellect is the organ of his

passion.

His eternal self-criticism is alive and thrilling

as it can possibly be. … Mr. Forbes-Robertson’s

own performance has a continuous charm,

interest and variety, which are the result not

only of his well-known grace and

accomplishment as an actor, but of a genuine

delight — the rarest thing on our stage —

in Shakespeare’s art, and a natural familiarity

with the plane of his imagination".

 

Forbes-Robertson was also a talented painter who did a portrait of his mentor Samuel Phelps that currently hangs in the Garrick Club in London.

 

Forbes-Robertson acted in plays with the actress Mary Anderson in the 1880's. He became smitten with her, and asked her hand in marriage. She kindly turned him down, though they remained friends. Later he and actress Beatrice Campbell enjoyed a brief affair during the time she starred with him in a series of Shakespearean plays in the mid-1890's.

 

In 1900, at the age of 47, he married American-born actress Gertrude Elliott (1874–1950), sister of Maxine Elliott, with whom he had four daughters. Their first daughter was Maxine Forbes-Robertson known as 'Blossom', who married the aircraft designer F. G. Miles and became a director and designer of the Miles Aircraft company.

 

Their second daughter Jean Forbes-Robertson became an accomplished actress. Their third daughter was Chloe Forbes-Robertson (1909–1947), an artist.

 

Diana Forbes-Robertson (1914–1988), their fourth daughter, was a writer who later wrote a biography of her aunt Maxine Elliott.

 

Johnston Forbes-Robertson was knighted in 1913 at the age of 60, at which point he retired briefly from acting.

 

He returned to the stage, however, for his first farewell tour of the US in 1914–1915. It began in with a three month run in New York, then traveled the country using eight rail road freight cars to carry the sets, costumes and properties for eight shows. There were also two passenger cars for the actors and personnel. His last appearance was at the Sanders Theatre in Boston with a performance of Hamlet.

 

A second farewell tour followed; it traveled to 122 towns, beginning in Detroit in October 1915, with four plays. The tour traveled to Chicago, Indianapolis, St. Louis, Kansas City, Salt Lake City, and San Francisco — where he learned of the birth of his fourth daughter, Diana.

 

At this point they decided to reduce the itinerary to only three plays, by eliminating 'Caesar and Cleopatra' from the repertoire. In his autobiography he describes how, on one early morning, the set, including the sphinx, was piled onto a beach and set on fire.

 

The tour continued into Canada. His last performance as both Hamlet and as an actor, was in 1916 at the Sheldon Lecture Theatre of the University of Harvard, the stage of which had been made to replicate the stage of the Elizabethan Fortune Theatre especially for the Forbes-Robertson’s performance.

 

His literary works include The Life and Life-Work of Samuel Phelps (actor and theatre manager) as well as his own autobiography A Player Under Three Reigns (1925).

 

-- Forbes-Robertson's Death

 

On the 6th. November 1937 Forbes-Robertson died at St. Margaret's Bay, near Dover, Kent, and was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium, London on the 9th. November. Memorial services were held in St. Martin-in-the-Fields, Westminster, London.

 

A statue of Forbes-Robertson by Brenda Putnam (1932) can be found at the Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington D.C.

 

Miss Gertrude Elliott

 

Gertrude Elliott (December 14th. 1874 — December 24th. 1950), later Lady Forbes-Robertson, was an American stage actress, part of an extended family of theatre professionals including her husband, Sir Johnston Forbes-Robertson, and her elder sister, Maxine Elliott.

 

-- Gertrude Elliott - The Early Years

 

May Gertrude Dermott was born in Rockland, Maine, a daughter of Thomas and Adelaide Hall Dermott. Her father was a sea captain born in Ireland, and her mother had been a schoolteacher.

 

Her older sister Maxine left the household for New York City at 16, and Gertrude soon followed. Both of them began using the surname "Elliott" as young women.

 

-- The Career of Gertrude Elliott

 

Elliott's career on stage began in 1894, with a role in Oscar Wilde's 'A Woman of No Importance', in a company that was touring New York state.

 

Both Elliotts joined a company in San Francisco that toured Australia in 1896. The company was run by Nat C. Goodwin, an actor who soon married Maxine Elliott.

 

Their company went to London in 1899, and the next year Gertrude was hired into the company of Johnston Forbes-Robertson; Gertrude Elliott and Forbes-Robertson married at the end of 1900, and continued to work together for much of their careers. She was, literally, Ophelia to his Hamlet, Desdemona to his Othello, and Cleopatra to his Caesar.

