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Florence + The Machine, finalmente, in Italia per un attesissimo concerto invernale. La rock diva e la sua band, suoneranno infatti davanti al pubblico del Mediolanum Forum di Milano il 21 dicembre 2015 con il loro How Blue Tour .
Dopo la consacrazione definitiva del grandissimo live del 20 novembre 2012, la rossa più potente dell'indie-rock è pronta a regalarci un altro show epico.
Per Florence Welch il successo dei primi due dischi Lungs (2009 – Album of the year, Brit Awards 2010) e Ceremonials (2011) ha significato 5 anni di registrazione, promozione e tour. Cerimonials (disco candidato ai Grammy) è stato scritto mentre Florence e i musicisti erano on the road e registrato subito dopo la fine del tour. Gli Show diventavano sempre più grandi, i capelli sempre più rossi e il successo sempre più grande.
Pop star a 21 anni, con 2 album internazionali alle sue spalle, Florence ha scoperto che dedicando 7 anni della sua vita alla musica alcuni elementi della quotidianità erano stati lasciati da parte.
Florence Welch – voce
Robert Ackroyd e Rusty Bradshaw – chitarre
Mark Saunders – basso
Isabella Summers – tastiere
Christopher Lloyd Hayden – batteria
Tom Monger – arpa
Published by Hutchinsons, undated, cloth spine.
I was going to sell this but I have now changed my mind!
GEOFF PRYOR'S CARTOON
Geoff Pryor's cartoon used the Australian War Memorial's diorama Mont St Quentin, 1918 as the basis of his satire - the oldest and most treasured of the Memorial's dioramas: www.awm.gov.au/visit/dioramas/. The name "Mont St Ainslie" is in reference to Mount Ainslie, in the shadow of which the AWM lies.
The brilliant and prolific cartoonist Geoff Pryor was for many years a mainstay at The Canberra Times newspaper, where this cartoon first appeared. It was reproduced again in the book Here Is Their Spirit: a history of the Australian War Memorial 1917-1990, by Michael McKernan (1991), and again in Sacred Places: War Memorials in the Australian Landscape By Ken Inglis (2008), from whence this google screen shot came: books.google.com.au/books?id=4YWbbE5KpRIC&pg=PA380&am...
The cartoon encapsulated a political, philosophical and ethical conflict which had developed between the then management of the AWM (the so called "Young Turks") pitted against Australian Defence Force veterans, chiefly those associated with the Returned and Services League (RSL). It all came to a head about 10 years later in the mid-1990s, when the senior figures in the "Young Turks" management team were stood down by the Australian Government, amidst a litany of complaints by staff, including workplace harassment, nepotism and alarming flaws in the security and management of the institution's relic collection.
Eventually the acrimony ebbed away under new leadership, however, not content with this outcome and apparently devoid of any remorse, the former management took their case High Court of Australia, eventually and inexplicably winning a handsome 6 figure payout, courtesy of the Australian tax payer.
This saga later became a case study in how not to manage a cultural institution for students at the Australian National University.
Published. ?
National Library of New Zealand.
schools.natlib.govt.nz/resources-learning/high-interest-t...
Published. Aug 2013.
Vice . www.vice.com/de/read/jugendliche-scheien-auf-facebook-mas...
Published. 09.09.2013
Elk E Teaches. "Social Media has Benefits for Youth" elketeaches.wordpress.com/?p=918&preview=true
Published. 04.02.2015
One Green Planet. How to get your teen...to appreciate nature.
onegreenplanet.org/lifestyle/how-to-get-your-technology-g...
Published. 04.10.2015
SiliconAngle. Teens may not be done with FB
siliconangle.com/blog/2015/04/10/teens-may-not-be-done-wi...
The Daily Mail published my Bear Cub Photos and Story today :-D
www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2710473/Can-t-sweet-spot...
PLEASE NOTE BEFORE USING THIS PHOTO: Your license to use it is restricted to purposes that are affirming of equal access to facilities for all LGBTQ humans. Any use of this photo surrounded by homophobic, transphobic, or discriminatory language is not permitted and license to use is invalid per the respect of moral rights in the Creative Commons license. Any uses of this photo discovered to violate these terms will have license immediately revoked as well. Thank you! :)
This photo replaces a previous photo that I did not take. I took this one. See the rest of the photos in Gender Neutral Restrooms group for more inspiration.
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Published in New West Holllywood law requires gender-neutral public restrooms | Take Two | 89.3 KPCC
Published in Transgender Hopkins County High School Student Working on Petition to Use Bathroon of Choice | WKU Public Radio
Published in Vlaanderen krijgt genderneutrale toiletten - Buitenland - TROUW
Published in SF School Adds Gender-Neutral Kindergarten Bathrooms - Breitbart
Published in Jacksonville City Council scuttles bill that would let transgender men [ sic ] into women’s bathrooms - Liberty Unyielding - Note: comment placed on article about the inaccuracy of the headline.
Published in Out & About - Amerikanske teenagere har mangfoldig kønsforståelse
Published in Single-sex schools 'not equipped to deal with transgender issues' | Education News | News | The Independent
Published in HB 2: Louie Gohmert’s Lie, and What It Reveals.
Published in New Jersey School Board Allows T----s to Use Bathroom According to Their Gender Identity : Nation : Christianity Daily (Comment left ordering change of terminology or takedown, per violation of policy above)
Published in www.minnpost.com/mental-health-addiction/2016/10/brian-ro...
Published in Tech CEOs oppose Texas 'bathroom bill' in ongoing support of transgender rights - SiliconANGLE
Published by The Rochester News Company, Rochester N.Y.
See this album for a view of several images from the same (John J. Lee?) photo session:
www.flickr.com/photos/115892967@N03/albums/72157718776362296
Note: this photo was published in an undated (mid-Oct 2011) FitByRunning blog titled "The ideal exercise regime while you’re on your holiday."
Moving into 2012, the photo was published in an Apr 29, 2012 blog titled "Study Shows Exercising by the Sea Is Good for You." It was also published in an undated (mid-Nov 2012) blog titled "Cool Summer Beauty Tips images," with the same detailed notes that I had written here on this Flickr page.
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Forty years after I first stumbled onto Sand Dollar Beach, during wandering drive through the Big Sur region in the summer of 1969, I decided to come back and see if things were still the same...
I'm glad to report that there are no fast-food outlets up in the parking area, or down on the beach: KFC, McDonalds, and Burger King haven't discovered the place yet. But it's now a state park with a $5/day parking fee, a collection of non-functioning outhouses, and a graded walkway to an observation area looking out over the expanse of the mile-long beach.
Down on the beach itself, the rock formations remain the same as they were 40 years ago ... and 40 thousand years ago ... and probably 40 million years ago. The beach was deserted when I arrived half an hour before dawn, and it was deserted when I left half an hour after sunset. This is good; this is how it should be ...
But during the main part of the day -- from roughly 10 AM until 6 PM -- it's a lot more crowded than it used to be. I didn't do a precise count, but I'd estimate there were 50-100 people stretched along the beach, with various groups arriving and leaving throughout the day. Most were surfers, some were fishermen, some were families out for a picnic in the sunshine. I saw a couple of photographers like me, and I met a retired couple from Skagway, Alaska that had first pitched a tent here five years ago, up in the campsite area, and who had decided to come back, like me, to see if it was still just as beautiful as it used to be.
I'm no Ansel Adams or Edward Weston, and I have no idea if those two photographic giants ever visited this particuar spot in Big Sur. In their absence, I can make only a modest attempt to convey the beauty and the peacefulness of this beach. To truly appreciate it, you'll have to come see it for yourself. On second though, please don't; I'd like to come back again in another 40 years without finding it overrun by strangers...
The Postcard
A postally unused postcard that was published by The Promenade Studio, Whitley Bay. The card, which has a divided back, has been hand-stamped with the date 25 Jul 1930. This day was in fact a Friday.
Annie Ross
So what else happened on the day that the card was hand-stamped?
Well, the 25th. July 1930 marked the birth in Surrey of Annie Ross.
Born Annabelle McCauley Allan Short, Annie was a British-American singer and actress who was active between 1937 and 2020.
Known professionally as Annie Ross, she was best known as a member of the jazz vocal trio Lambert, Hendricks & Ross.
Annie Ross - The Early Years
Annie Ross was born in Surrey, England, the daughter of Scottish vaudevillians John "Jack" Short and Mary Dalziel Short (née Allan).
Her brother was Scottish entertainer and theatre producer and director Jimmy Logan. She first appeared on stage at age three. At the age of four, she travelled to New York by ship with her family; she later recalled that:
"We got the cheapest ticket, which
was right in the bowels of the ship".
Shortly after arriving in New York, she won a token contract with MGM through a children's radio contest run by Paul Whiteman. She subsequently moved with her aunt, Scottish-American singer and actress Ella Logan, to Los Angeles, and her mother, father and brother returned to Scotland.
Annie did not see her parents again until fourteen years later. At the age of seven, she sang "The Bonnie Banks o' Loch Lomond" in Our Gang Follies of 1938, and played Judy Garland's character's sister in Presenting Lily Mars (1943).
At the age of 14, Annie wrote the song "Let's Fly", which won a songwriting contest and was recorded by Johnny Mercer and The Pied Pipers.
At the end of 10th. grade, she left school, changed her name to Annie Ross, and went to Europe, where she established her singing career. Annie changed her surname to Ross during the plane trip to Prestwick; in a 2011 interview, she said:
"My aunt was very fanciful, and she
said I had an Irish grandmother called
Ross, so that's where that surname
came from".
Annie Ross's Career
In 1952, Ross met Prestige Records owner Bob Weinstock, who asked her to write lyrics to a jazz solo in a similar way to King Pleasure, a practice that would later be known as vocalese. The next day, she presented him with "Twisted", a treatment of saxophonist Wardell Gray's 1949 composition of the same name, a classic example of the genre.
The song, first released in 1952, was an underground hit, and resulted in her winning Down Beat magazine's New Star award.
In February 1956, the British music magazine NME reported that Ross's version of the song "I Want You to Be My Baby" was banned by the BBC due to the lyric "Come upstairs and have some loving".
Annie recorded seven albums with Lambert, Hendricks & Ross between 1957 and 1962. Their first, Sing a Song of Basie (1957), was to have been performed by a group of singers hired by Jon Hendricks and Dave Lambert with Ross brought in only as vocal consultant.
However it was decided that the trio should attempt to record the material and overdub all the additional vocals themselves, but the first two tracks were recorded and deemed unsatisfactory, so they ditched the dubbing idea.
The resulting album was a success, and the trio became an international hit. Over the next five years, Lambert, Hendricks & Ross toured the world, and recorded such albums as The Hottest New Group in Jazz (1959), Sing Ellington (1960), High Flying (1962), and The Real Ambassadors (1962), written by Dave Brubeck and featuring Louis Armstrong and Carmen McRae.
Ross left the group in 1962, and in 1964 opened a nightclub in London. Annie's Room hosted Joe Williams, Nina Simone, Stuff Smith, Blossom Dearie, Anita O'Day, Jon Hendricks, and Erroll Garner.
Her adulthood film roles included Liza in the film Straight On till Morning (1972), Claire in Alfie Darling (1976), Diana Sharman in Funny Money (1983), Vera Webster in Superman III (1983), Mrs. Hazeltine in Throw Momma from the Train (1987), Rose Brooks in Witchery (1988), Loretta Cresswood in Pump Up the Volume (1990), Tess Trainer in Robert Altman's Short Cuts (1993), and Lydia in Blue Sky (1994).
