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The Postcard
A postcard that was published by Blackmore of Minehead. It was posted in Minehead, Somerset on Friday the 6th. September 1963 to:
Mr. McGill,
71, Wembdon Road,
Bridgwater.
The message on the divided back was as follows:
"Dear Mr. McGill,
Do wish you could have
come with us.
We are in Butlin's just
now having a cup of tea.
Hope to see you soon.
The Good Companions".
Dunster
Dunster is a village within the English county of Somerset, just within the north-eastern boundary of the Exmoor National Park. The United Kingdom Census of 2011 recorded a parish population of 817.
Iron Age hillforts testify to occupation of the area for thousands of years. The village grew up around Dunster Castle which was built on the Tor by the Norman warrior William I de Moyon shortly after the Norman Conquest of 1066. The Castle is mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086.
The Castle was remodelled on several occasions by the Luttrell family who were lords of the manor from the 14th. to the 20th. centuries.
The Benedictine Dunster Priory was established in about 1100. The Priory Church of St George, dovecote and tithe barn are all relics from the Priory.
The village became a centre for wool and cloth production and trade, of which the Yarn Market, built by George Luttrell (d. 1629), is a relic.
There existed formerly a harbour, known as Dunster Haven, at the mouth of the River Avill, yet today the coast having receded is now about 0.5 miles (0.8 km) from the village, and no sign of the harbour can be seen on the low lying marshes between the village and the coast.
Dunster Castle
At the end of the 14th. century the de Mohuns sold the castle to the Luttrell family, who continued to occupy the property until the late 20th. century. During the English Civil War, Dunster was initially held as a garrison for the Royalists. It fell to the Parliamentarians in 1645, and orders were sent out for the castle to be demolished. However, these orders were not carried out, and the castle remained the garrison for Parliamentarian troops until 1650.
Major alterations to the castle were undertaken by Henry Fownes Luttrell who had acquired it through marriage to Margaret Fownes-Luttrell in 1747. Following the death of Alexander Luttrell in 1944, the family was unable to afford the death duties on his estate.
The castle and surrounding lands were sold off to a property firm, the family continuing to live in the castle as tenants. The Luttrells bought back the castle in 1954, but in 1976 Colonel Walter Luttrell gave Dunster Castle and most of its contents to the National Trust, which operates it as a tourist attraction. It is a Grade I listed building and scheduled monument.
Dunster Priory was established as a Benedictine monastery around 1100. The first church in Dunster was built by William de Mohun who gave the church and the tithes of several manors and two fisheries, to the Benedictine Abbey at Bath. The priory, which was situated just north of the church, became a cell of the abbey.
The church was shared for worship by the monks and the parishioners, however this led to several conflicts between them. One outcome was the carved rood screen which divided the church in two, with the parish using the west chancel and the monks the east.
The priory church is now in parochial use as the Priory Church of St George. It still contains 12th. and 13th. century work, although most of the current building dates from the 15th. century. It has been designated as a Grade I listed building.
In 1346 Cleeve Abbey built a nunnery in Dunster, but it was never inhabited by nuns, and was used as a guest house.
Gallox Bridge
Dunster had become a centre for woollen and clothing production by the 13th. century, with the market dating back to at least 1222, and a particular kind of kersey or broadcloth became known as 'Dunsters'.
The prosperity of Dunster was based on the wool trade, with profits helping to pay for the construction of the tower of the Priory Church of St. George, and to provide other amenities. The 15th. century Gallox Bridge was one of the main routes over the River Avill on the southern outskirts. The market was held in "The Shambles". However these shops were demolished in 1825, and now only the Yarn Market remains.
Dunster in WWII
During the Second World War, considerable defences were built along the coast as a part of British anti-invasion preparations, though the north coast of Somerset was an unlikely invasion site. Some of the structures remain to this day. Most notable are the pillboxes on the foreshore of Dunster Beach.
These are strong buildings made from pebbles taken from the beach and bonded together with concrete. From these, soldiers could have held their ground if the Germans had ever invaded.
Beach Huts
The beach site has a number of privately owned beach huts (or chalets as some owners call them) along with a small shop, a tennis court and a putting green. The chalets, measuring 18 by 14 feet (5.5 by 4.3 m), can be let out for holidays; some owners live in them all the year round.
Dunster Culture
Dunster was the birthplace of the song "All Things Bright and Beautiful" when Cecil Alexander was staying with Mary Martin, the daughter of one of the owners of Martins Bank.
The nearby hill, Grabbist, was originally heather-covered before its re-forestation, and was described as the "Purple-headed mountain".
On the evening of the 1st. May each year, the Minehead Hobby Horse visits Dunster and is received at the Castle. A local newspaper that was printed in May 1863 records:
"The origin professes to be in commemoration
of the wreck of a vessel at Minehead in remote
times, or the advent of a sort of phantom ship
which entered the harbour without Captain or
crew.
Once the custom was encouraged, but now is
much neglected, and perhaps soon will fall into
desuetude."
Another conjecture about its origin is that the hobby horse was the ancient King of the May. The Hobby Horse tradition begins with the waking of the inhabitants of Minehead by the beating of a loud drum. The hobby horse dances its way about the town and on to Dunster Castle.
Annually on the third Friday in August the village hosts the Dunster Show where local businesses and producers come together to showcase what Exmoor and West Somerset have to offer. A major part of the show is the showing of livestock, especially horses, cattle and sheep.
A more recent tradition (started in 1987) is Dunster by Candlelight which takes place every year on the first Friday and Saturday in December when this remarkably preserved medieval village turns its back on the present and lights its streets with candles.
To mark the beginning of the festival on Friday at 5 pm, there is the Lantern Lighting Procession that starts on the Steep and continues through the village until all the lanterns in the streets have been lit. The procession of children and their families is accompanied by colourful stilt walkers in costumes who put up the lanterns.
The old English Christmas tradition of burning the Ashen faggot takes place at the Luttrell Arms hotel every Christmas Eve. The pub was formerly a guest house for the Abbots of Cleeve; its oldest section dates from 1443.
The Dunster Yarn Market
The 17th. century Yarn Market is a market cross which was probably built in 1609 by the Luttrell family who were the local lords of the manor in order to maintain the importance of the village as a market, particularly for wool and cloth.
The Yarn Market is an octagonal building constructed around a central pier. The building contains a hole in one of the roof beams, a result of cannon fire in the Civil War. A bell at the top was rung to indicate the start of trading.
The Dunster Dovecote
The Dovecote was probably built in the late 16th. century. It has been designated as a Grade II* listed building and Scheduled Ancient Monument. It is approximately 19 feet (5.8 m) high and 19 feet (5.8 m) in diameter, with walls around 4 feet (1.2 m) thick.[81]
In the 18th. century the floor level and door were raised among several major alterations. The lower tiers of nest holes were blocked to protect against brown rats which had arrived in the Britain in 1720 and had reached Somerset by 1760.
A revolving ladder, known as a "potence", was installed to allow the pigeon keeper to search the nest holes more easily. In the 19th. century two feeding platforms were added to the axis of the revolving ladder.
When the ladder was installed in the 16th. century the base rested on a pin driven into a beam on the floor. The head of the pin sits in a metal cup in the base of the wooden pillar, which means the mechanism has never had to be oiled. When the Dunster Castle estate was sold, the dovecote was bought by the Parochial church council and opened to the public. Extensive repairs were undertaken in 1989.
The Dunster Tithe Barn
The Tithe Barn was originally part of the Benedictine Priory. It has been much altered since the 14th. century, and only a limited amount of the original features survive.
In the "Valor Ecclesiasticus" of 1535, the net annual income of the Dunster Tithe Barn is recorded as being £37. 4s. 8d (£37.23p), with £6. 13s. 7d (£6.68p) being passed on to the priory in Bath. The Somerset Buildings Preservation Trust has co-ordinated a £550,000 renovation project, turning the barn into a multi-purpose community hall under a 99-year lease at a pepper-corn rent, by the Crown Estate Commissioners who own the building.
Conygar Tower
Conygar Tower is a folly used as a landmark for shipping. It is at the top of Conygar Hill, and overlooks the village. It is a circular, 3 storey tower built of red sandstone. It was commissioned by Henry Luttrell and designed by Richard Phelps, and stands about 18 metres (59 ft) high so that it can be seen from Dunster Castle on the opposite hillside.
There is no evidence that it ever had floors or a roof. It has no strategic or military significance. The name Conygar comes from two medieval words Coney meaning rabbit and Garth meaning garden, indicating that it was once a warren where rabbits were bred for food. In 1997 a survey carried out by The Crown Estate identified cracks in the walls which were repaired in 2000.
Dunster Doll Museum
Dunster Doll Museum houses a collection of more than 800 dolls from around the world, based on the collection of the late Mollie Hardwick, who died in 1970 and donated her collection to the village memorial hall committee.
Established in 1971, the collection includes a display of British and foreign dolls in various costumes. Thirty-two of the dolls were stolen during a burglary in 1992 and have never been recovered.
An American Baseball Milestone
So what else happened on the day that the card was posted?
Well, on the 6th. September 1963, the 100,000th. American major league baseball game was played.
The milestone was calculated by baseball historians from the first official game, played on the 4th.May 1871 by the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players.
In game number 100,000, the Washington Senators defeated the visiting Cleveland Indians, 7 to 2.
Mark Chesnutt
The day also marked the birth in Beaumont, Texas, of American country music singer Mark Chesnutt.
Billy J. Kramer
Also on the 6th. September 1963, the Number One chart hit in the UK was 'Bad to Me' by Billy J. Kramer.
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La quinta edizione del festival organizzato da Wired Italia. Due lunghi fine settimana in cui vivere l’innovazione nell’economia, nella scienza, nella politica, nell’intrattenimento, nella cultura. Milano e Firenze si trasformano per un fine settimana nel luna park della scienza e della tecnologia. Oltre 150 relatori, performance artistiche, laboratori di stampa 3D, droni in volo, videogame, film, documentari, speed date sul lavoro, maratone di coding e workshop per tutte le età. A Milano da venerdì 26 a domenica 28 maggio ai Giardini Indro Montanelli.
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ore 10:00
Come si combatte l’Isis (sui social)
Speaker
Abdalaziz Alhamza - Fondatore Raqqa is Being Slaughtered Silently
Abdalaziz Alhamza, nato a Raqqa nel 1991, è un giornalista e attivista siriano, che oggi vive a Berlino. È fondatore e portavoce del progetto Raqqa is Being Slaughtered Silently (RBSS), gruppo di citizen journalism fondato dall’esilio in Turchia, che informa sulle violenze compiute da Isis in Siria, grazie alle informazioni passate da cittadini rimasti all’interno della città. Nel gennaio 2016 l’International Business Times ha descritto RBSS come “la più credibile fonte di informazioni dall’interno di Raqqa”.
Alhamza è laureato in biologia e da studente ha organizzato numerose proteste contro il governo siriano. È stato arrestato varie volte dal regime e più volte ha ricevuto minacce per la sua attività da Isis. RBSS ha vinto nel 2015 l’International Press Freedom Award dal Committee to Protect Journalists e il premio del Foreign Policy Global Thinkers Award.
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ore 10:30
Tra calcio e futuro
Speaker
Diletta Leotta - Conduttrice Sky Sport
Giulia Diletta Leotta, 1991, è conduttrice a Sky Sport. Si è laureata in Giurisprudenza alla LUISS di Roma con una tesi dal titolo Il contratto di lavoro sportivo. Ha iniziato la sua carriera televisiva nel 2010, a diciannove anni, sulla rete locale Antenna Sicilia, affiancando Salvo La Rosa nella conduzione dell’11º Festival della nuova canzone siciliana e nel programma di intrattenimento Insieme. L’anno successivo è passata a Mediaset dove ha condotto la trasmissione Il Compleanno di La5 sull’omonima rete digitale. Nel 2012 diventa una delle conduttrici di Sky Meteo 24.
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ore 12:30
Serie internazionale
Speaker
Salvatore Esposito - Attore
Salvatore Esposito nasce a Napoli il 2 febbraio 1986. Sin da bambino nutre la passione per la recitazione. Raggiunta la maggiore età inizia i suoi studi di recitazione presso la Scuola di cinema di Napoli per poi trasferirsi a Roma dove studia con l’acting trainer Beatrice Bracco.
Ha fatto il suo esordio televisivo nel 2013 con Il clan dei camorristi, interpretando il ruolo di Domenico Ruggiero. Nel 2014 arriva il successo al grande pubblico con Gomorra – la serie, Salvatore interpreta Genny Savastano.
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ore 13:00
Lavoro e ricchezza nell’epoca dell’ Intelligenza Artificiale
Speaker
Jerry Kaplan - Esperto di Intelligenza Artificiale e Imprenditore
Jerry Kaplan è un esperto di Intelligenza Artificiale noto in tutto il mondo, un innovatore, seriael entrepreneur, educatore, futurista e autore di best sellers. Ha fondato quattro startup della Silicon Valley, due delle quali sono divenute società di fama, e insegnato alla Stanford University. Hanno parlato di lui tutti i principali quotidiani in lingua inglese e le riviste specializzate di tutto il mondo
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ore 14:00
La strada della musica
Speaker
Michele Bravi - Cantante
Michele Bravi esordisce nel 2013 con la vittoria di XFactor Italia.
Portato alla vittoria da Morgan e presentato al grande pubblico con un pezzo scritto per lui da Tiziano Ferro e Zibba, Michele pubblica il suo EP di debutto “La Vita e la Felicità”. A Gennaio 2014 il primo singolo “La Vita e la Felicità” viene certificato disco d’oro.
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ore 14:30
Il tocco vincente
Speaker
Mara Maionchi - Produttrice discografica
Mara Maionchi (Bologna, 22 aprile 1941) è una produttrice discografica e personaggio televisivo italiano.
Attualmente considerata la figura femminile di maggiore spicco nella discografia italiana, producendo sia per conto di major come Sony e Warner che come produttrice indipendente attraverso la sua etichetta, sostenendo tuttavia in numerose dichiarazioni che la vera scena musicale – intensa e multisfaccettata – è all’estero e che in Italia “si fa quel che si può”.
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ore 15:00
Maniaca di SerieTV
Speaker
Miriam Leone - Attrice
Nasce a Catania. Ha frequentato il Liceo Classico Gulli e Pennisi ad Acireale e la Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia dell’Università degli Studi di Catania. Studia contemporaneamente recitazione. Nel 2008 partecipa e vince sia la fascia di Miss Italia che quella di Miss Cinema.
Nel 2010 debutta come attrice sia sul grande schermo con il film Genitori & figli – Agitare bene prima dell’uso, di Giovanni Veronesi, con Silvia Orlando e Margherita Buy, sia sul piccolo schermo con il film TV Il ritmo della vita, diretto da Rossella Izzo e trasmesso su Canale 5.
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ore 15:30
Indie a chi?
Speaker
Lo Stato Sociale - Musicisti
Nel 2012 esce il loro primo album, Turisti della democrazia, al quale fa seguito un tour di 200 concerti in Italia ed in Europa. Nel 2013, ad un anno dalla prima pubblicazione, Turisti della democrazia viene ripubblicato in edizione deluxe, in formato doppio CD. Il primo CD presenta la tracklist originale mentre il secondo CD comprende tutti gli 11 brani del disco originale coverizzati da 11 artisti, oltre a tanti remix e inediti. Alla ripubblicazione dell’album, segue un lungo tour dello spettacolo di teatro-canzone Tronisti della democrazia, nel quale le canzoni dell’album d’esordio sono alternate a monologhi e sketch a formare “un minicorso in 5 atti di buone maniere”. Con Turisti della democrazia, tra i più discussi album usciti in ambito indie rock in Italia, la band bolognese ha ricevuto la Targa Giovani Mei e il Premio SIAE “Miglior Giovane Talento dell’Anno” e altri riconoscimenti.
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ore 16:00
L’uomo che ha dato forma al pc
Speaker
Mario Bellini - Architetto
Mario Bellini è un architetto e designer noto in tutto il mondo. Ha ricevuto il Premio Compasso d’Oro otto volte e 25 delle sue opere sono nella collezione permanente del MoMA di New York, che gli ha dedicato una retrospettiva nel 1987. È stato direttore della rivista Domus (1985-1991). Ha progettato numerose mostre d’arte e di architettura sia in Italia, sia all’estero, l’ultima a Palazzo Reale con i capolavori di Giotto (2015).
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ore 16:00
C’è risata e risata
Speaker
Saverio Raimondo - Stand Up Comedian e conduttore CCN
Saverio Raimondo, 33 anni, comico satirico, è stato definito sulle pagine di Repubblica “l’unico stand up comedian italiano che sembra vero” e “il comico più bravo in circolazione” da Aldo Grasso del Corriere della Sera. È il comico di punta di Comedy Central Italia (canale 124 di Sky) per il suo show CCN – Comedy Central News, striscia satirica di grande successo di pubblico e critica, giunta alla terza stagione – attualmente in corso, in onda tutti i mercoledì alle 22 – e per la quale ha vinto il Premio Satira Politica per la Tv Forte Dei Marmi.
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ore 16:30
Il suono dal caos
Speaker
Levante - Musicista
Levante nasce a Caltagirone e cresce a Palagonia (Catania) in una famiglia affollata da menti creative. A nove anni scrive le prime canzoni e soltanto ad undici inizia a suonare la chitarra, rubandola al fratello, per la pura esigenza di musicare i propri testi. Dopo la morte del padre, lei e la madre si trasferiscono nella magica città di Torino. Qui tante sono le collaborazioni, i contratti andati male, i dischi mai usciti e gli anni di manifestazioni musicali, provini e gavetta.
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ore 17:00
Non è bello ciò che è bello, ma che bello che bello che bello
Speaker
Maccio Capatonda - Attore e Regista
Nino Frassica - Comico e Presentatore
Maccio Capatonda, pseudonimo di Marcello Macchia, è un attore, regista e comico italiano. Ha partecipato ai programmi televisivi Mai dire Lunedì e Mai dire Martedì. Precedentemente aveva fondato a Milano la Shortcut Productions, insieme a Enrico Venti, suo storico amico, anche lui di Chieti. Ha lavorato per AllMusic e lavora stabilmente sul web, affianco all’attività televisiva. Nel 2013 è ideatore, regista e interprete principale della serie televisiva Mario. In un primo tempo si è dedicato (accompagnato dal suo inseparabile gruppo) alla produzione di finti reality televisivi, come il Divano Scomodo e il Gabinetto.