 

Away from the stage, Gertrude Elliott starred with her husband in a silent film version of Hamlet in 1913, directed by their friend J. H. Ryley. She also appeared in a 1917 silent film, Masks and Faces.

 

Gertrude Elliott was a co-founder and president of the Actresses' Franchise League.

 

-- Gertrude Elliott and the Great War

 

During the Great War Gertrude managed the "Shakespeare Hut" in Bloomsbury, a project of the YMCA for entertaining and raising morale among war workers. In 1923, New Zealand gave Gertrude Elliott an award for her work for ANZAC troops during the war.

 

-- Personal life of Gertrude Elliott

 

Gertrude Elliott married English actor Johnston Forbes-Robertson in 1900. They had four daughters, including aircraft designer Maxine (Blossom) Miles, writer Diana Forbes-Robertson, and actress Jean Forbes-Robertson.

 

Johnston was knighted in 1913, making Gertrude "Lady Forbes-Robertson" from that time. She was widowed when her husband died in 1937, and Gertrude died in 1950, aged 76 years. Her grandchildren include actress Joanna Van Gyseghem.

 

There is a plaque marking the birthplace of the Elliott sisters in the Trackside Station in Rockland, Maine.

Late afternon sun reflecting off the Encore and Wynn hotels. Las Vegas

Published in Isabell Kraemer's Ravelry Store

From the Official Programme

 

THE NATIONAL COMMEMORATION OF THE CENTENARY OF THE GALLIPOLI CAMPAIGN AND ANZAC DAY AT THE CENOTAPH, WHITEHALL, LONDON

HOSTED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND IN PARTNERSHIP WITH THE HIGH COMMISSIONS OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND IN LONDON

 

On 25 April 1915 Allied soldiers landed on the Gallipoli peninsula in Turkey in one of the most ambitious amphibious assaults in history.

 

More than 550,000 soldiers from Britain, Ireland, France, Australia, New Zealand, the Indian sub-continent, Canada and Sri Lanka waged this historic campaign, including 400,000 from Britain alone. 58,000 Allied servicemen and 87,000 from Turkey died in this campaign.

 

ANZAC Day was established by Australia and New Zealand as an annual day of commemoration to remember their servicemen who died in Gallipoli. The first ANZAC Day march in London took place on 25 April 1916. ANZAC Day has been commemorated in London on 25 April every year since then.

  

ORDER OF SERVICE

 

11:00 Big Ben strikes the hour

Two minutes’ silence

 

The Last Post Sounded by buglers from the Band of Her Majesty’s Royal Marines

 

Reading by Michael Toohey, age 22, descendant of Private Thomas Toohey, Royal Dublin Fusiliers, killed in action at V beach on 25 April 1915, aged 22.

 

The Fallen by Laurence Binyon, 4th verse, published in The Times on 21 September 1914

 

They shall grow not old, as we that are left grow old: age shall not weary them nor the years condemn. At the going down of the sun and in the morning, we will remember them.

All: We will remember them.

 

Laying of Wreaths

 

After Her Majesty The Queen has laid a wreath the Massed Bands will play Elegy (1915) – in memoriam Rupert Brooke – by F S Kelly (1881–1916) and Largo by G F Handel (1685–1759).

 

Her Majesty The Queen lays the first wreath followed by:

The Right Honourable David Cameron, Prime Minister Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Senator the Honourable George Brandis QC, Attorney General, Commonwealth of Australia

The Right Honourable David Carter MP, 29th Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives

A representative of the Republic of Turkey

The Right Honourable Nick Clegg, Deputy Prime Minister Great Britain and Northern Ireland

The Right Honourable Michael Fallon, Secretary of State for Defence

The Right Honourable Sajid Javid, Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport

The Right Honourable Hugo Swire, Minister of State, Foreign and Commonwealth Office

Helen Grant, Minister for the First World War Centenary

Dr Andrew Murrison, Prime Minister’s Special Representative for the First World War Centenary

The Right Honourable Ed Miliband, Leader of Her Majesty’s Opposition

Keith Brown MSP, Cabinet Secretary for Infrastructure, Investment and Cities, Scottish Government

The Right Honourable Carwyn Jones, First Minister, Welsh Government

A representative of the Northern Ireland Executive

Lieutenant General Sir Gerry Berragan KBE CB, Adjutant General

Air Marshal Dick Garwood CB CBE DFC, Director General Defence Safety Authority

Vice Admiral Sir Philip Jones KCB, Fleet Commander and Deputy Chief of Naval Staff

