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The Postcard

 

A Comic Series novelty card published by Bamforth & Co. Ltd. of Holmfirth, Yorkshire. The artwork was by Fitzpatrick.

 

The card was posted in Scarborough on Sunday the 12th. August 1973 to:

 

Miss H. Fisher,

84, Huddersfield Road,

Skelmanthorpe,

Nr. Huddersfield,

Yorkshire.

 

The message on the other side of the card was as follows:

 

"We haven't had much sun

so far, so unlike you I won't

get as brown as a berry!

We went to see Lulu last

week at the Futurist - she is

really exciting.

Hope you are enjoying your

holiday, the time's flying isn't

it?

We have spent a lot of time

in Peasholm Park and the

amusements.

We got chased by a rabbit

last week.

That sounds funny doesn't it?

Actually it was a fella dressed

up.

Love from Celia".

 

The Futurist Theatre

 

The Futurist Theatre was a theatre and cinema located on Foreshore Road in Scarborough. It closed its doors on the 6th. January 2014 after the operators' lease expired.

 

The Futurist was built as a cinema in 1921. It remained in this role until 1958 when the stage was extended to allow live performances at the venue which included The Black and White Minstrel Show, the Beatles, Morecambe & Wise, Shirley Bassey, Ken Dodd and the Bachelors. (And of course, Lulu!)

 

The Futurist had the twelfth largest seating capacity (2,155) for a theatre in the country, and the fifth largest capacity outside London.

 

The Futurist has the misfortune of being located in an area earmarked for redevelopment, therefore its future looks far from promising.

 

Richard Reid - The Shoe Bomber

 

So what else happened on the day that Celia posted the card?

 

Well, the 12th. August 1973 marked the birth of Richard Colvin Reid, also known as the 'Shoe Bomber'.

 

He is a British terrorist who attempted to detonate a shoe bomb while on American Airlines Flight 63 from Paris to Miami in 2001.

 

Born to a father who was a career criminal, Reid converted to Islam as a young man in prison after years as a petty criminal. Later he became radicalised and went to Pakistan and Afghanistan, where he trained and became a member of al-Qaeda.

 

On the 22nd. December 2001, he boarded American Airlines Flight 63 between Paris and Miami, wearing shoes packed with explosives, which he unsuccessfully tried to detonate. Passengers subdued him on the plane, which landed at Logan International Airport in Boston, Massachusetts, the closest US airport.

 

He was arrested, charged, and indicted. In 2002, Reid pleaded guilty in U.S. federal court to eight criminal counts of terrorism, based on his attempt to destroy a commercial aircraft in flight. He was sentenced to three life terms plus 110 years in prison without parole, and was transferred to ADX Florence, a super maximum security prison in Colorado, United States.

 

Richard Reid - Background

 

Reid was born in Bromley to Lesley Hughes, who was of native English descent, and Colvin Robin Reid, a man of mixed race whose father was a Jamaican immigrant. When Reid was born, his father, a career criminal, was in prison for stealing a car.

 

Reid attended Thomas Tallis School in Kidbrooke, leaving at 16 and becoming a graffiti writer who was in and out of detention. He accumulated more than 10 convictions for crimes against persons and property. He served sentences at Feltham Young Offenders Institution and at Maidstone Prison.

 

The next time Reid was imprisoned, in 1992 for three years, for various street robberies, he converted to Islam.

 

The Islamic Radicalisation of Richard Reid

 

Upon his release from prison in 1995, he joined the Brixton Mosque. He later began attending the Finsbury Park Mosque in North London, headed at that time by the anti-American cleric Abu Hamza al-Masri, who was described as 'The heart of the extremist Islamic culture' in Great Britain.

 

By 1998 Reid was voicing extremist views. At the Finsbury Park Mosque he fell under the sway of 'terrorist talent spotters and handlers' allied with al-Qaeda, including Djamal Beghal, one of the leaders of the foiled plan for a 2001 suicide bombing of the American Embassy in Paris.

 

Reid spent 1999 and 2000 in Pakistan, and trained at a terrorist camp in Afghanistan.

 

The Attempted Bombing

 

Reid and Saajid Badat, another British man preparing to be a terrorist, returned to Pakistan in November 2001, and travelled overland to Afghanistan.

 

They were both given 'shoe bombs', casual footwear adapted to be covertly smuggled onto aircraft before being used to destroy them. Later forensic analysis of both bombs showed that they contained the same plastic explosive, and that the detonator cords had come from the same batch: the cut mark on Badat's cord exactly matched that on Reid's.

 

On the 21st. December 2001, Reid attempted to board a flight from Paris to Miami, Florida. His boarding was delayed because his dishevelled physical appearance had aroused the suspicions of the airline passenger screeners.

 

In addition, Reid did not answer all of their questions, and had not checked in any luggage for the transatlantic flight.

 

Additional screening by the French National Police resulted in Reid being re-issued a ticket for a flight on the following day. He returned to the Paris airport on the 22nd. December 2001, and boarded American Airlines Flight 63 from Paris to Miami, wearing his special shoes packed with plastic explosives in their hollowed-out bottoms.

 

During the flight, a passenger on Flight 63 complained of the smell of smoke in the cabin shortly after a meal service.

 

One flight attendant, Hermis Moutardier, thinking she smelled a burnt match, walked along the aisles of the plane, trying to assess the source. A passenger pointed to Reid, who was sitting alone near a window and attempting to light a match. Moutardier warned him that smoking was not allowed on the airplane. Reid promised to stop.

 

The Actions of Other Passengers on the Flight

 

A few minutes later, Moutardier found Reid leaned over in his seat. After she asked him what he was doing, Reid grabbed at her, revealing one shoe in his lap, a fuse leading into the shoe, and a lit match. Several passengers worked together to subdue the 6 foot 4 inch (193 cm) tall Reid weighting more than 200 pounds (over 90 kg).

 

They restrained him using plastic handcuffs, seatbelt extensions, leather waist belts and headphone cords. A doctor on board administered a tranquilliser which was found in the emergency medical kit of the airliner. The flight was immediately diverted to Logan International Airport in Boston, Massachusetts, the closest US airport.

 

The explosive apparently did not detonate due to the delay in the take-off of Reid's flight. The rainy weather, perhaps along with Reid's foot perspiration, caused the fuse to be too damp to ignite.

 

Legal Proceedings and Sentencing

 

Reid was arrested at Logan International Airport after the incident. Two days later, he was charged before a federal court in Boston with 'Interfering with the performance of duties of flight crew members by assault or intimidation', a crime which carries a penalty of up to 20 years in prison and a $250,000 fine. Additional charges were added when he was formally indicted by a grand jury.

 

The judge ordered Reid to be held in jail without bail, pending trial due to the gravity of the crimes and the perceived high risk that he would try to flee. Officials at the time indicated that Reid's shoes contained 10 ounces (283 g) of explosive material characteristic of C-4, enough to blow a hole in the fuselage and cause the plane to crash.

 

During a preliminary hearing on the 28th. December, an FBI agent testified that forensic analysis had identified the chemicals as PETN, the primary explosive, and TATP (triacetone triperoxide), a chemical needed to detonate the bomb with a fuse and match.

 

The Charges

 

Reid was charged with nine criminal counts related to terrorism, namely:

 

- Attempted use of a weapon of mass destruction,

- Attempted homicide,

- Placing or transporting an explosive or incendiary device on an aircraft or public mass transportation vehicle,

- 2 counts of interference with flight crew members and attendants on an aircraft

- Attempted destruction of an aircraft or public mass transportation vehicle

- Using a destructive device during and in relation to a crime of violence, and

- Attempted destruction of an aircraft

- Attempted wrecking of a mass transportation vehicle.

 

The ninth charge, attempted wrecking of a mass transportation vehicle, was dismissed on the 11th. June 2002, because the Congressional definition of 'vehicle' did not include aircraft.

 

The Guilty Plea

 

Reid pleaded guilty to the remaining eight counts on the 4th. October 2002. On the 31st. January 2003, he was sentenced by Judge William Young to the maximum of three consecutive life sentences and 110 years with no possibility of parole. Reid was also fined the maximum of $250,000 on each count, a total of $2 million.

 

A Comment From the Judge

 

During the sentencing hearing, Reid said he was an enemy of the United States, and in league with al-Qaeda. When Reid said he was a Soldier of God under the command of Osama bin Laden, Judge Young responded:

 

"You are not an enemy combatant,

you are a terrorist. You are not a

soldier in any army, you are a terrorist.

To call you a soldier gives you far too

much stature. (Points to U.S. flag).

You see that flag, Mr Reid? That is the

flag of the United States of America.

That flag will be here long after you

are forgotten".

 

Changes in Airline Security Procedures

 

As a result of these events, airlines started to require passengers to pass through airport security in socks or bare feet while their shoes are scanned for bombs.

 

Scanners cannot find PETN in shoes or strapped to a person. A chemical test is needed. However, X-rays are an effective way to see if the shoe has been altered to hold a bomb.

The Postcard

 

A postcard published by Sunny South Photographers, D.&W.,B. They state on the back of the card: 'British Manufacture Throughout'.

 

The card was posted in Curry Rivel on Thursday the 6th. July 1933 to:

 

Mrs. Goozee,

152, Leighton Road,

Kentish Town,

London NW.

 

The message on the back of the card was as follows:

 

"Curry Rivel.

My Dear Blanche & All,

Thought you would like a

card from us.

We are having grand weather,

but it's soon getting to

Saturday now.

We have had two days at

Weymouth, and yesterday we

went to Burnham for the day.

Hope you are all well.

Love from us both,

Midge".

 

Dachau Concentration Camp

 

So what else happened on the day that Midge posted the card?

 

Well, on the 6th. July 1933, the German National People's Party was dissolved.

 

The coalition government of the German National People's Party and the the National Socialist German Worker's Party (Nazi Party) established the first concentration camp to be built by Nazi Germany - Dachau.

 

Dachau opened on the 22nd. March 1933. The camp was initially intended to intern Hitler's political opponents who consisted of communists, social democrats, and other dissidents.

 

The camp was located in the grounds of an abandoned munitions factory northeast of the medieval town of Dachau, about 16 km (10 mi) northwest of Munich in the state of Bavaria, in southern Germany.

 

After its opening by Heinrich Himmler, its purpose was enlarged to include forced labor, and, eventually, the imprisonment of Jews, Romani, German and Austrian criminals, and, finally, foreign nationals from countries that Germany occupied or invaded.

 

The Dachau camp system grew to include nearly 100 sub-camps, which were mostly work camps or Arbeitskommandos, and were located throughout southern Germany and Austria.

 

The main camp was liberated by U.S. forces on the 29th. April 1945.

 

Prisoners lived in constant fear of brutal treatment and terror detention, including standing cells, floggings, the so-called tree or pole hanging, and standing at attention for extremely long periods in very cold weather.

 

There were 32,000 documented deaths at the camp, and thousands that were never documented. Approximately 10,000 of the 30,000 remaining prisoners were sick at the time of liberation.

 

General Overview

 

Dachau served as a prototype and model for the other German concentration camps that followed. Almost every community in Germany had members taken away to these camps. Newspapers continually reported:

 

"The removal of the enemies of

the Reich to concentration camps."

 

As early as 1935, a jingle went around:

 

"Lieber Herr Gott,

Mach mich stumm,

Das ich nicht nach Dachau komm".

 

This translates as:

 

"Dear God,

Make me dumb,

That I may not to Dachau come".

 

('Dumb' means 'Silent' in this context.)

 

The camp's layout and building plans were developed by Commandant Theodor Eicke, and were applied to all later camps. He devised a separate, secure camp near the command center, which consisted of living quarters, administration and army camps.

 

Eicke became the chief inspector for all concentration camps, responsible for organizing others according to his model.

 

The Dachau complex included the prisoners' camp which occupied approximately 5 acres, and the much larger area of SS training school including barracks, factories plus other facilities of around 20 acres.

 

The entrance gate used by prisoners carries the phrase "Arbeit macht frei" which translates as "Work shall set you free". This phrase was also used in several other concentration camps such as Theresienstadt and Auschwitz.

 

Dachau was the concentration camp that was in operation the longest, from March 1933 to April 1945, nearly all twelve years of the Nazi regime. Dachau's close proximity to Munich, where Hitler came to power and where the Nazi Party had its official headquarters, made Dachau a convenient location.

 

From 1933 to 1938, the prisoners were mainly German nationals detained for political reasons. After Kristallnacht, 30,000 male Jewish citizens were deported to concentration camps. More than 10,000 of them were interned in Dachau.

 

As the German military occupied other European states, citizens from across Europe were sent to concentration camps. Subsequently, the camp was used for prisoners of all sorts, from every nation occupied by the forces of the Third Reich. 

 

In the postwar years, the camp continued in use. From 1945 through 1948, the camp was used by the Allies as a prison for SS officers awaiting trial.

 

After 1948, when hundreds of thousands of ethnic Germans were expelled from eastern Europe, it held Germans from Czechoslovakia until they could be resettled.

 

It also served as a military base for the United States, which maintained forces in the country. The camp finally closed in 1960. At the insistence of survivors, various memorials have been constructed and installed there. 

 

Statistics vary but they are in the same general range. It will never be known exactly how many people were interned or murdered there, due to periods of disruption.

 

One source gives a general estimate of over 200,000 prisoners from more than 30 countries during Nazi rule, of whom two-thirds were political prisoners, including many Catholic priests, and nearly one-third were Jews.

 

25,613 prisoners are believed to have been murdered in the camp and almost another 10,000 in its subcamps, primarily from disease, malnutrition and suicide.

 

In late 1944, a typhus epidemic occurred in the camp caused by poor sanitation and overcrowding, and this caused more than 15,000 deaths. It was followed by an evacuation, in which large numbers of the prisoners died.

 

Toward the end of the war, death marches to and from the camp caused the deaths of numerous unrecorded prisoners.

 

After liberation, prisoners weakened beyond recovery by starvation continued to die. Two thousand cases of "the dread black typhus" had already been identified by the 3rd. May, and the U.S. Seventh Army was:

 

"Working day and night to alleviate

the appalling conditions at the camp".

 

Prisoners with typhus, a louse-borne disease with an incubation period from 12 to 18 days, were treated by the 116th. Evacuation Hospital, while the 127th. was the general hospital for the other illnesses.

 

Over the 12 years of use as a concentration camp, the Dachau administration recorded the intake of 206,206 prisoners and deaths of 31,951.

 

Crematoria were constructed to dispose of the deceased. Visitors may now walk through the buildings and view the ovens used to cremate bodies, which hid the evidence of many deaths.

 

It is claimed that in 1942, more than 3,166 prisoners in weakened condition were transported to Hartheim Castle near Linz, and were executed by poison gas because they were deemed unfit.

 

The gas chamber at Dachau bore a "Brausebad" sign, meaning "Shower Bath".

 

Between January and April 1945 11,560 detainees died at Dachau according to a U.S. Army report of 1945, though the Dachau administration registered 12,596 deaths from typhus at the camp over the same period.

 

Dachau was the third concentration camp to be liberated by British or American Allied forces.

 

History of the Camp

 

After the takeover of Bavaria on the 9th. March 1933, Heinrich Himmler, then Chief of Police in Munich, began to speak with the managers of an unused gunpowder and munitions factory.

 

Himmler toured the site to see if it could be used for quartering protective-custody prisoners. The concentration camp at Dachau was opened on the 22nd. March 1933, with the arrival of about 200 prisoners from Stadelheim Prison in Munich and the Landsberg fortress (where Hitler had written Mein Kampf during his own imprisonment).

 

Himmler announced that the camp could hold up to 5,000 people, and described it as "the first concentration camp for political prisoners" to be used to restore calm to Germany.

