View allAll Photos Tagged Positioning.
As with the previous photo, this shows a comparison with the Duple Dominant body. On the left is Enterprise Executive, Rochdale, 'Lorna Michelle' ENF514Y, a Dominant IV bodied Ford R1114. New to Enterprise(Stone), Rochdale, in 03/1983. For comparison on the right is Alf Wilson, Failsworth, GHG115S, a Dominant II bodied Bedford YLQ, new to Holmes, Garstang, in 03/1978. They are seen here on Market Street Car Park, Barrow-in-Furness, on 05/04/1987, when having carried Oldham RLFC supporters for their team's match in the Rugby League Championship 1986/7 season against Barrow RLFC at Craven Park. In a close game, Oldham lost 24-22 in front of 1,310 spectators with Oldham bringing no fewer than four supporters coaches with them.
The film was Agfa Colourslide. The camera being a Praktica MTL3.
I would request, as with all my photos, that they are not copied or downloaded in any way, shape or form. © Peter Steel 1987.
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TOURS IN ITALIA
TOURS IN EUROPA
TOURS NEL MONDO
VIAGGI ORGANIZZATI
TOURS ENOGASTRONOMICI
SAGRE IN PAESE
VIAGGI DI ISTRUZIONE
SOGGIORNI TERZA ETA'
ORGANIZZAZIONE EVENTI
VIAGGI E HOTELS
gruppi@viaggimadeinitaly
Tel. +39 0565 930182
Fax. +39 0565 918581
Perch non organizzi un viaggio di gruppo
richiedeteci il programma e preventivo dettagliato di uno dei seguenti tour
dal 1980 che facciamo viaggiare il mondo
ISOLA DELBA . prezzi sfida
GRATIS TRAGHETTO BUS a+r
INFRASETTIMANALE: DAL LUNEDI AL GIOVEDI (MINIMO 40 PERSONE)
mese: MARZO, APRILE, MAGGIO, OTTOBRE 2013 (3 GIORNI)
QUOTA A PERSONA EURO 68,00 HOTEL 3* BUONO
QUOTA A PERSONA EURO 78,00 HOTEL 3* SUPER
QUOTA A PERSONA EURO 88,00 HOTEL 4* BUONO
LA QUOTA COMPRENDE:
- un cocktail di benvenuto
- due pensioni complete in hotel;
- sistemazione in hotel 3 stelle in camere doppie con servizi;
- traghetto del Vostro pullman andata e ritorno;
- una degustazione vini in fattoria - un regalo a tutti i partecipanti del gruppo;
- materiale illustrativo dellisola + ns. assistenza al porto allarrivo del gruppo;
- i.v.a.
- 1 GRATUITA OGNI 25 PERSONE .
LA QUOTA NON COMPRENDE:
- nave persone a+r Euro 29,00 a pax,bevande,guida,ingressi
ISOLA DELBA . sapori marinari
infrasettimanale: marzo, aprile, maggio, giugno, settembre, ottobre 2013
supplemento week-end: Euro 15.00/20,00 a persona (minimo 42 persone) (dal pranzo del primo giorno, al pranzo del terzo giorno)
QUOTA A PERSONA EURO 130,00 HOTEL 3* SUPER
LA QUOTA COMPRENDE: - 1 cocktail di benvenuto in hotel; - 2 pensioni complete in hotel con i seguenti men tipo:
pranzo primo giorno: bucatini allamatriciana o minestrone del contadino, arista di
vitella al forno, patate al forno e verdura lessa saltata in padella, dolce della casa
---
cena primo giorno: bis di primi: penne in barca e risotto alla marinara, frittura mista
di pesce: calamari e gamberi o carne, insalata mista, macedonia di frutta con gelato
---
cena secondo giorno: fusilli alla puttanesca o passato di verdure, arista di maiale al
forno, contorni, frutta fresca
---
pranzo terzo giorno: bis di primi: penne allo scoglio e farfalle al salmone, pesce al
forno con patate, insalata mista, dolce della casa
---
- sistemazione in hotel 3 stelle super in camere doppie con bagno e telefono; ---
- 1 pranzo il secondo giorno in ristorante (durante il tour) con men tipico:
crostini rustici di mare, lasagnette al profumo di mare, trancia di pesce all'isolana,
patate al forno al rosmarino, dolce della casa e aleatico (vino dolce locale);
---
- traghetto Vostro pullman e persone andata e ritorno; - assistenza di un ns. incaricato che ricever il gruppo al porto di Portoferraio all'arrivo; --- - il nostro esclusivo "BENVENUTO" che Vi d diritto a: * una degustazione gratuita dei vini locali doc e prodotti tipici dell'isola in fattoria; * una confezione omaggio al capo gruppo che comprende: tre bottiglie di vini d.oc.