Nel 1985 Arbore coinvolge Nino Frassica nel varietà “Quelli della notte” nei panni di frate Antonino da Scasazza, organizzatore di un improbabile concorso a premi. Seguono “Indietro tutta” dove veste i panni del bravo presentatore e mette in scena una spassosa parodia del tipico conduttore televisivo. Partecipa successivamente a “Fantastico”, “Domenica In”, “Scommettiamo che…?”, “I Cervelloni”, “Acqua calda”, “Colorado Cafè” e “Markette” condotto da Piero Chiambretti. Nel 1999 inizia l’avventura della fiction televisiva “Don Matteo” con Terence Hill, Flavio Insinna e successivamente Simone Montedoro, giunta ormai alla decima serie. Nino interpreta il ruolo del maresciallo dei Carabinieri Nino Cecchini.
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ore 17:30
Comicità all’italiana
Speaker
Herbert Ballerina - Attore e Comico
Maccio Capatonda - Attore e Regista
Herbert Ballerina, pseudonimo di Luigi Luciano, nato a Campobasso il 7 marzo 1980, è un attore, comico, conduttore radiofonico e produttore cinematografico italiano. Dopo essersi laureato al DAMS di Bologna si trasferisce a Milano entrando a far parte della Shortcut Productions di Marcello Macchia ed Enrico Venti (in arte Maccio Capatonda e Ivo Avido), inizialmente come assistente e poi come attore e autore. Con Marcello Macchia è protagonista, con lo pseudonimo di Herbert Ballerina, di numerosi trailer umoristici trasmessi all’interno dei programmi televisivi Mai dire Lunedì e Mai dire Martedì.
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ore 18:00
La democrazia della rete
Speaker
Luigi Di Maio - Vicepresidente della Camera
Nato a Avellino il 6 luglio 1986, ha conseguito il diploma di liceo classico ed è giornalista pubblicista. Eletto nella circoscrizione XIX (CAMPANIA 1) nel 2013 alla Camera dei Deputati con il Movimento Cinque Stelle, diventa il più giovane Vicepresidente della Camera. È uno dei volti di punta del Movimento Cinque Stelle, per molti naturale candidato alle prossime elezioni.
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ore 18:30
Non smetto più
Speaker
Sydney Sibilia - Regista, Sceneggiatore e Produttore cinematografico
Luigi Di Capua - Regista, sceneggiatore e attore
Francesca Manieri - Sceneggiatrice
Sydney Sibilia, nato a Salerno nel 1981, è un regista, sceneggiatore e produttore cinematografico italiano. Sydney Sibilia inizia a realizzare cortometraggi insieme all’amico Fabio Ferro nella loro natìa Salerno. Nel 2007 si trasferisce a Roma e successivamente realizza un cortometraggio che ottiene numerosi riconoscimenti, Oggi gira così (2010), prodotto dalla Ascent Film e scritto insieme a Valerio Attanasio.
Sempre con Valerio Attanasio, scrive la sceneggiatura della sua opera prima Smetto quando voglio. Il film, prodotto dalla Fandango di Domenico Procacci, dalla Ascent FIlm di Matteo Rovere e da Rai Cinema, viene distribuito nelle sale cinematografiche nel febbraio 2014, riscuotendo un successo sorprendente e ottenendo 12 candidature ai David di Donatello 2014. Nel 2017 è nelle sale il seguito, Smetto quando voglio – Masterclass, in attesa del terzo episodio.
Regista, sceneggiatore e attore. Insieme a Matteo Corradini e Luca Vecchi è il fondatore del collettivo The Pills, nato nell’estate del 2011. Il collettivo è diventato celebre grazie alla web serie omonima che ha debuttato su YouTube nello stesso anno, diventando immediatamente fenomeno del web. Dopo il successo ottenuto anche con la seconda stagione, nel 2014 la serie approda su Italia 1. Nello stesso anno, The Pills sono autori insieme a Matteo Rovere, Luca Ravenna, Sydney Sibilia e Daniele Grassetti della serie tv Zio Gianni in onda su Rai2. Il 21 gennaio 2016 esce nelle sale il loro primo film, The Pills – Sempre meglio che lavorare.
Sceneggiatrice tra le più apprezzate in Italia, è laureata in filosofia.
Tra i suoi lavori: Zanzibar. Una storia daAmore, di cui ha curato anche la regia, Passione sinistra, Il rosso e il blu, La foresta di ghiaccio, Vergine giurata, Veloce come il vento, Nemiche per la pelle, il corto Era ieri, Come fai sbagli e il successo Smetto quando voglio.
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ore 19:00
L’identità della bellezza
Speaker
Samuel - Cantante e Musicista
Samuel Umberto Romano, conosciuto semplicemente come Samuel (Torino, 7 marzo 1972), è un cantautore e chitarrista italiano. È il frontman del gruppo dei Subsonica, in cui è anche compositore e autore dei testi delle canzoni insieme a Max Casacci e Davide Dileo, meglio conosciuto come Boosta.
Nel 2016 ha annunciato attraverso le proprie pagine Facebook e Instagram di essere al lavoro sul suo primo album da solista, anticipato il 9 settembre 2016 dal suo primo singolo da solista, La risposta, seguito tre mesi dopo da Rabbia.
The Postcard
A postcard published by Hartmann which shows the road leading up to Richmond Park. There is a milestone out of shot to the right which is in the same position to this day, even though the tree and the greenery of the triangle have long gone.
The card was posted in Mortlake on Friday the 10th. July 1908 to:
Miss Lucy Wright,
The Fort,
Bristol.
The message on the divided back of the card was as follows:
"The Gables.
I was so pleased to get
your card, dear. I have
often wondered if you
were at Bristol.
I hope you are both
well.
I am quite myself again
now & glad to say I hope
to go to Somerset early
in September. I wonder
if we can meet.
Love to both.
Yours as ever,
E. E."
Notable People Associated With East Sheen
Notable residents include:
-- Sir Tim Berners-Lee (born 1955), computer scientist and inventor of the World Wide Web, grew up in East Sheen and attended Sheen Mount Primary School. A mosaic was placed at Sheen Lane Centre in June 2013 to commemorate his association with East Sheen.
-- Carol Cleveland (born 1942), actress and comedian, who worked with Monty Python, was born in East Sheen.
-- Abigail Cruttenden (born 1968), actress, lives in East Sheen.
-- Tom Hardy (born 1977), actor, lives in East Sheen.
-- Carrie Johnson (born 1988), conservationist and wife of Prime Minister Boris Johnson, was brought up in East Sheen.
-- Sir Trevor McDonald (born 1939), broadcaster, lives in East Sheen.
-- The novelist Mary Anne Evans, better known as George Eliot (1819–1880), took rooms at 7 Clarence Row, East Sheen (now demolished) from May to September 1855.
-- Sir Arthur Blomfield (1829–1899), architect, one of whose early works was Christ Church, East Sheen, designed and lived in The Cottage, now divided into two as 53 and 55 Christ Church Road.
-- Ralph Knott (1879–1929), architect of County Hall, the former London County Council building on the South Bank, Westminster, lived and died in East Sheen.
-- Richard Dimbleby (1913–1965), radio broadcaster, was born in the borough and lived in a flat at Cedar Court, East Sheen. This has been commemorated by an English Heritage blue plaque.
-- Marc Bolan (1947–1977), musician, died at what is now the site of Bolan's Rock Shrine, a few miles from his home at 142 Upper Richmond Road West in East Sheen.
Reto Badrutt
So what else happened on the day that the card was posted?
Well, the 10th. July 1908 marked the birth of the Swiss ski jumper Reto Badrutt. He competed in the individual event at the 1936 Winter Olympics.
Reto died in Arosa, Switzerland at the age of 65 in April 1974.
Donald Peers
The day also marked the birth in Ammanford, Wales of Donald Peers.
Donald Rhys Hubert Peers was a popular Welsh singer. His best remembered rendition and signature song was "In a Shady Nook by a Babbling Brook".
Donald Peers - The Early Years
Donald Peers was born in the Welsh mining town of Ammanford, Carmarthenshire. His father was a colliery worker, and a prominent member of the Plymouth Brethren who disapproved of the variety theatre, and never heard or saw his son work.
Peers' family were hoping that he would become a schoolteacher, but he had other ambitions, and left home at the age of sixteen.
Peers travelled around the country working as a house painter and, for a time, went to sea as a mess steward on ships. He met Gertrude Thomson whom he married in June 1930, and they had a daughter, Sheila, in 1931.
Donald joined a dance band as a singer and continued his day job as a painter. His first BBC Radio broadcast took place on the 17th. December 1927, with the London Radio Dance Band. One of the songs he sang was, "In a Shady Nook by a Babbling Brook", which became his most requested song and, later, his signature tune. The song had been written by E. G. Nelson and Harry Pease in 1927.
Donald's London debut took place in a revue at the Bedford Theatre in 1929. He struggled on until 1933 when, after an appearance on the BBC Music Hall programme booked as The Laughing Cavalier of Song, he got a recording contract with HMV Records. During that year he made two television broadcasts.
Donald Peers in WWII and After
In 1940 Peers enlisted in the Royal Army Service Corps as a clerk, where he served until D-Day in 1944, when he was invalided out. When in service, he entertained his fellow troops in shows.
In 1944 he recorded "In a Shady Nook by a Babbling Brook." Other 1940's recordings included "I Can't Begin To Tell You", "Bow Bells", "Far Away Places", "On The 5.45" (a vocal version of "Twelfth Street Rag", with lyrics by Andy Razaf), "Powder Your Face With Sunshine" (one of his biggest successes), "Lavender Blue (Dilly Dilly)", "A Strawberry Moon (In A Blueberry Sky)", "Everywhere You Go", "Clancy Lowered the Boom", "It Happened in Adano", "A Rose in a Garden of Weeds", "I'll String Along with You" and "Down in the Glen".
Peers found a favourable audience in Australia. In 1950 alone he placed the following 12 songs into Australia's Top 20: "Music! Music! Music! (Put Another Nickel In)", "I Told Them All About You", "(If I Knew You Were Comin') I'd Have Baked a Cake", "Harry Lime Theme", "Twenty Four Hours of Sunshine", "Dearie", "Tennessee Waltz", "Enjoy Yourself (It's Later Than You Think)", "Oh, You Sweet One", "Rolling 'Round the World", "My Golden Baby", and "Daddy's Little Girl".
Donald Peers' Touring and TV Appearances
Donald toured in variety, building up quite a following in the provinces, and, in 1948, after a big break on BBC Radio, became a West End star. Henry Hall booked him with Billy Russell and Norman Wisdom for a new show called Buttons & Bows in 1949 and, in the same year, he performed his one-man show at the Royal Albert Hall and the London Palladium.
Peers appeared in the 1950 Royal Variety Performance. He was given his own radio show, Cavalier of Song, and had hits with, "On a Slow Boat to China". In the early 1960's Peers was given his own television programme, Donald Peers Presents, and, in that programme, he introduced Tom Jones and also scientist and writer Brian J. Ford, this time playing boogie piano.
Donald Peers in Film
Donald appeared in several films including, The Balloon Goes Up (1942) and Sing Along with Me (1952), and continued recording with songs such as, "The Last Mile Home", "Dear Hearts and Gentle People", "Out of a Clear Blue Sky", "Music! Music! Music!", "Dearie", "I Remember the Cornfields", "Beloved, Be Faithful", "Me and My Imagination", "Mistakes", "In a Golden Coach" (a celebratory number for the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II), "Is It Any Wonder" and "Changing Partners".
Donald Peers' Later Hits
After several years at the top, Peers left for Australia, where he stayed for two years. When he returned to the UK in 1968, his fans had all but forgotten him, and he had to work back to stardom via the club circuit, which had taken over from the variety theatres.
He made a comeback with "Please Don't Go" (a ballad set to the tune of Offenbach's "Barcarolle" from The Tales of Hoffmann), which reached No. 3 in the UK Singles Chart in 1969. This was followed by a string of singles and albums by Peers, but it was not until 1972 that he had another hit record with "Give Me One More Chance", which reached the UK Top 40.
Donald Peers - The Later Years
Donald Peers often sat in the garden of his Surrey home playing ukulele and singing while his wife and daughter worked on the plants in the garden.
Peers died at the age of 65 in a Hove nursing home on the 9th. August 1973. The Brighton & Hove Gazette and Herald announced his demise.
Donald was cremated in the Downs Crematorium, Brighton. His memorial tablet in the Garden of Remembrance, now weather-beaten, reads:
'Donald Peers, August 1973,
Loved by Kates, "In a Shady
Nook by a Babbling Brook"'.
Introduction
It was very sad news indeed last Sunday to hear of the death of David R Smith, former Provost and Convenor. Our sympathies go to David’s wife and family.
As many of you will know, Margot Russell arranged for me to meet with David at the start of the Dalkeith Burns Monument Campaign – a meeting that helped a great deal with the research on the monument and its history. Indeed, it was a paper of David’s published in 1980 that helped inspire that campaign at the outset. He was a great support and inspiration to me with the work that followed and, despite his deteriorating health, he wrote to me on a number of occasions with further information and photographs. On the day before the unveiling of the restored and repositioned Burns fountain, he called me and offered he some last-minute and very welcome advice and encouragement. I will always be grateful to him for that.
From the start of the Burns Campaign through to the subsequent establishment of Dalkeith: Historic Town, it is actually David’s work on the town’s history that we return to time and time again. Without David, much of Dalkeith’s history would have gone untold and, in many ways, the Dalkeith: Historic Town page stands as a tribute to him and his work.
However, from what I know, David’s life seems in large part characterised by a devotion to Dalkeith and its people. On that point, I am pleased to record his story on this page. In what follows, I have recorded the highlights of his life, as he himself recorded them in biographical notes which Margot has passed to me. To these notes, I have added some detail from my own research on his life and career. I think you’ll see that, like Dalkeith, he had a full, fascinating and rich history.
David R Smith, thank you for all that you’ve given to the town in so many different ways.
Some Biographical Details
He was born in a farm cottage at Borthwick Mains on 11 April 1930 but lived in Dalkeith from infancy. He was educated at Dalkeith High School. After school, he took up employment as an office boy in a leading Edinburgh firm of Charted Accountants and was soon to be promoted into the audit staff. Between 1948 and 1950, he did National Service in the Royal Air Force. In 1950, he joined the internal audit staff of the Regional Hospital Board where he remained until 1958. From there, he was employed by the National Coal Board; firstly, in the Finance Department and then with the Marketing Department where he had special responsibilities for the promotion of good relations with local authorities.
Political Development
At school, David took a keen interest in the Second World War. This led to an interest in politics. During the 1945 election campaign he attended mass rallies in Edinburgh addressed by leading Labour politicians. He assisted in the North Midlothian Labour committee rooms. At 16 years of age, he joined the Labour Party. By the age of 20, he was chairman of the Dalkeith branch. At this time, David could be found sitting in the public benches of meetings of the Town Council. Unexpectedly, a vacancy on the council occurred in 1951 when Baillie A K Wilson resigned for health reasons. David was asked to accept it. It was the custom to fill vacancies by co-option at this time but David insisted that there be an election. It was the first by-election in the history of the town and he went on to win it in February 1952. At just 21 years, he had become the youngest councillor in Scotland. He was appointed the chairman of the Health Committee and played a leading part in the closure of insanitary lodging houses as well as a sub-standard slaughter-house.
Outwith the Council, he joined the Leith section of the Labour League of Youth and took part in political debates and social events. A keen intellect, he had interests in biology, philosophy and astronomy but also contributed to Socialist periodicals and was on the Editorial Board of a left-wing newspaper. His awareness of global politics was sharp and in 1951 he was reported to have “floored his opponent” in a public debate on the Khrushchev ‘anti-Stalin’ disclosures.
On the Council, he had a number of key positions before 1965 when he became the Provost. He served in that capacity until 1975 when the re-organisation of local government took place. He was then appointed the Convenor of the Midlothian District Council, a position he held for six years.
During his time as Provost, the town made remarkable progress. The municipal housing programme was very much expanded with an improvement in the quality, the shopping centre was transformed to present new opportunities, new social facilities such as a community centre, library and arts centre were introduced and many community organisations were established. The Saltire Society awarded the town the title of being the most lively small burgh in Scotland. Before the new shopping centre was opened, the centre of the town was congested with unfit and derelict properties.
County Council Conflict & Labour Party Expulsion
In 1959, David and a colleague on the Town Council were expelled from the Labour Party for publicly condemning the Council’s policy for the placing of building contracts. They alleged that a particular building form was being favoured in dubious circumstances. The two councillors called for a public inquiry and a police investigation. Despite great pressure, they refused to withdraw their allegations and were willing to face a libel charge if need be. As it turned out, their campaign spread into other areas as it became clear that in many parts of Scotland the contractor was using irregular methods for the gaining of contracts.
In Dalkeith, the expulsions caused a major upheaval in the ranks of Labour. There was a mass resignation from the local branch which led to the formation of the Dalkeith Independent Labour Party. The official branch of the Party was reformed by the Scottish Office of Labour and the local elections over the following few years were fought between the two parties. The local electorate gave overwhelming support to the rebels. Official Labour came to recognise that there was no future for it without the re-admission of the Independents. The expelled councillors had stated at the outset that they would seek a return to the Labour Party but on no account would they retreat from their allegations. They contended that persons in high places obstructed the efforts to investigate.
The position was different in the North-East of England where similar contracts arrangements were in operations involving the same builder. The Ministry of Housing intervened to cancel a contract. A few years later the Chairman of the Dundee Housing Committee went to prison for accepting bribes from the contractor - the subject of the Dalkeith allegations – who was heavily fined and the Lord Provost was placed under suspicion. Arising from findings arising from a Royal Commission into the standards of public life, the authorities became much more inclined to probe into questionable building practices. The Dalkeith allegations were ahead of their time.
Following readmission to the Labour Party, David entered into new fields. He became the Chairman of the Midlothian Constituency Labour Party – a position which he occupied for a few years. He also moved up the ladder as a member of the County Council. He was one of five members that the Town Council had on the County Council. He had entered the County Council to better conduct his campaign against suspect building contracts. He forced open debates with the result that a number of the other councillors began to realise that there was something not right with contract arrangements. After his rehabilitation he became the Chairman of the Planning Committee. Working closely with the more progressive officers, he urged the Committee to make full use of its powers. Until then it had been mainly a negative force, confining its operations to dealing with planning applications from outside parties. It now began to exercise a programme for change. A Country Park at Almondell was designated, and a lesser one at Roslin. Walks were created along the Union Canal and disused railway lines were put to a similar purpose. The Chairman of the Planning Committee insisted that the Committee members try them out themselves before expecting the public to use them. As Chairman, he also provided a lead in creating conservation areas in some of the older communities. Before the County Council was abolished in 1975, he was elected by his colleagues as Vice-Convenor of that body.