 

The press statement given at the opening stated:

 

"On Wednesday the first concentration camp is to be

opened in Dachau with an accommodation for 5000

people. All Communists and—where necessary—

Reichsbanner and Social Democratic functionaries who

endanger state security are to be concentrated here,

as in the long run it is not possible to keep individual

functionaries in the state prisons without overburdening

these prisons, and on the other hand these people

cannot be released because attempts have shown that

they persist in their efforts to agitate and organize as

soon as they are released."

 

Whatever the publicly stated purpose of the camp, the SS men who arrived there on the 11th. May 1933 were left in no illusion as to its real purpose by the speech that was given on that day by Johann-Erasmus Freiherr von Malsen-Ponickau:

 

"Comrades of the SS!

You all know what the Fuehrer has called us to do.

We have not come here for human encounters with

those pigs in there. We do not consider them human

beings, as we are, but as second-class people.

For years they have been able to continue their criminal

existence. But now we are in power. If those pigs had

come to power, they would have cut off all our heads.

Therefore we have no room for sentimentalism.

If anyone here cannot bear to see the blood of

comrades, he does not belong and had better leave.

The more of these pig dogs we strike down, the fewer

we need to feed."

 

Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals and emigrants were also sent to Dachau after the 1935 passage of the Nuremberg Laws which institutionalized racial discrimination.

 

In early 1937, the SS, using prisoner labor, initiated the construction of a large complex capable of holding 6,000 prisoners. The construction was completed in August 1938.

 

More political opponents, and over 11,000 German and Austrian Jews were sent to the camp after the annexation of Austria and the Sudetenland in 1938.

 

Sinti and Roma in the hundreds were sent to the camp in 1939, and over 13,000 prisoners were sent to the camp from Poland in 1940.

 

Representatives of the International Committee of the Red Cross inspected the camp in 1935 and in 1938, and documented the harsh conditions.

 

Investigation of the First Deaths in 1933

 

Shortly after the SS was commissioned to supplement the Bavarian police overseeing the Dachau camp, the first reports of prisoner deaths at Dachau began to emerge.

 

In April 1933, Josef Hartinger, an official from the Bavarian Justice Ministry, and physician Moritz Flamm, a part-time medical examiner, arrived at the camp to investigate the deaths in accordance with the Bavarian penal code.

 

The two men noted many inconsistencies between the injuries on the corpses and the camp guards' accounts of the deaths.

 

Over a number of months, Hartinger and Flamm uncovered clear evidence of murder, and compiled a dossier of charges against Hilmar Wäckerle, the SS commandant of Dachau, Werner Nürnbergk the camp doctor, and Josef Mutzbauer, the camp's chief administrator (Kanzleiobersekretär).

 

In June 1933, Hartinger presented the case to his superior, Bavarian State Prosecutor, Karl Wintersberger. Initially supportive of the investigation, Wintersberger became reluctant to submit the resulting indictment to the Justice Ministry, increasingly under the influence of the SS.

 

Hartinger accordingly reduced the scope of the dossier to the four clearest cases, and Wintersberger signed it, after first notifying Himmler as a courtesy.

 

The killings at Dachau suddenly stopped (temporarily); Wäckerle was transferred to Stuttgart and replaced by Theodor Eicke.

 

The indictment and related evidence reached the office of Hans Frank, the Bavarian Justice Minister, but was intercepted by Gauleiter Adolf Wagner and locked away in a desk, only to be discovered by the US Army.

 

In 1934, both Hartinger and Wintersberger were transferred to provincial positions. Dr. Flamm was no longer employed as a medical examiner, and was to survive two attempts on his life before his suspicious death in the same year.

 

Flamm's thoroughly gathered and documented evidence within Hartinger's indictment ensured that it achieved convictions of senior Nazis at the Nuremberg trials in 1947. Wintersberger's complicit behaviour is documented in his own evidence to the Pohl Trial.

 

Forced Labor

 

The prisoners of Dachau concentration camp originally were to serve as forced labor for a munition factory, and to expand the camp. It was used as a training center for the SS-Totenkopfverbände guards, and was a model for other concentration camps.

 

The camp was about 300 m × 600 m (1,000 ft × 2,000 ft) in rectangular shape. The prisoners' entrance was secured by an iron gate with the motto "Arbeit macht frei" ("Work will make you free"). This reflected Nazi propaganda, which described concentration camps as labor and re-education camps.

 

This was their original purpose, but the focus was soon shifted to using forced labor as a method of torture and murder. The original slogan was left on the gates.

 

As of 1938, the procedure for new arrivals occurred at the Schubraum, where prisoners had to hand over their clothing and possessions.  One former Luxembourgian prisoner, Albert Theis, reflected about the room:

 

"There we were stripped of all our clothes.

Everything had to be handed over: money,

rings, watches. One was now stark naked".

 

The camp included an administration building that contained offices for the Gestapo trial commissioner, SS authorities, the camp leader and his deputies. These administration offices consisted of large storage rooms for the personal belongings of prisoners, the bunker, roll-call square where guards would also inflict punishment on prisoners (especially those who tried to escape).

 

There was also a canteen where prisoners served SS men with cigarettes and food, a museum containing plaster images of prisoners who suffered from bodily defects, the camp office, the library, the barracks, and the infirmary, which was staffed by prisoners who had previously held occupations such as physicians or army surgeons.

 

Operation Barbarossa

 

Over 4,000 Soviet prisoners of war were murdered by the Dachau commandant's guard at the SS shooting range located at Hebertshausen, two kilometers from the main camp, in the years 1941/1943. These murders were in clear violation of the provisions laid down in the Geneva Convention for prisoners of war.

 

The SS used the euphemism Sonderbehandlung ("Special Treatment") for these criminal executions. The first of these executions took place on the 25th. November 1941.

 

After 1942, the number of prisoners being held at the camp continued to exceed 12,000. Dachau originally held communists, leading socialists and other "enemies of the state", but over time, the Nazis began to send German Jews to the camp.

 

In the early years of imprisonment, Jews were offered permission to emigrate overseas if they "voluntarily" gave their property to enhance Hitler's public treasury.

 

Once Austria was annexed and Czechoslovakia was dissolved, the citizens of both countries became the next prisoners at Dachau.

 

In 1940, Dachau became filled with Polish prisoners, who continued to be the majority of the prisoner population until Dachau was officially liberated.

 

The prisoner enclosure at the camp was heavily guarded to ensure that no prisoners escaped. A 3-metre-wide (10 ft) no-man's land was the first marker of confinement for prisoners; an area which, upon entry, would elicit lethal gunfire from guard towers.

 

Guards tossed inmates' caps into this area, resulting in the death of the prisoners when they attempted to retrieve the caps. Despondent prisoners committed suicide by entering the zone.

 

A four-foot-deep and eight-foot-broad (1.2 × 2.4 m) creek, connected with the river Amper, lay on the west side between the "neutral-zone" and the electrically charged, and barbed wire fence which surrounded the entire prisoner enclosure.

 

In August 1944 a women's camp opened inside Dachau. The first shipment of women came from Auschwitz-Birkenau.

 

In the last months of the war, the conditions at Dachau deteriorated. As Allied forces advanced toward Germany, the Germans began to move prisoners from concentration camps near the front to more centrally located camps. They hoped to prevent the liberation of large numbers of prisoners.

 

Transports from the evacuated camps arrived continually at Dachau. After days of travel with little or no food or water, the prisoners arrived weak and exhausted, often near death. Typhus epidemics became a serious problem as a result of overcrowding, poor sanitary conditions, insufficient provisions, and the weakened state of the prisoners.

 

Owing to repeated transports from the front, the camp was constantly overcrowded, and the hygiene conditions were beneath human dignity. Starting from the end of 1944 up to the day of liberation, 15,000 people died, about half of all the prisoners held at Dachau.

 

Final Days of the Camp

 

As late as the 19th. April 1945, prisoners were sent to Dachau; on that date a freight train from Buchenwald with nearly 4,500 prisoners was diverted to Nammering.

 

SS troops and police confiscated food and water that local townspeople tried to give to the prisoners. Nearly three hundred dead bodies were ordered removed from the train, and carried to a ravine over 400 metres (1⁄4 mile) away.

 

The 524 prisoners who had been forced to carry the dead to this site were then shot by the guards, and buried along with those who had died on the train. Nearly 800 bodies went into this mass grave.

 

The train continued on to Dachau.

 

During April 1945, as U.S. troops drove deeper into Bavaria, the commander of Dachau suggested to Himmler that the camp be turned over to the Allies.

 

Himmler, in signed correspondence, prohibited such a move, adding that:

 

"No prisoners shall be allowed to

fall into the hands of the enemy

alive."

 

On the 24th. April 1945, just days before the U.S. troops arrived at the camp, the commandant and a strong guard forced between 6,000 and 7,000 surviving inmates on a death march from Dachau south to Eurasburg, then eastwards towards the Tegernsee. Any prisoners who could not keep up on the six-day march were shot. Many others died of exhaustion, hunger and exposure. Months later a mass grave containing 1,071 prisoners was found along the route.

 

Though at the time of liberation the death rate had peaked at 200 per day, after the liberation by U.S. forces the rate eventually fell to between 50 and 80 deaths per day.

 

In addition to the direct abuse of the SS and the harsh conditions, people died from typhus epidemics and starvation.

 

Between the years 1933 and 1945, more than 3.5 million Germans were imprisoned in such concentration camps or prison for political reasons.

 

Approximately 77,000 Germans were killed for one or another form of resistance by Special Courts, courts-martial, and the civil justice system. Many of these Germans had served in government, the military, or in civil positions, and these roles were thought to allow them to engage in subversion and conspiracy against the Nazis.

 

Organization of the Camp

 

Dachau was divided into two sections: the camp area and the crematorium. The crematorium was next to, but not directly accessible from within the camp, and was erected in 1942.

 

The camp area consisted of 32 barracks, including one for clergy imprisoned for opposing the Nazi regime, and one reserved for medical experiments.

 

The Dachau complex included other SS facilities beside the concentration camp—a leader school of the economic and civil service, the medical school of the SS, etc. The camp was originally called a "Protective Custody Camp," and occupied less than half of the area of the entire complex.

 

The courtyard between the prison and the central kitchen was used for the summary execution of prisoners. The camp was surrounded by an electrified barbed-wire fence, a ditch, and a wall with seven guard towers.

 

In early 1937, the SS, using prisoner labor, initiated construction of a large complex of buildings in the grounds of the original camp. The construction was completed in mid-August 1938, and the camp remained essentially unchanged and in operation until 1945. Dachau was therefore the longest running concentration camp of the Third Reich.

 

Medical Experimentation

 

Hundreds of prisoners suffered and died, or were executed in medical experiments conducted at Dachau, of which Sigmund Rascher was in charge.

 

Hypothermia experiments involved being immersed in vats of icy water, in some cases wearing Luftwaffe flying gear, or being strapped down naked outdoors in freezing temperatures.

 

Attempts at reviving the subjects included scalding baths, and forcing naked women to have sex with the unconscious victim.

 

There was extensive communication between the investigators and Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS, regarding the experiments, although the original records of the experiments were destroyed in an attempt to conceal the atrocities.

 

During 1942, "high altitude" experiments were conducted. Victims were subjected to rapid decompression to pressures found at 4,300 metres (14,100 ft), and experienced spasmodic convulsions, agonal breathing, and eventual death.

 

Agonal breathing is when someone who is not getting enough oxygen is gasping for air. It is not true breathing - it is a natural reflex that happens when your brain is not getting the oxygen it needs to survive. Agonal breathing is a sign that a person is near death.

 

A Camp of Many Colours

 

The camp was originally designed for holding German and Austrian political prisoners and Jews, but in 1935 it began to be used also for ordinary criminals. Inside the camp there was a sharp division between the two groups of prisoners; those who were there for political reasons, and the "professional" criminals, who has been sent there by the criminal courts.

 

The political prisoners who had been arrested by the Gestapo and were there because they disagreed with Nazi Party policies, or with Hitler, naturally did not consider themselves criminals.

 

Dachau was used as the chief camp for Christian (mainly Catholic) clergy who were imprisoned for not conforming with the Nazi Party line.

 

Poles constituted the largest ethnic group in the camp during the war, followed by Russians, French, Yugoslavs, Jews, and Czechs.

 

Many Poles met their deaths with the "invalid trains" sent out from the camp; others were liquidated in the camp and given bogus death certificates. Some died of cruel punishment for misdemeanors—beaten to death or run to exhaustion. 

 

The average number of Germans in the camp during the war was 3,000. Just before the liberation many German prisoners were evacuated, but 2,000 of these Germans died during the evacuation transport.

 

Prisoners were divided into categories. At first, they were classified by the nature of the crime for which they were accused, but eventually were classified by the specific authority-type under whose command a person was sent to camp. 

 

-- Those who were there for political reasons wore a red tag.

 

-- "Professional" criminals wore a green tag.

 

-- Cri-Po prisoners arrested by the criminal police wore a brown badge.

 

-- "Work-shy and asocial" people sent by the welfare authorities or the Gestapo wore a black badge.

 

-- Jehovah's Witnesses arrested by the Gestapo wore a violet badge.

 

-- Homosexuals sent by the criminal courts wore a pink badge.

 

-- Emigrants arrested by the Gestapo wore a blue badge.

 

-- "Race polluters" arrested by the criminal court or Gestapo wore badges with a black outline.

 

-- Second-termers arrested by the Gestapo wore a bar matching the color of their badge.

 

-- "Idiots" wore a white armband with the label Blöd (Stupid).

 

-- Romani wore a black triangle.

 

-- Jews, whose incarceration in the Dachau concentration camp dramatically increased after Kristallnacht, wore a yellow badge, combined with another color. 

 

The Priest Barracks of Dachau Concentration Camp

 

In an effort to counter the strength and influence of spiritual resistance, Nazi security services monitored clergy very closely.

 

Priests were frequently denounced, arrested and sent to concentration camps, often simply on the basis of being "Suspected of activities hostile to the State" or that there was "Reason to suppose that his dealings might harm society". 

 

Despite SS hostility to religious observance, the Vatican and German bishops successfully lobbied the regime to concentrate clergy in one camp, and obtained permission to build a chapel for the priests to live communally and for time to be allotted to them for their religious and intellectual activity.

 

Priest Barracks at Dachau were established in Blocks 26, 28 and 30, though only temporarily. 26 became the international block, and 28 was reserved for Poles – the most numerous group. 

 

Of a total of 2,720 clergy recorded as imprisoned at Dachau, the overwhelming majority, some 2,579 (or 95%) were Catholic. Among the other denominations, there were 109 Protestants, 22 Greek Orthodox, 8 Old Catholics and Mariavites and 2 Muslims.

 

R. Schnabel's 1966 investigation, 'Die Frommen in der Hölle' ("The Pious Ones in Hell") found an alternative total of 2,771, and included the fate all the clergy listed, with 692 noted as deceased and 336 sent out on "invalid trainloads" and therefore presumed dead. 

 

Over 400 German priests were sent to Dachau. Total numbers incarcerated are difficult to ascertain, for some clergy were not recognised as such by the camp authorities, and some—particularly Poles—did not wish to be identified as such, fearing they would be mistreated.

 

Priest Friedrich Hoffman testified at the trial of former camp personnel. He stated that hundreds of priests died at the camp after being exposed to malaria during Nazi medical experiments.

 

The Nazis introduced a racial hierarchy—keeping Poles in harsh conditions, while favoring German priests. Poles arrived in December 1941, and a further 500 of mainly elderly clergy arrived in October the following year. Inadequately clothed for the bitter cold, of this group, only 82 survived.

 

A large number of Polish priests were chosen for Nazi medical experiments. In November 1942, 20 were given phlegmons. A phlegmon is an inflammation of soft tissue that spreads under the skin or inside the body. It is usually caused by an infection, and generally produces pus.

 

120 priests were used by Dr. Schilling for malaria experiments between July 1942 and May 1944.

 

Dachau Staff

 

The camp staff consisted mostly of male SS, although 19 female guards served at Dachau as well, most of them until liberation. Female guards were also assigned to the Augsburg Michelwerke, Bureau, Kaufering, Mühldorf, and Munich Agfa Camera Werke subcamps.