Annie also appeared as Granny Ruth in the horror films Basket Case 2 (1990) and Basket Case 3: The Progeny (1991). She also had a bit part in Robert Altman's The Player in 1992. Ross also starred in Scottish Television's comedy-drama Charles Endell Esquire (1979).
Annie provided the speaking voice for Britt Ekland in The Wicker Man (1973), and Ingrid Thulin's singing voice in Salon Kitty (1976). On stage, she appeared in Cranks (1955; London and New York City), The Threepenny Opera (1972), The Seven Deadly Sins (1973) at the Royal Opera House, Kennedy's Children (1975) at the Arts Theatre, London, Side by Side by Sondheim, and in the Joe Papp production of The Pirates of Penzance (1982).
Annie Ross's Personal Life
In 1949, Ross had a brief affair with drummer Kenny Clarke. This affair produced a son, Kenny Clarke Jr. (born 1950), who was raised by Clarke's brother and his wife.
During her time with Lambert, Hendricks & Ross, Annie became addicted to heroin. In the late 1950's she had an affair with the comedian Lenny Bruce, who was also having drug problems. By 1960, Carol Sloane was substituting for her on tour. After a performance by the trio in London in May 1962, she remained in London to confront her drug addiction.
In 1963, she married actor Sean Lynch; they divorced in 1975, and he died in a car crash soon afterwards. By that time, she had also lost her home, and declared bankruptcy.
Annie became a United States citizen in 2001.
Annie died in New York City on the 21st. July 2020 from emphysema and heart disease, four days before her 90th. birthday.
Annie Ross's Awards and Honours
Ross received the ASCAP Jazz Wall of Fame award (2009), the National Endowment for the Arts Jazz Masters' Award (2010), and the MAC Award for Lifetime Achievement (2011).
In July 2006 a one-woman play entitled Twisted: The Annie Ross Story by Brian McGeachan premiered at The Space Theatre in London, starring Verity Quade. It focused on Annie's stormy relationship with her aunt, Broadway legend Ella Logan, her brief affair with the comedian Lenny Bruce and her addiction to heroin. The play transferred to the Brockley Jack Theatre in London that same year, with Ross being played by Betsy Pennington.
A documentary about Ross's life, entitled No One But Me, premiered at the Glasgow Film Festival in 2012.
This photo of Selene Theia, Taken during her studio day at Inspire Studio has been published in the October issue of Femme Rebelle ALLURE.
The key book of secret society of the Observatory is "The Dream of Poliphile", completed in 1467 by Francesco Colonna, a Dominican born in Venice in 1433. It was reissued by Jacques Kerver 1553 and in 1561 slightly corrected. Very curiously he inspired painters like Poussin or Lesueur but also Claude Perrault Charles Nodier, supposed grand master of the Priory of Sion according to documents Lobineau, was also very permeated by these texts and created his apocryphal reveries. Gerard de Nerval was not spared either Finally, the Angelic Society had close ties with the Rose-Croix which are demonstrated by the similarity between the symbol of the Rose-Croix published in 1616 "a snake hugging an anchor", and the dolphin of the "Dream of Poliphile"The legend of the Black Madonna of the observatory There are many rumors about the discovery and the presence of a small chapel under the Observatory. This chapel would have sheltered a Black Virgin who is also called "Notre Dame de Dessous Terre". These remarks would actually come from Claude Perrault himself in a report he sent to the King's office during the construction of the foundations of the building. He would have even evoked the term "illustrious vault" Another source tells us that it is Camille Flammarion who discovered this statuette, and this statement can be read in "The mystery of the cathedrals" of Fulcanelli "" We contemplated, in our turn, the little Underground lady, symbol of the raw stone of the Great Art, during a memorable exploration of the underground, in the month of July 1936, in the company of three excellent friends and an official to whom we ladies this exceptional four Warmly, as in any legend, we must also turn to the official history.The observatory was built on catacombs and the foundations were drowned in these underground tunnels.Also a statue is on display.Could Claude Perrault found a small chapel with this statuette Why not? The land belonged to some religious congregations that could have perfectly used the underground galleries c as Chapel and Ossuary, important for geodesy as it was one of the meridian arcs which were measured in order to determine the figure of the Earth. esoteric significance is ascribed to the Paris meridian; sometimes it is even perceived as a sinister axis. Why so many mysteries around a discovery that ultimately seems banal Should it be that Claude Perrault justifies the importance of this Meridian placed exactly on the location of the Black Madonna Was he afraid that we move this reference line Everything happens, as Fulcanelli reads, as if Le Meridien de Paris were to be at this place and not elsewhere. The discovery of a Black Madonna under the observatory would have been a way to freeze once for all the position. It is true that at that time a meridian was in competition, that of the church Saint-Sulpice The plans of the observatory which are the work of Claude Perrault, brother of Charles Perrault, author of the tales of My Mother the Oye also bears a very strong symbolism. It should be remembered that the two brothers are affiliated to a secret angelic society and also to the first pioneer of Alchemical Lodge The Wandering Knights also have a veneration for frequent summer solstice, and use this day to deposit either a storybook, either a study. June 21 is also the day when landmarks are taken on the ground for the construction of the Observatory. All the buildings respect the rule of the famous Golden Section, in short all participates in a very esoteric symbolism very turned towards the solar rhythms. The Observatory is actually a Temple which moreover had the favors of Louis XIV. It is true that the Sun King is the incarnated representation of Apollo in all its luminous splendor.Esoteric significance is ascribed to the Paris meridian; sometimes it is even perceived as a sinister axis. Dominique Stezepfandts, a French conspiracy theorist, attacks the Arago medallions that supposedly trace the route of "an occult geographical line"; to him the Paris meridian is a "Alchemic axis" or even "the heart of the Devil." Angélique society A circle of well-known characters And here is how, after having studied the Cassini linked to the Paris Observatory, we come back to a whole group of well-known characters in the Rennes-Le-Château affair. For the Angelic Society, which called itself "the Fog", is a secret artistic and literary society whose members were artists and writers as famous as Eugène Delacroix, Jules Verne, Gérard de Nerval, Frédérique Mistral or even Hergé (his famous blue oranges would be a poetic allusion to blue apples ...) The Angelic Society was founded in the 16th century by a Lyons printer Sebastien Greif who called himself "Gryphe". Originally from Wurtemberg, he settled in Lyon in 1522. Probably because of his pseudonym, he chose the griffon as emblem, a symbol that is easily associated with the sphinx. Should we see then a link with the Sphinge painted by Ingres and whose signature has an inverted N You should know that Ingres and Delacroix knew and appreciated each other.More mysteries? Behind this dynasty of scientists hides a secret. We must first know that the 4 successive Directors were members of Angelique, a secret society in which they held important functions of mastery (Angel Archives Barret and Mitlot 1825 ed.) But that's not all. During their dynasty they wrote particular and personal documents, in which one could find details on their cartographic works and especially around the Méridien of Paris. These documents, which were never published (there are probably reasons for this), are called "Cahiers Méridiens". Above all, it is interesting to read in their notes that the Cassini attached particular importance to certain archaeological sites situated around the meridian. Astronomers go further in their studies, since they call these sites primordial and sacred according to their own terms. These mysterious notes are also accompanied by unusual details and chronologies, and a list of ancient or archaeological furniture they called "gear"According to Grasset d'Orcet, the German printer, Gryphe was surrounded by many scholars and authors affiliated with this organization. The Angelic Society used as a code for insiders a kind of complex phonetic cabal based on "The language of birds" The key book of this secret society is "The Dream of Poliphile", completed in 1467 by Francesco Colonna, a Dominican born in Venice in 1433. It was reissued by Jacques Kerver in 1553 and in 1561 it was slightly corrected. Very curiously he inspired painters like Poussin or Lesueur but also Claude Perrault Charles Nodier, supposed grand master of the Priory of Sion according to documents Lobineau, was also very permeated by these texts and created his apocryphal reveries. Gerard de Nerval was not spared either Finally, the Angelic Society had close ties with the Rose-Croix which are demonstrated by the similarity between the symbol of the Rose-Croix published in 1616 "a snake hugging an anchor", and the dolphin of the "Dream of Poliphile" The listed place, Antyque Chaspel, was accessible by spiral staircases and you could see a little black virgin found during the works. The discovery had to be shocked because it was later asserted that it was the builders of the place who commissioned it in terracotta and deposited it in a slab at the subway of the observatory. Some great alchemists considered this crypt as the only one capable of offering the moments favorable to the different phases of the Great CEuvre, a place known as the Rough Stone of Great Art. It can also be read (doc RBR) that two years ago, the underground site which will become that of the Royal Observatory would have received from curious, and savants, among whom Messrs Reynaud Levieux, Nicolas Poussin and notables religious. The depth of the zenith well was set at 28 meters and the height of the building at 27 meters, giving a total height of 55 meters. The first utility planned for stellar observation was quickly abandoned, and it will not be until 1851 that Foucault will realize his second experience of the clock made famous by Umberto Eco. Then it will be for Foucault, in 1862, the first determination of the speed of light. The place of the Observatory seems decidedly highly symbolic and several societies more hermetic than learned, known a little later under the name of the Companies of the Fog did not fail to make the place sacred ...Henry Lincoln, in his book The Holy Place, argues that various ancient structures are aligned according to the Paris meridian. They even include medieval churches, built long before the meridian was established according to conventional history, and Lincoln finds it obvious that the meridian "was based upon the 'cromlech intersect division line'." David Wood, in his book Genisis, likewise ascribes a deeper significance to the Paris meridian and takes it into account when trying to decipher the geometry of the myth-encrusted village of Rennes-le-Château: The meridian passes about 350 meters (1,150 ft) west of the site of the so-called "Poussin tomb," an important location in the legends and esoteric theories relating to that place. (A skeptical discussion of these theories, including the supposed "alignments," can be found in Bill Putnam and Edwin Wood's book The Treasure of Rennes-le-Château - A mystery solved.)This series of Cahiers Méridiens (of which only the N ° 3, 6 and 7 remain) was added throughout the studies of the Cassini directors. Among other things, it was a question of accentuated statements on certain points of the territory. on sites called archeological meridian of Paris.These sites will enter later work indexed on events related to our history and especially to stories that will quickly be classified in the esoteric and unusual rubric.The Cassini insisted throughout their series notebooks on the fact of never forgetting these sites, distorting them or moving them away from their primordial and sacred functions (according to the term they chose) .Not only did they scrupulously draw up a state of affairs unrelated to the topography of the meridian of Paris but to their remarks details and chronologies for the least curious.In addition they constituted collections of objects for archeological sites they called and antiques machines The largest parts of the Cassini collections and archives are still in the South of France and not in Paris at the NL, nor in the archives of the Observatory. It is on a part of these archives preserved towards Perpignan that will work the prefect Xavier Richard who will write in 1936 the monumental and unavoidable ELEUSIS ALESIA on which on page 119, reuses the route Cassini for the sites close to the Observatory as well as on the crossing the meridian to the north and south of Groslay, Montmagny, Deuil, Saint-Denis, Arcueil and L'Hay, sites on which the Cassini worked outside of their functions ...
The Paris meridian is a meridian line running through the Paris Observatory in Paris, France—now longitude 2°20′14.03″ east. It was a long-standing rival to the Greenwich meridian as the prime meridian of the world. The Paris meridian arc or French meridian arc (French: la Méridienne de France) is the name of the meridian arc measured along the Paris meridian. The French meridian arc was important for French cartography, inasmuch as the triangulations of France began with the measurement of the French meridian arc. Moreover the French meridian arc was important for geodesy as it was one of the meridian arcs which were measured in order to determine the figure of the Earth. The determination of the figure of the earth was a problem of the highest importance in astronomy, inasmuch as the diameter of the earth was the unit to which all celestial distances had to be referred.