dell'Elba ed il dolce tipico elbano "schiaccia briaca", da ritirare presso l'Azienda
Sapere - Loc. Mola Porto Azzurro OPPURE al Cantinone di Marciana Marina; * 1 souvenir in minerale a tutti i partecipanti del gruppo da ritirare presso Giannini M. --- - assicurazione responsabilit civile ai sensi art. 14 L.R.T. 16/1994 - materiale illustrativo dell'Isola d'Elba al capo gruppo; - IVA - 1 gratuit in doppia ogni 25 persone paganti. LA QUOTA NON COMPRENDE: - extra, bevande, pullman, guide, ingressi e quanto non convenuto; 1 GIORNO: Arrivo della Vostra comitiva nella mattinata al porto di Piombino, ritiro della polizza di carico e dei biglietti
per i passeggeri presso la societ di Navigazione indicata sul voucher, imbarco e partenza. Dopo un'ora
circa di traversata, le imponenti fortezze di Portoferraio che incorniciano la vecchia Darsena a perfetta
forma di ferro di cavallo, Vi accoglieranno. Operazioni di sbarco e incontro con un nostro incaricato, il
quale consegner del materiali informativo. Sistemazione in hotel, pranzo. Pomeriggio visita consigliata: la
vecchia parte di Portoferraio con le sue viuzze in salita dove sembra che il tempo si sia fermato. Possibilit
di visitare la Palazzina dei Mulini, residenza invernale e pi importante di Napoleone. Anche le Fortezze
costruite nel 1548 da Cosimo de' Medici valgono una visita, non solo per ammirare l'imponenza e grandiosit,
ma anche la splendida vista della citt. Proseguimento per la visita della Chiesa della Misericordia nonch, di
notevole interesse il Museo Civico Archeologico. Rientro in hotel, cena e pernottamento. 2 GIORNO: Prima colazione in hotel. Mattina: ore 09.00 circa incontro con la guida, se prenotata e partenza per la visita
della Villa Napoleonica di S.Martino, residenza estiva dell'Imperatore in esilio, situata nell'omonima verde
vallata. Il giro prosegue verso la parte orientale dell'isola, dove si trovano le antiche miniere di ferro. Breve
sosta sul piazzale panoramico ' Le Grotte' per ammirare la splendida veduta di Portoferraio. A Porto Azzurro
visita della collezione di Minerali e pietre dure Giannini con piccolo laboratorio. Pranzo in ristorante. Nel
pomeriggio partenza per la visita della costa occidentale con il seguente percorso: Procchio, Marciana Marina
piccolo e graziosissimo porto turistico sulla costa nord, Marciana a 370 metri sul livello del mare, circondata
da boschi di castagni e lecci, offre un'indimenticabile vista sulla sottostante vallata. Si prosegue passando per
S.Andrea, Chiessi, Pomonte in mezzo ai vigneti a terrazza degradanti verso il mare, Fetovaia, Seccheto,
Cavoli fino a Marina di Campo. Questo oggi il centro balneare pi frequentato dell'isola, grazie alla sua
lunga e bianchissima spiaggia. Breve sosta per tempo libero. Si continua il giro passando per il Monumento
(panoramica dei 2 golfi) e Lacona. Durante il percorso sosta in una azienda agricola e degustazione gratuita
dei vini locali. Rientro in hotel, cena e pernottamento. 3 GIORNO: Mezza pensione in hotel. Visite consigliate: la vecchia parte di Portoferraio con le sue viuzze in salita dove
sembra che il tempo si sia fermato. Possibilit di visitare la Palazzina dei Mulini, residenza invernale e pi
importante di Napoleone. Anche le Fortezze costruite nel 1548 da Cosimo de' Medici valgono una visita, non
solo per ammirare l'imponenza e grandiosit, ma anche la splendida vista della citt. Proseguimento per la
visita della Chiesa della Misericordia nonch, di notevole interesse il Museo Civico Archeologico. Tempo a
disposizione permettendo potr inoltre essere visitato (facoltativamente) l'Orto Botanico il Giardino dell'Ottone
oppure la Pinacoteca "Foresiana", oppure le Terme di "San Giovanni" e l'erboristeria, importante per la
produzione esclusiva di decotti ed estratti di alghe e piante marine. Ancora in alternativa pu essere visitato
l' Acquario M2 in Marina di Campo: uno dei pi completi d'Europa nel settore degli acquari mediterranei che
ospita oltre 170 specie di pesci ed organismi marini vivi in circa 30 vasche. Oppure visita alla parte orientale
dell'isola Rio Marina e Rio Elba (parco minerario). Pomeriggio: trasferimento a Portoferraio, imbarco.