 

Several Norwegians worked as guards at the Dachau camp.

 

In the major Dachau war crimes case (United States of America v. Martin Gottfried Weiss et. al.), forty-two officials of Dachau were tried from November to December 1945.

 

All 42 were found guilty – thirty-six of the defendants were sentenced to death on the 13th. December 1945, of whom 23 were hanged on the 28th.–29th. May 1946, including the commandant, SS-Obersturmbannführer Martin Gottfried Weiss, SS-Obersturmführer Freidrich Wilhelm Ruppert and camp doctors Karl Schilling and Fritz Hintermeyer.

 

Camp commandant Weiss admitted in affidavit testimony that:

 

"Most of the deaths at Dachau during my administration

were due to typhus, TB, dysentery, pneumonia, pleurisy,

and body weakness brought about by lack of food."

 

His testimony also admitted to deaths by shootings, hangings and medical experiments.

 

Ruppert ordered and supervised the deaths of innumerable prisoners at Dachau main and subcamps, according to the War Crimes Commission official trial transcript. He testified about hangings, shootings and lethal injections, but did not admit to direct responsibility for any individual deaths.

 

An anonymous Dutch prisoner contended that British Special Operations Executive (SOE) agent Noor Inayat Khan was cruelly beaten by SS officer Wilhelm Ruppert before being shot from behind; the beating may have been the actual cause of her death.

 

Satellite Camps and Sub-Camps of Dachau

 

Satellite camps under the authority of Dachau were established in the summer and autumn of 1944 near armaments factories throughout southern Germany to increase war production.

 

Dachau alone had more than 30 large subcamps, and hundreds of smaller ones, in which over 30,000 prisoners worked almost exclusively on armaments.

 

Overall, the Dachau concentration camp system included 123 sub-camps and Kommandos which were set up in 1943 when factories were built near the main camp to make use of forced labor of the Dachau prisoners.

 

Of the 123 sub-camps, eleven of them were called Kaufering. All Kaufering sub-camps were set up to specifically build three underground factories (Allied bombing raids made it necessary for them to be underground) for a project called Ringeltaube (wood pigeon). This was planned to be the location in which the German jet fighter plane, Messerschmitt Me 262, was to be built.

 

In the last days of war, in April 1945, the Kaufering camps were evacuated and around 15,000 prisoners were sent up to the main Dachau camp. Typhus alone was estimated to have caused 15,000 deaths between December 1944 and April 1945:

 

"Within the first month after the arrival of the American

troops, 10,000 prisoners were treated for malnutrition

and kindred diseases. In spite of this, one hundred

prisoners died each day during the first month from

typhus, dysentery or general weakness".

 

As U.S. Army troops neared the Dachau sub-camp at Landsberg on the 27th. April 1945, the SS officer in charge ordered that 4,000 prisoners be murdered. The windows and doors of their huts were nailed shut. The buildings were then doused with gasoline and set afire. Prisoners who were naked or nearly so were burned to death, while some managed to crawl out of the buildings before dying.

 

Earlier that day, as Wehrmacht troops withdrew from Landsberg am Lech, townspeople hung white sheets from their windows. Infuriated SS troops dragged German civilians from their homes and hanged them from trees.

 

The Winding-Down of the Camps

 

As the Allies began to advance on Nazi Germany, the SS began to evacuate the first concentration camps in the summer of 1944. Thousands of prisoners were killed before the evacuation due to illness or being unable to walk. At the end of 1944, the overcrowding, the unhygienic conditions and the lack of food rations became disastrous. In November a typhus fever epidemic broke out that took thousands of lives.

 

In the second phase of the evacuation, in April 1945, Himmler gave direct evacuation routes for the remaining camps. Prisoners who were from the northern part of Germany were to be directed to the Baltic and North Sea coasts to be drowned.

 

The prisoners from the southern part were to be gathered in the Alps, which was the location in which the SS wanted to resist the Allies. On the 28th. April 1945, an armed revolt took place in the town of Dachau. Both former and escaped concentration camp prisoners, and a renegade Volkssturm (civilian militia) company took part. At about 8:30 am the rebels occupied the Town Hall. The SS gruesomely suppressed the revolt within a few hours.

 

Being fully aware that Germany was about to be defeated in World War II, the SS invested its time in removing evidence of the crimes it had committed in the concentration camps. They began destroying incriminating evidence in April 1945, and planned on murdering the prisoners using codenames "Wolke A-I" (Cloud A-1) and "Wolkenbrand" (Cloud fire).

 

However, these plans were not carried out. In mid-April, plans to evacuate the camp started by sending prisoners toward Tyrol. On the 26th. April, over 10,000 prisoners were forced to leave the Dachau concentration camp on foot, in trains, or in trucks. The largest group of some 7,000 prisoners was driven southward on a foot-march lasting several days. More than 1,000 prisoners did not survive this march. The evacuation transports cost many thousands of prisoners their lives.

 

The Liberation of Dachau

 

On the 26th. April 1945, prisoner Karl Riemer fled the Dachau concentration camp to get help from American troops, and on the 28th. April Victor Maurer, a representative of the International Red Cross, negotiated an agreement to surrender the camp to U.S. troops.

 

That night a secretly formed International Prisoners Committee took over the control of the camp. American units commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Felix L. Sparks were ordered to secure the camp. On the 29th. April Sparks led part of his battalion as they entered the camp over a side wall.

 

At about the same time, Brigadier General Henning Linden led the 222nd. Infantry Regiment including his aide, Lieutenant William Cowling, to accept the formal surrender of the camp from German Lieutenant Heinrich Wicker at an entrance between the camp and the compound for the SS garrison.

 

Linden was traveling with Marguerite Higgins and other reporters; as a result, Linden's detachment generated international headlines by accepting the surrender of the camp.

 

More than 30,000 Jews and political prisoners were freed, and ever since 1945, adherents of the 42nd. and 45th. Division have argued over which unit was the first to liberate Dachau.

 

Satellite Camps Liberation

 

The first Dachau sub-camp to be discovered by advancing Allied forces was Kaufering IV, by the 12th. Armored Division on the 27th. April 1945. Sub-camps subsequently liberated by the 12th. Armored Division included: Erpting, Schrobenhausen, Schwabing, Langerringen, Türkheim, Lauingen, Schwabach, and Germering.

 

During the liberation of the sub-camps surrounding Dachau, advance scouts of the U.S. Army's 522nd. Field Artillery Battalion liberated the 3,000 prisoners of the "Kaufering IV Hurlach" slave labor camp:

 

"They found the camp afire and a stack of some four

hundred bodies burning ... American soldiers then

went into Landsberg and rounded up all the male

civilians they could find and marched them out to

the camp.

The former commandant was forced to lie amidst a

pile of corpses. The male population of Landsberg

was then ordered to walk by, and ordered to spit on

the commandant as they passed.

The commandant was then turned over to a group

of liberated camp survivors".

 

The 522nd's personnel later discovered the survivors of a death march headed generally southwards from the Dachau main camp to Eurasburg, then eastwards towards the Austrian border on the 2nd. May, just west of the town of Waakirchen.

 

Weather at the time of liberation was unseasonably cool; on the 2nd. May, the area received a snowstorm with 10 centimetres (4 in) of snow at nearby Munich. Proper clothing was still scarce, and film footage from the time (as seen in The World at War) shows naked, gaunt people either wandering on snow or dead under it.

 

Due to the number of sub-camps over a large area that comprised the Dachau concentration camp complex, many Allied units have been officially recognized by the United States Army Center of Military History and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum as liberating units of Dachau.

 

The Killing of Camp Guards at Dachau

 

A photograph taken by the U.S. Army on the 29th. April 1945 exists which appears to show an unauthorized execution of SS troops in a coal yard in the area of the Dachau concentration camp during its liberation—part of the Dachau liberation reprisals.

 

American troops killed some of the camp guards after they had surrendered. The number is disputed, as some were killed in combat, some while attempting to surrender, and others after their surrender was accepted. In 1989, Brigadier General Felix L. Sparks, the Colonel in command of a battalion that was present, stated:

 

"The total number of German guards killed at Dachau

during that day most certainly does not exceed fifty,

with thirty probably being a more accurate figure.

The regimental records of the 157th. Field Artillery

Regiment for that date indicate that over a thousand

German prisoners were brought to the regimental

collecting point.

Since my task force was leading the regimental attack,

almost all the prisoners were taken by the task force,

including several hundred from Dachau."

 

An Inspector General report resulting from a US Army investigation conducted between the 3rd. and 8th. May 1945 found that 21 plus "a number" of presumed SS men were killed, with others being wounded after their surrender had been accepted.

 

In addition, 25 to 50 SS guards were estimated to have been killed by the liberated prisoners. Lee Miller visited the camp just after liberation, and photographed several guards who were killed by soldiers or prisoners.

 

According to Sparks, court-martial charges were drawn up against him and several other men under his command, but General George S. Patton, who had recently been appointed military governor of Bavaria, chose to dismiss the charges.

 

Colonel Charles L. Decker, an acting deputy judge advocate, concluded in late 1945 that:

 

"While war crimes had been committed at Dachau

by Germany, certainly, there was no such systematic criminality among United States forces as pervaded

the Nazi groups in Germany."

 

American troops also forced local citizens to the camp to see for themselves the conditions there and to help bury the dead. Many local residents were shocked about the experience, and claimed no knowledge of the activities at the camp.

 

The Post-Liberation Easter

 

The 6th. May 1945 was the day of Pascha, Orthodox Easter. In a cell block used by Catholic priests to say daily Mass, several Greek, Serbian and Russian priests and one Serbian deacon, wearing makeshift vestments made from towels of the SS guard, gathered with several hundred Greek, Serbian and Russian prisoners to celebrate the Paschal Vigil. A prisoner described the scene:

 

"In the entire history of the Orthodox Church there

has probably never been an Easter service like the

one at Dachau in 1945.

Greek and Serbian priests together with a Serbian

deacon adorned the makeshift 'vestments' over their

blue and gray-striped prisoners' uniforms.

Then they began to chant, changing from Greek to

Slavic, and then back again to Greek.

The Easter Canon, the Easter Sticheras—everything

was recited from memory.

The Gospel—In the beginning was the Word—also

from memory. And finally, the Homily of Saint John—

also from memory.

A young Greek monk from the Holy Mountain stood

up in front of us and recited it with such infectious

enthusiasm that we shall never forget him as long as

we live. Saint John Chrysostomos himself seemed to

speak through him to us and to the rest of the world

as well!"

 

There is a Russian Orthodox chapel at the camp today, and it is well known for its icon of Christ leading the prisoners out of the camp gates.

 

After Liberation

 

Authorities worked night and day to alleviate conditions at the camp immediately following the liberation as an epidemic of black typhus swept through the prisoner population. Two thousand cases had already been reported by the 3rd. May.

 

By October of the same year the camp was being used by the U.S. Army as a place of confinement for war criminals, the SS and important witnesses. It was also the site of the Dachau Trials for German war criminals, a site chosen for its symbolism.

 

In 1948, the Bavarian government established housing for refugees on the site, and this remained for many years.

 

The Kaserne quarters and other buildings used by the guards were converted and served as the Eastman Barracks, an American military post. Since the closure of the Eastman Barracks in 1974, these areas are now occupied by the Bavarian Bereitschaftspolizei (rapid response police unit).

 

Deportation of Soviet Nationals

 

By January 1946, 18,000 members of the SS were being confined at the camp along with an additional 12,000 persons, including deserters from the Russian army and a number who had been captured in German Army uniform.

 

The occupants of two barracks rioted as 271 of the Russian deserters were to be loaded onto trains that would return them to Russian-controlled lands, as agreed at the Yalta Conference.

 

Inmates barricaded themselves inside two barracks. While the first was able to be cleared without too much trouble, those in the second building, set fire to it, tore off their clothing in an effort to frustrate the guards, and linked arms to resist being removed from the building.

 

Tear gas was used by the American soldiers before rushing the barrack, only for them to find that many had committed suicide. The American services newspaper Stars and Stripes reported:

 

“The GIs quickly cut down most of those who had

hanged themselves from the rafters. Those still

conscious were screaming in Russian, pointing first

at the guns of the guards, then at themselves,

begging to us to shoot.”

 

Ten of the soldiers were successful in their bid to commit suicide during the riot, while another 21 attempted suicide, apparently with razor blades. Many had "cracked heads" inflicted by 500 American guards, in the attempt to bring the situation under control.

 

Dachau in the Media

 

-- In his 2013 autobiography, 'Moose: Chapters from My Life', in the chapter entitled, "Dachau", author Robert B. Sherman chronicles his experiences as an American Army serviceman during the initial hours of Dachau's liberation.

 

-- In Lewis Black's first book, 'Nothing's Sacred', he mentions visiting the camp as part of his tour of Europe, and how it looked all cleaned up and spiffy, "like some delightful holiday camp", and only the crematorium building showed any sign of the horror that went on there.

 

-- In Maus, Vladek describes his time interned at Dachau, as well as other concentration camps. He describes the journey to Dachau in over-crowded trains, trading rations for other goods and favors to stay alive, and contracting typhus.

 

-- Frontline: "Memory of the Camps" (7 May 1985) is a 56-minute television documentary that addresses Dachau and other Nazi concentration camps.

Published by Ebal, Brazil 1951

Published 1966

This photograph was published in the Illustrated Chronicle on the 1st of May 1915.

 

During the Great War the Illustrated Chronicle published photographs of soldiers and sailors from Newcastle and the North East of England, which had been in the news. The photographs were sent in by relatives and give us a glimpse into the past.

 

The physical collection held by Newcastle Libraries comprises bound volumes of the newspaper from 1910 to 1925. We are keen to find out more about the people in the photographs. If you recognise anyone in the images or have any stories or information to add please comment below.

 

Copies of this photograph may be ordered from us, for more information see: www.newcastle.gov.uk/tlt Please make a note of the image reference number above to help speed up your order.

In the old days, the mill would have been turned around to get optimal wind by a horse hitched up to the wheel behind the mill. Today, the mill was turned by car power and man power. This was the first time they had the mill working for the season. Inside they will milling corn.

  

NHA Home - Historic Nantucket Articles

 

Originally published in the Historic Nantucket, Vol 44, no. 1 (Spring 1996), p. 128-129

 

The Old Mill : What we know about it and what we don't....

Editorial commentary by Elizabeth Oldham

 

When was it built and who built it?

 

IT APPEARS THAT 1746 REALLY IS THE YEAR the Old Mill was erected, even though an account in the I&M on 15 September 1905 reads: "The old windmill is of very ancient origin, but the exact date cannot be given." We've found it harder to irrefutably confirm that Nathan Wilbur was the builder. His name appears in the 1913 Harry Turner article for the I&M, in which Wilbur is referred to as "a Nantucket sailor who had visited Holland . . . and gained a knowledge of the methods . . . of employing wind-power for grinding grain. ..." But an undated, unsigned manuscript fragment in the NHA collection states: "A company of gentlemen contracted with a man by the name of Wilbur to build the mill. Mr. Wilbur on leaving the island, with money obtained for the contract, and after reaching [the] mainland was waylaid robbed & murdered." Further to that incident, Jane G. Austin's Nantucket Scraps (Boston and New York, 1892) has a local character saying "They wanted a windmill and they didn't know how to make one, and they got an off-islander, name of Wilbur, to make it, and like fools gave him the money beforehand. He went back to the continent for something— nails maybe, or maybe idees—and carried the money with him; some pirate or other got wind of it, and the first they knew down here, the man was robbed and murdered there on Cape Cod...."

   

What was used to build it?

 

TURNER ALSO REPEATS THE PERHAPS APOCRYPHAL record of the materials used to build the mill: "Oaken beams, washed ashore from wrecked vessels, furnished the material for the framework of the mill, while deck planking of white oak, still tough and as firm as when pinned into the vessel, was available for the exterior." [In a file copy of the Turner article, a penciled note beside this passage, in Edouard Stackpole's hand, reads "not accurate."]