The Paris meridian is a meridian line running through the Paris Observatory in Paris, France—now longitude 2°20′14.03″ east. It was a long-standing rival to the Greenwich meridian as the prime meridian of the world. The Paris meridian arc or French meridian arc (French: la Méridienne de France) is the name of the meridian arc measured along the Paris meridian. The French meridian arc was important for French cartography, inasmuch as the triangulations of France began with the measurement of the French meridian arc. Moreover the French meridian arc was important for geodesy as it was one of the meridian arcs which were measured in order to determine the figure of the Earth.The determination of the figure of the earth was a problem of the highest importance in astronomy, inasmuch as the diameter of the earth was the unit to which all celestial distances had to be referred.
The mystery Perrault To understand why the Perrault brothers are important in the case of Rennes, just read the last stanza of the Red Serpent because nothing is at random My emotion was great "REMOVE MoI OF THE MUD" I said and my awakening was immediate. I failed to tell you that it was a dream that I had made on 17 JANUARY, feast of Saint SULPICE. Subsequently my persistent disorder, I wanted after reflections of use you tell it a tale of PERRAULT. Here is Friend Reader, in the pages that follow the result of a dream that rocked me in the world of the strange to the unknown. Whoever PASSES TO DO THE GOOD This allusion to the storyteller Charles Perrault is of course intended to attract the curiosity of the reader about this character and especially his brother, Claude Perrault, architect of the Observatory and therefore Le Meridien of Paris. Who was Charles Perrault? Charles Perrault (1628-1703) is the seventh child of a wealthy family of four brothers. He studied law and after a first burlesque work, "The Walls of Troy" he entered in 1654 as a clerk with his older brother Pierre Perrault, receiver general of the finances of Paris, was then noticed by his poems "the Odes to the King. Appointed clerk to Colbert in 1663 then adviser to Louis XIV, he became the King's first clerk of the buildings in 1665. In 1671 he entered the French Academy and opposed Boileau in the famous quarrel of the Ancients (to their heads Boileau , partisans of the ancient authors) against the Moderns in 1687. Chancellor of the Academy, he became librarian in 1673. His fame today is his tales of Mother l'oye (1697) inspired by the legendary medieval imaginary and chivalrous. The art of Charles Perrault is to have been able to resume in a falsely naive prose, stories traditionally transmitted orally and integrated into the collective unconscious. He transformed the folk tale by making a masterpiece of universal literature and saved from oblivion 8 traditional stories, today unavoidable like, Cinderella, the little poucet, the little red riding hood, the puss, etc. It is also very interesting to note from his biography, the close relations he most likely had with the power, the royal finances and Colbert. He certainly followed closely the state affair of the Superintendent of Finance Nicolas Fouquet that we know today strongly involved in the case of Rennes. Was he in some confidences of Colbert or Fouquet, confidences that he was able to transmit to his brother Claude Perrault. Who was Claude Perrault Claude Perrault (1613-1688) was born in Paris and was the third son of a bourgeois family. Two brothers will follow, Nicolas and Charles, but the Perrault brothers, Claude and Charles, will remain very bound all their lives during Claude Perrault was a tireless engineer. He studied medicine first at the Faculty of Paris. Doctor in 1641, he practiced for nearly 25 years. At the same time, Colbert created the Académie des Sciences at the end of the year 1666. At that time, Charles Perrault was Colbert's clerk and his duties led him to manage everything concerning Art and Sciences. He then introduced his brother Claude, a passionate scientist, into this little world of intellectuals close to Louis XIV. Finally, Claude and Charles Perrault will both be in the service of Colbert and the King. Claude Perrault approached famous scientists like Huygens, Roberval (mathematician), or Pecquet (doctor). This environment energized him with his interest in Natural History, but also on human physiology, physics. He entered the Academy of Sciences and Building Council in 1673 and was Colbert to translate "De Vitruva Architectura". This study will give birth to a new famous treaty. He then published in 1683 "The Ordinance of the 5 species of columns according to the method of the ancients" causing a great controversy. With the help of Charles Le Brun and Louis Le Vau, he was the colonnade of the eastern façade of the Louvre, the plans of the Observatory of Paris (1667-1766), the Castle of Sceau, and the Arc de Triomphe. of the Faubourg Saint-Antoine which will be abandoned. Claude Perrault even proposed a reconstruction of the Temple Jerusalem At the same time doctor of profession, anatomist, scientist and architect, the scientist will die of an infection in 1688 in Paris after having dissected a camel in the Jardin des Plantes, overall configuration much closer to reality (e format of the 265x360 cm). The area of the country is reduced compared to the traces of Guillaume Sanson (1619). This made Louis XIV say that the Academy of Sciences is costing him dearly! Add to this When we look at chronology and the presentation of a comparative map, we realize that great results are presented in 1682, only after 3 years of study, when it will be necessary to wait 65 years to access the chains of triangulation essential to redraw the dimensions. see below, all this leads to a real deal As we who always crystallizes around the same meridian themes, archaeological furniture markings, sacralization, secret geometry, etc. The Angelic Society A Circle of Well-Known Character And here is how after studying the Cassini related to the Observatoire de Paris, returns full fire on a whole group of well-known characters in the case of Rennes-Le-Chateau. For the Angelic Society, which called itself the "Brouillard", is a secret artistic and literary society whose members were artists and writers as famous as Eug Jules Verne, Gérard de Nerval, Frédérique Mistral or even Hergé (his famous blue oranges would be a poetic allusion to blue apples The Angélique Company was founded in the 16th century by a Lyon printer Sebastien Greif who called himself "Gryphe" from Württemberg, he moved to Lyon in 1522. No doubt because of his pseudonym, the chooses the griffin as an emblem, a symbol that is easily associated with the sphinx.If we then see a link with the Sphinge painted by Ingres and whose signature includes N inverted to know that Ingres and Delacroix knew each other. Grasset d'Orcet, the German printer, Gryphe was surrounded by many scholars and writers affiliated with this organization.The Angelic Society used co same code for insiders a kind of complex phonetic cabal based on "The language of birds"
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_meridian
The Postcard
A postally unused Peacock Autochrom Series postcard that was produced and published prior to 1918 by the Pictorial Stationery Co. Ltd. of London. The card was printed in Saxony.
On the divided back they inform the reader:
'Quadruple Screw Turbine Steamer.
Shares with her sister ship the
Lusitania the distinction of being
the largest and fastest vessel in
the world'.
Note that ocean liners in those days didn't have the vast superstructures that exist today in order to cram as many passengers as possible on to the ship.
The RMS Mauretania
The RMS Mauretania was launched on the 20th. September 1906 by the Duchess of Roxburghe. The ship was built by John Wigham Richardson and Swan Hunter, of Northumberland, England.
The Mauretania's maiden voyage took place on the 16th. November 1907. She was running mate and sister ship to RMS Lusitania and RMS Aquitania.
The RMS Mauretania - The Early Years
RMS Mauretania was an ocean liner designed by Leonard Peskett for the British Cunard Line, and launched on the afternoon of the 20th. September 1906. She was the world's largest ship until the launch of RMS Olympic in 1910.
Mauretania became a favourite among her passengers. She captured the Eastbound Blue Riband on her maiden return voyage in December 1907, then claimed the Westbound Blue Riband for the fastest transatlantic crossing during her 1909 season. She held both speed records for 20 years.
The Mauretania in the Great War
Shortly after Great Britain declared war on Germany on the 4th. August 1914, Mauretania made a dash for safety in Halifax, arriving on the 6th. August.
Shortly after, she and Aquitania were requested by the British government to become armed merchant cruisers, but their huge size and massive fuel consumption made them unsuitable for the duty, and they resumed their civilian service on 11 August. Later, due to lack of passengers crossing the Atlantic, Mauretania was laid up in Liverpool until the 7th. May 1915 at the time that Lusitania was sunk by a German U-Boat.
Mauretania was about to fill the void left by Lusitania, but she was ordered by the British government to serve as a troop ship to carry British soldiers during the Gallipoli Campaign. She avoided becoming prey for German U-boats because of her high speed and the seamanship of her crew. As a troopship, she was painted in dark greys with black funnels, as were her contemporaries.
When combined forces from the British Empire and France began to suffer heavy casualties, Mauretania was ordered to serve as a hospital ship, along with the Aquitania and White Star's Britannic, to treat the wounded until the 25th. January 1916.
In medical service the vessel was painted white with buff funnels and large medical cross emblems surrounding the vessel and illuminated signs starboard and port.
Seven months later, Mauretania once again became a troop ship when requisitioned by the Canadian government to carry Canadian troops from Halifax to Liverpool.
When the United States declared war on Germany in 1917, she carried thousands of American troops. The ship was known by the Admiralty as HMS Tuberose until the end of the war, but the vessel's name was never changed by Cunard.
Starting in March 1918, Mauretania received two forms of dazzle camouflage, a type of abstract colour scheming designed by Norman Wilkinson in 1917 in an effort to confuse enemy ships. The first camouflage scheme, applied early in March 1918, was curvilinear in nature and largely broad areas of olive with blacks, greys and blues.
The second scheme was the more geometric design commonly referred to as "dazzle"; this design, applied by July 1918, was mostly several dark blues and greys with some black. After her war service, she was repainted in a drab grey scheme, and finally full Cunard livery by the middle of 1919.
The Mauretania's Post-War Career (1919–1934)
Mauretania returned to civilian service on the 21st. September 1919. Her busy sailing schedule prevented her from having the extensive overhaul scheduled in 1920. However, in 1921 Cunard Line removed her from service when fire broke out on E deck and decided to overhaul the ship.
She returned to the Tyne shipyard where she was built, where her boilers were converted from coal to oil, and returned to service in March 1922. However Cunard noticed that Mauretania struggled to maintain her regular Atlantic service speed - although the ship's speed had improved and it now burned only 750 short tons of oil per 24 hours, compared to 1,000 short tons of coal previously, she was not operating at her pre-war service speeds.
On one crossing in 1922, the ship managed an average speed of only 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph). Cunard decided that the ship's once-revolutionary turbines were in desperate need of an overhaul. In 1923, a major refitting was begun in Southampton.
Mauretania's turbines were dismantled, but halfway through the overhaul, the shipyard workers went on strike and the work was halted, so Cunard had the ship towed to Cherbourg, where the work was completed. In May 1924, the ship returned to Atlantic service.
In 1928 Mauretania was refurbished with a new interior design, and in the next year her earlier speed record was broken by a German liner, Bremen, with a speed of 28 knots (52 km/h; 32 mph).
On the 27th. August 1929, Cunard permitted the Mauretania to have one final attempt to recapture the record from the newer German liner. She was taken out of service and her engines were adjusted to produce more power to give a higher service speed; however, this was still not enough.
Bremen simply represented a new generation of ocean liners that were far more powerful and technologically advanced than the aging Cunard liner. However, even though Mauretania did not beat her German rival, the ship lost by just a fraction after decades of design improvement, and beat all her own previous speed records both east and westbound.
In 1929 Mauretania collided with a train ferry near Robbins Reef Light. No one was killed or injured, and her damage was quickly repaired.
In 1930, with a combination of the Great Depression and newer competitors on the Atlantic run, Mauretania became a dedicated cruise ship, running six-day cruises from New York to Halifax, Nova Scotia.
On the 19th. November 1930, Mauretania rescued 28 people and the ship's cat from the Swedish cargo ship Ovidia which foundered in the Atlantic Ocean 400 nautical miles south east of Cape Race, Newfoundland.
In June 1933, she was painted white for cruise service.
The Retirement and Scrapping of RMS Mauretania
When Cunard Line merged with White Star Line in 1934, Mauretania, along with Olympic, Homeric, and other ageing ocean liners, were deemed surplus to requirements and withdrawn from service.