Potential Parliamentary Candidate
In 1966, delegates of the Midlothian Constituency Labour party met to adopt a parliamentary candidate. There were six nominees, including David. The successful candidate, Alex Eadie, had been sponsored by the Scottish Miners’ Union which had considerable voting power amongst the delegates. David came a close second.
Work with Other Public Bodies
After becoming a town councillor, David was the means of setting up a Dalkeith Old People’s Welfare Committee with the primary object of building a centre for the exclusive use of the elderly. It was achieved within a new medical centre.
He was keen to promote an interest in the arts and thought that a building for that purpose should be erected. After the provision had been made, he played a leafing part in the formation of a lively Arts Guild.
He was a member of the Lothian Building Trust which saved a row of cottages on London Road from destruction.
He was also a founder-member of the St Nicholas Apse Trust which raised funds to enhance and protect part of the structure of the old parish church.
He was invited to serve on the Dalkeith Business Renewal Trust which assisted in the renovation of properties in the town’s conservation area.
For a period, he was Chairman of Voluntary Action which gave support to groups operating in the voluntary sector. A success story was its operation of the Woodburn Day Care Centre.
For some years he was also a Chairman of Midlothian Local Health Council which reviewed the quality and adequacy of local NHS services.
David was also a strong advocate of independent working-class education and was the driving force behind the formation of the Esk Valley branch of the Workers Education Association and was its chairman for the duration of its existence. The body ran a wide range of subjects such as foreign policy, economic issues, painting, music, the practice of government, the conservation of the countryside and threats to the environment.
In keeping with his thoughts on independent education, he became a Governor of Newbattle Abbey College and remained one for over 20 years, completing his service as chairman of the Finance Committee. He experienced the decision of the Secretary of State to withdraw funding, plunging the College into a critical situation. The Board was compelled to introduce many new ways to finance a continuation of study courses, made more difficult by the need to protect a building of outstanding historic importance. The College resumed its role with a new team of management personnel. In addition to his position as Governor, David did much to reveal the history of the building, giving many lectures to visitors.
Twinning
In 1960, the Town Council concluded a friendship agreement with Jarnac, a town in France. David supported the twinning arrangement from the outset and joined a Committee that was set up in order to further its aim of harmony between nations. As Provost in 1965, he presided over a ceremony to officially open Jarnac Court in the centre of Dalkeith. He took an active part in many subsequent activities.
The success of twinning between towns inspired in Midlothian County Council to consider the possibility of a similar union with counties in Europe. In due course, a charter of friendship was signed with a county of Germany and one in Hungary. As a means of promoting cultural exchanges, a Midlothian Twinning Association was formed. As chairman of the association for a number of years, David development many for the success of the partnerships, the principal one being the Festival of Friendship which every two years brought together the three counties in a display of music, dance and sport. In recognition of his personal contribution, Jarnac made him a Freeman of the town and the Hungarian county presented him with a special honour.
Dalkeith History Society
David founded the Dalkeith History Society in 1973 after enlisting the support of the Town Council. It was thought that the identity of the town would be weakened by its integration into a wider framework of local government. A Society would help to preserve Dalkeith’s historic background and character. The Council gave a substantial grant to the Society to encourage local research. A great deal has been done by the Society to justify its terms of reference.
In addition to municipal affairs, David devoted the bulk of his time to the research of the burgh’s past. Much of the Buccleuch papers had never been touched until David examined them. This enabled him to write various booklets on aspects of local history. He also produced numerous articles for the local newspaper and delivered lectures to local groups. In 2019, a selection of his articles originally published in the Advertiser was published entitled Dalkeith – Aspects of this history of a Scottish burgh.
Other Political Activities
David’s political involvement was not just confined to local government. In 1953, a freely elected government in British Guiana was overthrown by the British Government for wanting to nationalise the sugar industry. There was much protest and David became secretary of an Edinburgh Committee to present the facts. It arranged a public meeting which was addressed by the deposed Prime Minister and there was a large public attendance.
He was secretary of the Edinburgh branch of the Union of Democratic Control, a body set-up in the First World War to expose secret diplomacy and to campaign for an ethical foreign policy.
He was chairman of the Edinburgh branch of the Movement for Colonial Freedom which condemned colonial repression and injustice.
He was an active member of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and Chairman of the Midlothian Peace Committee.
He also took part in the Anti-apartheid Group.
Honours
In 1976, Prime Minister James Callaghan proposed to David that he recommend him for an Order of the British Empire (OBE). David politely refused the offer. While agreeing that there be a method of recognising service, he did not approve of the current system. Nor did he want to be associated with any empire.
In 1996, he accepted a decision of Midlothian District Council that he, like Nelson Mandela shortly before, became a Freeman of Midlothian.
Family
David developed a keen interest in the Hungarian Revolution in 1956. That year, he met refugees who came to Middleton Camp after the country’s revolt against the government. One of the refugees was a young girl called Kornelia. Two years later, he was able to enter the country as a tourist although the visit was tightly organised. At some risk, he visited Kornelia’s parents. There he met Edit who was later to become his wife. He made return visits which resulted in marriage in 1961. It was very difficult to get all the consents from the Hungarian government, some of the residents thinking it impossible. Much effort had its success. Edit and David have a son and a daughter.
IF YOU ARE INTERESTED IN DALKEITH HISTORY AND WOULD LIKE TO JOIN A NEW FACEBOOK PAGE WHICH CELEBRATES IT, PLEASE FOLLOW THE LINK.
This photograph was published in the Illustrated Chronicle 23 Aug 1916 p11
During the Great War the Illustrated Chronicle published photographs of soldiers and sailors from Newcastle and the North East of England, which had been in the news. The photographs were sent in by relatives and give us a glimpse into the past.
The physical collection held by Newcastle Libraries comprises bound volumes of the newspaper from 1910 to 1925. We are keen to find out more about the people in the photographs. If you recognise anyone in the images and have any stories and information to add please comment below.
Postcard published circa 1960's.
When launched in 1907 at Mare Island, in the burgeoning era of stream and the predecessors to the warships we know today, the construction of a steel barque for the US Navy must have seemed odd. The role, however, for the USS Intrepid was not as a vessel of war, but instead for training, which she did until 1912 when she became a receiving ship. She would fill that role, along with time as a barracks vessel, until being sold in 1921.
AT that point she was converted to the role of a barge, a capacity in which she would again enter the Navy as YSR-42, a sludge removal barge. Once that job was done, she would be sold again, and continued her barge service until 1954 when she went ashore on the Long Beach Peninsula, a grave she would never depart.
The reverse reads:
"Hull of former navy ship INTREPID wrecked on the Long Beach Peninsula in February 1954. It has since nearly disappeared in the sand.
Photo by Dick Powers.
Published by PHOTO'NEIL. Long Beach, Wash. 98631"
The Postcard
A Star Series postcard that was published by G. D. & D. of London. The card was printed in Bavaria.
The card was posted in Blackpool on Friday the 21st. June 1912 to:
Miss A. Ellis,
180, Cleveland Street,
Doncaster,
Yorks.
The message on the divided back of the card was as follows:
"Dear Ada,
Had a grand day
yesterday but showery
today.
We are having some
fun.
Love, Bert.
I will try and write that
letter on Sunday".
Blackpool
Blackpool is a seaside resort in Lancashire on the northwest coast of England. The town is by the Irish Sea, between the Ribble and Wyre rivers, and is 27 miles (43 km) north of Liverpool and 40 miles (64 km) northwest of Manchester.
At the 2011 census, Blackpool had a population of 139,720, making it the most populous settlement in Lancashire. It is home to the Blackpool Tower, which when built in 1894 was the tallest building in the British Empire.
Throughout the Medieval and Early Modern period, Blackpool was a coastal hamlet in Lancashire's Amounderness Hundred, and remained as such until the mid-18th. century, when it became fashionable in England to travel to the coast in the summer to improve well-being.
In 1781, visitors attracted to Blackpool's 7-mile (11 km) sandy beach were able to use a new private road, built by Thomas Clifton and Sir Henry Hoghton.
Stagecoaches began running to Blackpool from Manchester in the same year, and from Halifax in 1782. In the early 19th. century, Henry Banks and his son-in-law John Cocker erected new buildings in Blackpool, which increased its population from less than 500 in 1801 to over 2,500 in 1851. St John's Church in Blackpool was consecrated in 1821.
Blackpool rose to prominence as a major centre of tourism in England when a railway was built in the 1840's connecting it to the industrialised regions of northern England. The railway made it much easier and cheaper for visitors to reach Blackpool, triggering an influx of settlers.
By 1881, Blackpool was a booming resort with a population of 14,000 and a promenade complete with piers, fortune-tellers, public houses, trams, donkey rides, fish and chip shops, and theatres.
By 1901, the population of Blackpool was 47,000, by which time its place was cemented as the archetypal British seaside resort. By 1951, the town had grown to 147,000 people.
Shifts in tastes, combined with opportunities for British people to travel overseas, affected Blackpool's status as a leading resort in the late 20th. century. However its urban fabric and economy both remain relatively undiversified and firmly rooted in the tourism sector, and the borough's seafront continues to attract millions of visitors every year.
Blackpool's major attractions and landmarks include the Blackpool Tower, Blackpool Illuminations, Pleasure Beach, Blackpool Zoo, Sandcastle Water Park, the Winter Gardens and Blackpool Tramway, which is the UK's only surviving first-generation tramway.
Mary McCarthy
So what else happened on the day that Bert posted the card?
Well, the 21st. June 1912 marked the birth in Seattle, Washington of Mary Therese McCarthy. Mary was an American novelist, critic and political activist.
-- Mary McCarthy - The Early Years
Mary was born to Roy Winfield McCarthy and his wife, the former Martha Therese Preston. Mary was orphaned at the age of six when both her parents died in the flu epidemic of 1918.
She and her brothers, Kevin, Preston, and Sheridan, were raised in very unhappy circumstances by her Catholic father's parents in Minneapolis, Minnesota, under the direct care of an uncle and aunt she remembered for harsh treatment and abuse.
When the situation became intolerable, she was taken in by her maternal grandparents in Seattle. Her maternal grandmother, Augusta Morganstern, was Jewish, and her maternal grandfather, Harold Preston, a prominent attorney and co-founder of the law firm Preston Gates & Ellis, was Presbyterian. Her brothers were sent to boarding school.
McCarthy credited her grandfather, who helped draft one of the nation's first Workmen's Compensation Acts, with helping form her liberal views. McCarthy explores the complex events of her early life in Minneapolis and her coming of age in Seattle in her memoir, 'Memories of a Catholic Girlhood'. Her younger brother, actor Kevin McCarthy, went on to star in such movies as 'Death of a Salesman' (1951) and 'Invasion of the Body Snatchers' (1956).
Under the guardianship of the Prestons, McCarthy studied at the Forest Ridge School of the Sacred Heart in Seattle and Annie Wright Seminary in Tacoma, and went on to graduate in 1933 with an A.B. cum laude from Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York, where she was elected to Phi Beta Kappa.
-- Mary McCarthy's Literary Career
Her debut novel, 'The Company She Keeps', received critical acclaim as a succès de scandale, depicting the social milieu of New York intellectuals of the late 1930's with unreserved frankness.
After building a reputation as a satirist and critic, McCarthy enjoyed popular success when the 1963 edition of her novel 'The Group' remained on the New York Times Best Seller list for almost two years. Her work is noted for its precise prose and its complex mixture of autobiography and fiction.
Her feud with fellow writer Lillian Hellman formed the basis for the play 'Imaginary Friends' by Nora Ephron. The feud had simmered since the late 1930's over ideological differences, particularly the questions of the Moscow Trials and of Hellman's support for the 'Popular Front' with Stalin.
McCarthy provoked Hellman in 1979 when she famously said on The Dick Cavett Show: "Every word Hellman writes is a lie, including 'and' and 'the'."
Hellman responded by filing a $2.5 million libel suit against McCarthy, which ended shortly after Hellman died in 1984. Observers of the trial noted the resulting irony of Hellman's defamation suit is that it brought significant scrutiny, and decline of Hellman's reputation, by forcing McCarthy and her supporters to prove that she had lied.
-- Mary McCarthy's Beliefs as an Adult
McCarthy left the Catholic Church as a young woman when she became an atheist. In her contrarian fashion, McCarthy treasured her religious education for the classical foundation it provided her intellect, while at the same time she depicted her loss of faith and her contests with religious authority as essential to her character.
In New York, she moved in 'fellow-travelling' Communist circles early in the 1930's, but by the latter half of the decade she repudiated Soviet-style Communism, expressing solidarity with Leon Trotsky after the Moscow Trials, and vigorously countering playwrights and authors she considered to be sympathetic to Stalinism.
As part of the Partisan Review circle and as a contributor to The Nation, The New Republic, Harper's Magazine, and The New York Review of Books, she garnered attention as a cutting critic.
During the 1940's and 1950's she became a liberal critic of both McCarthyism and Communism. She maintained her commitment to liberal critiques of culture and power to the end of her life, opposing the Vietnam War in the 1960's and covering the Watergate scandal hearings in the 1970's.
-- Mary McCarthy's Opposition to the Vietnam War
In 1967 and 1968, McCarthy travelled to North and South Vietnam, to report on the war from an anti-war perspective. She documented her observations in two books, 'Vietnam', and 'Hanoi'.
Interviewed after her first trip, she declared on British television that there was not a single documented case of the Viet Cong deliberately killing a South Vietnamese woman or child. She wrote favourably about the Viet Cong.
McCarthy visited North Vietnam in March 1968, only a month after the Tet Offensive created havoc in South Vietnam. In her book, 'Hanoi', McCarthy provides a rare English-language description of life in North Vietnam during Vietnam's war with the United States. McCarthy describes an orderly society, in which everyone pitched in to help with the war effort. North Vietnam received advance warning of most bombing attacks, and McCarthy regularly had to take cover from American bombs.
McCarthy's visits to Vietnam generated some controversy. During her visit to North Vietnam, McCarthy met briefly with U.S. Air Force officer James Risner, who was being held as a prisoner of war by North Vietnam at the time.
Years later, after his release, Risner attacked McCarthy as not having recognized that he had been tortured by the North Vietnamese while in custody.
-- The Personal Life of Mary McCarthy
Mary married four times. In 1933 she married Harald Johnsrud, an actor and would-be playwright.
Her best-known spouse was the writer and critic Edmund Wilson, whom she married in 1938 after leaving her lover Philip Rahv, and with whom she had a son, Reuel Wilson.
In 1946 she married Bowden Broadwater, who worked for the New Yorker.
In 1961, McCarthy married career diplomat James R. West.
Although she broke ranks with some of her Partisan Review colleagues when they swerved toward conservative politics after World War II, she carried on lifelong friendships with Dwight Macdonald, Nicola Chiaromonte, Philip Rahv, F. W. Dupee and Elizabeth Hardwick.
Most prized of all was her close friendship with Hannah Arendt, with whom she maintained a sizeable correspondence widely regarded for its intellectual rigor.
After Arendt's passing, McCarthy became Arendt's literary executor from 1976 until her own death in 1989. McCarthy taught at Bard College from 1946 to 1947, and once again between 1986 and 1989.
-- The Death of Mary McCarthy
Mary died at the age of 77 of lung cancer on the 25th. October 1989, at New York–Presbyterian Hospital in New York City.
-- Film Portrayal of Mary McCarthy
In the 2012 German movie Hannah Arendt, Mary McCarthy is portrayed by Janet McTeer.
The Postcard
A postally unused postcard published prior to 1918 by J. Beagles & Co. of London E.C. The card was printed in England, and has a divided back.
The firm of J. Beagles & Co. was started by John Beagles (1844-1909). The company produced a variety of postcards including an extensive catalogue of celebrity (stage and screen) portrait postcards. After Beagle’s death, the business continued under its original name until it closed in 1939.
Although it was not posted, the card bears a recipient's name and address:
Miss C. Clancy,
Railway Tavern,
Liverpool Street.
There was also a message:
"Dear C,
Got such a lot in the
shop I want to buy.
Love Queenie".
Wilson Barrett
Wilson Barrett (born William Henry Barrett; 18th. February 1846 – 22nd. July 1904) was an English manager, actor, and playwright.
With his company, Barrett is credited with attracting the largest crowds of English theatregoers ever because of his success with melodrama, an instance being his production of 'The Silver King' (1882) at the Princess's Theatre of London.
The historical tragedy 'The Sign of the Cross' (1895) was Barrett's most successful play, both in England and in the United States.
According to Jacob Adler, Wilson Barrett was the most famous actor on the London stage of the 1880's.
Wilson Barrett - The Early Years
Barrett was born into a farming family in Essex. He is remembered as an actor of handsome appearance (despite his small stature) and with a powerful voice.
He made his first appearance on the stage at Halifax in 1864, and then played in the provinces alone and with his wife, Caroline Heath. They married in 1866, having two sons, Frank and Alfred, and three daughters, Ellen, Katherine and Dorothea (Dollie).
Barrett capitalized on his early success as an actor to start a career as a producer. After managerial experience at the Grand Theatre Leeds and elsewhere, in 1879 he took over the management of the Old Court theatre, where in the following year he introduced Madame Helena Modjeska to London in an adaptation of 'Maria Stuart', together with productions of 'Adrienne Lecouvreur', 'La Dame aux Camélias' and other plays.
In 1881, Barrett took over the recently refurbished Princess's Theatre, where his melodramatic productions enjoyed great success, with attendance being the highest ever for this theatre. There Barrett presented 'The Lights o' London', and then 'The Silver King', regarded as the most successful melodrama of the 19th century in England. It debuted on the 16th. November 1882, with Barrett as Wilfred Denver. He played this part for three hundred nights without a break, and repeated its success in W. G. Wills's 'Claudian'.
In 1885 he and Henry Arthur Jones produced 'Hoodman Blind', and in 1886 co-operated with Clement Scott in 'Sister Mary'. In 1886 Barrett left the Princess's Theatre, and in this same year he made a visit to America, repeated in later years.
In 1884 Barrett appeared in 'Hamlet', only to promptly return to melodrama. He was not to find much success in any Shakespearean role, except in the role of Mercutio in 'Romeo and Juliet'.
Though Barrett had occasional seasons in London, he acted chiefly in the provinces, with his company being one of the most successful of the decade, receiving a £2,000 average yearly profit just from the Grand Theatre Leeds. His brother and his nephew were part of the company, and his grandson later joined them,
His productions were not immune to accident. His melodrama 'Romany Rye' was scheduled to open at the Theatre Royal, Exeter on the 5th. September 1887. In the middle of the performance, gas lighting ignited some gauze, fire broke out backstage, and then the curtain collapsed.