Lieutenant General John Caligari AO DSC, Chief Capability Development Group, Australian Defence Force

Brigadier Antony Hayward ONZ, Head New Zealand Defence Staff, New Zealand High Commission

Colonel Ömer Özkan, Air Attaché, Embassy of Turkey

A representative of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh

Steven Vandeput, Minister of Defence of Belgium

His Excellency Gordon Campbell, High Commissioner for Canada

A representative of the Republic of France

A representative of the Federal Republic of Germany

His Excellency Dr Ranjan Mathai, High Commissioner for the Republic of India

His Excellency Daniel Mulhall, Ambassador of Ireland to the United Kingdom

His Excellency The Honourable Joseph Muscat, Prime Minister of the Republic of Malta

A representative of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal

His Excellency Muhammad Nawaz Sharif, Prime Minister of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan

His Excellency The Honourable Peter O’Neill CMG MP, Prime Minister of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea

His Excellency Mr Obed Mlaba, High Commissioner for the Republic of South Africa

A representative of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka

Sonata Tupou, Acting High Commissioner for the Kingdom of Tonga

The Honourable Bronwyn Bishop MP, Speaker to the Australian House of Representatives

Bill Muirhead AM, Agent-General for South Australia

Ken Smith, Trade Commissioner for Europe and Agent General for UK at Trade & Investment Queensland

Kevin Skipworth CVO, Agent-General for Western Australia

Ian Matterson, Representative of the Premier of Tasmania

Mathew Erbs, on behalf of the Agent-General for Victoria

Gary Dunn, Deputy Commonwealth Secretary General

General The Lord Richards of Herstmonceux GCB CBE DSO, Deputy Grand President, British Commonwealth Ex-Servicemen’s League

Vice Admiral Peter Wilkinson CB CVO, National President, the Royal British Legion

Right Honourable The Viscount Slim OBE DL, Returned and Services League of Australia

Colonel Andrew Martin ONZM, Royal New Zealand Returned and Services Association

Lindsay Birrell, CEO, London Legacy

Captain Christopher Fagan DL, Chairman, The Gallipoli Association

The Honourable Mrs Ros Kelly AO, Commissioner, Commonwealth War Graves Commission

Sue Pillar, Director of Volunteer Support, Soldiers’ And Sailors’ Families Association (SSAFA)

Captain Jim Conybeare, Master, The Honourable Company of Master Mariners

Lyn Hopkins, Director General, The Victoria League for Commonwealth Friendship

Sir Anthony Figgis KCVO CMG, Chairman, Royal Overseas League

 

Reveille sounded by buglers from the Band of Her Majesty’s Royal Marines

 

THE PRAYERS

 

Prayer by The Venerable Ian Wheatley QHC, Royal Navy Chaplain of the Fleet

 

God our Father, we come together today to honour all those who gave themselves with great courage in service and sacrifice for their country in the Gallipoli Campaign. We pray that their example may continue to inspire us to strive for the common good, that we may build up the harmony and freedom for which they fought and died.

 

Help us O Lord, to lift our eyes above the torment of this broken world, and strengthen our resolve to work for peace and justice, and for the relief of want and suffering. As we honour the past, may we put our faith in your future; for you are the source of life and hope, now and forever. Amen.

 

Hymn led by the Choirs of Chelmsford Cathedral and accompanied by the Massed Bands

 

I Vow To Thee My Country

 

All:

I vow to thee, my country, all earthly things above,

Entire and whole and perfect, the service of my love;

The love that asks no question, the love that stands the test,

That lays upon the altar the dearest and the best;

The love that never falters, the love that pays the price,

The love that makes undaunted the final sacrifice.

I heard my country calling, away across the sea,

Across the waste of waters, she calls and calls to me.

Her sword is girded at her side, her helmet on her head,

And around her feet are lying the dying and the dead;

I hear the noise of battle, the thunder of her guns;

I haste to thee, my mother, a son among thy sons.

And there’s another country, I’ve heard of long ago,

Most dear to them that love her, most great to them that know;

We may not count her armies, we may not see her King;

Her fortress is a faithful heart, her pride is suffering;

And soul by soul and silently her shining bounds increase,

And her ways are ways of gentleness, and all her paths are peace.