Cunard White Star withdrew Mauretania from service following a final crossing from New York to Southampton in September 1934. The voyage was made at an average speed of 24 knots (44 km/h; 28 mph), equalling the original contractual stipulation. She was then laid up at Southampton, her twenty-eight years of service at a close.
In May 1935 her furnishings and fittings were put up for auction, and on the 1st. July that year she departed Southampton for the last time to Metal Industries shipbreakers at Rosyth.
One of her former captains, the retired commodore Sir Arthur Rostron, captain of RMS Carpathia during the Titanic rescue, came to see her on her final departure from Southampton. Rostron refused to go aboard Mauretania before her final journey, stating that he preferred to remember the ship as she was when he commanded her.
The demise of the beloved Mauretania was protested by many of her loyal passengers, including President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who wrote a private letter against the scrapping.
En route to Rosyth, Mauretania stopped at her birthplace on the Tyne for half an hour, where she drew crowds of sightseers. Rockets were fired from her bridge, messages relayed, and she was boarded by the Lord Mayor of Newcastle. The mayor bade her farewell from the people of Newcastle, and her last captain, A. T. Brown, then resumed his course for Rosyth.
Approximately 30 miles north of Newcastle is the small seaport of Amble, Northumberland. The local town council sent a telegram to the ship stating, "Still the finest ship on the seas." To which Mauretania replied with:
"To the last and kindliest port in
England, greetings and thanks."
Amble, to this day, is still known as 'Amble, the Friendliest Port', and this is still seen on signs when entering the town. With masts cut down to fit, the ship passed under the Forth Bridge and was delivered to the breakers.
Mauretania arrived at Rosyth in Scotland at about 6 am on the 4th. July 1935 during a half-gale. By 6:30 am she passed the entrance to the Metal Industries' yards. A lone kilted piper was present at the quayside, playing a funeral lament for the popular vessel.
It was reported that upon the final shut-down of her great engines, she gave a dark "final shudder...".
Mauretania had her last public inspection on the 8th. July, a Sunday with 20,000 in attendance, with the monies raised going to local charities. Scrapping began shortly after, and with great rapidity.
Unusually, she was cut up afloat in drydock, with a complex system of wooden battens and pencil marks to monitor her balance. In a month her funnels were gone. By 1936 she was little more than a hulk; she was beached at the tidal basin at Metal Industries, and her remaining structure was scrapped by 1937.
To prevent a rival company using the name and to keep it available for a future Cunard White Star liner, arrangements were made for the Red Funnel Paddle Steamer Queen to be renamed Mauretania in the interim before the launch of the new RMS Mauretania in 1938.
Post Scrapping of the Mauretania
Some of the furnishings from Mauretania were installed in a bar/restaurant complex in Bristol called the Mauretania Bar (now Java Bristol), situated in Park Street. The bar was panelled with great quantities of richly carved and gilt old growth African mahogany, which came from her first class lounge.
The neon sign made for the 1937 opening on the south wall still advertises Mauretania, and her bow lettering was used above the entrance.
Additionally, nearly the complete first class reading-writing room, with the original chandeliers and ornate gilt-grilled bookcases, has been serving as the boardroom at Pinewood Studios, west of London. The colour is no longer shimmering silver sycamore – it has been altered over the years to an amber.
According to a Channel 4 programme about coastal properties, the whole of the Second Class drawing room from the ship form the interior of a white and blue house overlooking Poole Harbour. The drawing room is overlooked by a balustraded circular veranda which is also original.
Other panels and fittings were used to decorate the foyer and auditorium areas of the now defunct Windsor Cinema in Carluke.
Some of the timber panelling was also used in the extension (completed in 1937) of St John the Baptist's Catholic Church in Padiham, Lancashire.
An original model of the Mauretania is displayed at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. after a long stay on the retired Queen Mary in Long Beach, California. A gift from Franklin Delano Roosevelt, it was repainted white and green in the 1930's.
The ship's bell is currently located in the reception of the Lloyds Registry of Shipping, Fenchurch Street, London. Annually for Remembrance Day, Lloyds Register observe two minutes of silence and lay a wreath at its base in honour of fallen servicemen and women.
A large builder's model, showing Mauretania in her white cruising paint scheme, is displayed in the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic's Cunard exhibit in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Originally a model of Lusitania, it was converted to represent Mauretania after Lusitania was torpedoed.
Another large builder's model is situated aboard the ocean liner Queen Elizabeth 2, currently located in Dubai. This model was also originally Lusitania, and, like the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic's model, it was converted into Mauretania after Lusitania was lost.
When inspecting the model, one can tell it was originally Lusitania by examining the different boom crutches and bridge front, which is on the boat deck level.
A model of the vessel which was originally commissioned by Cunard is now held in the collection of the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich.
In 2010, a complete African mahogany pilaster from the first class lounge, fluted with an intricate gilt acanthus motif and intact rams head capital, was discovered and restored to its former glory.
Since 2012, it has been on permanent display in the Discovery Museum's Segedunum Annex at Wallsend, just a few hundred yards from where it was carved and installed in the Swan Hunter fitting out basin, over a century earlier.
Many examples of the liner's fixtures and fittings exist in private collections as well, including large sections of moulding, panelling, ceilings, samples of her turbine blades and much more.
Mauretania is mentioned in Rudyard Kipling's poem "The Secret of the Machines":
'The boat-express is waiting your command!
You will find the Mauretania at the quay,
Till her captain turns the lever 'neath his hand,
And the monstrous nine-decked city goes to sea.'
The historical novel Maiden Voyage by British writer Roger Harvey set in Newcastle in the 1900's gives an accurate account of the building of Mauretania, and features characters involved with her turbine engines. The climax of two love stories and a thriller comes as the ship approaches New York on her maiden voyage.
Snowdonia, or Eryri is a mountainous region and national park in North Wales. It contains all 15 mountains in Wales over 3000 feet high, including the country's highest, Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa), which is 1,085 metres (3,560 ft) tall. These peaks are all part of the Snowdon, Glyderau, and Carneddau ranges in the north of the region. The shorter Moelwynion and Moel Hebog ranges lie immediately to the south.
The national park has an area of 823 square miles (2,130 km2) (the fourth-largest in the UK), and covers most of central and southern Gwynedd and the western part of Conwy County Borough. This is much larger than the area traditionally considered Snowdonia, and in addition to the five ranges above includes the Rhinogydd, Cadair Idris, and Aran ranges and the Dyfi Hills. It also includes most of the coast between Porthmadog and Aberdyfi. The park was the first of the three national parks of Wales to be designated, in October 1951, and the third in the UK after the Peak District and Lake District, which were established in April and May 1951 respectively. The park received 3.89 million visitors in 2015.
The name Snowdon means 'snow hill' and is derived from the Old English elements snāw and dūn, the latter meaning 'hill'. Snowdonia is simply taken from the name of the mountain.
The origins of Eryri are less clear. Two popular interpretations are that the name is related to eryr, 'eagle', and that it means 'highlands' and is related to the Latin oriri ('to rise'). Although eryri is not any direct form of the word eryr in the meaning 'eagle', it is a plural form of eryr in the meaning 'upland'.
Before the boundaries of the national park were designated, "Snowdonia" was generally used to refer to a smaller upland area of northern Gwynedd centred on the Snowdon massif. The national park covers an area more than twice that size, extending south into the Meirionnydd area.
This difference is apparent in books published before 1951. In George Borrow's 1907 Wild Wales he states that "Snowdon or Eryri is no single hill, but a mountainous region, the loftiest part of which is called Y Wyddfa", making a distinction between the summit of the mountain and the surrounding massif. The Mountains of Snowdonia by H. Carr & G. Lister (1925) defines "Eryri" as "composed of the two cantrefs of Arfon and Arllechwedd, and the two commotes of Nant Conwy and Eifionydd", which corresponds to Caernarfonshire with the exception of southwest Llŷn and the Creuddyn Peninsula. In Snowdonia: The National Park of North Wales (1949), F. J. North states that "When the Committee delineated provisional boundaries, they included areas some distance beyond Snowdonia proper".
Snowdonia National Park, also known as Eryri National Park in English and Parc Cenedlaethol Eryri in Welsh, was established in October 1951. It was the third national park in the United Kingdom, following the Peak District and Lake District in April and May of the same year. It covers 827 square miles (2,140 km2) in the counties of Gwynedd and Conwy, and has 37 miles (60 km) of coastline.
The park is governed by the Snowdonia National Park Authority, which has 18 members: 9 appointed by Gwynedd, 3 by Conwy, and 6 by the Welsh Government to represent the national interest. The authority's main offices are at Penrhyndeudraeth.
The park authority used Snowdonia and Snowdon when referring to the national park and mountain in English until February 2023, when it resolved to primarily use the Welsh names, Eryri and Yr Wyddfa. There will be a transitional period of approximately two years in which the authority will continue to use the English names in parentheses — for example "Yr Wyddfa (Snowdon)" — where the context requires.
Unlike national parks in other countries, national parks in the UK are made up of both public and private lands under a central planning authority. The makeup of land ownership in the national park is as follows:
More than 26,000 people live within the park, of whom 58.6% could speak Welsh in 2011. While most of the land is either open or mountainous land, there is a significant amount of agricultural activity within the park.
The national park does not include the town of Blaenau Ffestiniog, which forms a unique non-designated enclave within the park boundaries. The town was deliberately excluded from the park when it was established because of its slate quarrying industry. The boundaries of the Peak District National Park exclude the town of Buxton and its adjacent limestone quarries for a similar reason.
The geology of Snowdonia is key to the area's character. Glaciation during a succession of ice ages, has carved from a heavily faulted and folded succession of sedimentary and igneous rocks, a distinctive rocky landscape. The last ice age ended only just over 11,500 years ago, leaving a legacy of features attractive to visitors but which have also played a part in the development of geological science and continue to provide a focus for educational visits. Visiting Cwm Idwal in 1841 Charles Darwin realised that the landscape was the product of glaciation. The bedrock dates largely from the Cambrian and Ordovician periods with intrusions of Ordovician and Silurian age associated with the Caledonian Orogeny. There are smaller areas of Silurian age sedimentary rocks in the south and northeast and of Cenozoic era strata on the Cardigan Bay coast though the latter are concealed by more recent deposits. Low grade metamorphism of Cambrian and Ordovician mudstones has resulted in the slates, the extraction of which once formed the mainstay of the area's economy.
The principal ranges of the traditional Snowdonia are the Snowdon massif itself, the Glyderau, the Carneddau, the Moelwynion and the Moel Hebog range. All of Wales' 3000ft mountains are to be found within the first three of these massifs and are most popular with visitors. To their south within the wider national park are the Rhinogydd and the Cadair Idris and Aran Fawddwy ranges. Besides these well-defined areas are a host of mountains which are less readily grouped though various guidebook writers have assigned them into groups such as the 'Arenigs', the 'Tarrens' and the 'Dyfi hills'.
Snowdon's summit at 1085 metres (3560 feet) is the highest in Wales and the highest in Britain south of the Scottish Highlands. At 905 metres (2970 feet) Aran Fawddwy is the highest in Wales outside of northern Snowdonia; Cadair Idris, at 893 metres (2930 feet), is next in line.
Rivers draining the area empty directly into Cardigan Bay are typically short and steep. From north to south they include the Glaslyn and Dwyryd which share a common estuary, the Mawddach and its tributaries the Wnion and the Eden, the smaller Dysynni and on the park's southern margin the Dyfi. A series of rivers drain to the north coast. Largest of these is the Conwy on the park's eastern margin which along with the Ogwen drains into Conwy Bay. Further west the Seiont and Gwyrfai empty into the western end of the Menai Strait. A part of the east of the national park is within the upper Dee (Dyfrydwy) catchment and includes Bala Lake, the largest natural waterbody in Wales. A fuller list of the rivers and tributaries within the area is found at List of rivers of Wales.