Wilson Barrett - The Later Years
By the 1890's, the London stage was already coming under new influences, and Wilson Barrett's vogue in melodrama had waned, leaving him in financial difficulties. From 1894 he toured the United States, including the American and Knickerbocker theatres of Broadway.
Still there in 1895, Barrett found fortune again with a production which would effectively become his most successful, the historical tragedy 'The Sign of the Cross'—which was originally produced in the United States at the Grand Opera House, St. Louis, Missouri on the 28th. March 1895.
It also played in the United Kingdom, at the Grand Theatre, Leeds, on the 26th. August 1895; in London, at the Lyric Theatre, London on the 4th. January 1896; and in Australia, at Her Majesty's Theatre, Sydney on the 8th. May 1897.
Barrett played Marcus Superbus, an old Roman patrician who falls in love with a young woman, Mercia (originally played by Maud Jeffries) and converts to Christianity for her, both sacrificing their lives in the arena to the lions.
The plot in some ways strongly resembles the contemporary novel Quo Vadis, and it may have been an unofficial adaptation of it, though Barrett never acknowledged this.
The theatre was crowded with audiences largely composed of people outside the ordinary circle of playgoers, shepherded by enthusiastic local clergymen. Barrett tried to repeat this success with more plays of a religious type, though not with equal effect, and several of his later attempts were failures.
At the turn of the century he co-founded the company which became Waddingtons, originally as a theatre-focused printing firm.
Death of Wilson Barrett
Wilson Barrett died in Liverpool, on the 22nd. July 1904. Thanks largely to the success of the Sign of the Cross, he left £57,000, even after periods of relative failure, mainly during his later years managing the Old Court Theatre.
Barrett's Grandson
His grandson, also named Wilson Barrett, became an actor- director with the Brandon-Thomas Company before starting his own repertory in 1939, the Wilson Barrett Company, which based itself in Edinburgh's Lyceum, the Alhambra Theatre Glasgow, and for a time in Aberdeen. It also performed on television, at the Edinburgh International Festival and, by invitation, in South Africa. The company was retired in 1954.
Historical Records
Barrett's descendants placed the majority of Wilson Barrett's papers at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas in Austin. Over thirty boxes of materials include manuscript works by Barrett, business and personal correspondence, extensive financial records and legal agreements, as well as photographs, playbills and programs relating to Barrett's productions, and Barrett and Heath family papers.
Additional Wilson Barrett materials at the Ransom Center include letters by Barrett located in the literary manuscript collections of Richard Le Gallienne, John Ruskin, William Winter, and Robert Lee Wolff. The B. J. Simmons Co. costume design records include the company's renderings for 'The Sign of the Cross'. A marked script of Barrett's 'The Manxman' can be found in the Playscripts and Promptbooks Collection.
The British Library, the Folger Shakespeare Library, and the University of Leeds Special Collections Library each have a substantial number of letters by Wilson Barrett. The Victoria & Albert Museum Theatre and Performance Archives holds designs by Edward William Godwin for Barrett's productions of 'Juana', 'Claudian', 'Hamlet', 'Junius', and 'Clito'.
The papers of Wilson Barrett the younger (1900-1981), a grandson of Wilson Barrett who was also an actor-manager and toured with his own Wilson Barrett Company, are located in the Scottish Theatre Archive at the University of Glasgow.
Postcard photographer Fernand Fleury (FF) published the “Tout Paris” series of Parisian views with a particular interest in views of stations, railways and the Paris Métro, beginning in 1903. He employed the collotype method of printing, capable of producing sharp imagery which served him well when he launched the first of many series of locomotive portraits in the same year. The preference was for side-on or three quarter compositions giving them the appearance of record photos that conveyed little of the atmosphere of the steam railway. There are exceptions and these are the ones I seek out - the presence of a loco crew and maintenance workers (les cheminots) often animates an otherwise dull image. This example is a 4-6-0 express passenger locomotive belonging to the Chemin de Fer du Nord, built in 1923-24.
The Postcard
A postcard published by the London View Co. Ltd. The card was posted in Brighton on Friday the 25th. December 1908 to:
Mrs. Norris,
73, Southampton Street,
Reading,
Berks.
The message on the divided back of the card was as follows:
"Dear Mrs. Norris,
Just a p.c. to remind you
of dear old Brighton.
Wishing you a jolly Xmas
and a prosperous New
Year.
Yours as ever,
E. Colin".
The Old Steine
The Old Steine is a thoroughfare in central Brighton, East Sussex. The southern end leads to Marine Parade, the Brighton seafront and the Palace Pier. The Royal Pavilion is located immediately to the north of the Old Steine.
The word Steine comes from the Old English stoene, meaning 'Stony Place'. The name comes from the number of large sarsen stones which once lay in the area. Many of the stones can still be seen at the base of the Steine's Victoria Fountain, where they were placed when it was built in 1823. You can see the fountain in the photograph.
The Old Steine was originally an open green with a stream running adjacent to the easternmost dwellings of Brighthelmstone. The area was used by local fishermen to lay out and dry their nets.
When Brighton started to become fashionable in the late 18th. century, the area became the centre for visitors. Building around the area started in 1760, and railings started to appear around the green area in the 1770's, reducing its size. This continued throughout the 19th century. The eastern lawns of the Royal Pavilion were also originally part of the Old Steine.
Dr. Richard Russell, whose 1750 paper on the health benefits of sea water helped to popularise Brighton, had a house built on the Old Steine in 1759; the site is now occupied by the Royal Albion Hotel.
Maria Fitzherbert
Maria Fitzherbert lived in Steine House on the west side of the Old Steine from 1804 until her death in 1837.
Maria Anne Fitzherbert (née Smythe, 26th. July 1756 – 27th. March 1837) was a long-time companion of George IV of the United Kingdom before he became king.
In 1785, they secretly contracted a marriage that was invalid under English civil law because his father, King George III, had not consented to it.
Maria was a Roman Catholic which meant that had the marriage been approved and valid, George would have lost his place in the line of succession, because the law at the time forbade Catholics or spouses of Catholics from becoming monarch.
However, her nephew-in-law from her first marriage, Cardinal Weld, persuaded Pope Pius VII to declare the marriage sacramentally valid.
Quentin Crisp
So what else happened on the day that the card was posted?
Well, the 25th. December 1908 marked the birth in Sutton, Surrey of Quentin Crisp. Quentin, who was born Denis Charles Pratt; 25 December 1908 – 21 November 1999) was an English writer, raconteur and actor. He also served as an artist's model. His most notable work was 'The Naked Civil Servant'.
Growing up in a conventional suburban background, Crisp wore make-up and painted his nails from an early age. During his teenage years he worked briefly as a rent-boy.
He then spent 30 years as a professional model for life-classes in art colleges.
The interviews he gave about his unusual life attracted increasing public curiosity, and he was soon sought after for his very personal views on social manners and the cultivating of style.
His one-person stage show was a long-running hit both in Britain and America, and he also appeared in films and on TV.
At the age of ninety, Crisp came to the realisation that he was a trans woman rather than a gay man. In 'The Last Word', published posthumously, Crisp said:
"The only thing in my life I have wanted
and didn't get was to be a woman. It will
be my life's biggest regret.
If the operation had been available and
cheap when I was young, say when I was
twenty-five or twenty-six, I would have
jumped at the chance. My life would have
been much simpler as a result".
Crisp defied convention by criticising both gay liberation and Diana, Princess of Wales, especially during her attempts to gain public sympathy following her divorce from Prince Charles. He stated:
"I always thought Diana was such trash and
got what she deserved. She was Lady Diana
before she was Princess Diana so she knew
the racket.
She knew that royal marriages have nothing
to do with love. You marry a man and you stand
beside him on public occasions, and you wave
and for that you never have a financial worry
until the day you die."
Following Diana's death in 1997, he commented that it was perhaps her "fast and shallow" lifestyle that led to her demise:
"She could have been Queen of England –
and she was swanning about Paris with
Arabs. What disgraceful behaviour! Going
about saying she wanted to be the Queen
of Hearts.
The vulgarity of it is so overpowering."
The Death of Quentin Crisp
Quentin died of a heart attack at the age of 90 on the 21st. November 1999 in Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Manchester.
The Postcard
A postcard published by Sunny South Photographers, D.&W.,B. They state on the back of the card: 'British Manufacture Throughout'.
The card was posted in Curry Rivel on Thursday the 6th. July 1933 to:
Mrs. Goozee,
152, Leighton Road,
Kentish Town,
London NW.
The message on the back of the card was as follows:
"Curry Rivel.
My Dear Blanche & All,
Thought you would like a
card from us.
We are having grand weather,
but it's soon getting to
Saturday now.
We have had two days at
Weymouth, and yesterday we
went to Burnham for the day.
Hope you are all well.
Love from us both,
Midge".
Dachau Concentration Camp
So what else happened on the day that Midge posted the card?
Well, on the 6th. July 1933, the German National People's Party was dissolved.
The coalition government of the German National People's Party and the the National Socialist German Worker's Party (Nazi Party) established the first concentration camp to be built by Nazi Germany - Dachau.
Dachau opened on the 22nd. March 1933. The camp was initially intended to intern Hitler's political opponents who consisted of communists, social democrats, and other dissidents.
The camp was located in the grounds of an abandoned munitions factory northeast of the medieval town of Dachau, about 16 km (10 mi) northwest of Munich in the state of Bavaria, in southern Germany.
After its opening by Heinrich Himmler, its purpose was enlarged to include forced labor, and, eventually, the imprisonment of Jews, Romani, German and Austrian criminals, and, finally, foreign nationals from countries that Germany occupied or invaded.
The Dachau camp system grew to include nearly 100 sub-camps, which were mostly work camps or Arbeitskommandos, and were located throughout southern Germany and Austria.
The main camp was liberated by U.S. forces on the 29th. April 1945.
Prisoners lived in constant fear of brutal treatment and terror detention, including standing cells, floggings, the so-called tree or pole hanging, and standing at attention for extremely long periods in very cold weather.
There were 32,000 documented deaths at the camp, and thousands that were never documented. Approximately 10,000 of the 30,000 remaining prisoners were sick at the time of liberation.
General Overview
Dachau served as a prototype and model for the other German concentration camps that followed. Almost every community in Germany had members taken away to these camps. Newspapers continually reported:
"The removal of the enemies of
the Reich to concentration camps."
As early as 1935, a jingle went around:
"Lieber Herr Gott,
Mach mich stumm,
Das ich nicht nach Dachau komm".
This translates as:
"Dear God,
Make me dumb,
That I may not to Dachau come".
('Dumb' means 'Silent' in this context.)
The camp's layout and building plans were developed by Commandant Theodor Eicke, and were applied to all later camps. He devised a separate, secure camp near the command center, which consisted of living quarters, administration and army camps.
Eicke became the chief inspector for all concentration camps, responsible for organizing others according to his model.
The Dachau complex included the prisoners' camp which occupied approximately 5 acres, and the much larger area of SS training school including barracks, factories plus other facilities of around 20 acres.
The entrance gate used by prisoners carries the phrase "Arbeit macht frei" which translates as "Work shall set you free". This phrase was also used in several other concentration camps such as Theresienstadt and Auschwitz.
Dachau was the concentration camp that was in operation the longest, from March 1933 to April 1945, nearly all twelve years of the Nazi regime. Dachau's close proximity to Munich, where Hitler came to power and where the Nazi Party had its official headquarters, made Dachau a convenient location.
From 1933 to 1938, the prisoners were mainly German nationals detained for political reasons. After Kristallnacht, 30,000 male Jewish citizens were deported to concentration camps. More than 10,000 of them were interned in Dachau.
As the German military occupied other European states, citizens from across Europe were sent to concentration camps. Subsequently, the camp was used for prisoners of all sorts, from every nation occupied by the forces of the Third Reich.
In the postwar years, the camp continued in use. From 1945 through 1948, the camp was used by the Allies as a prison for SS officers awaiting trial.
After 1948, when hundreds of thousands of ethnic Germans were expelled from eastern Europe, it held Germans from Czechoslovakia until they could be resettled.
It also served as a military base for the United States, which maintained forces in the country. The camp finally closed in 1960. At the insistence of survivors, various memorials have been constructed and installed there.
Statistics vary but they are in the same general range. It will never be known exactly how many people were interned or murdered there, due to periods of disruption.
One source gives a general estimate of over 200,000 prisoners from more than 30 countries during Nazi rule, of whom two-thirds were political prisoners, including many Catholic priests, and nearly one-third were Jews.
25,613 prisoners are believed to have been murdered in the camp and almost another 10,000 in its subcamps, primarily from disease, malnutrition and suicide.
In late 1944, a typhus epidemic occurred in the camp caused by poor sanitation and overcrowding, and this caused more than 15,000 deaths. It was followed by an evacuation, in which large numbers of the prisoners died.
Toward the end of the war, death marches to and from the camp caused the deaths of numerous unrecorded prisoners.
After liberation, prisoners weakened beyond recovery by starvation continued to die. Two thousand cases of "the dread black typhus" had already been identified by the 3rd. May, and the U.S. Seventh Army was:
"Working day and night to alleviate
the appalling conditions at the camp".
Prisoners with typhus, a louse-borne disease with an incubation period from 12 to 18 days, were treated by the 116th. Evacuation Hospital, while the 127th. was the general hospital for the other illnesses.
Over the 12 years of use as a concentration camp, the Dachau administration recorded the intake of 206,206 prisoners and deaths of 31,951.
Crematoria were constructed to dispose of the deceased. Visitors may now walk through the buildings and view the ovens used to cremate bodies, which hid the evidence of many deaths.
It is claimed that in 1942, more than 3,166 prisoners in weakened condition were transported to Hartheim Castle near Linz, and were executed by poison gas because they were deemed unfit.
The gas chamber at Dachau bore a "Brausebad" sign, meaning "Shower Bath".
Between January and April 1945 11,560 detainees died at Dachau according to a U.S. Army report of 1945, though the Dachau administration registered 12,596 deaths from typhus at the camp over the same period.
Dachau was the third concentration camp to be liberated by British or American Allied forces.
History of the Camp
After the takeover of Bavaria on the 9th. March 1933, Heinrich Himmler, then Chief of Police in Munich, began to speak with the managers of an unused gunpowder and munitions factory.
Himmler toured the site to see if it could be used for quartering protective-custody prisoners. The concentration camp at Dachau was opened on the 22nd. March 1933, with the arrival of about 200 prisoners from Stadelheim Prison in Munich and the Landsberg fortress (where Hitler had written Mein Kampf during his own imprisonment).
Himmler announced that the camp could hold up to 5,000 people, and described it as "the first concentration camp for political prisoners" to be used to restore calm to Germany.
The press statement given at the opening stated:
"On Wednesday the first concentration camp is to be
opened in Dachau with an accommodation for 5000
people. All Communists and—where necessary—
Reichsbanner and Social Democratic functionaries who
endanger state security are to be concentrated here,
as in the long run it is not possible to keep individual
functionaries in the state prisons without overburdening
these prisons, and on the other hand these people
cannot be released because attempts have shown that
they persist in their efforts to agitate and organize as
soon as they are released."
Whatever the publicly stated purpose of the camp, the SS men who arrived there on the 11th. May 1933 were left in no illusion as to its real purpose by the speech that was given on that day by Johann-Erasmus Freiherr von Malsen-Ponickau:
"Comrades of the SS!
You all know what the Fuehrer has called us to do.
We have not come here for human encounters with
those pigs in there. We do not consider them human
beings, as we are, but as second-class people.
For years they have been able to continue their criminal
existence. But now we are in power. If those pigs had
come to power, they would have cut off all our heads.
Therefore we have no room for sentimentalism.
If anyone here cannot bear to see the blood of
comrades, he does not belong and had better leave.
The more of these pig dogs we strike down, the fewer
we need to feed."
Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals and emigrants were also sent to Dachau after the 1935 passage of the Nuremberg Laws which institutionalized racial discrimination.
In early 1937, the SS, using prisoner labor, initiated the construction of a large complex capable of holding 6,000 prisoners. The construction was completed in August 1938.
More political opponents, and over 11,000 German and Austrian Jews were sent to the camp after the annexation of Austria and the Sudetenland in 1938.
Sinti and Roma in the hundreds were sent to the camp in 1939, and over 13,000 prisoners were sent to the camp from Poland in 1940.
Representatives of the International Committee of the Red Cross inspected the camp in 1935 and in 1938, and documented the harsh conditions.
Investigation of the First Deaths in 1933
Shortly after the SS was commissioned to supplement the Bavarian police overseeing the Dachau camp, the first reports of prisoner deaths at Dachau began to emerge.
In April 1933, Josef Hartinger, an official from the Bavarian Justice Ministry, and physician Moritz Flamm, a part-time medical examiner, arrived at the camp to investigate the deaths in accordance with the Bavarian penal code.
The two men noted many inconsistencies between the injuries on the corpses and the camp guards' accounts of the deaths.
Over a number of months, Hartinger and Flamm uncovered clear evidence of murder, and compiled a dossier of charges against Hilmar Wäckerle, the SS commandant of Dachau, Werner Nürnbergk the camp doctor, and Josef Mutzbauer, the camp's chief administrator (Kanzleiobersekretär).
In June 1933, Hartinger presented the case to his superior, Bavarian State Prosecutor, Karl Wintersberger. Initially supportive of the investigation, Wintersberger became reluctant to submit the resulting indictment to the Justice Ministry, increasingly under the influence of the SS.
Hartinger accordingly reduced the scope of the dossier to the four clearest cases, and Wintersberger signed it, after first notifying Himmler as a courtesy.
The killings at Dachau suddenly stopped (temporarily); Wäckerle was transferred to Stuttgart and replaced by Theodor Eicke.
The indictment and related evidence reached the office of Hans Frank, the Bavarian Justice Minister, but was intercepted by Gauleiter Adolf Wagner and locked away in a desk, only to be discovered by the US Army.
In 1934, both Hartinger and Wintersberger were transferred to provincial positions. Dr. Flamm was no longer employed as a medical examiner, and was to survive two attempts on his life before his suspicious death in the same year.
Flamm's thoroughly gathered and documented evidence within Hartinger's indictment ensured that it achieved convictions of senior Nazis at the Nuremberg trials in 1947. Wintersberger's complicit behaviour is documented in his own evidence to the Pohl Trial.
Forced Labor
The prisoners of Dachau concentration camp originally were to serve as forced labor for a munition factory, and to expand the camp. It was used as a training center for the SS-Totenkopfverbände guards, and was a model for other concentration camps.