 

A notice on a card issued by John F. Sylvia, owner of the mill from 1866 until the NHA acquired it in 1897, reads: "This Old Mill was built in 1746; the oak timber used in its construction grew at a short distance from its site, across Dead Horse Valley, at the southward from the mill." The 7 August 1897 I&M states: "Mr. Gardner (owner of the mill 1828-55) found the timbers substantial, as they were of native oak. Edward K. Godfrey's The Island of Nantucket: What It Was and What It Is (Boston, 1882) has it that "Eliakim Swain . . . tended it for many years. ... It was built of oak which grew just across Dead Horse Valley, to the southward of it."

   

Who paid for it?

 

The French Connection

IT HAS LONG BEEN RECORDED IN PRINT AND anecdote that Miss Caroline L. W. French purchased the mill at auction on 4 August 1897 and presented it to the NHA. But confusion arises here, both in the Proceedings of the NHA for the annual meeting of 25 July 1898 and in a letter written by Mary E. Starbuck, recording secretary, which suggests that Miss French only made up the $135 necessary to arrive at the purchase price of $885, the remaining funds having been contributed over a period of years by other interested parties. The Proceedings read: "With some difficulty but admirable management, the society had raised $750, and Miss Caroline L. French, who together with others interested had promised to help us out, generously gave the $135 necessary to make up the full amount." Miss Starbuck's letter of 5 April 1898 reads: "Our chief triumph last summer was the purchase of the Old Mill. . . . We had scraped up over seven hundred dollars and friends made up the required amount, eight hundred and eighty-five."

 

The only published account of the actual auction found to date is in the 8 August 1897 edition of the New York Herald ["By telegraph to the Herald"]: "The entire bidding was between the society and a private individual, who desired the mill for an investment. The land was bid up to $105; the mill itself brought out bids to $450; then the final bidding, starting at $550, ran up to $885. As the battle of the bids wavered between the contesting parties anxious looks passed to and fro, and when finally Mr. James H. Gibbs secured it at $885 for the historical society the pent up anxiety of the crowd burst into cheers. ... Dr. Mitchell, president of the historical society, stated that the mill would be sacredly preserved."

 

The 30 July 1892 I&M included an article about the Nantucket Improvement Association, which owned Mill Hill Park and had expressed interest in acquiring the adjacent property on which the mill stood. The Improvement Association had convened a meeting on 22 July 1892 to "raise a purchasing fund"; the article continues: "How tame would be the view of the town from the incoming boat without the towers of the North and Unitarian churches and the Old Mill. Contributions can be sent to Roland B. Hussey, of the Inquirer and Mirror, to W. H. C. Lawrence, of the subscription committee, or to Mss H. B. W. Worth, secretary of the Nantucket Improvement Association." And the NHA treasurer's report for 23 July 1896 includes, under the rubric "SINKING FUND," this item: "By Nantucket Improvement Association (Mill Fund)....... $175.01."

 

It was not until 1899, when the Minutes of the NHA Council meeting of 5 August tell us: "President Barnard read a letter from Miss C. L. W. French, saying that at the solicitation of friends, she has consented to have it made known that she was the donor of the $750 given to the NHA in 1895." A letter to Miss French, framed at the same meeting, reads: "It gave the members of the Council much satisfaction to be able to identify this 'unknown friend,' who has been so frequently referred to ... and it was with great pleasure that we found the 'unknown' to be also the known friend to whose kindness and generosity we have already openly testified." And it was voted at the meeting "That the Mill comm. be instructed to place a suitable tablet in the mill, stating that the mill was saved to the Assn. by the generosity of Miss C.LW. French of Boston."

 

So, she did not bid for the mill at the auction on 4 August 1897, and it took two years for her generosity to be publicly acknowledged; but it was only in reading those Minutes that our doubts were dispelled.

   

Who built the first millon Nantucket, and where?

 

THE 7 AUGUST 1897 ISSUE OF THE I&M (three days after the auction) claims (as do other accounts) that "The first mill at Nantucket was owned by Tristram Coffin, who assumed a contract to construct a windmill for grinding grain for the inhabitants after the person to whom a contract was first awarded had failed to comply with its terms."[Nat Philbrick's statement about the possibly combined identities of Richard Macy and Nathan Wilbur is certainly a valid conjecture.]

 

The Obed Macy work Nat cites is an old (undated, unsigned) copy book in the NHA manuscript collection, which begins thus: " Copied [italics added] from a book of Obed Macy's writing when he was an old man. 'If ever my History of Nantucket is republished, in a second edition some of the following anecdotes may be found useful.'" Among the anecdotes is the one Nat refers to: "A Short Memorial of Richard Macy, Grandfather of Obed Macy. He was grandson to Thomas Macy the first settler of Nantucket. ... In 1723 he [Richard] built the first wharf that was made here, now called the Strait Wharf." There follows the tale of the windmill dreamed up by his grandfather recounted in Nat's article.

 

The map reproduced in the original edition of Crevecoeur's Letters shows a cluster of mills (of the "post" type) situated at the original settlement on the north shore. But the town had moved in from Sherburn[e] by 1720, so perhaps the mapmaker sited the four mills a little too far north.

 

We are persuaded that the answers to these questions—either to confirm or refute tradition—may be found here in the Stackpole Research Library, in other repositories on the island, on Cape Cod (was Wilbur's murder recorded there?), or somewhere.

 

We hope others will join us in experiencing what Jean Weber calls "the excitement and rigor attached to the validation of our past."

     

About the Author: Elizabeth Oldham is a freelance editor, member of the NHA Editorial Board, and NHA Research Library associate.

THE BIG PICTURE

MOON WATCHING

November's full moon is sometimes called "the beaver moon" - a name NASA suggests may allude to the practice of setting beaver traps at this time of year, when beavers are especially active. This year the annual event, November 19th, featured the longest partial lunar eclipse in centuries.

© sergione infuso - all rights reserved

follow me on www.sergione.info

 

You may not modify, publish or use any files on

this page without written permission and consent.

 

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La quinta edizione del festival organizzato da Wired Italia. Due lunghi fine settimana in cui vivere l’innovazione nell’economia, nella scienza, nella politica, nell’intrattenimento, nella cultura. Milano e Firenze si trasformano per un fine settimana nel luna park della scienza e della tecnologia. Oltre 150 relatori, performance artistiche, laboratori di stampa 3D, droni in volo, videogame, film, documentari, speed date sul lavoro, maratone di coding e workshop per tutte le età. A Milano da venerdì 26 a domenica 28 maggio ai Giardini Indro Montanelli.

 

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ore 10:00

Come si combatte l’Isis (sui social)

Speaker

Abdalaziz Alhamza - Fondatore Raqqa is Being Slaughtered Silently

 

Abdalaziz Alhamza, nato a Raqqa nel 1991, è un giornalista e attivista siriano, che oggi vive a Berlino. È fondatore e portavoce del progetto Raqqa is Being Slaughtered Silently (RBSS), gruppo di citizen journalism fondato dall’esilio in Turchia, che informa sulle violenze compiute da Isis in Siria, grazie alle informazioni passate da cittadini rimasti all’interno della città. Nel gennaio 2016 l’International Business Times ha descritto RBSS come “la più credibile fonte di informazioni dall’interno di Raqqa”.

 

Alhamza è laureato in biologia e da studente ha organizzato numerose proteste contro il governo siriano. È stato arrestato varie volte dal regime e più volte ha ricevuto minacce per la sua attività da Isis. RBSS ha vinto nel 2015 l’International Press Freedom Award dal Committee to Protect Journalists e il premio del Foreign Policy Global Thinkers Award.

 

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ore 10:30

Tra calcio e futuro

Speaker

Diletta Leotta - Conduttrice Sky Sport

 

Giulia Diletta Leotta, 1991, è conduttrice a Sky Sport. Si è laureata in Giurisprudenza alla LUISS di Roma con una tesi dal titolo Il contratto di lavoro sportivo. Ha iniziato la sua carriera televisiva nel 2010, a diciannove anni, sulla rete locale Antenna Sicilia, affiancando Salvo La Rosa nella conduzione dell’11º Festival della nuova canzone siciliana e nel programma di intrattenimento Insieme. L’anno successivo è passata a Mediaset dove ha condotto la trasmissione Il Compleanno di La5 sull’omonima rete digitale. Nel 2012 diventa una delle conduttrici di Sky Meteo 24.

 

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ore 12:30

Serie internazionale

Speaker

Salvatore Esposito - Attore

 

Salvatore Esposito nasce a Napoli il 2 febbraio 1986. Sin da bambino nutre la passione per la recitazione. Raggiunta la maggiore età inizia i suoi studi di recitazione presso la Scuola di cinema di Napoli per poi trasferirsi a Roma dove studia con l’acting trainer Beatrice Bracco.

 

Ha fatto il suo esordio televisivo nel 2013 con Il clan dei camorristi, interpretando il ruolo di Domenico Ruggiero. Nel 2014 arriva il successo al grande pubblico con Gomorra – la serie, Salvatore interpreta Genny Savastano.

 

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ore 13:00

Lavoro e ricchezza nell’epoca dell’ Intelligenza Artificiale

Speaker

Jerry Kaplan - Esperto di Intelligenza Artificiale e Imprenditore

 

Jerry Kaplan è un esperto di Intelligenza Artificiale noto in tutto il mondo, un innovatore, seriael entrepreneur, educatore, futurista e autore di best sellers. Ha fondato quattro startup della Silicon Valley, due delle quali sono divenute società di fama, e insegnato alla Stanford University. Hanno parlato di lui tutti i principali quotidiani in lingua inglese e le riviste specializzate di tutto il mondo

 

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ore 14:00

La strada della musica

Speaker

Michele Bravi - Cantante

 

Michele Bravi esordisce nel 2013 con la vittoria di XFactor Italia.

Portato alla vittoria da Morgan e presentato al grande pubblico con un pezzo scritto per lui da Tiziano Ferro e Zibba, Michele pubblica il suo EP di debutto “La Vita e la Felicità”. A Gennaio 2014 il primo singolo “La Vita e la Felicità” viene certificato disco d’oro.

 

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ore 14:30

Il tocco vincente

Speaker

Mara Maionchi - Produttrice discografica

 

Mara Maionchi (Bologna, 22 aprile 1941) è una produttrice discografica e personaggio televisivo italiano.

Attualmente considerata la figura femminile di maggiore spicco nella discografia italiana, producendo sia per conto di major come Sony e Warner che come produttrice indipendente attraverso la sua etichetta, sostenendo tuttavia in numerose dichiarazioni che la vera scena musicale – intensa e multisfaccettata – è all’estero e che in Italia “si fa quel che si può”.

 

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ore 15:00

Maniaca di SerieTV

Speaker

Miriam Leone - Attrice

 

Nasce a Catania. Ha frequentato il Liceo Classico Gulli e Pennisi ad Acireale e la Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia dell’Università degli Studi di Catania. Studia contemporaneamente recitazione. Nel 2008 partecipa e vince sia la fascia di Miss Italia che quella di Miss Cinema.

 

Nel 2010 debutta come attrice sia sul grande schermo con il film Genitori & figli – Agitare bene prima dell’uso, di Giovanni Veronesi, con Silvia Orlando e Margherita Buy, sia sul piccolo schermo con il film TV Il ritmo della vita, diretto da Rossella Izzo e trasmesso su Canale 5.

 

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ore 15:30

Indie a chi?

Speaker

Lo Stato Sociale - Musicisti

 

Nel 2012 esce il loro primo album, Turisti della democrazia, al quale fa seguito un tour di 200 concerti in Italia ed in Europa. Nel 2013, ad un anno dalla prima pubblicazione, Turisti della democrazia viene ripubblicato in edizione deluxe, in formato doppio CD. Il primo CD presenta la tracklist originale mentre il secondo CD comprende tutti gli 11 brani del disco originale coverizzati da 11 artisti, oltre a tanti remix e inediti. Alla ripubblicazione dell’album, segue un lungo tour dello spettacolo di teatro-canzone Tronisti della democrazia, nel quale le canzoni dell’album d’esordio sono alternate a monologhi e sketch a formare “un minicorso in 5 atti di buone maniere”. Con Turisti della democrazia, tra i più discussi album usciti in ambito indie rock in Italia, la band bolognese ha ricevuto la Targa Giovani Mei e il Premio SIAE “Miglior Giovane Talento dell’Anno” e altri riconoscimenti.

 

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ore 16:00

L’uomo che ha dato forma al pc

Speaker

Mario Bellini - Architetto

 

Mario Bellini è un architetto e designer noto in tutto il mondo. Ha ricevuto il Premio Compasso d’Oro otto volte e 25 delle sue opere sono nella collezione permanente del MoMA di New York, che gli ha dedicato una retrospettiva nel 1987. È stato direttore della rivista Domus (1985-1991). Ha progettato numerose mostre d’arte e di architettura sia in Italia, sia all’estero, l’ultima a Palazzo Reale con i capolavori di Giotto (2015).

 

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ore 16:00

C’è risata e risata

Speaker

Saverio Raimondo - Stand Up Comedian e conduttore CCN

 

Saverio Raimondo, 33 anni, comico satirico, è stato definito sulle pagine di Repubblica “l’unico stand up comedian italiano che sembra vero” e “il comico più bravo in circolazione” da Aldo Grasso del Corriere della Sera. È il comico di punta di Comedy Central Italia (canale 124 di Sky) per il suo show CCN – Comedy Central News, striscia satirica di grande successo di pubblico e critica, giunta alla terza stagione – attualmente in corso, in onda tutti i mercoledì alle 22 – e per la quale ha vinto il Premio Satira Politica per la Tv Forte Dei Marmi.

 

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ore 16:30

Il suono dal caos

Speaker

Levante - Musicista

 

Levante nasce a Caltagirone e cresce a Palagonia (Catania) in una famiglia affollata da menti creative. A nove anni scrive le prime canzoni e soltanto ad undici inizia a suonare la chitarra, rubandola al fratello, per la pura esigenza di musicare i propri testi. Dopo la morte del padre, lei e la madre si trasferiscono nella magica città di Torino. Qui tante sono le collaborazioni, i contratti andati male, i dischi mai usciti e gli anni di manifestazioni musicali, provini e gavetta.

 

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ore 17:00

Non è bello ciò che è bello, ma che bello che bello che bello

Speaker

Maccio Capatonda - Attore e Regista

Nino Frassica - Comico e Presentatore

 

Maccio Capatonda, pseudonimo di Marcello Macchia, è un attore, regista e comico italiano. Ha partecipato ai programmi televisivi Mai dire Lunedì e Mai dire Martedì. Precedentemente aveva fondato a Milano la Shortcut Productions, insieme a Enrico Venti, suo storico amico, anche lui di Chieti. Ha lavorato per AllMusic e lavora stabilmente sul web, affianco all’attività televisiva. Nel 2013 è ideatore, regista e interprete principale della serie televisiva Mario. In un primo tempo si è dedicato (accompagnato dal suo inseparabile gruppo) alla produzione di finti reality televisivi, come il Divano Scomodo e il Gabinetto.

 

Nel 1985 Arbore coinvolge Nino Frassica nel varietà “Quelli della notte” nei panni di frate Antonino da Scasazza, organizzatore di un improbabile concorso a premi. Seguono “Indietro tutta” dove veste i panni del bravo presentatore e mette in scena una spassosa parodia del tipico conduttore televisivo. Partecipa successivamente a “Fantastico”, “Domenica In”, “Scommettiamo che…?”, “I Cervelloni”, “Acqua calda”, “Colorado Cafè” e “Markette” condotto da Piero Chiambretti. Nel 1999 inizia l’avventura della fiction televisiva “Don Matteo” con Terence Hill, Flavio Insinna e successivamente Simone Montedoro, giunta ormai alla decima serie. Nino interpreta il ruolo del maresciallo dei Carabinieri Nino Cecchini.