There are few natural waterbodies of any size in Wales; Snowdonia is home to most. Besides Bala Lake, a few lakes occupy glacial troughs including Llyn Padarn and Llyn Peris at Llanberis and Tal-y-llyn Lake south of Cadair Idris. Llyn Dinas, Llyn Gwynant, and Llyn Cwellyn to the south and west of Snowdon feature in this category as do Llyn Cowlyd and Llyn Ogwen on the margins of the Carneddau. There are numerous small lakes occupying glacial cirques owing to the former intensity of glacial action in Snowdonia. Known generically as tarns, examples include Llyn Llydaw, Glaslyn and Llyn Du'r Arddu on Snowdon, Llyn Idwal within the Glyderau and Llyn Cau on Cadair Idris.
There are two large wholly man-made bodies of water in the area, Llyn Celyn and Llyn Trawsfynydd whilst numerous of the natural lakes have had their levels artificially raised to different degrees. Marchlyn Mawr reservoir and Ffestiniog Power Station's Llyn Stwlan are two cases where natural tarns have been dammed as part of pumped storage hydro-electric schemes. A fuller list of the lakes within the area is found at List of lakes of Wales. In 2023, the park standardised its Welsh language lake names, to be also used in English.
The national park meets the Irish Sea coast within Cardigan Bay between the Dovey estuary in the south and the Dwyryd estuary. The larger part of that frontage is characterised by dune systems, the largest of which are Morfa Dyffryn and Morfa Harlech. These two locations have two of the largest sand/shingle spits in Wales. The major indentations of the Dovey, the Mawddach and Dwyryd estuaries, have large expanses of intertidal sands and coastal marsh which are especially important for wildlife: see #Natural history. The northern tip of the national park extends to the north coast of Wales at Penmaen-bach Point, west of Conwy, where precipitous cliffs have led to the road and railway negotiating the spot in tunnels.
There are only three towns within the park boundary, though there are several more immediately beyond it. Dolgellau is the most populous followed by Bala on the eastern boundary and then Harlech overlooking Tremadog Bay. More populous than these is the town of Blaenau Ffestiniog, which is within an exclave, that is to say it is surrounded by the national park but excluded from it, whilst the towns of Tywyn and Barmouth on the Cardigan Bay coast are within coastal exclaves. Llanrwst in the east, Machynlleth in the south and Porthmadog and Penrhyndeudraeth in the west are immediately beyond the boundary but still identified with the park; indeed the last of these hosts the headquarters of the Snowdonia National Park Authority. Similarly the local economies of the towns of Conwy, Bethesda, and Llanberis in the north are inseparably linked to the national park as they provide multiple visitor services. The lower terminus of the Snowdon Mountain Railway is at Llanberis. Though adjacent to it, Llanfairfechan and Penmaenmawr are less obviously linked to the park.
There are numerous smaller settlements within the national park: prominent amongst these are the eastern 'gateway' village of Betws-y-Coed, Aberdyfi on the Dovey (Dyfi) estuary and the small village of Beddgelert each of which attract large numbers of visitors. Other sizeable villages are Llanuwchllyn at the southwest end of Bala Lake (Llyn Tegid), Dyffryn Ardudwy, Corris, Trawsfynydd, Llanbedr, Trefriw and Dolwyddelan.
Six primary routes serve Snowdonia, the busiest of which is the A55, a dual carriageway which runs along the north coast and provides strategic road access to the northern part of the national park. The most important north–south route within the park is the A470 running from the A55 south past Betws-y-Coed to Blaenau Ffestiniog to Dolgellau. It exits the park a few miles to the southeast near Mallwyd. From Dolgellau, the A494 runs to Bala whilst the A487 connects with Machynlleth. The A487 loops around the northwest of the park from Bangor via Caernarfon to Porthmadog before turning in land to meet the A470 east of Maentwrog. The A5 was built as a mail coach road by Thomas Telford between London and Holyhead; it enters the park near Pentrefoelas and leaves it near Bethesda. Other A class roads provide more local links; the A493 down the Dovey valley from Machynlleth and up the coast to Tywyn then back up the Mawddach valley to Dolgellau, the A496 from Dolgellau down the north side of the Mawddach to Barmouth then north up the coast via Harlech to Maentwrog. The A4212 connecting Bala with Trawsfynydd is relatively modern having been laid out in the 1960s in connection with the construction of Llyn Celyn. Three further roads thread their often twisting and narrow way through the northern mountains; A4085 links Penrhyndeudraeth with Caernarfon, the A4086 links Capel Curig with Caernarfon via Llanberis and the A498 links Tremadog with the A4086 at Pen-y-Gwryd. Other roads of note include that from Llanuwchllyn up Cwm Cynllwyd to Dinas Mawddwy via the 545 metre (1788') high pass of Bwlch y Groes, the second highest tarmacked public road in Wales and the minor road running northwest and west from Llanuwchllyn towards Bronaber via the 531 metre (1742') high pass of Bwlch Pen-feidiog.
The double track North Wales Coast Line passes along the northern boundary of the park between Conwy and Bangor briefly entering it at Penmaen-bach Point where it is in tunnel. Stations serve the communities of Conwy, Penmaenmawr, Llanfairfechan and Bangor. The single-track Conwy Valley Line runs south from Llandudno Junction, entering the park north of Betws-y-coed which is served by a station then west up the Lledr valley by way of further stations at Pont-y-pant, Dolwyddelan and Roman Bridge. After passing through a tunnel the passenger line now terminates at Blaenau Ffestiniog railway station. Prior to 1961 the route continued as the Bala and Ffestiniog Railway via Trawsfynydd to Bala joining another former route along the Dee valley which ran southwest via Dolgellau to join the still extant coastal Cambrian Line south of Barmouth. The Pwllheli branch of the Cambrian Line splits from the Aberystwyth branch at Dovey Junction and continues via stations at Aberdovey, Tywyn, Tonfanau, Llwyngwril, Fairbourne and Morfa Mawddach to Barmouth where it crosses the Mawddach estuary by the Grade II* listed wooden Barmouth Bridge, a structure which also provides for walkers and cyclists. Further stations serve Llanaber, Tal-y-bont, Dyffryn Ardudwy, Llanbedr, Pensarn and Llandanwg before reaching Harlech. Tygwyn, Talsarnau and Llandecwyn stations are the last before the line exits the park as it crosses the Dwyryd estuary via Pont Briwet and turns westwards bound for Pwllheli via Penrhyndeudraeth, Porthmadog and Criccieth.
Many sections of dismantled railway are now used by walking and cycling routes and are described elsewhere. The Bala Lake Railway is a heritage railway which has been established along a section of the former mainline route between Bala and Llanuwchllyn. Other heritage railways occupy sections of former mineral lines, often narrow gauge and are described in a separate section.
The national park is served by a growing bus network, branded Sherpa'r Wyddfa (formerly Snowdon Sherpa). Together with the TrawsCymru network of buses this provides a car-free option to tourists and locals wishing to travel across the National Park.
The network was relaunched in July 2022 with a new brand, Sherpa'r Wyddfa, to reflect the National Park's new push for the promotion of Welsh place names. As such the publicity and websites for the newly branded service only use these Welsh names, even for English language users.
Snowdonia is one of the wettest parts of the United Kingdom; Crib Goch in Snowdonia is the wettest spot in the United Kingdom, with an average rainfall of 4,473 millimetres (176.1 in) a year over the 30-year period prior to the mid-2000s. (There is a rainfall gauge at 713 metres, 2340' on the slopes below Crib Goch.)
The earliest evidence for human occupation of the area dates from around 4000–3000 BCE with extensive traces of prehistoric field systems evident in the landscape. Within these are traces of irregular enclosures and hut circles. There are burial chambers of Neolithic and Bronze Age such as Bryn Cader Faner and Iron Age hillforts such as Bryn y Castell near Ffestiniog.
The region was finally conquered by the Romans by AD 77–78. Remains of Roman marching camps and practice camps are evident. There was a Roman fort and amphitheatre at Tomen y Mur. Roads are known to have connected with Segontium (Caernarfon) and Deva Victrix (Chester) and include the northern reaches of Sarn Helen.
There are numerous memorial stones of Early Christian affinity dating from the post-Roman period. The post-Roman hillfort of Dinas Emrys also dates to this time. Churches were introduced to the region in the 5th and 6th centuries. Llywelyn the Great and Llywelyn ap Gruffudd had various stone castles constructed to protect their borders and trade routes. Edward I built several castles around the margins including those at Harlech and Conwy for military and administrative reasons. Most are now protected within a World Heritage Site. Some of Snowdonia's many stone walls date back to this period too. In the Middle Ages, the title Prince of Wales and Lord of Snowdonia (Tywysog Cymru ac Arglwydd Eryri) was used by Llywelyn ap Gruffudd; his grandfather Llywelyn Fawr used the title Prince of north Wales and Lord of Snowdonia.
The 18th century saw the start of industrial exploitation of the area's resources, assisted by the appearance in the late part of the century of turnpike trusts making it more accessible. The engineer Thomas Telford left a legacy of road and railway construction in and around Snowdonia. A new harbour at Porthmadog linked to slate quarries at Ffestiniog via a narrow gauge railway. At its peak in the 19th century the slate industry employed around 12,000 men. A further 1000 were employed in stone quarrying at Graiglwyd and Penmaenmawr. Mining for copper, iron and gold was undertaken during the 18th and 19th centuries, leaving a legacy of mine and mill ruins today. Ruins of the gold industry are found at Cefn Coch on the Dolmelynllyn estate.
The Snowdonia Society is a registered charity formed in 1967; it is a voluntary group of people with an interest in the area and its protection.
Amory Lovins led the successful 1970s opposition to stop Rio Tinto digging up the area for a massive mine.
The park's entire coastline is a Special Area of Conservation, which runs from the Llŷn Peninsula down the mid-Wales coast, the latter containing valuable sand dune systems.
The park's natural forests are of the mixed deciduous type, the commonest tree being the Welsh oak. Birch, ash, mountain-ash and hazel are also common. The park also contains some large (planted) coniferous forested areas such as Gwydir Forest near Betws-y-Coed, although some areas, once harvested, are now increasingly being allowed to regrow naturally.
Northern Snowdonia is the only place in Britain where the Snowdon lily (Gagea serotina), an arctic–alpine plant, is found and the only place in the world where the Snowdonia hawkweed Hieracium snowdoniense grows.
One of the major problems facing the park in recent years has been the growth of Rhododendron ponticum. This fast-growing invasive species has a tendency to take over and stifle native species. It can form massive towering growths and has a companion fungus that grows on its roots producing toxins that are poisonous to any local flora and fauna for a seven-year period after the Rhododendron infestations have been eradicated. As a result, there are a number of desolate landscapes.
Mammals in the park include otters, polecats, feral goats, and pine martens. Birds include raven, red-billed chough, peregrine, osprey, merlin and the red kite. The rainbow-coloured Snowdon beetle (Chrysolina cerealis) is only found in northern Snowdonia.
Snowdonia has a particularly high number of protected sites in respect of its diverse ecology; nearly 20% of its total area is protected by UK and European law. Half of that area was set aside by the government under the European Habitats Directive as a Special Area of Conservation. There are a large number of Sites of special scientific interest (or 'SSSIs'), designated both for fauna and flora but also in some cases for geology. Nineteen of these sites are managed as national nature reserves by Natural Resources Wales. The park also contains twelve Special Areas of Conservation (or 'SACs'), three Special Protection Areas (or 'SPAs') and three Ramsar sites. Some are wholly within the park boundaries, others straddle it to various degrees.