The camp was about 300 m × 600 m (1,000 ft × 2,000 ft) in rectangular shape. The prisoners' entrance was secured by an iron gate with the motto "Arbeit macht frei" ("Work will make you free"). This reflected Nazi propaganda, which described concentration camps as labor and re-education camps.
This was their original purpose, but the focus was soon shifted to using forced labor as a method of torture and murder. The original slogan was left on the gates.
As of 1938, the procedure for new arrivals occurred at the Schubraum, where prisoners had to hand over their clothing and possessions. One former Luxembourgian prisoner, Albert Theis, reflected about the room:
"There we were stripped of all our clothes.
Everything had to be handed over: money,
rings, watches. One was now stark naked".
The camp included an administration building that contained offices for the Gestapo trial commissioner, SS authorities, the camp leader and his deputies. These administration offices consisted of large storage rooms for the personal belongings of prisoners, the bunker, roll-call square where guards would also inflict punishment on prisoners (especially those who tried to escape).
There was also a canteen where prisoners served SS men with cigarettes and food, a museum containing plaster images of prisoners who suffered from bodily defects, the camp office, the library, the barracks, and the infirmary, which was staffed by prisoners who had previously held occupations such as physicians or army surgeons.
Operation Barbarossa
Over 4,000 Soviet prisoners of war were murdered by the Dachau commandant's guard at the SS shooting range located at Hebertshausen, two kilometers from the main camp, in the years 1941/1943. These murders were in clear violation of the provisions laid down in the Geneva Convention for prisoners of war.
The SS used the euphemism Sonderbehandlung ("Special Treatment") for these criminal executions. The first of these executions took place on the 25th. November 1941.
After 1942, the number of prisoners being held at the camp continued to exceed 12,000. Dachau originally held communists, leading socialists and other "enemies of the state", but over time, the Nazis began to send German Jews to the camp.
In the early years of imprisonment, Jews were offered permission to emigrate overseas if they "voluntarily" gave their property to enhance Hitler's public treasury.
Once Austria was annexed and Czechoslovakia was dissolved, the citizens of both countries became the next prisoners at Dachau.
In 1940, Dachau became filled with Polish prisoners, who continued to be the majority of the prisoner population until Dachau was officially liberated.
The prisoner enclosure at the camp was heavily guarded to ensure that no prisoners escaped. A 3-metre-wide (10 ft) no-man's land was the first marker of confinement for prisoners; an area which, upon entry, would elicit lethal gunfire from guard towers.
Guards tossed inmates' caps into this area, resulting in the death of the prisoners when they attempted to retrieve the caps. Despondent prisoners committed suicide by entering the zone.
A four-foot-deep and eight-foot-broad (1.2 × 2.4 m) creek, connected with the river Amper, lay on the west side between the "neutral-zone" and the electrically charged, and barbed wire fence which surrounded the entire prisoner enclosure.
In August 1944 a women's camp opened inside Dachau. The first shipment of women came from Auschwitz-Birkenau.
In the last months of the war, the conditions at Dachau deteriorated. As Allied forces advanced toward Germany, the Germans began to move prisoners from concentration camps near the front to more centrally located camps. They hoped to prevent the liberation of large numbers of prisoners.
Transports from the evacuated camps arrived continually at Dachau. After days of travel with little or no food or water, the prisoners arrived weak and exhausted, often near death. Typhus epidemics became a serious problem as a result of overcrowding, poor sanitary conditions, insufficient provisions, and the weakened state of the prisoners.
Owing to repeated transports from the front, the camp was constantly overcrowded, and the hygiene conditions were beneath human dignity. Starting from the end of 1944 up to the day of liberation, 15,000 people died, about half of all the prisoners held at Dachau.
Final Days of the Camp
As late as the 19th. April 1945, prisoners were sent to Dachau; on that date a freight train from Buchenwald with nearly 4,500 prisoners was diverted to Nammering.
SS troops and police confiscated food and water that local townspeople tried to give to the prisoners. Nearly three hundred dead bodies were ordered removed from the train, and carried to a ravine over 400 metres (1⁄4 mile) away.
The 524 prisoners who had been forced to carry the dead to this site were then shot by the guards, and buried along with those who had died on the train. Nearly 800 bodies went into this mass grave.
The train continued on to Dachau.
During April 1945, as U.S. troops drove deeper into Bavaria, the commander of Dachau suggested to Himmler that the camp be turned over to the Allies.
Himmler, in signed correspondence, prohibited such a move, adding that:
"No prisoners shall be allowed to
fall into the hands of the enemy
alive."
On the 24th. April 1945, just days before the U.S. troops arrived at the camp, the commandant and a strong guard forced between 6,000 and 7,000 surviving inmates on a death march from Dachau south to Eurasburg, then eastwards towards the Tegernsee. Any prisoners who could not keep up on the six-day march were shot. Many others died of exhaustion, hunger and exposure. Months later a mass grave containing 1,071 prisoners was found along the route.
Though at the time of liberation the death rate had peaked at 200 per day, after the liberation by U.S. forces the rate eventually fell to between 50 and 80 deaths per day.
In addition to the direct abuse of the SS and the harsh conditions, people died from typhus epidemics and starvation.
Between the years 1933 and 1945, more than 3.5 million Germans were imprisoned in such concentration camps or prison for political reasons.
Approximately 77,000 Germans were killed for one or another form of resistance by Special Courts, courts-martial, and the civil justice system. Many of these Germans had served in government, the military, or in civil positions, and these roles were thought to allow them to engage in subversion and conspiracy against the Nazis.
Organization of the Camp
Dachau was divided into two sections: the camp area and the crematorium. The crematorium was next to, but not directly accessible from within the camp, and was erected in 1942.
The camp area consisted of 32 barracks, including one for clergy imprisoned for opposing the Nazi regime, and one reserved for medical experiments.
The Dachau complex included other SS facilities beside the concentration camp—a leader school of the economic and civil service, the medical school of the SS, etc. The camp was originally called a "Protective Custody Camp," and occupied less than half of the area of the entire complex.
The courtyard between the prison and the central kitchen was used for the summary execution of prisoners. The camp was surrounded by an electrified barbed-wire fence, a ditch, and a wall with seven guard towers.
In early 1937, the SS, using prisoner labor, initiated construction of a large complex of buildings in the grounds of the original camp. The construction was completed in mid-August 1938, and the camp remained essentially unchanged and in operation until 1945. Dachau was therefore the longest running concentration camp of the Third Reich.
Medical Experimentation
Hundreds of prisoners suffered and died, or were executed in medical experiments conducted at Dachau, of which Sigmund Rascher was in charge.
Hypothermia experiments involved being immersed in vats of icy water, in some cases wearing Luftwaffe flying gear, or being strapped down naked outdoors in freezing temperatures.
Attempts at reviving the subjects included scalding baths, and forcing naked women to have sex with the unconscious victim.
There was extensive communication between the investigators and Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS, regarding the experiments, although the original records of the experiments were destroyed in an attempt to conceal the atrocities.
During 1942, "high altitude" experiments were conducted. Victims were subjected to rapid decompression to pressures found at 4,300 metres (14,100 ft), and experienced spasmodic convulsions, agonal breathing, and eventual death.
Agonal breathing is when someone who is not getting enough oxygen is gasping for air. It is not true breathing - it is a natural reflex that happens when your brain is not getting the oxygen it needs to survive. Agonal breathing is a sign that a person is near death.
A Camp of Many Colours
The camp was originally designed for holding German and Austrian political prisoners and Jews, but in 1935 it began to be used also for ordinary criminals. Inside the camp there was a sharp division between the two groups of prisoners; those who were there for political reasons, and the "professional" criminals, who has been sent there by the criminal courts.
The political prisoners who had been arrested by the Gestapo and were there because they disagreed with Nazi Party policies, or with Hitler, naturally did not consider themselves criminals.
Dachau was used as the chief camp for Christian (mainly Catholic) clergy who were imprisoned for not conforming with the Nazi Party line.
Poles constituted the largest ethnic group in the camp during the war, followed by Russians, French, Yugoslavs, Jews, and Czechs.
Many Poles met their deaths with the "invalid trains" sent out from the camp; others were liquidated in the camp and given bogus death certificates. Some died of cruel punishment for misdemeanors—beaten to death or run to exhaustion.
The average number of Germans in the camp during the war was 3,000. Just before the liberation many German prisoners were evacuated, but 2,000 of these Germans died during the evacuation transport.
Prisoners were divided into categories. At first, they were classified by the nature of the crime for which they were accused, but eventually were classified by the specific authority-type under whose command a person was sent to camp.
-- Those who were there for political reasons wore a red tag.
-- "Professional" criminals wore a green tag.
-- Cri-Po prisoners arrested by the criminal police wore a brown badge.
-- "Work-shy and asocial" people sent by the welfare authorities or the Gestapo wore a black badge.
-- Jehovah's Witnesses arrested by the Gestapo wore a violet badge.
-- Homosexuals sent by the criminal courts wore a pink badge.
-- Emigrants arrested by the Gestapo wore a blue badge.
-- "Race polluters" arrested by the criminal court or Gestapo wore badges with a black outline.
-- Second-termers arrested by the Gestapo wore a bar matching the color of their badge.
-- "Idiots" wore a white armband with the label Blöd (Stupid).
-- Romani wore a black triangle.
-- Jews, whose incarceration in the Dachau concentration camp dramatically increased after Kristallnacht, wore a yellow badge, combined with another color.
The Priest Barracks of Dachau Concentration Camp
In an effort to counter the strength and influence of spiritual resistance, Nazi security services monitored clergy very closely.
Priests were frequently denounced, arrested and sent to concentration camps, often simply on the basis of being "Suspected of activities hostile to the State" or that there was "Reason to suppose that his dealings might harm society".
Despite SS hostility to religious observance, the Vatican and German bishops successfully lobbied the regime to concentrate clergy in one camp, and obtained permission to build a chapel for the priests to live communally and for time to be allotted to them for their religious and intellectual activity.
Priest Barracks at Dachau were established in Blocks 26, 28 and 30, though only temporarily. 26 became the international block, and 28 was reserved for Poles – the most numerous group.
Of a total of 2,720 clergy recorded as imprisoned at Dachau, the overwhelming majority, some 2,579 (or 95%) were Catholic. Among the other denominations, there were 109 Protestants, 22 Greek Orthodox, 8 Old Catholics and Mariavites and 2 Muslims.
R. Schnabel's 1966 investigation, 'Die Frommen in der Hölle' ("The Pious Ones in Hell") found an alternative total of 2,771, and included the fate all the clergy listed, with 692 noted as deceased and 336 sent out on "invalid trainloads" and therefore presumed dead.
Over 400 German priests were sent to Dachau. Total numbers incarcerated are difficult to ascertain, for some clergy were not recognised as such by the camp authorities, and some—particularly Poles—did not wish to be identified as such, fearing they would be mistreated.
Priest Friedrich Hoffman testified at the trial of former camp personnel. He stated that hundreds of priests died at the camp after being exposed to malaria during Nazi medical experiments.
The Nazis introduced a racial hierarchy—keeping Poles in harsh conditions, while favoring German priests. Poles arrived in December 1941, and a further 500 of mainly elderly clergy arrived in October the following year. Inadequately clothed for the bitter cold, of this group, only 82 survived.
A large number of Polish priests were chosen for Nazi medical experiments. In November 1942, 20 were given phlegmons. A phlegmon is an inflammation of soft tissue that spreads under the skin or inside the body. It is usually caused by an infection, and generally produces pus.
120 priests were used by Dr. Schilling for malaria experiments between July 1942 and May 1944.
Dachau Staff
The camp staff consisted mostly of male SS, although 19 female guards served at Dachau as well, most of them until liberation. Female guards were also assigned to the Augsburg Michelwerke, Bureau, Kaufering, Mühldorf, and Munich Agfa Camera Werke subcamps.
Several Norwegians worked as guards at the Dachau camp.
In the major Dachau war crimes case (United States of America v. Martin Gottfried Weiss et. al.), forty-two officials of Dachau were tried from November to December 1945.
All 42 were found guilty – thirty-six of the defendants were sentenced to death on the 13th. December 1945, of whom 23 were hanged on the 28th.–29th. May 1946, including the commandant, SS-Obersturmbannführer Martin Gottfried Weiss, SS-Obersturmführer Freidrich Wilhelm Ruppert and camp doctors Karl Schilling and Fritz Hintermeyer.
Camp commandant Weiss admitted in affidavit testimony that:
"Most of the deaths at Dachau during my administration
were due to typhus, TB, dysentery, pneumonia, pleurisy,
and body weakness brought about by lack of food."
His testimony also admitted to deaths by shootings, hangings and medical experiments.
Ruppert ordered and supervised the deaths of innumerable prisoners at Dachau main and subcamps, according to the War Crimes Commission official trial transcript. He testified about hangings, shootings and lethal injections, but did not admit to direct responsibility for any individual deaths.
An anonymous Dutch prisoner contended that British Special Operations Executive (SOE) agent Noor Inayat Khan was cruelly beaten by SS officer Wilhelm Ruppert before being shot from behind; the beating may have been the actual cause of her death.
Satellite Camps and Sub-Camps of Dachau
Satellite camps under the authority of Dachau were established in the summer and autumn of 1944 near armaments factories throughout southern Germany to increase war production.
Dachau alone had more than 30 large subcamps, and hundreds of smaller ones, in which over 30,000 prisoners worked almost exclusively on armaments.
Overall, the Dachau concentration camp system included 123 sub-camps and Kommandos which were set up in 1943 when factories were built near the main camp to make use of forced labor of the Dachau prisoners.
Of the 123 sub-camps, eleven of them were called Kaufering. All Kaufering sub-camps were set up to specifically build three underground factories (Allied bombing raids made it necessary for them to be underground) for a project called Ringeltaube (wood pigeon). This was planned to be the location in which the German jet fighter plane, Messerschmitt Me 262, was to be built.
In the last days of war, in April 1945, the Kaufering camps were evacuated and around 15,000 prisoners were sent up to the main Dachau camp. Typhus alone was estimated to have caused 15,000 deaths between December 1944 and April 1945:
"Within the first month after the arrival of the American
troops, 10,000 prisoners were treated for malnutrition
and kindred diseases. In spite of this, one hundred
prisoners died each day during the first month from
typhus, dysentery or general weakness".
As U.S. Army troops neared the Dachau sub-camp at Landsberg on the 27th. April 1945, the SS officer in charge ordered that 4,000 prisoners be murdered. The windows and doors of their huts were nailed shut. The buildings were then doused with gasoline and set afire. Prisoners who were naked or nearly so were burned to death, while some managed to crawl out of the buildings before dying.
Earlier that day, as Wehrmacht troops withdrew from Landsberg am Lech, townspeople hung white sheets from their windows. Infuriated SS troops dragged German civilians from their homes and hanged them from trees.
The Winding-Down of the Camps
As the Allies began to advance on Nazi Germany, the SS began to evacuate the first concentration camps in the summer of 1944. Thousands of prisoners were killed before the evacuation due to illness or being unable to walk. At the end of 1944, the overcrowding, the unhygienic conditions and the lack of food rations became disastrous. In November a typhus fever epidemic broke out that took thousands of lives.
In the second phase of the evacuation, in April 1945, Himmler gave direct evacuation routes for the remaining camps. Prisoners who were from the northern part of Germany were to be directed to the Baltic and North Sea coasts to be drowned.
The prisoners from the southern part were to be gathered in the Alps, which was the location in which the SS wanted to resist the Allies. On the 28th. April 1945, an armed revolt took place in the town of Dachau. Both former and escaped concentration camp prisoners, and a renegade Volkssturm (civilian militia) company took part. At about 8:30 am the rebels occupied the Town Hall. The SS gruesomely suppressed the revolt within a few hours.
Being fully aware that Germany was about to be defeated in World War II, the SS invested its time in removing evidence of the crimes it had committed in the concentration camps. They began destroying incriminating evidence in April 1945, and planned on murdering the prisoners using codenames "Wolke A-I" (Cloud A-1) and "Wolkenbrand" (Cloud fire).
However, these plans were not carried out. In mid-April, plans to evacuate the camp started by sending prisoners toward Tyrol. On the 26th. April, over 10,000 prisoners were forced to leave the Dachau concentration camp on foot, in trains, or in trucks. The largest group of some 7,000 prisoners was driven southward on a foot-march lasting several days. More than 1,000 prisoners did not survive this march. The evacuation transports cost many thousands of prisoners their lives.
The Liberation of Dachau
On the 26th. April 1945, prisoner Karl Riemer fled the Dachau concentration camp to get help from American troops, and on the 28th. April Victor Maurer, a representative of the International Red Cross, negotiated an agreement to surrender the camp to U.S. troops.
That night a secretly formed International Prisoners Committee took over the control of the camp. American units commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Felix L. Sparks were ordered to secure the camp. On the 29th. April Sparks led part of his battalion as they entered the camp over a side wall.
At about the same time, Brigadier General Henning Linden led the 222nd. Infantry Regiment including his aide, Lieutenant William Cowling, to accept the formal surrender of the camp from German Lieutenant Heinrich Wicker at an entrance between the camp and the compound for the SS garrison.
Linden was traveling with Marguerite Higgins and other reporters; as a result, Linden's detachment generated international headlines by accepting the surrender of the camp.
More than 30,000 Jews and political prisoners were freed, and ever since 1945, adherents of the 42nd. and 45th. Division have argued over which unit was the first to liberate Dachau.
Satellite Camps Liberation
The first Dachau sub-camp to be discovered by advancing Allied forces was Kaufering IV, by the 12th. Armored Division on the 27th. April 1945. Sub-camps subsequently liberated by the 12th. Armored Division included: Erpting, Schrobenhausen, Schwabing, Langerringen, Türkheim, Lauingen, Schwabach, and Germering.
During the liberation of the sub-camps surrounding Dachau, advance scouts of the U.S. Army's 522nd. Field Artillery Battalion liberated the 3,000 prisoners of the "Kaufering IV Hurlach" slave labor camp:
"They found the camp afire and a stack of some four
hundred bodies burning ... American soldiers then
went into Landsberg and rounded up all the male
civilians they could find and marched them out to
the camp.
The former commandant was forced to lie amidst a
pile of corpses. The male population of Landsberg
was then ordered to walk by, and ordered to spit on
the commandant as they passed.
The commandant was then turned over to a group
of liberated camp survivors".
The 522nd's personnel later discovered the survivors of a death march headed generally southwards from the Dachau main camp to Eurasburg, then eastwards towards the Austrian border on the 2nd. May, just west of the town of Waakirchen.