 

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ore 17:30

Comicità all’italiana

Speaker

Herbert Ballerina - Attore e Comico

Maccio Capatonda - Attore e Regista

 

Herbert Ballerina, pseudonimo di Luigi Luciano, nato a Campobasso il 7 marzo 1980, è un attore, comico, conduttore radiofonico e produttore cinematografico italiano. Dopo essersi laureato al DAMS di Bologna si trasferisce a Milano entrando a far parte della Shortcut Productions di Marcello Macchia ed Enrico Venti (in arte Maccio Capatonda e Ivo Avido), inizialmente come assistente e poi come attore e autore. Con Marcello Macchia è protagonista, con lo pseudonimo di Herbert Ballerina, di numerosi trailer umoristici trasmessi all’interno dei programmi televisivi Mai dire Lunedì e Mai dire Martedì.

 

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ore 18:00

La democrazia della rete

Speaker

Luigi Di Maio - Vicepresidente della Camera

 

Nato a Avellino il 6 luglio 1986, ha conseguito il diploma di liceo classico ed è giornalista pubblicista. Eletto nella circoscrizione XIX (CAMPANIA 1) nel 2013 alla Camera dei Deputati con il Movimento Cinque Stelle, diventa il più giovane Vicepresidente della Camera. È uno dei volti di punta del Movimento Cinque Stelle, per molti naturale candidato alle prossime elezioni.

 

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ore 18:30

Non smetto più

Speaker

Sydney Sibilia - Regista, Sceneggiatore e Produttore cinematografico

Luigi Di Capua - Regista, sceneggiatore e attore

Francesca Manieri - Sceneggiatrice

 

Sydney Sibilia, nato a Salerno nel 1981, è un regista, sceneggiatore e produttore cinematografico italiano. Sydney Sibilia inizia a realizzare cortometraggi insieme all’amico Fabio Ferro nella loro natìa Salerno. Nel 2007 si trasferisce a Roma e successivamente realizza un cortometraggio che ottiene numerosi riconoscimenti, Oggi gira così (2010), prodotto dalla Ascent Film e scritto insieme a Valerio Attanasio.

Sempre con Valerio Attanasio, scrive la sceneggiatura della sua opera prima Smetto quando voglio. Il film, prodotto dalla Fandango di Domenico Procacci, dalla Ascent FIlm di Matteo Rovere e da Rai Cinema, viene distribuito nelle sale cinematografiche nel febbraio 2014, riscuotendo un successo sorprendente e ottenendo 12 candidature ai David di Donatello 2014. Nel 2017 è nelle sale il seguito, Smetto quando voglio – Masterclass, in attesa del terzo episodio.

 

Regista, sceneggiatore e attore. Insieme a Matteo Corradini e Luca Vecchi è il fondatore del collettivo The Pills, nato nell’estate del 2011. Il collettivo è diventato celebre grazie alla web serie omonima che ha debuttato su YouTube nello stesso anno, diventando immediatamente fenomeno del web. Dopo il successo ottenuto anche con la seconda stagione, nel 2014 la serie approda su Italia 1. Nello stesso anno, The Pills sono autori insieme a Matteo Rovere, Luca Ravenna, Sydney Sibilia e Daniele Grassetti della serie tv Zio Gianni in onda su Rai2. Il 21 gennaio 2016 esce nelle sale il loro primo film, The Pills – Sempre meglio che lavorare.

 

Sceneggiatrice tra le più apprezzate in Italia, è laureata in filosofia.

Tra i suoi lavori: Zanzibar. Una storia daAmore, di cui ha curato anche la regia, Passione sinistra, Il rosso e il blu, La foresta di ghiaccio, Vergine giurata, Veloce come il vento, Nemiche per la pelle, il corto Era ieri, Come fai sbagli e il successo Smetto quando voglio.

 

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ore 19:00

L’identità della bellezza

Speaker

Samuel - Cantante e Musicista

 

Samuel Umberto Romano, conosciuto semplicemente come Samuel (Torino, 7 marzo 1972), è un cantautore e chitarrista italiano. È il frontman del gruppo dei Subsonica, in cui è anche compositore e autore dei testi delle canzoni insieme a Max Casacci e Davide Dileo, meglio conosciuto come Boosta.

 

Nel 2016 ha annunciato attraverso le proprie pagine Facebook e Instagram di essere al lavoro sul suo primo album da solista, anticipato il 9 settembre 2016 dal suo primo singolo da solista, La risposta, seguito tre mesi dopo da Rabbia.

Samuel Coleridge-Taylor, 1875-1912, born in London, won a scholarship to the Royal College of Music, had his music published by Novello & Co. (a company founded, coincidentally, by Vincent Novello, pupil of George Polgreen Bridgetower), and won composition prizes. He met and collaborated with African-American poet Paul Laurence Dunbar. Coleridge-Taylor's music was praised by composers as diverse as Edward Elgar and Arthur Sullivan. Coleridge-Taylor worked as a conductor and taught music in three respected music schools. He was a judge for several competitive musical events, including the National Eisteddfod of Wales in 1900. His sense of humour is discernible in the title of the concert overture "Toussaint L'Ouverture" (named after the famous black Haitian revolutionary).

 

He married a white Englishwoman and they had a son (Hiawatha) Watha and daughter (Gwendolyn) Avril, who both became respected musicians. Coleridge-Taylor was, of course, a target of regular racial abuse, as were his wife and children. His daughter Avril later recalled habitual verbal assaults from local white youths and her father's response, “When he saw them approaching along the street he held my hand more tightly, gripping it until it almost hurt.”

 

Coleridge-Taylor attended the first Pan-African conference in London in 1900 and became part of an international circle of black activists. He toured the U.S. three times, and conducted both African-American and all-white orchestras (a first afaik).

 

(Gwendolyn) Avril Coleridge-Taylor 1903–1998 was a pianist, conductor, and composer. She won a scholarship for composition and piano to Trinity College of Music. She made her debut as a conductor at the Royal Albert Hall. She was the first female conductor of H.M.S. Royal Marines, and guest conductor at the BBC Orchestra and the London Symphony Orchestra.

 

Link to one of Avril Coleridge-Taylor's wedding photos on historian Jeffrey Green's website. Trinidad-born GP Dr John Alcindor (1873-1924) is also in the wedding party.

This photograph was published in the Illustrated Chronicle on the 23rd of September 1915.

 

During the Great War the Illustrated Chronicle published photographs of soldiers and sailors from Newcastle and the North East of England, which had been in the news. The photographs were sent in by relatives and give us a glimpse into the past.

 

The physical collection held by Newcastle Libraries comprises bound volumes of the newspaper from 1910 to 1925. We are keen to find out more about the people in the photographs. If you recognise anyone in the images and have any stories and information to add please comment below.

 

Copies of this photograph may be ordered from us, for more information see: www.newcastle.gov.uk/tlt Please make a note of the image reference number above to help speed up your order.

Published in Monday 7 September's Flickr page in the Daily Post www.dangerousdisco.com Copyright © 2009 All rights reserved.

Photograph published in LA Medical Space (link below)

 

www.lamedicalspace.com/three-la-hospitals-make-list-of-to...

This photograph was published in the Illustrated Chronicle on the 29th of October 1915.

 

During the Great War the Illustrated Chronicle published photographs of soldiers and sailors from Newcastle and the North East of England, which had been in the news. The photographs were sent in by relatives and give us a glimpse into the past.

  

The physical collection held by Newcastle Libraries comprises bound volumes of the newspaper from 1910 to 1925. We are keen to find out more about the people in the photographs. If you recognise anyone in the images please comment below.

  

Copies of this photograph may be ordered from us, for more information see: www.newcastle.gov.uk/tlt Please make a note of the image reference number above to help speed up your order.

This photograph was published in the Illustrated Chronicle on the 3rd of November 1915.

 

During the Great War the Illustrated Chronicle published photographs of soldiers and sailors from Newcastle and the North East of England, which had been in the news. The photographs were sent in by relatives and give us a glimpse into the past.

  

The physical collection held by Newcastle Libraries comprises bound volumes of the newspaper from 1910 to 1925. We are keen to find out more about the people in the photographs. If you recognise anyone in the images please comment below.

  

Copies of this photograph may be ordered from us, for more information see: www.newcastle.gov.uk/tlt Please make a note of the image reference number above to help speed up your order.

(further information and pictures you can get by clicking on the link at the end of page!)

Mariahilferstraße

Mariahilferstraße, 6th, 7th, 14th and 15th, since 1897 (in the 6th and 7th district originally Kremser Sraße, then Bavarian highway, Laimgrubner main road, Mariahilfer main street, Fünfhauserstraße, Schönbrunnerstraße and Penzinger Poststraße, then Schönbrunner Straße), in memory of the old suburb name; Mariahilf was an independent municipality from 1660 to 1850, since then with Gumpendorf, Magdalenengrund, Windmühle and Laimgrube 6th District.

From

aeiou - the cultural information system of the bm: bwk

14,000 key words and 2000 pictures from history, geography, politics and business in Austria

www.aeiou.at

Mariahilferstraße, 1908 - Wien Museum

Mariahilferstraße, 1908

Picture taken from "August Stauda - A documentarian of old Vienna"

published by Christian Brandstätter - to Book Description

History

Pottery and wine

The first ones who demonstrably populated the area of ​​today's Mariahilferstraße (after the mammoth) were the Illyrians. They took advantage of the rich clay deposits for making simple vessels. The Celts planted on the sunny hills the first grape vines and understood the wine-making process very well. When the Romans occupied at the beginning of our Era Vienna for several centuries, they left behind many traces. The wine culture of the Celts they refined. On the hill of today's Mariahilferstraße run a Roman ridge trail, whose origins lay in the camp of Vindobona. After the rule of the Romans, the migration of peoples temporarily led many cultures here until after the expulsion of the Avars Bavarian colonists came from the West.

The peasant Middle Ages - From the vineyard to the village

Thanks to the loamy soil formed the winery, which has been pushed back only until the development of the suburbs, until the mid-17th Century the livelihood of the rural population. "Im Schöff" but also "Schöpf - scoop" and "Schiff - ship" (from "draw of") the area at the time was called. The erroneous use of a ship in the seal of the district is reminiscent of the old name, which was then replaced by the picture of grace "Mariahilf". The Weinberg (vineyard) law imposed at that time that the ground rent in the form of mash on the spot had to be paid. This was referred to as a "draw".

1495 the Mariahilfer wine was added to the wine disciplinary regulations for Herrenweine (racy, hearty, fruity, pithy wine with pleasant acidity) because of its special quality and achieved high prices.

1529 The first Turkish siege

Mariahilferstraße, already than an important route to the West, was repeatedly the scene of historical encounters. When the Turks besieged Vienna for the first time, was at the lower end of today Mariahilferstrasse, just outside the city walls of Vienna, a small settlement of houses and cottages, gardens and fields. Even the St. Theobald Monastery was there. This so-called "gap" was burned at the approach of the Turks, for them not to offer hiding places at the siege. Despite a prohibition, the area was rebuilt after departure of the Turks.

1558, a provision was adopted so that the glacis, a broad, unobstructed strip between the city wall and the outer settlements, should be left free. The Glacis existed until the demolition of the city walls in 1858. Here the ring road was later built.

1663 The new Post Road

With the new purpose of the Mariahilferstrasse as post road the first three roadside inn houses were built. At the same time the travel increased, since the carriages were finally more comfortable and the roads safer. Two well-known expressions date from this period. The "tip" and "kickbacks". In the old travel handbooks of that time we encounter them as guards beside the route, the travel and baggage tariff. The tip should the driver at the rest stop pay for the drink, while the bribe was calculated in proportion to the axle grease. Who was in a hurry, just paid a higher lubricant (Schmiergeld) or tip to motivate the coachman.

1683 The second Turkish siege

The second Turkish siege brought Mariahilferstraße the same fate. Meanwhile, a considerable settlement was formed, a real suburb, which, however, still had a lot of fields and brick pits. Again, the suburb along the Mariahilferstraße was razed to the ground, the population sought refuge behind the walls or in the Vienna Woods. The reconstruction progressed slowly since there was a lack of funds and manpower. Only at the beginning of the 18th Century took place a targeted reconstruction.

1686 Palais Esterhazy

On several "Brandstetten", by the second Turkish siege destroyed houses, the Hungarian aristocratic family Esterhazy had built herself a simple palace, which also had a passage on the Mariahilferstrasse. 1764 bought the innkeeper Paul Winkelmayr from Spittelberg the building, demolished it and built two new buildings that have been named in accordance with the Esterhazy "to the Hungarian crown."

17th Century to 19th Century. Fom the village to suburb

With the development of the settlements on the Mariahilferstraße from village to suburbs, changed not only the appearance but also the population. More and more agricultural land fell victim to the development, craftsmen and tradesmen settled there. There was an incredible variety of professions and trades, most of which were organized into guilds or crafts. Those cared for vocational training, quality and price of the goods, and in cases of unemployment, sickness and death.

The farms were replaced by churches and palaces, houses and shops. Mariahilf changed into a major industrial district, Mariahilferstrasse was an important trading center. Countless street traders sold the goods, which they carried either with them, or put in a street stall on display. The dealers made themselves noticeable by a significant Kaufruf (purchase call). So there was the ink man who went about with his bottles, the Wasserbauer (hydraulic engineering) who sold Danube water on his horse-drawn vehicle as industrial water, or the lavender woman. This lovely Viennese figures disappeared with the emergence of fixed premises and the improvement of urban transport.

Private carriages, horse-drawn carriages and buggies populated the streets, who used this route also for trips. At Mariahilferplatz Linientor (gate) was the main stand of the cheapest and most popular means of transport, the Zeiselwagen, which the Wiener used for their excursions into nature, which gradually became fashionable. In the 19th Century then yet arrived the Stellwagen (carriage) and bus traffic which had to accomplish the connection between Vienna and the suburbs. As a Viennese joke has it, suggests the Stellwagen that it has been so called because it did not come from the spot.

1719 - 1723 Royal and Imperial Court Stables

Emperor Charles VI. gave the order for the construction of the stables to Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach. 1772 the building was extended by two houses on the Mariahilferstrasse. The size of the stables still shows, as it serves as the Museum Quarter - its former importance. The Mariahilferstraße since the building of Schönbrunn Palace by the Imperial court very strongly was frequented. Today in the historic buildings the Museum Quarter is housed.

The church and monastery of Maria Hülff

Coloured engraving by J. Ziegler, 1783

1730 Mariahilferkirche

1711 began the renovation works at the Mariahilferkirche, giving the church building today's appearance and importance as a baroque monument. The plans stem from Franziskus Jänkl, the foreman of Lukas von Hildebrandt. Originally stood on the site of the Mariahilferkirche in the medieval vineyard "In Schoeff" a cemetery with wooden chapel built by the Barnabites. Already in those days, the miraculous image Mariahilf was located therein. During the Ottoman siege the chapel was destroyed, the miraculous image could be saved behind the protective walls. After the provisional reconstruction the miraculous image in a triumphal procession was returned, accompanied by 30,000 Viennese.

1790 - 1836 Ferdinand Raimund

Although in the district Mariahilf many artists and historical figures of Vienna lived , it is noticeable that as a residence they rather shunned the Mariahilferstraße, because as early as in the 18th Century there was a very lively and loud bustle on the street. The most famous person who was born on the Mariahilferstrasse is the folk actor and dramatist Ferdinand Raimund. He came in the house No. 45, "To the Golden deer (Zum Goldenen Hirschen)", which still exists today, as son of a turner into the world. As confectioners apprentice, he also had to visit the theaters, where he was a so-called "Numero", who sold his wares to the visitors. This encounter with the theater was fateful. He took flight from his training masters and joined a traveling troupe as an actor. After his return to Vienna, he soon became the most popular comedian. In his plays all those figures appeared then bustling the streets of Vienna. His most famous role was that of the "ash man" in "Farmer as Millionaire", a genuine Viennese guy who brings the wood ash in Butte from the houses, and from the proceeds leading a modest existence.