There are numerous SSSIs within the park, the most extensive of which are Snowdonia, Migneint-Arenig-Dduallt, Morfa Harlech, Rhinog, Berwyn, Cadair Idris, Llyn Tegid, Aber Mawddach / Mawddach Estuary, Dyfi, Morfa Dyffryn, Moel Hebog, Coedydd Dyffryn Ffestiniog and Coedydd Nanmor.
The following NNRs are either wholly or partly within the park: Allt y Benglog, Y Berwyn (in multiple parts), Cader Idris, Ceunant Llennyrch, Coed Camlyn, Coed Cymerau, Coed Dolgarrog, Coed Ganllwyd, Coed Gorswen, Coed Tremadog, Coedydd Aber, Coedydd Maentwrog (in 2 parts), Coed y Rhygen, Cwm Glas Crafnant, Cwm Idwal, Hafod Garregog, Morfa Harlech, Rhinog and Snowdon.
The twelve SACs are as follows: Snowdonia SAC which covers much of the Carneddau, Glyderau, and the Snowdon massif, Afon Gwyrfai a Llyn Cwellyn, Corsydd Eifionydd / Eifionydd Fens (north of Garndolbenmaen), the Coedydd Derw a Safleoedd Ystlumod Meirion / Meirionydd Oakwoods and Bat Sites - a series of sites between Tremadog, Trawsfynydd, and Ffestiniog and Beddgelert and extending up the Gwynant. It also includes many of the oakwoods of the Mawddach and its tributaries. Afon Eden – Cors Goch Trawsfynydd, Rhinog, Cadair Idris (in 2 parts), Migneint-Arenig-Dduallt, River Dee and Afon Dyfrdwy a Llyn Tegid (Wales), Mwyngloddiau Fforest Gwydir / Gwydyr Forest Mines (north of Betws-y-Coed) and a part of the Berwyn a Mynyddoedd De Clwyd / Berwyn and South Clwyd Mountains SAC. The Pen Llyn a'r Sarnau / Lleyn Peninsula and the Sarnau SAC covers the entire Cardigan Bay coastline of the park and the sea area and extends above the high water mark at Morfa Harlech, Mochras and around the Dovey and Mawddach estuaries.
The three SPAs are Dovey Estuary / Aber Dyfi (of which a part is within the park), Berwyn (of which a part is within the park) and Migneint-Arenig-Dduallt.
The three designated Ramsar sites are the Dyfi Biosphere (Cors Fochno and Dyfi), Cwm Idwal and Llyn Tegid (Bala Lake).
The area's economy was traditionally centred upon farming and from the early 19th century increasingly on mining and quarrying. Tourism has become an increasingly significant part of Snowdonia's economy during the 20th and 21st centuries.
The extensive farming of sheep remains central to Snowdonia's farming economy.
Significant sections of the park were afforested during the 20th century for timber production. Major conifer plantations include Dyfi Forest, Coed y Brenin Forest between Dolgellau and Trawsfynydd, Penllyn Forest south of Bala, Beddgelert Forest and Gwydyr (or Gwydir) Forest near Betws-y-Coed which is managed as a forest park by Natural Resources Wales.
The region was once the most important producer of slate in the world. Some production continues but at a much reduced level from its peak. The park boundaries are drawn such that much of the landscape affected by slate quarrying and mining lies immediately outside of the designated area.
Construction of a nuclear power station beside Llyn Trawsfynydd began in 1959 with the first power produced in 1965. The site was operational until 1991 though it continues as an employer during its decommissioning phase. Pumped storage hydroelectric schemes are in operation at Llanberis and Ffestiniog.
Research indicates that there were 3.67 million visitors to Snowdonia National Park in 2013, with approximately 9.74 million tourist days spent in the park during that year. Total tourist expenditure was £433.6 million in 2013.
Many of the hikers in the area concentrate on Snowdon itself. It is regarded as a fine mountain, but at times gets very crowded; in addition the Snowdon Mountain Railway runs to the summit.
The other high mountains with their boulder-strewn summits as well as Tryfan, one of the few mountains in the UK south of Scotland whose ascent needs hands as well as feet are also very popular. However, there are also some spectacular walks in Snowdonia on the lower mountains, and they tend to be relatively unfrequented. Among hikers' favourites are Y Garn (east of Llanberis) along the ridge to Elidir Fawr; Mynydd Tal-y-Mignedd (west of Snowdon) along the Nantlle Ridge to Mynydd Drws-y-Coed; Moelwyn Mawr (west of Blaenau Ffestiniog); and Pen Llithrig y Wrach north of Capel Curig. Further south are Y Llethr in the Rhinogydd, and Cadair Idris near Dolgellau.
The park has 1,479 miles (2,380 km) of public footpaths, 164 miles (264 km) of public bridleways, and 46 miles (74 km) of other public rights of way. A large part of the park is also covered by right to roam laws.
The Wales Coast Path runs within the park between Machynlleth and Penrhyndeudraeth, save for short sections of coast in the vicinity of Tywyn and Barmouth which are excluded from the park. It touches the park boundary again at Penmaen-bach Point on the north coast. An inland alternative exists between Llanfairfechan and Conwy, wholly within the park. The North Wales Path, which predates the WCP, enters the park north of Bethesda and follows a route broadly parallel to the north coast visiting Aber Falls and the Sychnant Pass before exiting the park on the descent from Conwy Mountain. The Cambrian Way is a long-distance trail between Cardiff and Conwy that stays almost entirely within the national park from Mallwyd northwards. It was officially recognised in 2019, and is now depicted on Ordnance Survey maps.
The use of the English names for the area has been divisive, with an increase in protests against their use since 2020; these led to the national park authority deciding to use Welsh names as far as legally possible in November 2022. An early example of pressure to deprecate Snowdon and Snowdonia was a 2003 campaign by Cymuned, inspired by campaigns to refer to Ayers Rock as Uluru and Mount Everest as Qomolangma.
In 2020 an e-petition calling for the removal of the English names was put forward to the Senedd, but rejected as responsibility lies with the national park authority. In 2021 an e-petition on the same topic attracted more than 5,300 signatures and was presented to the national park authority.
On 28 April 2021 Gwynedd councillor John Pughe Roberts put forward a motion to use the Welsh names exclusively, calling this a "question of respect for the Welsh language". The motion was not considered and delayed, as the national park authority already appointed a "Welsh Place Names Task and Finish Group" to investigate the issue. The park authority however cannot compel other bodies and/or individuals to stop using the English names, with the proposals facing some criticism.
In May 2021, following the dismissal of the motion, YouGov conducted a poll on Snowdon's name. 60% of Welsh adults supported the English name Snowdon, compared to 30% wanting the Welsh name Yr Wyddfa. Separating by language, 59% of Welsh speakers preferred the Welsh name, but 37% of these still wanted Snowdon to be used as well. 69% of non-Welsh speakers firmly supported Snowdon as the Mountain's name. The proposals to rename Snowdon are usually accompanied with proposals to rename Snowdonia.
On 16 November 2022, Members of the Snowdonia National Park Authority committee voted to use the Welsh names Yr Wyddfa and Eryri to refer to the mountain and the national park, rather than the English names, in materials produced by the authority. The national park authority described the decision as "decisive action" and the authority's head of culture heritage stated that Welsh place names were part of the area's "special qualities" and that other public bodies, English-language press and filming companies have used the Welsh-language names. Before the decision the park had already prioritised the Welsh names by using them first and giving the English names in parentheses. The name "Snowdonia" cannot be abandoned entirely, as it is set in law and so must be used in statutory documents. The authority announced a review of the authority's branding in 2023 to adapt to the new approach to Welsh place names.
Gwynedd is a county in the north-west of Wales. It borders Anglesey across the Menai Strait to the north, Conwy, Denbighshire, and Powys to the east, Ceredigion over the Dyfi estuary to the south, and the Irish Sea to the west. The city of Bangor is the largest settlement, and the administrative centre is Caernarfon. The preserved county of Gwynedd, which is used for ceremonial purposes, includes the Isle of Anglesey.
Gwynedd is the second largest county in Wales but sparsely populated, with an area of 979 square miles (2,540 km2) and a population of 117,400. After Bangor (18,322), the largest settlements are Caernarfon (9,852), Bethesda (4,735), and Pwllheli (4,076). The county has the highest percentage of Welsh speakers in Wales, at 64.4%, and is considered a heartland of the language.
The geography of Gwynedd is mountainous, with a long coastline to the west. Much of the county is covered by Snowdonia National Park (Eryri), which contains Wales's highest mountain, Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa; 3,560 feet, 1,090 m). To the west, the Llŷn Peninsula is flatter and renowned for its scenic coastline, part of which is protected by the Llŷn AONB. Gwynedd also contains several of Wales's largest lakes and reservoirs, including the largest, Bala Lake (Llyn Tegid).
The area which is now the county has played a prominent part in the history of Wales. It formed part of the core of the Kingdom of Gwynedd and the native Principality of Wales, which under the House of Aberffraw remained independent from the Kingdom of England until Edward I's conquest between 1277 and 1283. Edward built the castles at Caernarfon and Harlech, which form part of the Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd World Heritage Site. During the Industrial Revolution the slate industry rapidly developed; in the late nineteenth century the neighbouring Penrhyn and Dinorwic quarries were the largest in the world, and the Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales is now a World Heritage Site. Gwynedd covers the majority of the historic counties of Caernarfonshire and Merionethshire.
In the past, historians such as J. E. Lloyd assumed that the Celtic source of the word Gwynedd meant 'collection of tribes' – the same root as the Irish fine, meaning 'tribe'. Further, a connection is recognised between the name and the Irish Féni, an early ethnonym for the Irish themselves, related to fían, 'company of hunting and fighting men, company of warriors under a leader'. Perhaps *u̯en-, u̯enə ('strive, hope, wish') is the Indo-European stem. The Irish settled in NW Wales, and in Dyfed, at the end of the Roman era. Venedotia was the Latin form, and in Penmachno there is a memorial stone from c. AD 500 which reads: Cantiori Hic Iacit Venedotis ('Here lies Cantiorix, citizen of Gwynedd'). The name was retained by the Brythons when the kingdom of Gwynedd was formed in the 5th century, and it remained until the invasion of Edward I. This historical name was revived when the new county was formed in 1974.
Gwynedd was an independent kingdom from the end of the Roman period until the 13th century, when it was conquered by England. The modern Gwynedd was one of eight Welsh counties created on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972. It covered the entirety of the historic counties of Anglesey and Caernarfonshire, and all of Merionethshire apart from Edeirnion Rural District (which went to Clwyd); and also a few parishes of Denbighshire: Llanrwst, Llansanffraid Glan Conwy, Eglwysbach, Llanddoged, Llanrwst and Tir Ifan.
The county was divided into five districts: Aberconwy, Arfon, Dwyfor, Meirionnydd and Anglesey.
The Local Government (Wales) Act 1994 abolished the 1974 county (and the five districts) on 1 April 1996, and its area was divided: the Isle of Anglesey became an independent unitary authority, and Aberconwy (which included the former Denbighshire parishes) passed to the new Conwy County Borough. The remainder of the county was constituted as a principal area, with the name Caernarfonshire and Merionethshire, as it covers most of the areas of those two historic counties. As one of its first actions, the Council renamed itself Gwynedd on 2 April 1996. The present Gwynedd local government area is governed by Gwynedd Council. As a unitary authority, the modern entity no longer has any districts, but Arfon, Dwyfor and Meirionnydd remain as area committees.