Weather at the time of liberation was unseasonably cool; on the 2nd. May, the area received a snowstorm with 10 centimetres (4 in) of snow at nearby Munich. Proper clothing was still scarce, and film footage from the time (as seen in The World at War) shows naked, gaunt people either wandering on snow or dead under it.
Due to the number of sub-camps over a large area that comprised the Dachau concentration camp complex, many Allied units have been officially recognized by the United States Army Center of Military History and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum as liberating units of Dachau.
The Killing of Camp Guards at Dachau
A photograph taken by the U.S. Army on the 29th. April 1945 exists which appears to show an unauthorized execution of SS troops in a coal yard in the area of the Dachau concentration camp during its liberation—part of the Dachau liberation reprisals.
American troops killed some of the camp guards after they had surrendered. The number is disputed, as some were killed in combat, some while attempting to surrender, and others after their surrender was accepted. In 1989, Brigadier General Felix L. Sparks, the Colonel in command of a battalion that was present, stated:
"The total number of German guards killed at Dachau
during that day most certainly does not exceed fifty,
with thirty probably being a more accurate figure.
The regimental records of the 157th. Field Artillery
Regiment for that date indicate that over a thousand
German prisoners were brought to the regimental
collecting point.
Since my task force was leading the regimental attack,
almost all the prisoners were taken by the task force,
including several hundred from Dachau."
An Inspector General report resulting from a US Army investigation conducted between the 3rd. and 8th. May 1945 found that 21 plus "a number" of presumed SS men were killed, with others being wounded after their surrender had been accepted.
In addition, 25 to 50 SS guards were estimated to have been killed by the liberated prisoners. Lee Miller visited the camp just after liberation, and photographed several guards who were killed by soldiers or prisoners.
According to Sparks, court-martial charges were drawn up against him and several other men under his command, but General George S. Patton, who had recently been appointed military governor of Bavaria, chose to dismiss the charges.
Colonel Charles L. Decker, an acting deputy judge advocate, concluded in late 1945 that:
"While war crimes had been committed at Dachau
by Germany, certainly, there was no such systematic criminality among United States forces as pervaded
the Nazi groups in Germany."
American troops also forced local citizens to the camp to see for themselves the conditions there and to help bury the dead. Many local residents were shocked about the experience, and claimed no knowledge of the activities at the camp.
The Post-Liberation Easter
The 6th. May 1945 was the day of Pascha, Orthodox Easter. In a cell block used by Catholic priests to say daily Mass, several Greek, Serbian and Russian priests and one Serbian deacon, wearing makeshift vestments made from towels of the SS guard, gathered with several hundred Greek, Serbian and Russian prisoners to celebrate the Paschal Vigil. A prisoner described the scene:
"In the entire history of the Orthodox Church there
has probably never been an Easter service like the
one at Dachau in 1945.
Greek and Serbian priests together with a Serbian
deacon adorned the makeshift 'vestments' over their
blue and gray-striped prisoners' uniforms.
Then they began to chant, changing from Greek to
Slavic, and then back again to Greek.
The Easter Canon, the Easter Sticheras—everything
was recited from memory.
The Gospel—In the beginning was the Word—also
from memory. And finally, the Homily of Saint John—
also from memory.
A young Greek monk from the Holy Mountain stood
up in front of us and recited it with such infectious
enthusiasm that we shall never forget him as long as
we live. Saint John Chrysostomos himself seemed to
speak through him to us and to the rest of the world
as well!"
There is a Russian Orthodox chapel at the camp today, and it is well known for its icon of Christ leading the prisoners out of the camp gates.
After Liberation
Authorities worked night and day to alleviate conditions at the camp immediately following the liberation as an epidemic of black typhus swept through the prisoner population. Two thousand cases had already been reported by the 3rd. May.
By October of the same year the camp was being used by the U.S. Army as a place of confinement for war criminals, the SS and important witnesses. It was also the site of the Dachau Trials for German war criminals, a site chosen for its symbolism.
In 1948, the Bavarian government established housing for refugees on the site, and this remained for many years.
The Kaserne quarters and other buildings used by the guards were converted and served as the Eastman Barracks, an American military post. Since the closure of the Eastman Barracks in 1974, these areas are now occupied by the Bavarian Bereitschaftspolizei (rapid response police unit).
Deportation of Soviet Nationals
By January 1946, 18,000 members of the SS were being confined at the camp along with an additional 12,000 persons, including deserters from the Russian army and a number who had been captured in German Army uniform.
The occupants of two barracks rioted as 271 of the Russian deserters were to be loaded onto trains that would return them to Russian-controlled lands, as agreed at the Yalta Conference.
Inmates barricaded themselves inside two barracks. While the first was able to be cleared without too much trouble, those in the second building, set fire to it, tore off their clothing in an effort to frustrate the guards, and linked arms to resist being removed from the building.
Tear gas was used by the American soldiers before rushing the barrack, only for them to find that many had committed suicide. The American services newspaper Stars and Stripes reported:
“The GIs quickly cut down most of those who had
hanged themselves from the rafters. Those still
conscious were screaming in Russian, pointing first
at the guns of the guards, then at themselves,
begging to us to shoot.”
Ten of the soldiers were successful in their bid to commit suicide during the riot, while another 21 attempted suicide, apparently with razor blades. Many had "cracked heads" inflicted by 500 American guards, in the attempt to bring the situation under control.
Dachau in the Media
-- In his 2013 autobiography, 'Moose: Chapters from My Life', in the chapter entitled, "Dachau", author Robert B. Sherman chronicles his experiences as an American Army serviceman during the initial hours of Dachau's liberation.
-- In Lewis Black's first book, 'Nothing's Sacred', he mentions visiting the camp as part of his tour of Europe, and how it looked all cleaned up and spiffy, "like some delightful holiday camp", and only the crematorium building showed any sign of the horror that went on there.
-- In Maus, Vladek describes his time interned at Dachau, as well as other concentration camps. He describes the journey to Dachau in over-crowded trains, trading rations for other goods and favors to stay alive, and contracting typhus.
-- Frontline: "Memory of the Camps" (7 May 1985) is a 56-minute television documentary that addresses Dachau and other Nazi concentration camps.
The Postcard
A Comic Series novelty card published by Bamforth & Co. Ltd. of Holmfirth, Yorkshire. The artwork was by Fitzpatrick.
The card was posted in Scarborough on Sunday the 12th. August 1973 to:
Miss H. Fisher,
84, Huddersfield Road,
Skelmanthorpe,
Nr. Huddersfield,
Yorkshire.
The message on the other side of the card was as follows:
"We haven't had much sun
so far, so unlike you I won't
get as brown as a berry!
We went to see Lulu last
week at the Futurist - she is
really exciting.
Hope you are enjoying your
holiday, the time's flying isn't
it?
We have spent a lot of time
in Peasholm Park and the
amusements.
We got chased by a rabbit
last week.
That sounds funny doesn't it?
Actually it was a fella dressed
up.
Love from Celia".
The Futurist Theatre
The Futurist Theatre was a theatre and cinema located on Foreshore Road in Scarborough. It closed its doors on the 6th. January 2014 after the operators' lease expired.
The Futurist was built as a cinema in 1921. It remained in this role until 1958 when the stage was extended to allow live performances at the venue which included The Black and White Minstrel Show, the Beatles, Morecambe & Wise, Shirley Bassey, Ken Dodd and the Bachelors. (And of course, Lulu!)
The Futurist had the twelfth largest seating capacity (2,155) for a theatre in the country, and the fifth largest capacity outside London.
The Futurist has the misfortune of being located in an area earmarked for redevelopment, therefore its future looks far from promising.
Richard Reid - The Shoe Bomber
So what else happened on the day that Celia posted the card?
Well, the 12th. August 1973 marked the birth of Richard Colvin Reid, also known as the 'Shoe Bomber'.
He is a British terrorist who attempted to detonate a shoe bomb while on American Airlines Flight 63 from Paris to Miami in 2001.
Born to a father who was a career criminal, Reid converted to Islam as a young man in prison after years as a petty criminal. Later he became radicalised and went to Pakistan and Afghanistan, where he trained and became a member of al-Qaeda.
On the 22nd. December 2001, he boarded American Airlines Flight 63 between Paris and Miami, wearing shoes packed with explosives, which he unsuccessfully tried to detonate. Passengers subdued him on the plane, which landed at Logan International Airport in Boston, Massachusetts, the closest US airport.
He was arrested, charged, and indicted. In 2002, Reid pleaded guilty in U.S. federal court to eight criminal counts of terrorism, based on his attempt to destroy a commercial aircraft in flight. He was sentenced to three life terms plus 110 years in prison without parole, and was transferred to ADX Florence, a super maximum security prison in Colorado, United States.
Richard Reid - Background
Reid was born in Bromley to Lesley Hughes, who was of native English descent, and Colvin Robin Reid, a man of mixed race whose father was a Jamaican immigrant. When Reid was born, his father, a career criminal, was in prison for stealing a car.
Reid attended Thomas Tallis School in Kidbrooke, leaving at 16 and becoming a graffiti writer who was in and out of detention. He accumulated more than 10 convictions for crimes against persons and property. He served sentences at Feltham Young Offenders Institution and at Maidstone Prison.
The next time Reid was imprisoned, in 1992 for three years, for various street robberies, he converted to Islam.
The Islamic Radicalisation of Richard Reid
Upon his release from prison in 1995, he joined the Brixton Mosque. He later began attending the Finsbury Park Mosque in North London, headed at that time by the anti-American cleric Abu Hamza al-Masri, who was described as 'The heart of the extremist Islamic culture' in Great Britain.
By 1998 Reid was voicing extremist views. At the Finsbury Park Mosque he fell under the sway of 'terrorist talent spotters and handlers' allied with al-Qaeda, including Djamal Beghal, one of the leaders of the foiled plan for a 2001 suicide bombing of the American Embassy in Paris.
Reid spent 1999 and 2000 in Pakistan, and trained at a terrorist camp in Afghanistan.
The Attempted Bombing
Reid and Saajid Badat, another British man preparing to be a terrorist, returned to Pakistan in November 2001, and travelled overland to Afghanistan.
They were both given 'shoe bombs', casual footwear adapted to be covertly smuggled onto aircraft before being used to destroy them. Later forensic analysis of both bombs showed that they contained the same plastic explosive, and that the detonator cords had come from the same batch: the cut mark on Badat's cord exactly matched that on Reid's.
On the 21st. December 2001, Reid attempted to board a flight from Paris to Miami, Florida. His boarding was delayed because his dishevelled physical appearance had aroused the suspicions of the airline passenger screeners.
In addition, Reid did not answer all of their questions, and had not checked in any luggage for the transatlantic flight.
Additional screening by the French National Police resulted in Reid being re-issued a ticket for a flight on the following day. He returned to the Paris airport on the 22nd. December 2001, and boarded American Airlines Flight 63 from Paris to Miami, wearing his special shoes packed with plastic explosives in their hollowed-out bottoms.
During the flight, a passenger on Flight 63 complained of the smell of smoke in the cabin shortly after a meal service.
One flight attendant, Hermis Moutardier, thinking she smelled a burnt match, walked along the aisles of the plane, trying to assess the source. A passenger pointed to Reid, who was sitting alone near a window and attempting to light a match. Moutardier warned him that smoking was not allowed on the airplane. Reid promised to stop.
The Actions of Other Passengers on the Flight
A few minutes later, Moutardier found Reid leaned over in his seat. After she asked him what he was doing, Reid grabbed at her, revealing one shoe in his lap, a fuse leading into the shoe, and a lit match. Several passengers worked together to subdue the 6 foot 4 inch (193 cm) tall Reid weighting more than 200 pounds (over 90 kg).
They restrained him using plastic handcuffs, seatbelt extensions, leather waist belts and headphone cords. A doctor on board administered a tranquilliser which was found in the emergency medical kit of the airliner. The flight was immediately diverted to Logan International Airport in Boston, Massachusetts, the closest US airport.
The explosive apparently did not detonate due to the delay in the take-off of Reid's flight. The rainy weather, perhaps along with Reid's foot perspiration, caused the fuse to be too damp to ignite.
Legal Proceedings and Sentencing
Reid was arrested at Logan International Airport after the incident. Two days later, he was charged before a federal court in Boston with 'Interfering with the performance of duties of flight crew members by assault or intimidation', a crime which carries a penalty of up to 20 years in prison and a $250,000 fine. Additional charges were added when he was formally indicted by a grand jury.
The judge ordered Reid to be held in jail without bail, pending trial due to the gravity of the crimes and the perceived high risk that he would try to flee. Officials at the time indicated that Reid's shoes contained 10 ounces (283 g) of explosive material characteristic of C-4, enough to blow a hole in the fuselage and cause the plane to crash.
During a preliminary hearing on the 28th. December, an FBI agent testified that forensic analysis had identified the chemicals as PETN, the primary explosive, and TATP (triacetone triperoxide), a chemical needed to detonate the bomb with a fuse and match.
The Charges
Reid was charged with nine criminal counts related to terrorism, namely:
- Attempted use of a weapon of mass destruction,
- Attempted homicide,
- Placing or transporting an explosive or incendiary device on an aircraft or public mass transportation vehicle,
- 2 counts of interference with flight crew members and attendants on an aircraft
- Attempted destruction of an aircraft or public mass transportation vehicle
- Using a destructive device during and in relation to a crime of violence, and
- Attempted destruction of an aircraft
- Attempted wrecking of a mass transportation vehicle.
The ninth charge, attempted wrecking of a mass transportation vehicle, was dismissed on the 11th. June 2002, because the Congressional definition of 'vehicle' did not include aircraft.
The Guilty Plea
Reid pleaded guilty to the remaining eight counts on the 4th. October 2002. On the 31st. January 2003, he was sentenced by Judge William Young to the maximum of three consecutive life sentences and 110 years with no possibility of parole. Reid was also fined the maximum of $250,000 on each count, a total of $2 million.
A Comment From the Judge
During the sentencing hearing, Reid said he was an enemy of the United States, and in league with al-Qaeda. When Reid said he was a Soldier of God under the command of Osama bin Laden, Judge Young responded:
"You are not an enemy combatant,
you are a terrorist. You are not a
soldier in any army, you are a terrorist.
To call you a soldier gives you far too
much stature. (Points to U.S. flag).
You see that flag, Mr Reid? That is the
flag of the United States of America.
That flag will be here long after you
are forgotten".
Changes in Airline Security Procedures
As a result of these events, airlines started to require passengers to pass through airport security in socks or bare feet while their shoes are scanned for bombs.
Scanners cannot find PETN in shoes or strapped to a person. A chemical test is needed. However, X-rays are an effective way to see if the shoe has been altered to hold a bomb.
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Opening-act di Juliette and the Licks, il 6 giugno al Circolo Magnolia di Segrate a Milano, i Gambardellas.
I Gambardellas nascono nel 2012 come one-man-band dalla volontà di Mauro Gambardella, batterista già attivo da anni nella scena indipendente italiana (George Merk, The R’s, Paletti), che sentiva il bisogno e l’urgenza di intraprendere un progetto solista che lo rappresentasse pienamente.
La prima uscita discografica del nuovo progetto vede la luce nel febbraio 2013: “Sloppy Sounds”, album, co-prodotto dal produttore bergamasco Fabio “FabzTheDale” Dalè e dallo stesso Mauro e mixato dal noto produttore Fabio Trentini (Guano Apes), è la piena rappresentazione delle influenze e gusti musicali del suo creatore: un caleidoscopio di sonorità che vanno dal garage rock al power pop, una musica che da notevole importanza alla struttura delle canzoni e dove predominano ritornelli catchy. L’album ottiene ottimo riscontro sia dal pubblico che dalla critica e i video dei tre singoli si aggiudicano esclusive su alcuni dei più importanti siti nazionali: Flash (rockol.it), Tito (rollingstonemagazine.it) e Needs (xl.repubblica.it).
Nello stesso anno parte lo Sloppy Sounds Tour che porta i Gambardellas ad esibirsi in più di 40 concerti in Italia, aprendo anche live di: Ministri, Fast Animals and Slow kids, Il pan del Diavolo, King of the Opera e Aucan.
Nel settembre 2013 i Gambardellas diventano una band a tutti gli effetti grazie all’ingresso ufficiale tra le fila di Glenda Frassi (chitarra-cori) e Grethel Frassi (tastiere-cori), già presenti nella precedente formazione live. Nello stesso mese la nuova formazione entra all’IndieHub studio di Milano per registrare un nuovo lavoro: “Ashes” (BigWave Records), EP prodotto da Giovanni Spinotti (ex assistente di Bob Clearmountain) e dai Gambardellas, segna un importante punto di svolta sonora per la band e rappresenta una passaggio a una maggiore maturità compositiva di una band in continua crescita. Il sound del nuovo lavoro è più scuro del precedente ed è decisamente più scarno. Anche i testi risultano essere più critici e di denuncia, ambientazioni cupe e profonde, che si rispecchiano anche nell’immagine della band.
L’Ashes tour porta i Gambardellas, tra il 2014 ed il 2015, in tutta Italia ed in Europa per più di 60 date collezionando aperture prestigiose (tra le quali: Linea77, BudSpencerBluesExplosion, Brunori SAS, Boxerin Club, Maria Antonietta, Giuradei, Luminal) e a partecipazioni a manifestazioni di spicco italiane ed estere come il Woodstock Poland Festival (unici italiani a partecipare al festival che ha contato 750.000 presenze nel 2014 e una line up di tutto rispeto: Hatebreed, Skid Row, Volbeat) e il Milano Film Festival.
Terminato il tour europeo nel novembre 2015, i Gambardellas tornano in studio di registrazione per registrare il secondo full lenght della loro carriera. L’album viene registrato e prodotto presso gli UpStudios di Pavia nei mesi tra febbraio e maggio 2015. Attualmente la band è pronta a tornare on the road in attesa dell’uscita del nuovo album.
Mauro Gambardella: lead vocals, drums
Glenda Frassi: guitars, backing vocals
Grethel Frassi: backing vocals, keys
In the old days, the mill would have been turned around to get optimal wind by a horse hitched up to the wheel behind the mill. Today, the mill was turned by car power and man power. This was the first time they had the mill working for the season. Inside they will milling corn.
NHA Home - Historic Nantucket Articles
Originally published in the Historic Nantucket, Vol 44, no. 1 (Spring 1996), p. 128-129
The Old Mill : What we know about it and what we don't....
Editorial commentary by Elizabeth Oldham
When was it built and who built it?