1805 - 1809 French occupation

The two-time occupation of Vienna by the French hit the suburbs hard. But the buildings were not destroyed fortunately.

19th century Industrialization

Here, where a higher concentration of artisans had developed as in other districts, you could feel the competition of the factories particularly hard. A craftsman after another became factory worker, women and child labor was part of the day-to-day business. With the sharp rise of the population grew apartment misery and flourished bed lodgers and roomers business.

1826

The Mariahilferstraße is paved up to the present belt (Gürtel).

1848 years of the revolution

The Mariahilferstraße this year was in turmoil. At the outbreak of the revolution, the hatred of the people was directed against the Verzehrungssteuerämter (some kind of tax authority) at the lines that have been blamed for the rise of food prices, and against the machines in the factories that had made the small craftsmen out of work or dependent workers. In October, students, workers and citizens tore up paving stones and barricaded themselves in the Mariahilfer Linientor (the so-called Linienwall was the tax frontier) in the area of ​​today's belt.

1858 The Ring Road

The city walls fell and on the glacis arose the ring-road, the now 6th District more closely linking to the city center.

1862 Official naming

The Mariahilferstraße received its to the present day valid name, after it previously was bearing the following unofficial names: "Bavarian country road", "Mariahilfer Grund Straße", "Penzinger Street", "Laimgrube main street" and "Schönbrunner Linienstraße".

The turn of the century: development to commercial street

After the revolution of 1848, the industry displaced the dominant small business rapidly. At the same time the Mariahilferstraße developed into the first major shopping street of Vienna. The rising supply had to be passed on to the customer, and so more and more new shops sprang up. Around the turn of the century broke out a real building boom. The low suburban houses with Baroque and Biedermeier facade gave way to multi-storey houses with flashy and ostentatious facades in that historic style mixture, which was so characteristic of the late Ringstrasse period. From the former historic buildings almost nothing remained. The business portals were bigger and more pompous, the first department stores in the modern style were Gerngross and Herzmansky. Especially the clothing industry took root here.

1863 Herzmansky opened

On 3 March opened August Herzmansky a small general store in the Church Lane (Kirchengasse) 4. 1897 the great establishment in the pin alley (Stiftgasse) was opened, the largest textile company of the monarchy. August Herzmansky died a year before the opening, two nephews take over the business. In 1928, Mariahilferstraße 28 is additionally acquired. 1938, the then owner Max Delfiner had to flee, the company Rhonberg and Hämmerle took over the house. The building in Mariahilferstrasse 30 additionally was purchased. In the last days of the war in 1945 it fell victim to the flames, however. 1948, the company was returned to Max Delfiner, whose son sold in 1957 to the German Hertie group, a new building in Mariahilferstrasse 26 - 30 constructing. Other ownership changes followed.

1869 The Pferdetramway

The Pferdetramway made it first trip through the Mariahilferstraße to Neubaugasse.

Opened in 1879 Gerngroß

Mariahilferstraße about 1905

Alfred Gerngross, a merchant from Bavaria and co-worker August

Herzmanskys, founded on Mariahilferstrasse 48/corner Church alley (Kirchengasse) an own fabric store. He became the fiercest competitor of his former boss.

1901 The k.k. Imperial Furniture Collection

The k.k. Hofmobilien and material depot is established in Mariahilferstrasse 88. The collection quickly grew because each new ruler got new furniture. Today, it serves as a museum. Among other things, there is the office of Emperor Franz Joseph, the equipment of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico from Miramare Castle, the splendid table of Charles VI. and the furniture from the Oriental Cabinet of Crown Prince Rudolf.

1911 The House Stafa

On 18 August 1911, on the birthday of Emperor Franz Joseph, corner Mariahilferstraße/imperial road (Kaiserstraße) the "central palace" was opened. The construction by its architecture created a sensation. Nine large double figure-relief panels of Anton Hanak decorated it. In this building the "1st Vienna Commercial sample collective department store (Warenmuster-Kollektivkaufhaus)", a eight-storey circular building was located, which was to serve primarily the craft. The greatest adversity in the construction were underground springs. Two dug wells had to be built to pump out the water. 970 liters per minute, however, must be pumped out until today.

1945 bombing of Vienna

On 21 February 1945 bombs fell on the Mariahilferstrasse, many buildings were badly damaged. On 10th April Wiener looted the store Herzmansky. Ella Fasser, the owner of the café "Goethe" in Mariahilferstrasse, preserved the Monastery barracks (Stiftskaserne) from destruction, with the help other resistance fighters cutting the fire-conducting cords that had laid the retreating German troops. Meanwhile, she invited the officers to the cafe, and befuddled them with plenty of alcohol.

www.wien-vienna.at/blickpunkte.php?ID=582

Published by F. Youngman LTD, Leeds. UK

published via Free Download Minecraft ift.tt/1O82PHK

Published by O Globo, Brazil 1941

 

One of the rarest Timely Comics ever published in the world, and among the earliest Timely Publications Globally outside the US.

 

O Globo is among the earliest publishers of MLJ Comics, Smash Comics, National Comics and Timely Comics in our genres history.

 

Description: No published or copyright date listed on postcard.

 

Manufacturer: A. C. Bosselman & Co., New York

 

Date Postmarked: 1908

 

Rights: This item is in the public domain. Acknowledgement of the Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries as a source is requested.

 

"Reference URL: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/postcard/51

 

Collection: Rarely Seen Richmond: Early twentieth century Richmond as seen through vintage postcards"

  

first published in London, England, not reissued in the USA until 1976.

 

The full list of his Westerns are as follows (I've included the novels set in Alaska, but not the one set in Asia) :

 

1.Westward The Tide (1950) *

2.The Rustlers of West Fork (1951) H *

3.The Trail to Seven Pines (1951) H *

4.The Riders of High Rock (1951) H *

5.Trouble Shooter (1952) H *

6.Hondo (1953) *

7.Showdown at Yellow Butte (1953) *

8.Utah Blaine (1954) *

9.Crossfire Trail (1954) *

10. Kilkenny (1954) K

11. Guns of the Timberlands (1955) *

12. Heller With A Gun (1955) *

13. To Tame a Land (1955) *

14. The Burning Hills (1956) *

15. Silver Canyon (1956) *

16. Sitka (1957)

17. Last Stand at Papago Wells (1957) *

18. The Tall Stranger (1957) *

19. Radigan (1958) *

20. The First Fast Draw (1959) *

21. Taggart (1959)

22. The Daybreakers (1960) S *

23. Flint (1960) *

24. Sackett (1961) S *

25. Shalako (1962) *

26. Killoe (1962)

27. High Lonesome (1962) *

28. Lando (1962) S *

29. How the West WasWon (1962)

30. Fallon (1963)

31. Catlow (1963) *

32. Dark Canyon (1963) *

33. Mojave Crossing (1964) S *

34. Hanging Woman Creek (1964) *

35. Kiowa Trail (1964) *

36. The High Graders (1965)

37. The Sackett Brand (1965) S *

38. The Key-Lock Man (1965)

39. The Broken Gun (1966) *

40. Kid Rodelo (1966) *

41. Mustang Man (1966) S

42. Kilrone (1966)

43. The Sky-Liners (1967) S

44. Matagorda (1967) *

45. Down the Long Hills (1968)

46. Chancy (1968)

47. Brionne (1968) *

48. The Empty Land (1969) *

49. The Lonely Men (1969) S

50. Conagher (1969)

51. The Man Called Noon (1970) *

52. Galloway (1970) S *

53. Reilly’s Luck (1970)

54. North to the Rails (1971)

55. Under the Sweetwater Rim (1971)

56. Tucker (1971)

57. Callaghen (1972)

58. Ride the Dark Trail (1972) S

59. Treasure Mountain (1972) S

60. The Ferguson Rifle (1973)

61. The Man from Skibbereen (1973) *

62. The Quick and the Dead (1973)

63. The Californios (1974)

64. Sackett’s Land (1975) S

65. Rivers West (1975) *

66. The Man from the Broken Hills (1975)

67. Over on the Dry Side (1976) *

68. The Rider of Lost Creek (1976) K

69. Where the Long Grass Blows (1976)

70. To the Far Blue Mountains (1977) S

71. Borden Chantry (1977)

72. The Mountain Valley War (1978) K

73. Fair Blows the Wind (1978)

74. The Proving Trail (1979) *

75. The Iron Marshal (1979)

76. Bendigo Shafter (1979)

77. The Warrier’s Path (1980) S

78. Lonely on the Mountain (1980) S

79. Comstock Lode (1981)

80. Milo Talon (1981)

81. The Cherokee Trail (1982)

82. The Shadow Riders (1982)

83. The Lonesome Gods (1983) *

84. Ride the River (1983) S

85. Son of a Wanted Man (1984) *

86. Jubal Sackett (1985) S

87. Passin’ Through (1985)

88.The Haunted Mesa (1987) *

 

* = paperbacks I currently own

 

H = Hopalong Cassidy series

S=Sackett series

K=Kilkenny series

 

The Postcard

 

A postcard that was published by the Photochrom Co. Ltd. of London. The image is a glossy real photograph.

 

The card was posted in Northampton on Friday the 26th. October 1906 to:

 

Miss A. Swindall,

41, Queen's Road,

Loughborough,

Leicestershire.

 

The message on the divided back of the card was as follows:

 

"Dear Alice,

Thanks for letter.

Could you meet me at

Leicester about 4.

I think it would be much

better, so we could go

& see E. Tompkins &

have tea.

I have promised to go

several times and would

very much like you to go

as well. Now be game

and try.

My train arrives at four

prompt. If I don't hear

from you I will meet at

8.15.

Love from Will."

 

Wilhelm Voigt

 

So what else happened on the day that Will posted the card to Alice?

 

Well, on the 26th. October 1906, Wilhelm Voigt was arrested.

 

Friedrich Wilhelm Voigt, who was born on the 13th. February 1849, was a German impostor who, in 1906, masqueraded as a Prussian military officer, rounded up a number of soldiers under his "command", and "confiscated" more than 4,000 marks from the municipal treasury.

 

Although he served two years in prison, he became a folk hero as "The Captain of Köpenick," and was pardoned by Kaiser Wilhelm II.

 

Wilhelm Voigt - The Early Years

 

Voigt was born in Tilsit, Prussia. In 1863, at the age of 14, he was sentenced to 14 days in prison for theft, which led to his expulsion from school. He learned shoemaking from his father.

 

Between 1864 and 1891, Voigt was sentenced to prison for a total of 25 years for thefts, forgery and burglary. The longest sentence was a 15-year conviction for an unsuccessful burglary of a court cashier's office. He was released on the 12th. February 1906.

 

Voigt drifted from place to place until he went to live with his sister in Rixdorf near Berlin. He was briefly employed by a well-reputed shoemaker until the local police expelled him from Berlin on the 24th. August 1906. They claimed that he was an undesirable, based solely on the fact that he was an ex-convict. Officially he left for Hamburg, although he remained in Berlin as an unregistered resident.

 

The Captain of Köpenick

 

On the 16th. October 1906, having resigned from the shoe factory ten days earlier, Voigt was ready for his next caper. He had previously purchased parts of used captain's uniforms from different shops.

 

He took the uniform out of baggage storage, put it on and went to the local army barracks, stopped four grenadiers and a sergeant on their way back to barracks and told them to come with him and they followed. He dismissed the commanding sergeant to report to his superiors, and later commandeered six more soldiers from a shooting range.

 

Then he took a train to Köpenick, east of Berlin, occupied the local city hall with his soldiers and told them to cover all exits. He told the local police to "care for law and order" and to "prevent calls to Berlin for one hour" at the local post office.

 

He had the treasurer von Wiltberg and the mayor Georg Langerhans arrested, citing suspicion of crooked bookkeeping, and confiscated 4002 marks and 37 pfennigs, issuing a receipt for the money signed with his former jail director's name.

 

He then commandeered two carriages and told the grenadiers to take the arrested men to the Neue Wache in Berlin for interrogation. He told the remaining guards to stand in their places for half an hour and then left for the train station. He later changed into civilian clothes and disappeared.

 

The Arrest of Wilhelm Voigt

 

In the following days, the German press speculated on what had really happened. At the same time the army ran its own investigation. The public seemed to be positively amused by the daring deeds of the culprit.

 

Voigt was arrested on the 26th. October 1906 after a former cellmate who knew about Voigt's plans had tipped off the police, hoping for the high reward.

 

On the 1st. December 1906 Voigt was sentenced to four years in prison for forgery, impersonating an officer and wrongful imprisonment. However, much of public opinion was on his side, and Kaiser Wilhelm II pardoned him on the 16th. August 1908.

 

Even the Kaiser was amused by the incident, referring to him as an amiable scoundrel, and being pleased with the authority and feelings of reverence that he obviously commanded in the general population.

 

The British press were also amused, seeing it as confirmation of their stereotypes about Germans. In its 27th. October 1906 issue, the editors of The Illustrated London News noted gleefully:

 

"For years the Kaiser has been instilling into his people

reverence for the omnipotence of militarism, of which

the holiest symbol is the German uniform. Offences

against this fetish have incurred condign punishment.

Officers who have not considered themselves saluted

in due form have drawn their swords with impunity on

offending privates."

 

In that same issue, writer G. K. Chesterton pointed out:

 

"The most absurd part of this absurd fraud (at least,

to English eyes) is one which, oddly enough, has

received comparatively little comment. I mean the

point at which the Mayor asked for a warrant, and

the Captain pointed to the bayonets of his soldiery

and said, 'These are my authority'. One would have

thought anyone would have known that no soldier

would talk like that."

 

Aftermath

 

Voigt decided to capitalize on his fame. His wax figure appeared in the wax museum in Unter den Linden four days after his release. He appeared in the museum to sign his pictures, but public officials banned the appearances on the same day.

 

He appeared in small theatres in a play that depicted his exploit, and signed more photographs as the Captain of Köpenick. In spite of the ban he toured in Dresden, Vienna and Budapest in variety shows, restaurants and amusement parks.

 

In 1909, he published a book in Leipzig, How I became the Captain of Köpenick, which sold well. Although his United States tour almost failed because the immigration authorities refused to grant him a visa, he arrived in 1910 via Canada. He also inspired a waxwork in Madame Tussaud's museum in London.

 

In 1910, he moved to Luxembourg and worked as a waiter and shoemaker. He received a life pension from a rich Berlin dowager. Two years later, he bought a house and retired, but was ruined financially in the post–World War I recession.

 

Voigt died at the age of 72 in Luxembourg on the 3rd. January 1922. His grave is in the Cimetière Notre-Dame in Luxembourg.

 

Wilhelm Voigt in Popular Culture

 

Voigt's exploits became the subject of literary references as early as 1911, when British satirical writer Saki defined the term "to koepenick" as "to replace an authority by a spurious imitation that would carry just as much weight for the moment as the displaced original" in his short story "Ministers of Grace".

 

A silent film was made in German in 1926. In 1931, German author Carl Zuckmayer wrote a play about the affair called The Captain of Köpenick, which shifts the focus from the event at Köpenick itself to the prelude, showing how his surroundings and his situation in life had helped Voigt form his plan. An English-language adaptation was written by John Mortimer, and first performed by the National Theatre company at the Old Vic on the 9th. March 1971 with Paul Scofield in the title role.

 

Several more films were produced about Wilhelm Voigt, most based on Zuckmayer's play; among them Der Hauptmann von Köpenick (1931); The Captain from Köpenick (1945), starring Albert Bassermann; Der Hauptmann von Köpenick (1956), with Heinz Rühmann; a 1956 U.S. TV adaptation starring Emmett Kelly, the circus clown; the 1960 TV movie Der Hauptmann von Köpenick, featuring Rudolf Platte; and the 1997 TV movie Der Hauptmann von Köpenick, starring Harald Juhnke.