The pre-1996 boundaries were retained as a preserved county for a few purposes such as the Lieutenancy. In 2003, the boundary with Clwyd was adjusted to match the modern local government boundary, so that the preserved county now covers the two local government areas of Gwynedd and Anglesey. Conwy county borough is now entirely within Clwyd.
A Gwynedd Constabulary was formed in 1950 by the merger of the Anglesey, Caernarfonshire and Merionethshire forces. A further amalgamation took place in the 1960s when Gwynedd Constabulary was merged with the Flintshire and Denbighshire county forces, retaining the name Gwynedd. In one proposal for local government reform in Wales, Gwynedd had been proposed as a name for a local authority covering all of north Wales, but the scheme as enacted divided this area between Gwynedd and Clwyd. To prevent confusion, the Gwynedd Constabulary was therefore renamed the North Wales Police.
The Snowdonia National Park was formed in 1951. After the 1974 local authority reorganisation, the park fell entirely within the boundaries of Gwynedd, and was run as a department of Gwynedd County Council. After the 1996 local government reorganisation, part of the park fell under Conwy County Borough, and the park's administration separated from the Gwynedd council. Gwynedd Council still appoints nine of the eighteen members of the Snowdonia National Park Authority; Conwy County Borough Council appoints three; and the Welsh Government appoints the remaining six.
There has been considerable inwards migration to Gwynedd, particularly from England. According to the 2021 census, 66.6% of residents had been born in Wales whilst 27.1% were born in England.
The county has a mixed economy. An important part of the economy is based on tourism: many visitors are attracted by the many beaches and the mountains. A significant part of the county lies within the Snowdonia National Park, which extends from the north coast down to the district of Meirionnydd in the south. But tourism provides seasonal employment and thus there is a shortage of jobs in the winter.
Agriculture is less important than in the past, especially in terms of the number of people who earn their living on the land, but it remains an important element of the economy.
The most important of the traditional industries is the slate industry, but these days only a small percentage of workers earn their living in the slate quarries.
Industries which have developed more recently include TV and sound studios: the record company Sain has its HQ in the county.
The education sector is also very important for the local economy, including Bangor University and Further Education colleges, Coleg Meirion-Dwyfor and Coleg Menai, both now part of Grŵp Llandrillo Menai.
The proportion of respondents in the 2011 census who said they could speak Welsh.
Gwynedd has the highest proportion of people in Wales who can speak Welsh. According to the 2021 census, 64.4% of the population aged three and over stated that they could speak Welsh,[7] while 64.4% noted that they could speak Welsh in the 2011 census.
It is estimated that 83% of the county's Welsh-speakers are fluent, the highest percentage of all counties in Wales.[9] The age group with the highest proportion of Welsh speakers in Gwynedd were those between ages 5–15, of whom 92.3% stated that they could speak Welsh in 2011.
The proportion of Welsh speakers in Gwynedd declined between 1991 and 2001,[10] from 72.1% to 68.7%, even though the proportion of Welsh speakers in Wales as a whole increased during that decade to 20.5%.
The Annual Population Survey estimated that as of March 2023, 77.0% of those in Gwynedd aged three years and above could speak Welsh.
Notable people
Leslie Bonnet (1902–1985), RAF officer, writer; originated the Welsh Harlequin duck in Criccieth
Sir Dave Brailsford (born 1964), cycling coach; grew up in Deiniolen, near Caernarfon
Duffy (born 1984), singer, songwriter and actress; born in Bangor, Gwynedd
Edward II of England (1284–1327), born in Caernarfon Castle
Elin Fflur (born 1984), singer-songwriter, TV and radio presenter; went to Bangor University
Bryn Fôn (born 1954), actor and singer-songwriter; born in Llanllyfni, Caernarfonshire.
Wayne Hennessey (born 1987), football goalkeeper with 108 caps for Wales; born in Bangor, Gwynedd
John Jones (c. 1530 – 1598), a Franciscan friar, Roman Catholic priest and martyr; born at Clynnog
Sir Love Jones-Parry, 1st Baronet (1832–1891), landowner and politician, co-founder of the Y Wladfa settlement in Patagonia
T. E. Lawrence (1888–1935), archaeologist, army officer and inspiration for Lawrence of Arabia, born in Tremadog
David Lloyd George (1863–1945), statesman and Prime Minister; lived in Llanystumdwy from infancy
Sasha (born 1969), disc jockey, born in Bangor, Gwynedd
Sir Bryn Terfel (born 1965), bass-baritone opera and concert singer from Pant Glas
Sir Clough Williams-Ellis (1883–1978), architect of Portmeirion
Owain Fôn Williams, (born 1987), footballer with 443 club caps; born and raised in Penygroes, Gwynedd.
Hedd Wyn (1887–1917), poet from the village of Trawsfynydd; killed in WWI
20091119_1182
Vandaag ontving ik per post mijn presentexemplaar van Heel Nederland een gids, geschreven door Rik Zaal.
Toen mij gevraagd werd of men deze foto mocht gebruiken en daar geen geld voor wilden neertellen maar me wel een presentexemplaar toezegde ben ik akkoord gegaan. Ik had toen nog geen idee van de omvang van dit boek en het PR plan eromheen (presentatie bij Pauw en Witteman, overal lezingen door Heel Nedereland e.d.)
Ik ben helemaal trots dat hier ook een foto in staat die ik gemaakt heb. Zoals jullie zien heeft de foto een prominente plaats gekregen en is de naamsvermelding direct onder de foto geplaatst.
Het boekwerk bestaat uit twee delen van elk ongeveer 650 pagina's dik.
Kost tot 1 januari 59,95, daarna 69,95.
Drawings published in winter edition of Zbir zine. Available here: gromilovic.com/news/artworks-from-the-zbir-zine/
Preview: vimeo.com/40485867
In the latest edition(#43) of frankie magazine (Fashion, Art, Design, Photography, Music). An article on musician Fred Smith written by Jenna Hand with my picture accompanying. The magazine has a circulation of 210,000. I know it's not a big thing for some of you but it brings a smile to my dial and I felt I had to share. Image is a scanned copy of the article. Apologies to my G+ circles who'll have seen this already.
©All photographs on this site are copyright: DESPITE STRAIGHT LINES (Paul Williams) 2011 – 2020 & GETTY IMAGES ®
No license is given nor granted in respect of the use of any copyrighted material on this site other than with the express written agreement of DESPITE STRAIGHT LINES (Paul Williams) ©
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I would like to say a huge and heartfelt 'THANK YOU' to GETTY IMAGES, and the 36.923+ Million visitors to my FLICKR site.
***** Selected for sale in the GETTY IMAGES COLLECTION on August 4th 2020
CREATIVE RF gty.im/1263568416 MOMENT ROYALTY FREE COLLECTION**
This photograph became my 4,496th frame to be selected for sale in the Getty Images collection and I am very grateful to them for this wonderful opportunity.
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Photograph taken at an altitude of Sixty one metres at 09:57am on Monday 3rd August 2020, of a Sarcophagidae(flesh fly)on a Myrtus Communis (Common Myrtle), off Chessington Avenue in Bexleyheath, Kent.
Sarcophagidae (flesh flies) are ovoviviparous, opportunistically laying hatched or hatching maggots rather than eggs on carrion, dung, decaying material, or open wounds of mammals.
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Nikon D850 Focal length 360mm Shutter speed: 1/1250s Aperture f/6.0 iso250 Image area FX (36 x 24) NEF RAW L (8256 x 5504). NEF RAW L (14 bit uncompressed) Image size L (8256 x 5504 FX). Focus mode AF-C focus. AF-C Priority Selection: Release. Nikon Back button focusing enabled. AF-S Priority selection: Focus. 3D Tracking watch area: Normal 55 Tracking points.AF-Area mode single point & 73 point switchable. Exposure mode: Shutter Priority mode. Matrix metering. Auto ISO sensitivity control on (Max iso 800/ Miniumum shutter speed 125). White blance on: Auto1. Colour space: RGB. Actve D-lighting: Normal. Vignette control: Normal. Nikon Distortion control: Enabled. Picture control: Auto (Sharpening A +1/Clarity A+1
Sigma 60-600mm f/4.5-6.3DG OS HSM SPORTS. Lee SW150 MKI filter holder with MK2 light shield and custom made velcro fitting for the Sigma lens. Lee SW150 circular polariser glass filter.Lee SW150 Filters field pouch.Nikon GP-1 GPS module. Hoodman HEYENRG round eyepiece oversized eyecup.Manfrotto MT057C3-G Carbon fibre geared tripod. Neewer Gimbal tripod head with Arca Swiss quick release plate.055XPROB Tripod 3 Sections (Payload: 5.6kgs). Mcoplus professional MB-D850 multi function battery grip 6960.Two Nikon EN-EL15a batteries (Priority to battery in Battery grip). Matin quick release neckstrap. My Memory 128GB Class 10 SDXC 80MB/s card. Lowepro Flipside 400 AW camera bag.
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LATITUDE: N 51d 28m 28.52s
LONGITUDE: E 0d 8m 10.25s
ALTITUDE: 55.0m
RAW (TIFF) FILE: 130.00MB NEF: 91.6MB
PROCESSED (JPeg) FILE: 22.60MB
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PROCESSING POWER:
Nikon D850 Firmware versions C 1.10 (9/05/2019) LD Distortion Data 2.018 (18/02/20) LF 1.00
HP 110-352na Desktop PC with AMD Quad-Core A6-5200 APU 64Bit processor. Radeon HD8400 graphics. 8 GB DDR3 Memory with 1TB Data storage. 64-bit Windows 10. Verbatim USB 2.0 1TB desktop hard drive. WD My Passport Ultra 1tb USB3 Portable hard drive. Nikon ViewNX-1 64bit Version 1.4.1 (18/02/2020). Nikon Capture NX-D 64bit Version 1.6.2 (18/02/2020). Nikon Picture Control Utility 2 (Version 2.4.5 (18/02/2020). Nikon Transfer 2 Version 2.13.5. Adobe photoshop Elements 8 Version 8.0 64bit.
Map published in the Sydney Morning Herald 20 June 2012.
Press announcement today (4 June 2015) from the NSW Government.
"Sydney Metro is the new customer-friendly name for Australia’s largest public transport project, delivering more trains and faster services across all of Sydney.
"Sydney Metro is a new stand alone railway network that will revolutionise the way Sydney travels.
"Around the world, metro train systems are defined as high-frequency train services which operate on their own line.
"Sydney Metro has been given its new name following ongoing community and stakeholder feedback since the concept of Sydney Rapid Transit was announced a year ago.
"Our future customers told us they want a simple name – just like London has the Tube, and Paris and Dubai have the Metro.
"Customer feedback has made it very clear that people want to speak about the end product they will use.
"Sydney Metro has two core components:
"Sydney Metro Northwest – formerly the 36km North West Rail Link. This project is now under construction and will open in the first half of 2019 with a metro train every four minutes in the peak
"Sydney Metro City & Southwest – a new 30km metro line linking with Metro Northwest at Chatswood, and then under Sydney Harbour, through the CBD and south west to Bankstown. It is due to open in 2024 with the capacity to run a metro train every two minutes each way under the centre of Sydney.
"This major congestion busting project is well underway with almost half of the tunnelling now complete on Sydney Metro Northwest."
More information: sydneymetro.info/home
The Postcard
A postally unused carte postale published by Étienne Houvet.
The card was produced in France, and the image is a real photograph.
Chartres
Chartres is a city and capital of the Eure-et-Loir department in France. At the 2019 census, there were 38,534 individuals living in the city.
Chartres is famous worldwide for its Gothic cathedral which is in an exceptional state of preservation. The majority of the original stained glass windows survive intact, while the architecture has seen only minor changes since the early 13th. century.