IT APPEARS THAT 1746 REALLY IS THE YEAR the Old Mill was erected, even though an account in the I&M on 15 September 1905 reads: "The old windmill is of very ancient origin, but the exact date cannot be given." We've found it harder to irrefutably confirm that Nathan Wilbur was the builder. His name appears in the 1913 Harry Turner article for the I&M, in which Wilbur is referred to as "a Nantucket sailor who had visited Holland . . . and gained a knowledge of the methods . . . of employing wind-power for grinding grain. ..." But an undated, unsigned manuscript fragment in the NHA collection states: "A company of gentlemen contracted with a man by the name of Wilbur to build the mill. Mr. Wilbur on leaving the island, with money obtained for the contract, and after reaching [the] mainland was waylaid robbed & murdered." Further to that incident, Jane G. Austin's Nantucket Scraps (Boston and New York, 1892) has a local character saying "They wanted a windmill and they didn't know how to make one, and they got an off-islander, name of Wilbur, to make it, and like fools gave him the money beforehand. He went back to the continent for something— nails maybe, or maybe idees—and carried the money with him; some pirate or other got wind of it, and the first they knew down here, the man was robbed and murdered there on Cape Cod...."
What was used to build it?
TURNER ALSO REPEATS THE PERHAPS APOCRYPHAL record of the materials used to build the mill: "Oaken beams, washed ashore from wrecked vessels, furnished the material for the framework of the mill, while deck planking of white oak, still tough and as firm as when pinned into the vessel, was available for the exterior." [In a file copy of the Turner article, a penciled note beside this passage, in Edouard Stackpole's hand, reads "not accurate."]
A notice on a card issued by John F. Sylvia, owner of the mill from 1866 until the NHA acquired it in 1897, reads: "This Old Mill was built in 1746; the oak timber used in its construction grew at a short distance from its site, across Dead Horse Valley, at the southward from the mill." The 7 August 1897 I&M states: "Mr. Gardner (owner of the mill 1828-55) found the timbers substantial, as they were of native oak. Edward K. Godfrey's The Island of Nantucket: What It Was and What It Is (Boston, 1882) has it that "Eliakim Swain . . . tended it for many years. ... It was built of oak which grew just across Dead Horse Valley, to the southward of it."
Who paid for it?
The French Connection
IT HAS LONG BEEN RECORDED IN PRINT AND anecdote that Miss Caroline L. W. French purchased the mill at auction on 4 August 1897 and presented it to the NHA. But confusion arises here, both in the Proceedings of the NHA for the annual meeting of 25 July 1898 and in a letter written by Mary E. Starbuck, recording secretary, which suggests that Miss French only made up the $135 necessary to arrive at the purchase price of $885, the remaining funds having been contributed over a period of years by other interested parties. The Proceedings read: "With some difficulty but admirable management, the society had raised $750, and Miss Caroline L. French, who together with others interested had promised to help us out, generously gave the $135 necessary to make up the full amount." Miss Starbuck's letter of 5 April 1898 reads: "Our chief triumph last summer was the purchase of the Old Mill. . . . We had scraped up over seven hundred dollars and friends made up the required amount, eight hundred and eighty-five."
The only published account of the actual auction found to date is in the 8 August 1897 edition of the New York Herald ["By telegraph to the Herald"]: "The entire bidding was between the society and a private individual, who desired the mill for an investment. The land was bid up to $105; the mill itself brought out bids to $450; then the final bidding, starting at $550, ran up to $885. As the battle of the bids wavered between the contesting parties anxious looks passed to and fro, and when finally Mr. James H. Gibbs secured it at $885 for the historical society the pent up anxiety of the crowd burst into cheers. ... Dr. Mitchell, president of the historical society, stated that the mill would be sacredly preserved."
The 30 July 1892 I&M included an article about the Nantucket Improvement Association, which owned Mill Hill Park and had expressed interest in acquiring the adjacent property on which the mill stood. The Improvement Association had convened a meeting on 22 July 1892 to "raise a purchasing fund"; the article continues: "How tame would be the view of the town from the incoming boat without the towers of the North and Unitarian churches and the Old Mill. Contributions can be sent to Roland B. Hussey, of the Inquirer and Mirror, to W. H. C. Lawrence, of the subscription committee, or to Mss H. B. W. Worth, secretary of the Nantucket Improvement Association." And the NHA treasurer's report for 23 July 1896 includes, under the rubric "SINKING FUND," this item: "By Nantucket Improvement Association (Mill Fund)....... $175.01."
It was not until 1899, when the Minutes of the NHA Council meeting of 5 August tell us: "President Barnard read a letter from Miss C. L. W. French, saying that at the solicitation of friends, she has consented to have it made known that she was the donor of the $750 given to the NHA in 1895." A letter to Miss French, framed at the same meeting, reads: "It gave the members of the Council much satisfaction to be able to identify this 'unknown friend,' who has been so frequently referred to ... and it was with great pleasure that we found the 'unknown' to be also the known friend to whose kindness and generosity we have already openly testified." And it was voted at the meeting "That the Mill comm. be instructed to place a suitable tablet in the mill, stating that the mill was saved to the Assn. by the generosity of Miss C.LW. French of Boston."
So, she did not bid for the mill at the auction on 4 August 1897, and it took two years for her generosity to be publicly acknowledged; but it was only in reading those Minutes that our doubts were dispelled.
Who built the first millon Nantucket, and where?
THE 7 AUGUST 1897 ISSUE OF THE I&M (three days after the auction) claims (as do other accounts) that "The first mill at Nantucket was owned by Tristram Coffin, who assumed a contract to construct a windmill for grinding grain for the inhabitants after the person to whom a contract was first awarded had failed to comply with its terms."[Nat Philbrick's statement about the possibly combined identities of Richard Macy and Nathan Wilbur is certainly a valid conjecture.]
The Obed Macy work Nat cites is an old (undated, unsigned) copy book in the NHA manuscript collection, which begins thus: " Copied [italics added] from a book of Obed Macy's writing when he was an old man. 'If ever my History of Nantucket is republished, in a second edition some of the following anecdotes may be found useful.'" Among the anecdotes is the one Nat refers to: "A Short Memorial of Richard Macy, Grandfather of Obed Macy. He was grandson to Thomas Macy the first settler of Nantucket. ... In 1723 he [Richard] built the first wharf that was made here, now called the Strait Wharf." There follows the tale of the windmill dreamed up by his grandfather recounted in Nat's article.
The map reproduced in the original edition of Crevecoeur's Letters shows a cluster of mills (of the "post" type) situated at the original settlement on the north shore. But the town had moved in from Sherburn[e] by 1720, so perhaps the mapmaker sited the four mills a little too far north.
We are persuaded that the answers to these questions—either to confirm or refute tradition—may be found here in the Stackpole Research Library, in other repositories on the island, on Cape Cod (was Wilbur's murder recorded there?), or somewhere.
We hope others will join us in experiencing what Jean Weber calls "the excitement and rigor attached to the validation of our past."
About the Author: Elizabeth Oldham is a freelance editor, member of the NHA Editorial Board, and NHA Research Library associate.
Johann Gottfried (after 1802: von) Herder (25 August 1744 – 18 December 1803) was a German philosopher, theologian, poet, and literary critic. He is associated with the periods of Enlightenment, Sturm und Drang, and Weimar Classicism.
Works and ideas
In 1772 Herder published Treatise on the Origin of Language and went further in this promotion of language than his earlier injunction to "spew out the ugly slime of the Seine. Speak German, O You German". Herder now had established the foundations of comparative philology within the new currents of political outlook.
Throughout this period, he continued to elaborate his own unique theory of aesthetics in works such as the above, while Goethe produced works like The Sorrows of Young Werther – the Sturm und Drang movement was born.
Herder wrote an important essay on Shakespeare and Auszug aus einem Briefwechsel über Ossian und die Lieder alter Völker (Extract from a correspondence about Ossian and the Songs of Ancient Peoples) published in 1773 in a manifesto along with contributions by Goethe and Justus Möser. Herder wrote that "A poet is the creator of the nation around him, he gives them a world to see and has their souls in his hand to lead them to that world." To him such poetry had its greatest purity and power in nations before they became civilised, as shown in the Old Testament, the Edda, and Homer, and he tried to find such virtues in ancient German folk songs and Norse poetry and mythology.
After becoming General Superintendent in 1776, Herder's philosophy shifted again towards classicism. Herder was at his best during this period, and produced works such as his unfinished Outline of a Philosophical History of Humanity which largely originated the school of historical thought. Herder's philosophy was of a deeply subjective turn, stressing influence by physical and historical circumstance upon human development, stressing that "one must go into the age, into the region, into the whole history, and feel one's way into everything". The historian should be the "regenerated contemporary" of the past, and history a science as "instrument of the most genuine patriotic spirit".
Herder gave Germans new pride in their origins, modifying that dominance of regard allotted to Greek art (Greek revival) extolled among others by Johann Joachim Winckelmann and Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. He remarked that he would have wished to be born in the Middle Ages and mused whether "the times of the Swabian emperors" did not "deserve to be set forth in their true light in accordance with the German mode of thought?". Herder equated the German with the Gothic and favoured Dürer and everything Gothic. As with the sphere of art, equally he proclaimed a national message within the sphere of language. He topped the line of German authors emanating from Martin Opitz, who had written his Aristarchus, sive de contemptu linguae Teutonicae in Latin in 1617, urging Germans to glory in their hitherto despised language. Herder's extensive collections of folk-poetry began a great craze in Germany for that neglected topic.
Along with Wilhelm von Humboldt, Herder was one of the first to argue that language determines thought, a theme that two centuries later would be central to the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis. Herder's focus upon language and cultural traditions as the ties that create a "nation" extended to include folklore, dance, music and art, and inspired Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm in their collection of German folk tales.
Herder attached exceptional importance to the concept of nationality and of patriotism – "he that has lost his patriotic spirit has lost himself and the whole worlds about himself", whilst teaching that "in a certain sense every human perfection is national". Herder carried folk theory to an extreme by maintaining that "there is only one class in the state, the Volk, (not the rabble), and the king belongs to this class as well as the peasant". Explanation that the Volk was not the rabble was a novel conception in this era, and with Herder can be seen the emergence of "the people" as the basis for the emergence of a classless but hierarchical national body.
The nation, however, was individual and separate, distinguished, to Herder, by climate, education, foreign intercourse, tradition and heredity. Providence he praised for having "wonderfully separated nationalities not only by woods and mountains, seas and deserts, rivers and climates, but more particularly by languages, inclinations and characters". Herder praised the tribal outlook writing that "the savage who loves himself, his wife and child with quiet joy and glows with limited activity of his tribe as for his own life is in my opinion a more real being than that cultivated shadow who is enraptured with the shadow of the whole species", isolated since "each nationality contains its centre of happiness within itself, as a bullet the centre of gravity". With no need for comparison since "every nation bears in itself the standard of its perfection, totally independent of all comparison with that of others" for "do not nationalities differ in everything, in poetry, in appearance, in tastes, in usages, customs and languages? Must not religion which partakes of these also differ among the nationalities?"
Following a trip to Ukraine, Herder wrote a prediction in his diary (Journal meiner Reise im Jahre 1769) that Slavic nations would one day be the real power in Europe, as the western Europeans would reject Christianity and rot away, while the eastern European nations would stick to their religion and their idealism, and would this way become the power in Europe. More specifically, he praised Ukraine's "beautiful skies, blithe temperament, musical talent, bountiful soil, etc. [...] someday will awaken there a cultured nation whose influence will spread [...] throughout the world." One of his related predictions was that the Hungarian nation would disappear and become assimilated by surrounding Slavic peoples; this prophecy caused considerable uproar in Hungary and is widely cited to this day.
Germany and the Enlightenment
This question was further developed by Herder's lament that Martin Luther did not establish a national church, and his doubt whether Germany did not buy Christianity at too high a price, that of true nationality. Herder's patriotism bordered at times upon national pantheism, demanding of territorial unity as "He is deserving of glory and gratitude who seeks to promote the unity of the territories of Germany through writings, manufacture, and institutions" and sounding an even deeper call:
"But now! Again I cry, my German brethren! But now! The remains of all genuine folk-thought is rolling into the abyss of oblivion with a last and accelerated impetus. For the last century we have been ashamed of everything that concerns the fatherland."
In his Ideas upon Philosophy and the History of Mankind he even wrote, "Compare England with Germany: the English are Germans, and even in the latest times the Germans have led the way for the English in the greatest things."
Herder, who hated absolutism and Prussian nationalism, but who was imbued with the spirit of the whole German Volk, yet as historical theorist turned away from the light of the eighteenth century. Seeking to reconcile his thought with this earlier age, Herder sought to harmonize his conception of sentiment with reasoning, whereby all knowledge is implicit in the soul; the most elementary stage is sensuous and intuitive perception which by development can become self-conscious and rational. To Herder, this development is the harmonizing of primitive and derivative truth, of experience and intelligence, feeling and reasoning.
Herder is the first in a long line of Germans preoccupied with this harmony. This search is itself the key to much in German theory. And Herder was too penetrating a thinker not to understand and fear the extremes to which his folk-theory could tend, and so issued specific warnings. He argued that Jews in Germany should enjoy the full rights and obligations of Germans, and that the non-Jews of the world owed a debt to Jews for centuries of abuse, and that this debt could be discharged only by actively assisting those Jews who wished to do so to regain political sovereignty in their ancient homeland of Israel. Herder refused to adhere to a rigid racial theory, writing that "notwithstanding the varieties of the human form, there is but one and the same species of man throughout the whole earth".
He also announced that "national glory is a deceiving seducer. When it reaches a certain height, it clasps the head with an iron band. The enclosed sees nothing in the mist but his own picture; he is susceptible to no foreign impressions." And:
The passage of time was to demonstrate that while many Germans were to find influence in Herder's convictions and influence, fewer were to note his qualifying stipulations.
Herder had emphasised that his conception of the nation encouraged democracy and the free self-expression of a people's identity. He proclaimed support for the French Revolution, a position which did not endear him to royalty. He also differed with Kant's philosophy for not placing reasoning within the context of language. Herder did not think that reason itself could be criticized, as it did not exist except as the process of reasoning. This process was dependent on language.[25] He also turned away from the Sturm und Drang movement to go back to the poems of Shakespeare and Homer.
To promote his concept of the Volk, he published letters and collected folk songs. These latter were published in 1773 as Voices of the Peoples in Their Songs (Stimmen der Völker in ihren Liedern). The poets Achim von Arnim and Clemens von Brentano later used Stimmen der Völker as samples for The Boy's Magic Horn (Des Knaben Wunderhorn).
Herder also fostered the ideal of a person’s individuality. Although he had from an early period championed the individuality of cultures - for example, in his This Too a Philosophy of History for the Formation of Humanity (1774), he also championed the individuality of persons within a culture; for example, in his On Thomas Abbt's Writings (1768) and On the Cognition and Sensation of the Human Soul (1778).
In On Thomas Abbt's Writings, Herder stated that "a human soul is an individual in the realm of minds: it senses in accordance with an individual formation, and thinks in accordance with the strength of its mental organs. . .. My long allegory has succeeded if it achieves the representation of the mind of a human being as an individual phenomenon, as a rarity which deserves to occupy our eyes.
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20161004 S 2578 5362 PhotosLVRiga Monument to Johann Gottfried Herder at the Cathedral, Vecpilseta, Riga, Riga pilseta, Latvia
Mohrungen (today: Morąg, Poland) 1744 - Weimar 1803
German philosopher, theologian, poet, and literary critic; he taught in Riga, 1764-1769
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Johann Gottfried von Herder, (* 25. kolovoza 1744. Mohrungen, Pruska; † 18. prosinca 1803. u Weimaru) je bio njemački književnik, prevoditelj, teolog i filozof Weimarške klasike. Plemićki naslov nosi od 1802. godine. Često ga se naziva i tvorcem pojma kulturnog nacionalizma.
Životopis
Mladost
Johann Gottfried Herder rođen kao sin kantora i učitelja Gottfrieda Herdera i njegove druge žene Anne Elisabethe, rođene Peltz. Iz poštovanja prema vrlo religioznim roditeljima je studirao teologiju. Njegovo prvo djelo je posvečeno smrti brata Carla Friedricha stihom Auf meinen ersten Todten! das Liebste, was ich auf dieser Welt verloren.
Filozofija
Iako je u mladosti bio pod utjecajem filozofa poput Kanta i Rousseaua kasnije je postao najveći intelektualni protivnik prosvetiteljstva i značajno utjecao na razvoj romantizma u Njemačkoj. Time što je naglašavao naciju kao organsku skupinu čija su obilježja poseban jezik, kultura i duh, Herder je pridonio kako nastanku povijesti kulture tako i posebnog oblika nacionalizma koji ističe urođenost vrijednosti nacionalne kulture i narodu u koje su ukorijenjeni.
Definicijom pojma Volkgeist (duša naroda) s njim započinje etnologija. Tvorac je i pojma Zeitgeist kojeg je prvi put uporabio 1769.
Herder govori o nacionalnom duhu i karakteru, u kojem sve vrijednosti, aktivnosti i tvorevine do njihove filozofije i poezije, imaju zajedničko težište i koji ovima daje specifični karakter.
wiki
the book was just published in the winter of 2009, and it showcases an amazing and beautiful technique that uses needle felting but applies the process to fabric, so wool is applied to the cloth using a felting needle.
the effect is stunning, like embroidery or even sometimes similar to painting on fabric.
the colors and textures are very rich, and projects have a great variety that is sure to inspire. the contrast of bright wool felted onto natural linen is a repeating feeling that always looks great.
the projects and scenes created in the book included detailed diagrams that show to how to recreate them, including fine details about colors and shades of wool that are combined to create depth.
written directions are in japanese, but the diagrams, and very clear step by step instructions with photos show how to create this effect. it's probably easier is you have had a little experience needle felting, just so you understand how that tool works, but that being said, you will be able to pick this up quickly, especially if you have some experience with felt, or embroidery, or even sewing
From the Official Programme
THE NATIONAL COMMEMORATION OF THE CENTENARY OF THE GALLIPOLI CAMPAIGN AND ANZAC DAY AT THE CENOTAPH, WHITEHALL, LONDON
HOSTED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND IN PARTNERSHIP WITH THE HIGH COMMISSIONS OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND IN LONDON
On 25 April 1915 Allied soldiers landed on the Gallipoli peninsula in Turkey in one of the most ambitious amphibious assaults in history.
More than 550,000 soldiers from Britain, Ireland, France, Australia, New Zealand, the Indian sub-continent, Canada and Sri Lanka waged this historic campaign, including 400,000 from Britain alone. 58,000 Allied servicemen and 87,000 from Turkey died in this campaign.