 

Prayer read by Grace van Gageldonk (14 years old) from Australia

 

God of compassion and mercy, we remember with thanksgiving and sorrow, those whose lives in world wars and conflicts past and present, have been

given and taken away.

Enfold in your love, all who in bereavement, disability and pain, continue to suffer the consequences of fighting and terror; and guide and protect all those who support and sustain them. Amen.

 

National anthem Advance Australia Fair

 

Led by the Choirs of Chelmsford Cathedral and accompanied by the Massed Bands

 

Australians all let us rejoice,

For we are young and free;

We’ve golden soil and wealth for toil,

Our home is girt by sea;

Our land abounds in nature’s gifts

Of beauty rich and rare;

In history’s page, let every stage

Advance Australia Fair.

In joyful strains then let us sing,

‘Advance Australia Fair’.

 

Prayer read by Kathryn Cooper (11 years old) from New Zealand

 

God of hope, the source of peace and the refuge of all in distress, we remember those you have gathered from the storm of war into the everlasting peace of your presence; may that same peace calm our fears, bring reconciliation and justice to all peoples, and establish lasting harmony among the nations.

 

We pray for all members of the armed forces who strive for peace and fight for justice today; bless and keep their families and friends at home awaiting their return. Help us, who today remember the cost of war, to work for a better tomorrow, and bring us all, in the end, to the peace of your presence; through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.

 

National anthem God Defend New Zealand

 

Led by the Choirs of Chelmsford Cathedral and accompanied by the Massed Bands

 

E Ihowā _Atua,

O ngā _iwi mātou rā

Āta whakarangona;

Me aroha noa

Kia hua ko te pai;

Kia tau tō _atawhai;

Manaakitia mai

Aotearoa

God of Nations at Thy feet,

in the bonds of love we meet,

hear our voices, we entreat,

God defend our free land.

Guard Pacific’s triple star

from the shafts of strife and war,

make her praises heard afar,

God defend New Zealand.

 

Reading Atatürk’s message to bereaved pilgrims, 1934, read by Ecenur Bilgiç (14 years old) from Turkey

 

Those heroes that shed their blood and lost their lives…

You are now lying in the soil of a friendly country. Therefore rest in peace.

 

There is no difference between the Johnnies and the Mehmets to us where they lie side by side here in this country of ours…

You, the mothers, who sent their sons from faraway countries, wipe away your tears; your sons are now lying in our bosom and are in peace, after having lost their lives on this land they have become our sons as well.

 

National anthem İstiklal Marşı (The Independence March)

 

Led by Burak Gülşen from Turkey, accompanied by the Massed Bands

 

Korkma, sönmez bu şafaklarda yüzen al sancak;

Sönmeden yurdumun üstünde tüten en son ocak.

O benim milletimin yıldızıdır, parlayacak;

O benimdir, o benim milletimindir ancak.

Çatma, kurban olayım, çehreni ey nazlı hilal!

Kahraman ırkıma bir gül! Ne bu şiddet, bu celal?

Sana olmaz dökülen kanlarımız sonra helal…

Hakkıdır, Hakk’a tapan, milletimin istiklal!

Fear not! For the crimson flag that flies at this dawn, shall not fade,

As long as the last fiery hearth that is ablaze in my country endures.

For that is the star of my nation, which will forever shine;

It is mine; and solely that of my valiant nation.

Frown not, I beseech you, oh thou coy crescent!

Come smile upon my heroic race! Why this rage, this fury?

The blood we shed for you shall not be blessed otherwise;

For independence is the absolute right of my God-worshipping nation.

 

Remembering Gallipoli a commemoration created by Michael McDermott

 

Music composed by Michael McDermott

Reading by James McDermott (17 years old) from the United Kingdom

The Attack at Dawn (May, 1915) by Leon Maxwell Gellert (1892–1977)

 

‘At every cost,’ they said, ‘it must be done.’

They told us in the early afternoon.

We sit and wait the coming of the sun

We sit in groups, — grey groups that watch the moon.

We stretch our legs and murmur half in sleep

And touch the tips of bayonets and yarn.

Our hands are cold. They strangely grope and creep,

Tugging at ends of straps. We wait the dawn!

Some men come stumbling past in single file.

And scrape the trench’s side and scatter sand.

They trip and curse and go. Perhaps we smile.

We wait the dawn! … The dawn is close at hand!

A gentle rustling runs along the line.

‘At every cost,’ they said, ‘it must be done.’