 

In 1943 the German Air Force mistakenly thought that a bombing attack which had been carried out on Düren, with the bombers then returning, was a diversion, and the bombers were actually heading for the ball-bearing factory at Schweinfurt.

 

When Schweinfurt was not attacked, they were concerned about the Leuna synthetic fuel refinery, then the Skoda Works at Pilsen. They scrambled large numbers of fighters everywhere, whose engine noise sounded like an invading force. After the debacle, Head of the Air Force Hermann Göring sent an ironic telegram to all concerned congratulating them on "the successful defence of the fortress of Koepenick".

 

The basic line of stage plays and movies was the pitiful catch-22 situation of Voigt trying to earn his living honourably in Berlin:

 

"No residence address – no job.

No job – no residence (rented room).

No residence – no passport.

No passport – getting ousted."

Published by Ebal, Brazil 1965-1977

 

There are 73 issues to series 1 and 16 in series 2.

Published by The Valentine & Sons United Publishing Co., Ltd. Toronto. Printed in Great Britain.

the book was just published in the winter of 2009, and it showcases an amazing and beautiful technique that uses needle felting but applies the process to fabric, so wool is applied to the cloth using a felting needle.

 

the effect is stunning, like embroidery or even sometimes similar to painting on fabric.

 

the colors and textures are very rich, and projects have a great variety that is sure to inspire. the contrast of bright wool felted onto natural linen is a repeating feeling that always looks great.

 

the projects and scenes created in the book included detailed diagrams that show to how to recreate them, including fine details about colors and shades of wool that are combined to create depth.

 

written directions are in japanese, but the diagrams, and very clear step by step instructions with photos show how to create this effect. it's probably easier is you have had a little experience needle felting, just so you understand how that tool works, but that being said, you will be able to pick this up quickly, especially if you have some experience with felt, or embroidery, or even sewing

Published 1964. Full of all sorts of hints on making your own doll clothes.

Wood anemone I

 

This photo is a part of my 'Project 365', where I'm going to publish one picture every day for a year.

 

Hvitveis I

 

Dette bildet er en del av mitt ‘Prosjekt 365’, kor eg skal ta ett bilde for dagen i et år.

Tasselled

 

Photographer: Shavonne Wong/Zhiffy Photography

Model: Diandra Forrest

Hair: Wade Lee

Makeup: Tatiana Ward

Assistant: Marcus Teo

 

www.facebook.com/zhiffyphotography

Published by Chiodi, Brazil 1955

The Postcard

 

A Real Photograph Series postcard published by Raphael Tuck and Sons. The photography was by Langfier. Waller's statement and signature have been printed over the photograph.

 

The card has an undivided back. The divided back for postcards was introduced in the UK in 1902, so it it likely that the card was published in 1901 or earlier.

 

Mr. Lewis Waller

 

William Waller Lewis (3rd. November 1860 – 1st. November 1915), known on stage as Lewis Waller, was an English actor and theatre manager, well known on the London stage and in the English provinces.

 

After early stage experience with J. L. Toole's and Helena Modjeska's companies from 1883, Waller became known, by the late 1880's, for romantic leads, both in Shakespeare and in popular costume dramas of the Victorian and Edwardian eras.

 

He attracted a large number of female admirers, who formed themselves into a vocal and conspicuous fan club. He also tried his hand at management of tours in 1885 and 1893, and then became an actor-manager at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket in the mid-1890's.

 

Waller remained an actor-manager for the rest of his career, both in London and on tour.

 

Despite his commercial success in Booth Tarkington's 'Monsieur Beaucaire' and Arthur Conan Doyle's 'Brigadier Gerard', Waller greatly preferred acting in Shakespeare, in which his roles ranged from Romeo to Othello.

 

Among the roles he created was Sir Robert Chiltern in Oscar Wilde's 1895 comedy 'An Ideal Husband'.

 

Lewis Waller - The Early Years

 

Waller was born in Bilbao, Spain, the eldest son of an English civil engineer, William James Lewis, and his wife, Carlotta née Vyse. He was educated at King's College School in south west London, after which, intending to pursue a commercial career, he studied languages on the Continent. From 1879 to 1883 he was a clerk in a London firm owned by his uncle.

 

After acting in amateur performances, Waller decided to make a career on the stage, and was engaged by J. L. Toole in 1883. His first role was the Hon. Claude Lorrimer in H. J. Byron's 'Uncle Dick's Darling', in which he was billed as "Waller Lewis".

 

By May of the same year, he had adopted the stage name Lewis Waller. In that month he appeared at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, in a charity matinee for the Actors' Benevolent Fund with Toole's company and such contemporary stars as Rutland Barrington, Lionel Brough, Arthur Cecil, Nellie Farren, George Grossmith, Henry Irving and Ellen Terry.

 

He remained in Toole's company for a year, playing light comedy and juvenile parts. During this year, he married a young actress, Florence West (1862–1912).

 

He joined a touring company, playing the central role, the blind Gilbert Vaughan, in 'Called Back' by Hugh Conway.

 

Waller returned to London in March 1885 to play at the Lyceum Theatre in Helena Modjeska's company, as the Abbé in 'Adrienne Lecouvreur', and then toured with her, playing such roles as Mortimer in 'Mary Stuart', and Orlando in 'As You Like It'.

 

The Manchester Guardian said of the latter:

 

"He kept Orlando properly ingenuous,

and made him a taking and gallant

young wooer."

 

Towards the end of 1885, Waller ventured into management for the first time, touring a production of 'Called Back', taking the role of Dr. Basil North, in which The Manchester Guardian thought him:

 

"A trifle too melodramatic".

 

The tour was modestly successful, but not such as to lead Waller to mount further productions for some time.

 

Waller returned to the West End, working for a succession of managements. At the Strand Theatre in early 1887, he played Roy Carlton in 'Jack-in-the-Box', which his biographer describes as his first substantial success in London.

 

At the Opera Comique he played Ernest Vane in 'Masks and Faces', and Captain Absolute in 'The Rivals'. At the Gaiety Theatre he played Jacques Rosney in 'Civil War'.

 

Waller then joined William Hunter Kendal and John Hare at the St. James's Theatre, where he played the Duc de Bligny in 'The Ironmaster', Sir George Barclay in 'Lady Clancarty', and Lord Arden in 'The Wife's Secret'.

 

When Rutland Barrington took over the management of the St. James's in 1888, Waller played George Sabine in 'The Dean's Daughter', and Ralph Crampton in 'Brantinghame Hall'.

 

Rudolph de Cordova, in a 1909 biographical sketch noted:

 

"During this period, few theatres

played regular afternoon performances,

so that the actors were, for the most part,

engaged only in the evening. Many

matinees were, however, given to introduce

new plays and new players; and in this way

Mr. Waller acted a large number of new parts,

all of an ephemeral character."

 

In particular he played several Ibsen roles in these matinees in the early 1890's, bringing him to the attention of people of influence in the theatre such as William Archer, Jacob Grein and Bernard Shaw.

 

Waller played Oswald in 'Ghosts', Lovborg in 'Hedda Gabler', Rosmer in 'Rosmersholm' and Solness in 'The Master Builder'. The ODNB commented that:

 

"Archer was delighted that an established

West End actor had contributed to the Ibsen

revival, but was aware that Waller could

overcome neither the play's inadequate

rehearsal period nor his background of

florid West End performances."

 

Lewis Waller - The Later Years

 

In October 1893, Waller returned to management, mounting a tour of Wilde's 'A Woman of No Importance', in which he played Lord Illingworth. The Manchester Guardian called it:

 

"A tolerable travelling company in

which nobody gains great distinction."

 

Returning to London, Waller, in partnership with H. H. Morrell, leased the Theatre Royal, Haymarket while its regular tenant, Herbert Beerbohm Tree was on tour in the US. He began with the premiere of Wilde's 'An Ideal Husband', playing Sir Robert Chiltern in a cast that included his wife as Mrs. Cheveley, Julia Neilson as Lady Chiltern and Charles Hawtrey as Lord Goring.

 

Waller and Morrell remained in management until 1897, when Tree invited Waller to join his company at the newly rebuilt Her Majesty's Theatre.

 

Waller remained with Tree for three years, playing a wide range of roles, including romantic leads in popular costume dramas and, in Tree's lavish Shakespeare productions, Laertes in 'Hamlet', Brutus in 'Julius Caesar', Faulconbridge in 'King John' and Lysander in 'A Midsummer Night's Dream'.

 

After leaving Tree's company, Waller returned to management. Although he loved playing Shakespeare, adding the roles of Romeo, Othello and Henry V to his repertoire, for commercial reasons he was best known as the star of swashbuckling romances. He was particularly identified with the title roles in the stage versions of Booth Tarkington's 'Monsieur Beaucaire' and Arthur Conan Doyle's 'Brigadier Gerard'. He starred in a film of the latter in 1915.

 

The critic Hesketh Pearson praised Waller for:

 

"His good looks and virile acting,

and his vibrant voice which rang

through the theatre like a bell and

stirred like a trumpet".

 

Waller had a large following of enthusiastic women fans, who formed a club known as the K.O.W. [Keen On Waller] Brigade. Pearson lamented:

 

"The puerile nature of the plays he

usually put on, and the adolescent

behaviour of his female admirers,

prevented many people from

appreciating his superb gift as a

declaimer of Shakespeare's rhetoric,

and frequently exposed him to ridicule."

 

In 1911 and 1912, Waller made a tour of the US, Canada and Australia. In his absence his wife died. His last play was May Martindale's 'Gamblers All', which opened at Wyndham's Theatre, London in June 1915, with Gerald du Maurier and Madge Titheradge co-starring.

 

The Manchester Guardian called the production:

 

"A personal acting triumph

for Lewis Waller".

 

Death of Lewis Waller

 

After the West End run, Waller took the play on tour, during which he contracted pneumonia, from which he died in Nottingham two days short of his 55th birthday.

Published in Poruba and Mol Por 2000, p. 58.

The Postcard

 

A view of Llandudno on a 'Carbo Colour' postcard which was published by Valentine & Sons Ltd. of Dundee and London.

 

The card was posted in Prestatyn to an address in Crawford Avenue Liverpool on the 22nd. June 1955, back in the days when car parking was free and plentiful.

 

Llandudno

 

Llandudno is a seaside resort in Conwy County Borough, Wales, located on the Creuddyn peninsula, which protrudes into the Irish Sea. The town's name is derived from its patron saint, Saint Tudno.

 

Llandudno is the largest seaside resort in Wales, and as early as 1861 was being called 'the Queen of the Welsh Watering Places' (a phrase later also used in connection with Tenby and Aberystwyth; the word 'resort' came a little later).

 

History of Llandudno

 

The town of Llandudno developed from Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age settlements over many hundreds of years on the slopes of the limestone headland, known to seafarers as the Great Orme and to landsmen as the Creuddyn Peninsula.

 

The origins in recorded history are with the Manor of Gogarth conveyed by King Edward I to Annan, Bishop of Bangor in 1284.

 

The Great Orme

 

Mostly owned by Mostyn Estates, the Great Orme is home to several large herds of wild Kashmiri goats originally descended from a pair given by Queen Victoria to Lord Mostyn.

 

The summit of the Great Orme stands at 679 feet (207 m). The Summit Hotel, now a tourist attraction, was once the home of world middleweight champion boxer Randolph Turpin.

 

The limestone headland is a haven for flora and fauna, with some rare species such as peregrine falcons and a species of wild cotoneaster (cambricus) which can only be found on the Great Orme.

 

The sheer limestone cliffs provide ideal nesting conditions for a wide variety of sea birds, including cormorants, shags, guillemots, razorbills, puffins, kittiwakes, fulmars and numerous gulls.

 

There are several attractions including the Great Orme Tramway and the Llandudno Cable Car that takes tourists to the summit. The Great Orme also has the longest toboggan run in Britain at 750m.

 

The Development of Llandudno

 

By 1847 the town had grown to a thousand people, served by the new church of St. George, built in 1840. The great majority of the men worked in the copper mines, with others employed in fishing and subsistence agriculture.

 

In 1848, Owen Williams, an architect and surveyor from Liverpool, presented Lord Mostyn with plans to develop the marshlands behind Llandudno Bay as a holiday resort. These were enthusiastically pursued by Lord Mostyn.

 

The influence of the Mostyn Estate and its agents over the years was paramount in the development of Llandudno, especially after the appointment of George Felton as surveyor and architect in 1857.

 

Between 1857 and 1877 much of central Llandudno was developed under Felton's supervision. Felton also undertook architectural design work, including the design and execution of the Holy Trinity Church in Mostyn Street.

 

The Llandudno and Colwyn Bay Electric Railway operated an electric tramway service between Llandudno and Rhos-on-Sea from 1907, this being extended to Colwyn Bay in 1908. The service closed in 1956.

 

Llandudno Attractions

 

The Beach and The Parade

 

A beach of sand, shingle and rock curves two miles between the headlands of the Great Orme and the Little Orme.

 

For most of the length of Llandudno's North Shore there is a wide curving Victorian promenade. The road, collectively known as The Parade, has a different name for each block, and it is on these parades and crescents that many of Llandudno's hotels are built.

 

Llandudno Pier

 

The pier is on the North Shore. Built in 1878, it is a Grade II listed building.

 

The pier was extended in 1884 in a landward direction along the side of what was the Baths Hotel (where the Grand Hotel now stands) to provide a new entrance with the Llandudno Pier Pavilion Theatre, thus increasing the pier's length to 2,295 feet (700 m); it is the longest pier in Wales.

 

Attractions on the pier include a bar, a cafe, amusement arcades, children's fairground rides and an assortment of shops & kiosks.

 

In the summer, Professor Codman's Punch and Judy show (established in 1860) can be found on the promenade near the entrance to the pier.

 

The Happy Valley

 

The Happy Valley, a former quarry, was the gift of Lord Mostyn to the town in celebration of the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria in 1887. The area was landscaped and developed as gardens, two miniature golf courses, a putting green, a popular open-air theatre and extensive lawns.

 

Ceremonies connected with the Welsh National Eisteddfod were held there in 1896, and again in 1963.

 

In June 1969, the Great Orme Cabin Lift, a modern alternative to the tramway, was opened with its base station adjacent to the open-air theatre. The distance to the summit is just over 1 mile (1.6 km), and the four-seater cabins travel at 6 miles per hour (9.7 km/h) on a continuous steel cable over 2 miles (3.2 km) long.

 

It is the longest single-stage cabin lift in Great Britain, and the longest span between pylons is over 1,000 feet (300 m).

 

The popularity of the 'Happy Valley Entertainers' open-air theatre having declined, the theatre closed in 1985. Likewise the two miniature golf courses closed, and were converted in 1987 to create a 280-metre (920 ft) artificial ski slope and toboggan run. The gardens were extensively restored as part of the resort's millennium celebrations, and remain a major attraction.

 

Marine Drive

 

The first route round the perimeter of the Great Orme was a footpath constructed in 1858 by Reginald Cust, a trustee of the Mostyn Estate. In 1872 the Great Orme's Head Marine Drive Co. Ltd. was formed to turn the path into a carriage road.

 

Following bankruptcy, a second company completed the road in 1878. The contractors for the scheme were Messrs Hughes, Morris, Davies, a consortium led by Richard Hughes of Madoc Street, Llandudno.

 

The road was bought by Llandudno Urban District Council in 1897. The 4 mile (6.4 km) one-way drive starts at the foot of the Happy Valley. After about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) a side road leads to St. Tudno's Church, the Great Orme Bronze Age Copper Mine and the summit of the Great Orme.

 

Continuing on the Marine Drive the Great Orme Lighthouse (now a small hotel) is passed, and, shortly afterwards on the right, the Rest and Be Thankful Cafe and information centre.