Part the old town, including most of the library associated with the School of Chartres, was destroyed by Allied bombs in 1944.
The Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres, is one of the finest and best preserved Gothic cathedrals in France and in Europe. Its historical and cultural importance has been recognized by its inclusion on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites.
Chartres is built on a hill on the left bank of the river Eure. The medieval cathedral is at the top of the hill, and its two spires are visible from miles away across the flat surrounding lands. To the southeast stretches the fertile plain of Beauce, the "Granary of France", of which the town is the commercial centre.
Chartres cathedral was built on the site of the former Chartres cathedral of Romanesque architecture, which was destroyed by fire (that former cathedral had been built on the ruins of an ancient Celtic temple, later replaced by a Roman temple).
Begun in 1205, the construction of Notre-Dame de Chartres was completed 66 years later.
The stained glass windows of the cathedral were financed by guilds of merchants and craftsmen, and by wealthy noblemen, whose names appear at the bottom. It is not known how the famous and unique blue, bleu de Chartres, of the glass was created, and it has been impossible to replicate it.
Chartres in WWII
In World War II, the city suffered heavy damage, both by bombing and during the battle of Chartres in August 1944, but the cathedral was spared by an American Army officer who challenged the order to destroy it.
On the 16th. August 1944, Colonel Welborn Barton Griffith Jr. questioned the necessity of destroying the cathedral, and volunteered to go behind enemy lines to find out whether the Germans were using it as an observation post.
With his driver, Griffith proceeded to the cathedral and, after searching it all the way up its bell tower, confirmed to Headquarters that it was empty of Germans. The order to destroy the cathedral was withdrawn.
Colonel Griffith was killed in action later on that day in the town of Lèves, 3.5 kilometres (2.2 miles) north of Chartres. For his heroic action both at Chartres and Lèves, Colonel Griffith received, posthumously, decorations awarded by the President of the United States and the U.S. Military, and also from the French government.
Following deep reconnaissance missions and after heavy fighting in and around the city, Chartres was liberated on the 18th. August 1944, by the U.S. 5th. Infantry and 7th. Armored Divisions commanded by General George S. Patton.
Churches of Chartres
The Église Saint-Pierre de Chartres was the church of the Benedictine Abbaye Saint-Père-en-Vallée, founded in the 7th. century by Queen Balthild. At the time of its construction, the abbey was outside the walls of the city. It contains fine stained glass and, formerly, twelve representations of the apostles in enamel, created circa 1547 by Léonard Limosin, which now can be seen in the fine arts museum.
Other noteworthy churches of Chartres are Saint-Aignan (13th., 16th. and 17th. centuries), and Saint-Martin-au-Val (12th. century), inside the Saint-Brice hospital.
Museums of Chartres
Chartres' Museums include:
-- Le Musée des Beaux-Arts, a fine arts museum, housed in the former episcopal palace adjacent to the cathedral.
-- Le Centre International du Vitrail, a workshop-museum and cultural center devoted to stained glass art, located 50 metres (160 feet) from the cathedral.
-- Le Conservatoire du Machinisme et des Pratiques Agricoles, an agricultural museum.
-- Le Musée le Grenier de l'Histoire, a history museum specializing in military uniforms and accoutrements, in Lèves, a suburb of Chartres.
-- Le Musée des Sciences Naturelles et de la Préhistoire, a Natural science and Prehistory Museum (closed since 2015).
Other Features of Chartres
The river Eure, which at this point divides into three branches, is crossed by several bridges, some of them ancient, and is fringed in places by remains of the old fortifications, of which the Porte Guillaume (14th. century), a gateway flanked by towers, was the most complete specimen, until destroyed by the retreating German army on the night of the 15th./16th. August 1944.
The steep, narrow streets of the old town contrast with the wide, shady boulevards which encircle it and separate it from the suburbs. The Parc André-Gagnon lies to the north-west, and squares and open spaces are numerous.
Part of the Hôtel de Ville dates from the 17th. century, and is called l'Hôtel de Montescot. There is also La Maison Canoniale dating back to the 13th. century, and several medieval and Renaissance houses.
La Maison Picassiette, a house decorated inside and out with mosaics of shards of broken china and pottery, is also worth a visit.
There is also a statue of General Marceau (1769–1796), a native of Chartres and a general during the French Revolution.
The Economy of Chartres
Historically, game pies and other delicacies of Chartres are well known, and the city's industries have also included flour-milling, brewing, distilling, iron-founding, leather manufacture, perfumes, dyeing, stained glass, billiard requisites and hosiery.
More recently, businesses include the manufacture of electronic equipment and car accessories. Since 1976 the fashion and perfumes company Puig has had a production plant in the commune.
Pilgrimages
Chartres has been a site of Catholic pilgrimages since the Middle Ages. The poet Charles Péguy, who was born in 1873, revived the pilgrimage route between Paris and Chartres before the Great War.
At the outbreak of the war, Péguy became a lieutenant in the French 276th. Infantry Regiment. He died at the age of 41 in battle, shot in the forehead, near Villeroy, Seine-et-Marne on the 5th. September 1914, the day before the beginning of the Battle of the Marne. There is a memorial to Charles near the field where he was killed.
After the war, a number of students carried on the pilgrimage in his memory. Since 1982, the association Notre-Dame de Chrétienté, with offices in Versailles, organizes the annual 100 km (62 mi) pilgrimage on foot from Notre-Dame de Paris to Notre-Dame de Chartres. About 15,000 pilgrims, from France and countries outside France, participate every year.
The Bataclan Theatre Massacre
Chartres was the home of Omar Ismael Mostefaï aged 29, one of the three gunmen who attacked the audience at the Bataclan concert venue on the 13th. November 2015, starting at 21.40.
It was part of a carefully co-ordinated attack on Paris; over a 20 minute period, Islamist militants also killed and injured people at the Stade de France, and at six restaurants and cafes along the 10th. and 11th. arrondissements.
One of the restaurants was a popular Cambodian eatery in the trendy Canal Saint-Martin area, where at least 12 people died. Another 19 people were killed at a busy restaurant on nearby Rue de Charonne.
Shootings and bomb blasts on that night left a total of 130 people dead and hundreds wounded, with more than 100 in a critical condition.
The Start of the Bataclan Massacre
On the evening of the 13th. November 2015, the American rock band Eagles of Death Metal was playing to an audience of about 1,500 people at the Bataclan on the Boulevard Voltaire in the 11th. arrondissement of Paris.
Three dark-clad gunmen had been waiting in a black rental car near the venue for more than an hour, and were armed with Zastava M70 assault rifles. The M70 is a derivative of the Soviet AK-47, and can fire at a rate of 620 rounds per minute. Over 4 million of the ghastly things have unfortunately been manufactured.
The terrorists were three French natives of Algerian descent. As the band was playing their song "Kiss the Devil", the three men got out of the car and opened fire on people outside the venue, killing three.
They then burst into the concert hall and sprayed the crowd with automatic gunfire. Witnesses heard shouts of "Allahu Akbar" as the terrorists opened fire. Initially, the audience mistook the gunfire for pyrotechnics. The band ran offstage and escaped with many of the crew, although their tour manager was killed.
Rows of people were mown down by gunfire or were forced to drop to the ground to avoid being shot. Survivors described hundreds of people lying beside and on top of each other in pools of blood, screaming in terror and pain.
The gunmen also fired up into the balconies, and dead bodies fell down onto the stalls below. For a few minutes, the hall was plunged into darkness, with only the flashes from the assault rifles as the gunmen kept shooting.
The terrorists shouted that they were there because of French airstrikes against Islamic State. A witness who was inside the Bataclan heard a gunman say:
"This is because of all the harm
done by Hollande to Muslims all
over the world."
A radio reporter attending the concert reported that:
"The terrorists were calm and determined, and they
reloaded three or four times. Two gunmen attacked
the concert hall; one gunman covered fire while
another reloaded to ensure maximum efficiency."
Whenever a gunman stopped to reload, members of the crowd, some with bullets in them, ran for the emergency exits, scrambling over each other to escape. Some were shot from behind as they fled, and the terrorists laughed as they shot them. Those who reached an emergency exit were shot by the third gunman, who had positioned himself there.
Other groups of people barricaded themselves in backstage rooms. Some smashed open the ceiling in an upstairs toilet, and hid among the rafters under the roof. Those who could not run lay still on the floor or under bodies pretending to be dead. One women was seen hanging from a third floor window.
According to survivors, the terrorists walked among those who were lying down, kicked them, and shot them in the head if there were any sign of life.
An eyewitness reported hearing the gunmen ask amongst themselves where the members of the Eagles of Death Metal were once the gunfire stopped. Mostefaï and another of the gunmen then went upstairs to the balconies, while the third attacker stayed downstairs and fired at people who tried to flee.
Initial Armed Response to the Terrorists
The Brigade of Research and Intervention (BRI) arrived on the scene at 22:15, soon followed by the elite tactical unit, RAID. At 22:15, the first two responding officers entered the building armed with handguns and encountered one of the terrorists who was standing on the stage.
The Jihadist died after being shot by the officers and detonating his explosive vest. Mostefaï and the other remaining gunman (Mohamed-Aggad) then fired upon the officers, forcing them to withdraw and wait for backup.
The Stand-Off
From this point, Mostefaï and the other attacker took about twenty hostages and herded them into a room at the end of a corridor located further within the building. They also seized the hostages' mobile phones and attempted to use them to access the Internet, but they were unable to find a signal.
Some of the hostages were forced to look down into the hall and out the windows and report what they saw. During this time, the two terrorists fired on police and first responders as they arrived at the scene.
At 23:30, an elite police squad entered the building. One unit evacuated survivors from downstairs, while another unit went upstairs. They found Mohamed-Aggad and Mostefaï, who had begun using hostages as human shields. They shouted out to police the number of a hostage's phone.
Over the next 50 minutes, they had four phone exchanges with a police negotiator, during which time they threatened to execute hostages unless they received a signed paper promising France's departure from Muslim lands.
The Police Assault
The police assault began at 00:20 and lasted three minutes. Police launched the assault because of reports that Mohamed-Aggad and Mostefaï had started killing hostages. Police using shields burst open the door to the room and exchanged fire with Mohamed-Aggad and Mostefaï while managing to pull the hostages one-by-one behind their shields. One terrorist detonated his explosive vest, and the other tried to do the same but was shot.
Ninety people were killed at the Bataclan on that night, and hundreds of others were wounded. Almost all of the deceased victims were killed within the first 20 minutes of the attack. All of the hostages were rescued without injury.
Police dog teams from the Brigade Cynophile assisted with body removal because of concerns that there could still be live explosives in the theatre. Identification and removal of the bodies took 10 hours, a process made difficult because some audience members had left their identity papers in the theatre's cloakroom.
Omar Ismael Mostefaï
The homegrown suicide bomber Omar Ismael Mostefaï was identified after his finger was found among the Bataclan concert hall carnage.
Mostefaï was born in the Paris suburb of Courcouronnes and had eight past convictions for petty crimes. He is said to have been radicalised by a Belgian hate preacher at a mosque in France.
The Jihadist was buried in the Cimetière Parisien de Thiais
located in Val-de-Marne.
published in Buzz
Photographer: Fayyaz Ahmed
Model: Iffy Zafar
Hair & Makeup: Asma Zuberi @Depilex
Label: Arsalan & Yahseer
Published photograph in The Trace on July 29th, 2015 to illustrate an article by Adam Weinstein "Why Military Security Experts Know That Arming More Troops is Not The Answer"
www.thetrace.org/2015/07/military-bases-chattanooga-gun-f...