A hundred eyes are staring for the sign.

It’s coming! Look! … Our God’s own laughing sun!

 

Closing prayers by The Venerable Ian Wheatley QHC, Royal Navy Chaplain of the Fleet

 

Eternal God,

from whom all thoughts of truth and peace proceed;

Kindle, we pray, in the hearts of all, the true love of peace

and guide with your pure and peaceable wisdom

those who take counsel for the nations of the world,

that in tranquillity your kingdom may go forward,

and all people may spend their days in security, freedom and peace;

through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.

Merciful God

we offer to you the fears in us

that have not yet been cast out by love:

may we accept the hope you have

placed in the hearts of all people,

and live lives of justice, courage and mercy;

through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.

 

The Lord’s Prayer

 

All:

Our Father, who art in heaven,

hallowed be thy name;

thy kingdom come, thy will be done;

on earth as it is in heaven.

Give is this day our daily bread.

And forgive is our trespasses,

And forgive us our trespasses,

as we forgive those that trespass against us.

And lead is not into temptation;

but deliver us from evil.

For thine is the kingdom,

the power and the glory,

fro ver and ever. Amen.

 

The Blessing

 

God grant to the living grace, to the departed rest,

to the Church, the Queen, the Commonwealth and all people,

unity, peace and concord,

and to us and all God’s servants, life everlasting;

and the blessing of God almighty,

the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit,

be among you and remain with you always. Amen.

 

National anthem God Save the Queen

 

Led by the Choirs of Chelmsford Cathedral and accompanied by the Massed Bands

 

God save our gracious Queen,

Long live our noble Queen.

God save the Queen!

Send her victorious,

Happy and glorious,

Long to reign over us;

God save the Queen!

 

They Are At Rest by Sir Edward Elgar (1857–1934), sung by the Choirs of Chelmsford Cathedral (unaccompanied)

 

THE MARCH PAST

Contingents from:

The Royal Navy

HMS QUEEN ELIZABETH

The Fleet Air Arm

The Submarine Service

Hybrid (HMS OCEAN, HMS ALBION,

Britannia Royal Naval College)

The Royal Marines

Maritime Reserves (Royal Navy

and Royal Marines Reserves)

Representatives from the Armed Forces of other countries who fought at Gallipoli

invited to join the March Past:

Australia

New Zealand

Canada

Turkey

India

Germany

Ireland

France

Bangladesh

Pakistan

South Africa

Papua New Guinea

Tonga

The Gallipoli Association

Naval Services Associations

The Royal Naval Association

The Royal Marines Association

Army Units and their Associations

The Royal Regiment of Artillery

The Royal Corps of Engineers

The Royal Regiment of Scotland

The Princess of Wales’ Royal Regiment

The Duke of Lancaster’s Regiment

The Royal Regiment of Fusiliers

The Royal Anglian Regiment

The Yorkshire Regiment

The Mercian Regiment

The Royal Welsh

The Royal Irish Regiment

The Royal Gurkha Rifles

The Rifles

The Royal Logistics Corps

The Royal Army Medical Corps

The Royal Army Veterinary Corps

The Royal Yeomanry

The Royal Wessex Yeomanry

The Scottish and North Irish Yeomanry

The London Regiment

Court & City Yeomanry Association

In-Pensioners of the Royal Hospital Chelsea

The Turkish Air Force Band plays Marche Mustafa Kemal Atatürk by Fazıl Çağlayan

Followed by: Descendants of those whose ancestors were involved in the Gallipoli campaign and others who march past the Cenotaph every year to commemorate Anzac Day.

Taken on 13 March 2014 in Angola near Catanda Serra-Da-Leba (DSC_0797)

 

freewheely.com: Cycling Africa beyond mountains and deserts until Cape Town

Published by O Globo, Brazil 194

Jono Rotman

New Zealand (1974)

Mongrelism

 

Jono Rotman has published the result of his research focussing on an infamous New Zealand gang: the Mighty Mongrel Mob. Their mostly Maori members appropriate the nationalist symbols of the British empire and the Third Reich in order to question the notion of racial identity in this former colony. By playing on the tradition of ethnographic research, he produced close to 200 portraits of these warriors with their tattooed faces and emblems pinned to their clothes. Complemented by archives and interviews, his book, produced thanks to the Images Vevey Book Award, bears witness to the richness of this marginalised subculture. The installation displayed in Vevey’s covered market brings these men back into the heart of the city.