 

Below the Marine Drive at its western end is the site of the wartime Coast Artillery School (1940–1945), now a scheduled ancient monument.

 

The West Shore

 

The West Shore is a quiet beach on the estuary of the River Conwy. It was here at Pen Morfa that Alice Liddell (of Alice in Wonderland fame) spent the long summer holidays of her childhood from 1862 to 1871.

 

There are a few hotels and quiet residential streets. The West Shore is linked to the North Shore by Gloddaeth Avenue and Gloddaeth Street, a wide dual carriageway.

 

Mostyn Street

 

Running behind the promenade is Mostyn Street, leading to Mostyn Broadway and then Mostyn Avenue. These are the main shopping streets of Llandudno. Mostyn Street accommodates the high street shops, the major high street banks and building societies, two churches, amusement arcades and the town's public library.

 

The last is the starting point for the Town Trail, a planned walk that facilitates viewing Llandudno in a historical perspective.

 

Victorian Extravaganza

 

Every year in May bank holiday weekend, Llandudno has a three-day Victorian Carnival, and Mostyn Street becomes a funfair.

 

Madoc Street and Gloddaeth Street and the Promenade become part of the route each day for a mid-day carnival parade. Also the Bodafon Farm fields become the location of a Festival of Transport for the weekend.

 

Venue Cymru

 

The North Wales Theatre, Arena and Conference Centre, built in 1994, and extended in 2006 and renamed "Venue Cymru", is located near the centre of the promenade on Penrhyn Crescent.

 

It is noted for its productions of opera, orchestral concerts, ballet, musical theatre, drama, circus, ice shows and pantomimes.

 

The Llandudno Lifeboat

 

Until 2017, Llandudno was unique within the United Kingdom in that its lifeboat station was located inland, allowing it to launch with equal facility from either the West Shore or the North Shore as needed.

 

In 2017, a new lifeboat station was completed, and new, high-speed, offshore and inshore lifeboats, and a modern launching system, were acquired. This station is close to the paddling pool on North Shore.

 

Llandudno's active volunteer crews are called out more than ever with the rapidly increasing numbers of small pleasure craft sailing in coastal waters. The Llandudno Lifeboat is normally on display on the promenade every Sunday and bank holiday Monday from May until October.

 

The Ancient Parish Church

 

The ancient parish church dedicated to Saint Tudno stands in a hollow near the northern point of the Great Orme, and is two miles (3 km) from the present town.

 

It was established as an oratory by Tudno, a 6th.-century monk, but the present church dates from the 12th. century and it is still used on summer Sunday mornings.

 

Llandudno's Links with Mametz and Wormhout

 

-- Mametz

 

The 1st. (North Wales) Brigade was headquartered in Llandudno in December 1914, and included a battalion of the Royal Welch Fusiliers, which had been raised and trained in Llandudno.

 

Skirting the Fricourt salient, the British 7th. Division took the village of Mametz in the afternoon of the 1st. July 1916. However Mametz Wood to the north-east of the village held great German resistance. This blocked all Allied progress in a northeasterly direction.

 

After eight days of fierce combat, with heavy losses, did the 38th. Welsh Division capture the wood on the 12th. July 1916.

 

A monument to the 38th. Welsh Division was inaugurated on the 11th. July 1987. The monument takes the form of a plinth surmounted by a red dragon, the emblem of Wales. With its wings held aloft, it carries in its claws pieces of barbed wire, attesting to the fierce nature of the fighting.

 

The hostilities brought about the total destruction of Mametz village by shelling. After the war, the people of Llandudno (including returning survivors) contributed generously to the fund for the reconstruction of the village of Mametz.

 

-- Wormhout

 

Llandudno is twinned with the Flemish town of Wormhout which is 10 miles (16 km) from Dunkirk. It was near there that many members of the Llandudno-based 69th. Territorial Regiment were ambushed and taken prisoner.

 

The Site Mémoire de la Plaine au Bois near Wormhout commemorates the massacre of these prisoners on the 28th. May 1940. The men had been retreating towards Dunkirk ahead of the advancing Germans.

 

About 100 troops, having run out of ammunition, surrendered to the Germans, assuming that they would be taken prisoner according to the Geneva Convention.

 

However they were all imprisoned in a small barn, and the SS threw stick-grenades into the building, killing many POW's.

 

However the grenades failed to kill everyone, largely due to the bravery of two British NCO's, Stanley Moore and Augustus Jennings, who hurled themselves on top of the grenades, using their bodies to shield their comrades from the blast.

 

In order to finish off the remaining soldiers, the SS fired into the barn with rifles and automatic weapons. A few survived to tell the tale, but no-one was ever indicted for war crimes because of insufficient evidence.

 

A replica of the barn can be seen at the site of the massacre.

 

Llandudno's Cultural Connections

 

Matthew Arnold gives a vivid and lengthy description of 1860's Llandudno - and of the ancient tales of Taliesin and Maelgwn Gwynedd that are associated with the local landscape - in the first sections of the preface to 'On the Study of Celtic Literature' (1867).

 

Llandudno is also used as a location for dramatic scenes in the stage play and film 'Hindle Wakes' by Stanley Houghton, and the 1911 novel, 'The Card', by Arnold Bennett, and its subsequent film version.

 

Elisabeth of Wied, the Queen Consort of Romania and also known as writer Carmen Sylva, stayed in Llandudno for five weeks in 1890.

 

On leaving, she described Wales as "A beautiful haven of peace". Translated into Welsh as "Hardd, hafan, hedd", it became the town's official motto.

 

Other famous people with links to Llandudno include the Victorian statesman John Bright and multi-capped Welsh international footballers Neville Southall, Neil Eardley, Chris Maxwell and Joey Jones.

 

Australian ex-Prime Minister Billy Hughes attended school in Llandudno. Gordon Borrie QC (Baron Borrie), Director General of the Office of Fair Trading from 1976 to 1992, was educated at the town's John Bright Grammar School when he lived there as a wartime evacuee.

 

The international art gallery Oriel Mostyn is in Vaughan Street next to the post office. It was built in 1901 to house the art collection of Lady Augusta Mostyn. It was requisitioned in 1914 for use as an army drill hall, and later became a warehouse, before being returned to use as an art gallery in 1979. Following a major revamp the gallery was renamed simply 'Mostyn' in 2010.

 

Llandudno has its own mini arts festival 'LLAWN' (Llandudno Arts Weekend). It is a mini festival that rediscovers and celebrates Llandudno’s past in rather a unique way; via art, architecture, artefact, sound, performance, and participation.

 

The festival takes place over three days of a weekend in late September, originally conceived as a way to promote what those in the hospitality sector refer to as the ‘shoulder season’, which means a lull in the tourist calendar.

 

In January 1984 Brookside character Petra Taylor (Alexandra Pigg) committed suicide in Llandudno.

 

In 1997, the English cookery programme "Two Fat Ladies" with Jennifer Patterson and Clarissa Dickson Wright filmed an episode in Llandudno.

 

'Lady and the Tramp'

 

So what else happened on the day that the card was posted?

 

Not a lot, but 6 days earlier, on Thursday the 16th. June 1955, 'Lady and the Tramp', which was Walt Disney Studios' 15th. animated film, premiered in Chicago, Illinois.

Published by ABC Verlag Zurich - 1982

 

Description: View looking northwest from a construction site occupying the block bounded by North Grand Avenue, West Illinois Street, North Franklin Street, and North Orleans Street. The site is being prepared for construction of an apartment and retail complex, part of which includes Orleans Court (now River North Park Apartments) located at 320 West Illinois Street.

 

Behind the construction site, on the right side of the photograph, are 318 West Grand Avenue, 316 West Grand Avenue, and part of 300 West Grand Avenue. The facade of the Off Center Building (300 West Grand Avenue) is painted with a trompe-l'oeil mural showing a cutaway view of the interior of the building. The Montgomery Ward & Company Headquarters (now The Montgomery condominiums) is in the distance near the center of the photograph.

Photographer: Brubaker, C. William, c. 1985

 

Architecture Date: 1986 (River North Park)

Geographic coverage: Near North Side (Chicago, Ill.); River North (Chicago, Ill.)

 

Collection: C. William Brubaker Collection (University of Illinois at Chicago)

Repository: University of Illinois at Chicago. Library. Special Collections Department

File Name: bru009_04_jF

 

Rights: This image may be used freely, with attribution, for research, study and educational purposes. For permission to publish, distribute, or use this image for any other purpose, please contact Special Collections and University Archives, University of Illinois at Chicago Library at lib-spec@uic.libanswers.com

 

For more images from the collection, visit collections.carli.illinois.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/uic_bru...

 

Photo by Matt Bearup

This photo is licensed All Rights Reserved. If you wish to use, copy, or publish it you must receive written permission from Matt Bearup.

First of all I am sorry for not uploading recently but my flickr was all messed but yahoo has fixed it know so I am back! Anyway I was published again this time with my toad shot this time in Digital SLR magazine!

The Postcard

 

A Real Photograph Series postcard published by Raphael Tuck & Sons, Art Publishers to Their Majesties the King and Queen.

 

The photograph shows Lily Brayton dressed as Viola for her performance in Twelfth Night.

 

The card was posted in Penzance on Friday the 17th. February 1905 to:

 

Miss L. Coon,

Trevenson Street,

Camborne.

 

The pencilled message on the back of the card was as follows:

 

"Dear L,

Thanks for pretty P.C.

Glad to say it is better.

Hope you are feeling

alright after your

holiday.

With love from

Lizzie".

 

Miss Lily Brayton

 

Elizabeth 'Lily' Brayton (23rd. June 1876 – 30th. April 1953) was an English actress and singer, known for her performances in Shakespeare plays, and for her nearly 2,000 performances in the First World War hit musical 'Chu Chin Chow'.

 

Lily Brayton - The Early Years

 

Brayton was born in Hindley, Lancashire, the fourth daughter of a Lancashire doctor.

 

Her first stage performance was in Manchester in 1896, when she was in the cast of a production of Shakespeare's 'King Richard II'. Lily joined the F. R. Benson company, and in 1898 she married Oscar Asche, a fellow member of it. Her sister Agnes Brayton (1878–1957) was another member of the same company.

 

In 1900 Brayton was chosen by Herbert Beerbohm Tree to create the part of Mariamne in his production of 'Herod'. In 1904 she and Asche formed their own theatrical company.

 

In 1906 she played Iseult in Joseph Comyns Carr's play 'Tristram and Iseult' at the Adelphi Theatre, with Asche as King Mark. Her sister Agnes also had a part in this production.

 

In 1907 Lily, as Katherine, and Agnes, as Bianca, appeared in the Oxford University Dramatic Society's production of 'The Taming of the Shrew'.

 

Lily Brayton - The Later Years

 

In 1907, Brayton became co-manager, with her husband, of His Majesty's Theatre, London, which was owned by Tree, in association with whom they managed a number of Shakespeare and other plays, including Laurence Binyon's Attila.

 

In 1909–1910, while Brayton and Asche were touring Australia, the Australian musician Wayne Jones composed a piece entitled "The Lily Brayton Valse". (Valse = Waltz)

 

In 1911 at the Garrick Theatre, Brayton starred with Asche in the play 'Kismet'. They toured Australia again in 1912–13, and also visited South Africa at the end of the tour in 1913. In 1914, she appeared as Marsinah in the silent film adaptation of Kismet.

 

The Asche hit musical comedy 'Chu Chin Chow' was staged in London in 1916. Brayton played the female lead character, Zahrat-al-Kulub. 'Chu Chin Chow' played until 1921, enjoying an unprecedented run of 2,238 performances, of which Brayton performed in nearly 2000, an endurance feat.

 

The majority of Brayton's performances, excepting 'Chu Chin Chow', were in Shakespeare plays. She also performed for several seasons at the Stratford Festival. Her last stage appearance was as Portia in 'Julius Caesar' in 1932, directed by Asche.

 

Asche became unstable and violent in his later years, and he and Brayton separated for a time, although she produced his 1928 play, 'The Good Old Days of England'.

 

There are three paintings of Brayton in the National Portrait Gallery, and many photographs exist showing her in costume.

 

Notable performances include:

 

- Herod, as Mariamne (1900)

- Richard II, as Queen Isabella (1900,1903,1910)

- Twelfth Night, as Viola (1901)

- The Prayer of the Sword, as Ilaria Visconti (1904)

- Darling of the Gods, as Yo-San (1904)

- Taming of the Shrew, as Katherine (1904,1907,1908,1914)

- Hamlet, as Ophelia (1905)

- Measure for Measure, as Isabella (1906)

- The Virgin Goddess, as Althea (1906)

- Tristram & Iseult, as Iseult (1906)

- A Midsummer Night's Dream, as Helena (1906)

- Othello, as Desdemona (1907, 1909)

- Attila, as Ildico (1907)

- The Two Pins, as Elsa (1908)

- Merry Wives of Windsor, as Mistress Ford (1911)

- As You Like It, as Rosalind (1911)

- Kismet, as Marsinah (1914)

- Chu Chin Chow, as Zahrat-al-Kulub (1916–1921)

- Julius Caesar, as Portia (1932)

 

Death of Lily Brayton

 

After Asche's death in 1936, Brayton married Dr. Douglas Chalmers Watson and moved to Drem in East Lothian.

 

Following the death of her second husband, Lily moved to Dawlish in Devon where she died at the age of 76.

 

Lily was cremated, and her ashes buried in the grave of her first husband in the riverside cemetery near her former home in Bisham, Berkshire. She had no children.

 

Eric Crudgington Fernihough

 

So what else happened on the day that Lizzie posted the card>

 

Well, the 17th. February 1905 marked the birth of Eric Crudgington Fernihough. He was a British motorcycle racer.

 

In 1927, Fernihough made his only participation in the Isle of Man TT, finishing thirteenth in the 250 cc Lightweight TT.

 

In the first half of the 1930's, Eric took part in many international races for the Excelsior Motor Company. In April 1930 he won the North West 200 race in Northern Ireland in the 175 cc category.

 

In the Belgian Grand Prix of the same year, Fernihough finished second to the local rider Yvan Goor. In September 1930, he won the UMF Grand Prix in Pau, France.

 

In June 1931, Eric won his second UMF Grand Prix in the 175 cc category and with it the title of European Champion. That year he also won the Belgian Grand Prix and the 250 cc category races at the North West 200 and Swedish TT.

 

In 1935, riding a Brough Superior (T.E. Lawrence's favourite bike), Fernihough improved the lap record at the Brooklands circuit, one of the fastest tracks of the time, to 123.58 miles per hour (198.88 km/h).

 

In 1936, Fernihough set a new motorcycle land-speed record for solo motorcycles over the flying mile on a Brough Superior at a speed of 163.82 miles per hour (263.64 km/h). He also set a new record for sidecar motorcycles at 137 miles per hour (220 km/h).

 

Eric Fernihough's Fatal Accident

 

On 23 April 1938, Fernihough crashed while attempting to break the motorcycle land-speed record at Gyón, Hungary.

Published by Ebal, Brazil 1968-1971

Jono Rotman

New Zealand (1974)

Mongrelism

 

Jono Rotman has published the result of his research focussing on an infamous New Zealand gang: the Mighty Mongrel Mob. Their mostly Maori members appropriate the nationalist symbols of the British empire and the Third Reich in order to question the notion of racial identity in this former colony. By playing on the tradition of ethnographic research, he produced close to 200 portraits of these warriors with their tattooed faces and emblems pinned to their clothes. Complemented by archives and interviews, his book, produced thanks to the Images Vevey Book Award, bears witness to the richness of this marginalised subculture. The installation displayed in Vevey’s covered market brings these men back into the heart of the city.

  

Published.

Thank you Birmingham Evening Mail.

Published by Diário da Noite, Brazil 1949

OK call me stupid, but i am happy to got my pictures published!

 

A photobook 'about the Dutch - by the Dutch', and out of the 4000 entries they picked 4 out of 4 entries of mine. And on the cover even!