ANZAC Day was established by Australia and New Zealand as an annual day of commemoration to remember their servicemen who died in Gallipoli. The first ANZAC Day march in London took place on 25 April 1916. ANZAC Day has been commemorated in London on 25 April every year since then.
ORDER OF SERVICE
11:00 Big Ben strikes the hour
Two minutes’ silence
The Last Post Sounded by buglers from the Band of Her Majesty’s Royal Marines
Reading by Michael Toohey, age 22, descendant of Private Thomas Toohey, Royal Dublin Fusiliers, killed in action at V beach on 25 April 1915, aged 22.
The Fallen by Laurence Binyon, 4th verse, published in The Times on 21 September 1914
They shall grow not old, as we that are left grow old: age shall not weary them nor the years condemn. At the going down of the sun and in the morning, we will remember them.
All: We will remember them.
Laying of Wreaths
After Her Majesty The Queen has laid a wreath the Massed Bands will play Elegy (1915) – in memoriam Rupert Brooke – by F S Kelly (1881–1916) and Largo by G F Handel (1685–1759).
Her Majesty The Queen lays the first wreath followed by:
The Right Honourable David Cameron, Prime Minister Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Senator the Honourable George Brandis QC, Attorney General, Commonwealth of Australia
The Right Honourable David Carter MP, 29th Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives
A representative of the Republic of Turkey
The Right Honourable Nick Clegg, Deputy Prime Minister Great Britain and Northern Ireland
The Right Honourable Michael Fallon, Secretary of State for Defence
The Right Honourable Sajid Javid, Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport
The Right Honourable Hugo Swire, Minister of State, Foreign and Commonwealth Office
Helen Grant, Minister for the First World War Centenary
Dr Andrew Murrison, Prime Minister’s Special Representative for the First World War Centenary
The Right Honourable Ed Miliband, Leader of Her Majesty’s Opposition
Keith Brown MSP, Cabinet Secretary for Infrastructure, Investment and Cities, Scottish Government
The Right Honourable Carwyn Jones, First Minister, Welsh Government
A representative of the Northern Ireland Executive
Lieutenant General Sir Gerry Berragan KBE CB, Adjutant General
Air Marshal Dick Garwood CB CBE DFC, Director General Defence Safety Authority
Vice Admiral Sir Philip Jones KCB, Fleet Commander and Deputy Chief of Naval Staff
Lieutenant General John Caligari AO DSC, Chief Capability Development Group, Australian Defence Force
Brigadier Antony Hayward ONZ, Head New Zealand Defence Staff, New Zealand High Commission
Colonel Ömer Özkan, Air Attaché, Embassy of Turkey
A representative of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh
Steven Vandeput, Minister of Defence of Belgium
His Excellency Gordon Campbell, High Commissioner for Canada
A representative of the Republic of France
A representative of the Federal Republic of Germany
His Excellency Dr Ranjan Mathai, High Commissioner for the Republic of India
His Excellency Daniel Mulhall, Ambassador of Ireland to the United Kingdom
His Excellency The Honourable Joseph Muscat, Prime Minister of the Republic of Malta
A representative of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal
His Excellency Muhammad Nawaz Sharif, Prime Minister of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
His Excellency The Honourable Peter O’Neill CMG MP, Prime Minister of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea
His Excellency Mr Obed Mlaba, High Commissioner for the Republic of South Africa
A representative of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
Sonata Tupou, Acting High Commissioner for the Kingdom of Tonga
The Honourable Bronwyn Bishop MP, Speaker to the Australian House of Representatives
Bill Muirhead AM, Agent-General for South Australia
Ken Smith, Trade Commissioner for Europe and Agent General for UK at Trade & Investment Queensland
Kevin Skipworth CVO, Agent-General for Western Australia
Ian Matterson, Representative of the Premier of Tasmania
Mathew Erbs, on behalf of the Agent-General for Victoria
Gary Dunn, Deputy Commonwealth Secretary General
General The Lord Richards of Herstmonceux GCB CBE DSO, Deputy Grand President, British Commonwealth Ex-Servicemen’s League
Vice Admiral Peter Wilkinson CB CVO, National President, the Royal British Legion
Right Honourable The Viscount Slim OBE DL, Returned and Services League of Australia
Colonel Andrew Martin ONZM, Royal New Zealand Returned and Services Association
Lindsay Birrell, CEO, London Legacy
Captain Christopher Fagan DL, Chairman, The Gallipoli Association
The Honourable Mrs Ros Kelly AO, Commissioner, Commonwealth War Graves Commission
Sue Pillar, Director of Volunteer Support, Soldiers’ And Sailors’ Families Association (SSAFA)
Captain Jim Conybeare, Master, The Honourable Company of Master Mariners
Lyn Hopkins, Director General, The Victoria League for Commonwealth Friendship
Sir Anthony Figgis KCVO CMG, Chairman, Royal Overseas League
Reveille sounded by buglers from the Band of Her Majesty’s Royal Marines
THE PRAYERS
Prayer by The Venerable Ian Wheatley QHC, Royal Navy Chaplain of the Fleet
God our Father, we come together today to honour all those who gave themselves with great courage in service and sacrifice for their country in the Gallipoli Campaign. We pray that their example may continue to inspire us to strive for the common good, that we may build up the harmony and freedom for which they fought and died.
Help us O Lord, to lift our eyes above the torment of this broken world, and strengthen our resolve to work for peace and justice, and for the relief of want and suffering. As we honour the past, may we put our faith in your future; for you are the source of life and hope, now and forever. Amen.
Hymn led by the Choirs of Chelmsford Cathedral and accompanied by the Massed Bands
I Vow To Thee My Country
All:
I vow to thee, my country, all earthly things above,
Entire and whole and perfect, the service of my love;
The love that asks no question, the love that stands the test,
That lays upon the altar the dearest and the best;
The love that never falters, the love that pays the price,
The love that makes undaunted the final sacrifice.
I heard my country calling, away across the sea,
Across the waste of waters, she calls and calls to me.
Her sword is girded at her side, her helmet on her head,
And around her feet are lying the dying and the dead;
I hear the noise of battle, the thunder of her guns;
I haste to thee, my mother, a son among thy sons.
And there’s another country, I’ve heard of long ago,
Most dear to them that love her, most great to them that know;
We may not count her armies, we may not see her King;
Her fortress is a faithful heart, her pride is suffering;
And soul by soul and silently her shining bounds increase,
And her ways are ways of gentleness, and all her paths are peace.
Prayer read by Grace van Gageldonk (14 years old) from Australia
God of compassion and mercy, we remember with thanksgiving and sorrow, those whose lives in world wars and conflicts past and present, have been
given and taken away.
Enfold in your love, all who in bereavement, disability and pain, continue to suffer the consequences of fighting and terror; and guide and protect all those who support and sustain them. Amen.
National anthem Advance Australia Fair
Led by the Choirs of Chelmsford Cathedral and accompanied by the Massed Bands
Australians all let us rejoice,
For we are young and free;
We’ve golden soil and wealth for toil,
Our home is girt by sea;
Our land abounds in nature’s gifts
Of beauty rich and rare;
In history’s page, let every stage
Advance Australia Fair.
In joyful strains then let us sing,
‘Advance Australia Fair’.
Prayer read by Kathryn Cooper (11 years old) from New Zealand
God of hope, the source of peace and the refuge of all in distress, we remember those you have gathered from the storm of war into the everlasting peace of your presence; may that same peace calm our fears, bring reconciliation and justice to all peoples, and establish lasting harmony among the nations.
We pray for all members of the armed forces who strive for peace and fight for justice today; bless and keep their families and friends at home awaiting their return. Help us, who today remember the cost of war, to work for a better tomorrow, and bring us all, in the end, to the peace of your presence; through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.
National anthem God Defend New Zealand
Led by the Choirs of Chelmsford Cathedral and accompanied by the Massed Bands
E Ihowā _Atua,
O ngā _iwi mātou rā
Āta whakarangona;
Me aroha noa
Kia hua ko te pai;
Kia tau tō _atawhai;
Manaakitia mai
Aotearoa
God of Nations at Thy feet,
in the bonds of love we meet,
hear our voices, we entreat,
God defend our free land.
Guard Pacific’s triple star
from the shafts of strife and war,
make her praises heard afar,
God defend New Zealand.
Reading Atatürk’s message to bereaved pilgrims, 1934, read by Ecenur Bilgiç (14 years old) from Turkey
Those heroes that shed their blood and lost their lives…
You are now lying in the soil of a friendly country. Therefore rest in peace.
There is no difference between the Johnnies and the Mehmets to us where they lie side by side here in this country of ours…
You, the mothers, who sent their sons from faraway countries, wipe away your tears; your sons are now lying in our bosom and are in peace, after having lost their lives on this land they have become our sons as well.
National anthem İstiklal Marşı (The Independence March)
Led by Burak Gülşen from Turkey, accompanied by the Massed Bands
Korkma, sönmez bu şafaklarda yüzen al sancak;
Sönmeden yurdumun üstünde tüten en son ocak.
O benim milletimin yıldızıdır, parlayacak;
O benimdir, o benim milletimindir ancak.
Çatma, kurban olayım, çehreni ey nazlı hilal!
Kahraman ırkıma bir gül! Ne bu şiddet, bu celal?
Sana olmaz dökülen kanlarımız sonra helal…
Hakkıdır, Hakk’a tapan, milletimin istiklal!
Fear not! For the crimson flag that flies at this dawn, shall not fade,
As long as the last fiery hearth that is ablaze in my country endures.
For that is the star of my nation, which will forever shine;
It is mine; and solely that of my valiant nation.
Frown not, I beseech you, oh thou coy crescent!
Come smile upon my heroic race! Why this rage, this fury?
The blood we shed for you shall not be blessed otherwise;
For independence is the absolute right of my God-worshipping nation.
Remembering Gallipoli a commemoration created by Michael McDermott
Music composed by Michael McDermott
Reading by James McDermott (17 years old) from the United Kingdom
The Attack at Dawn (May, 1915) by Leon Maxwell Gellert (1892–1977)
‘At every cost,’ they said, ‘it must be done.’
They told us in the early afternoon.
We sit and wait the coming of the sun
We sit in groups, — grey groups that watch the moon.
We stretch our legs and murmur half in sleep
And touch the tips of bayonets and yarn.
Our hands are cold. They strangely grope and creep,
Tugging at ends of straps. We wait the dawn!
Some men come stumbling past in single file.
And scrape the trench’s side and scatter sand.
They trip and curse and go. Perhaps we smile.
We wait the dawn! … The dawn is close at hand!
A gentle rustling runs along the line.
‘At every cost,’ they said, ‘it must be done.’
A hundred eyes are staring for the sign.
It’s coming! Look! … Our God’s own laughing sun!
Closing prayers by The Venerable Ian Wheatley QHC, Royal Navy Chaplain of the Fleet
Eternal God,
from whom all thoughts of truth and peace proceed;
Kindle, we pray, in the hearts of all, the true love of peace
and guide with your pure and peaceable wisdom
those who take counsel for the nations of the world,
that in tranquillity your kingdom may go forward,
and all people may spend their days in security, freedom and peace;
through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.
Merciful God
we offer to you the fears in us
that have not yet been cast out by love:
may we accept the hope you have
placed in the hearts of all people,
and live lives of justice, courage and mercy;
through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.
The Lord’s Prayer
All:
Our Father, who art in heaven,
hallowed be thy name;
thy kingdom come, thy will be done;
on earth as it is in heaven.
Give is this day our daily bread.
And forgive is our trespasses,
And forgive us our trespasses,
as we forgive those that trespass against us.
And lead is not into temptation;
but deliver us from evil.
For thine is the kingdom,
the power and the glory,
fro ver and ever. Amen.
The Blessing
God grant to the living grace, to the departed rest,
to the Church, the Queen, the Commonwealth and all people,
unity, peace and concord,
and to us and all God’s servants, life everlasting;
and the blessing of God almighty,
the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit,
be among you and remain with you always. Amen.
National anthem God Save the Queen
Led by the Choirs of Chelmsford Cathedral and accompanied by the Massed Bands
God save our gracious Queen,
Long live our noble Queen.
God save the Queen!
Send her victorious,
Happy and glorious,
Long to reign over us;
God save the Queen!
They Are At Rest by Sir Edward Elgar (1857–1934), sung by the Choirs of Chelmsford Cathedral (unaccompanied)
THE MARCH PAST
Contingents from:
The Royal Navy
HMS QUEEN ELIZABETH
The Fleet Air Arm
The Submarine Service
Hybrid (HMS OCEAN, HMS ALBION,
Britannia Royal Naval College)
The Royal Marines
Maritime Reserves (Royal Navy
and Royal Marines Reserves)
Representatives from the Armed Forces of other countries who fought at Gallipoli
invited to join the March Past:
Australia
New Zealand
Canada
Turkey
India
Germany
Ireland
France
Bangladesh
Pakistan
South Africa
Papua New Guinea
Tonga
The Gallipoli Association
Naval Services Associations
The Royal Naval Association
The Royal Marines Association
Army Units and their Associations
The Royal Regiment of Artillery
The Royal Corps of Engineers
The Royal Regiment of Scotland
The Princess of Wales’ Royal Regiment
The Duke of Lancaster’s Regiment
The Royal Regiment of Fusiliers
The Royal Anglian Regiment
The Yorkshire Regiment
The Mercian Regiment
The Royal Welsh
The Royal Irish Regiment
The Royal Gurkha Rifles
The Rifles
The Royal Logistics Corps
The Royal Army Medical Corps
The Royal Army Veterinary Corps
The Royal Yeomanry
The Royal Wessex Yeomanry
The Scottish and North Irish Yeomanry
The London Regiment
Court & City Yeomanry Association
In-Pensioners of the Royal Hospital Chelsea
The Turkish Air Force Band plays Marche Mustafa Kemal Atatürk by Fazıl Çağlayan
Followed by: Descendants of those whose ancestors were involved in the Gallipoli campaign and others who march past the Cenotaph every year to commemorate Anzac Day.
LEGAL NOTICE | protected work • All Rights reserved! © B. Egger photographer retains ownership and all copyrights in this work.
▻ licence | please contact me before to obtain prior a license and to buy the rights to use and publish this photo. more..
photographer | ▻ Bernard Egger.. • collections.. • sets
📷 | 1980 Ducati 750 Desmo, Kl 6 OGP '23 # 8776
▻ www.msv-schwanenstadt.at - 16./ 17. Sept. 2023
rumoto images, pure passion, Bernard Egger, Моторспорт фотография, Oldtimer Grand Prix, OGP 2023, MSV Schwanenstadt, 写真家, カメラマン, 摄影师, Nikon FX, Motorsport, Моторспорт, Schwanenstadt, Pitzenberg Aich, Hausruckring, racetrack, road races, sidecar races, classic motorcycles, sidecars, Moto, Sportmotorräder, Rennmotorräder, impressions, Leggenda e passione, Legend and passion, Légende et passion, legends, Klasse 6, ab 1970 über 350 ccm, Patrick Klein, Ducati 750 Desmo,
Published by O Globo, Brazil 1941
One of the rarest Timely Comics ever published in the world, and among the earliest Timely Publications Globally outside the US.
O Globo is among the earliest publishers of MLJ Comics, Smash Comics, National Comics and Timely Comics in our genres history.
Yes I took this a few min. Ago! The 48 year old me and the artwork I soon will publish here…
My teeth are bright yellow these days!!!
Peace and Noise!
MushroomBrain the face of an artist maniac
September
Now published with 16 other photographs from this group:
Compostion
ISBN 9781-870736-17-6
17 large Premium colour photographs plus an Afterword
36 pages, 216 x 280mm, Hardback.
Retail price: £18 $25
Short Description: A book of 17 photographs taken of my compost caddy whenever I found the contents interesting because of the colours or composition of elements or both. The photographs were taken with natural light from a skylight which gives a variation in the speed and aperture used. This information is recorded on the facing page with date of capture. The camera used was always a Sigma DP2 with Foveon sensor.
See previews here:
stefan-szczelkun.blogspot.com/2018/09/compostion-advance-...
the book was just published in the winter of 2009, and it showcases an amazing and beautiful technique that uses needle felting but applies the process to fabric, so wool is applied to the cloth using a felting needle.
the effect is stunning, like embroidery or even sometimes similar to painting on fabric.
the colors and textures are very rich, and projects have a great variety that is sure to inspire. the contrast of bright wool felted onto natural linen is a repeating feeling that always looks great.
the projects and scenes created in the book included detailed diagrams that show to how to recreate them, including fine details about colors and shades of wool that are combined to create depth.
written directions are in japanese, but the diagrams, and very clear step by step instructions with photos show how to create this effect. it's probably easier is you have had a little experience needle felting, just so you understand how that tool works, but that being said, you will be able to pick this up quickly, especially if you have some experience with felt, or embroidery, or even sewing
This photograph was published in the Illustrated Chronicle on the 3rd of November 1915.
During the Great War the Illustrated Chronicle published photographs of soldiers and sailors from Newcastle and the North East of England, which had been in the news. The photographs were sent in by relatives and give us a glimpse into the past.
The physical collection held by Newcastle Libraries comprises bound volumes of the newspaper from 1910 to 1925. We are keen to find out more about the people in the photographs. If you recognise anyone in the images please comment below.
Copies of this photograph may be ordered from us, for more information see: www.newcastle.gov.uk/tlt Please make a note of the image reference number above to help speed up your order.
Photograph published in LA Medical Space (link below)
www.lamedicalspace.com/three-la-hospitals-make-list-of-to...
Today I choose to publish these discarded images from a multiexposed film with light leaks from my 1930 Rolleicord Art Deco camera. You will understand what, as in Macbeth, made the green turn red.
Description: No published or copyright date listed on postcard.
Manufacturer: Tuck & Sons'
Date Postmarked: Not postmarked.
Rights: This item is in the public domain. Acknowledgement of the Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries as a source is requested.
Reference URL: scholarscompass.vcu.edu/postcard/208
Collection: Rarely Seen Richmond: Early twentieth century Richmond as seen through vintage postcards
Hello!
New country published: Bolivia
www.lifetour.net/destinations/bolivia
Year visited: 2015
Enjoy!
Fabio Tabbo’
#LifeTour, #Life, #Tour, #FabioTabbo’, #Fabio, #Tabbo’, #Fabio’sLifeTour, #travel, #blog, #inspiration, #tourist, #traveller, #photo, #destination, #country, #Bolivia, #South, #America, #terrain, #Andes, #mountains, #Atacama, #desert, #Amazon, #basin, #rainforest, #La Paz, #Altiplano, #plateau, #mountain, #Illimani, #lake, #Titicaca