FESTA DELLUVA allISOLA DELBA
(grande festa popolare) 28.09 30.09 2013
un grande evento, sfilate folkloristiche, una grande festa popolare improntata
sui vini tipici dell'elba, sulla vendemmia e sull'enogastronomia,stand
enogastronomici, artigianato,balli e tanto divertimento .....
QUOTA A PERSONA EURO 115,00 HOTEL 3* BUONO
QUOTA A PERSONA EURO 120,00 HOTEL 3* SUPER
QUOTA A PERSONA EURO 130,00 HOTEL 4* BUONO
LA QUOTACOMPRENDE: - 1 cocktail di benvenuto in hotel; - 2 pensioni complete in hotel (DAL PRANZO PRIMO GIORNO AL PRANZO
ULTIMO GIORNO - escluso il pranzo 2giorno);
- sistemazione in hotel prescelto in camere doppie con bagno e telefono; - traghetto Vostro pullman e persone andata e ritorno; - assistenza di un nostro incaricato che ricever il gruppo al porto di Portoferraio solo all'arrivo; --- - il nostro esclusivo "BENVENUTO" che Vi d diritto a: * una degustazione gratuita dei vini locali doc e prodotti tipici dell'isola in fattoria; * una confezione omaggio al capo gruppo che comprende: tre bottiglie vini d.oc. dell'Elba ed il
dolce tipico elbano "schiaccia briaca", da ritirare presso l'Azienda Agricola Sapere - Loc. Mola
Porto Azzurro OPPURE al Cantinone di Marciana Marina; * 1 souvenir in minerale a tutti i partecipanti del gruppo da ritirare presso Giannini Minerali. --- - assicurazione responsabilit civile ai sensi art. 14 L.R.T. 16/1994- materiale illustrativo dell'Isola d'Elba al capo gruppo; - IVA - 1 gratuit in doppia ogni 25 persone paganti. LA QUOTA NONCOMPRENDE: - extra,bevande, pullman, guide, ingressi e quanto non convenuto;
- il pranzo del 2 giorno (Euro19,00) in ristorante tipico. 1 GIORNO: Arrivo della Vostra comitiva nella mattinata al porto di Piombino, ritiro della polizza di carico e dei biglietti
per i passeggeri presso la societ di Navigazione indicata sul voucher, imbarco e partenza. Dopo un'ora
circa di traversata, le imponenti fortezze di Portoferraio che incorniciano la vecchia Darsena a perfetta forma
di ferro di cavallo, Vi accoglieranno. Operazioni di sbarco e incontro con un nostro incaricato, il quale
consegner del materiali informativo. Sistemazione in hotel, pranzo. Pomeriggio visita consigliata: la vecchia
parte di Portoferraio con le sue viuzze in salita dove sembra che il tempo si sia fermato. Possibilit di visitare
la Palazzina dei Mulini, residenza invernale e pi importante di Napoleone. Anche le Fortezze costruite nel
1548 da Cosimo de' Medici valgono una visita, non solo per ammirare l'imponenza e grandiosit, ma
anche la splendida vista della citt. Proseguimento per la visita della Chiesa della Misericordia nonch, di
notevole interesse il Museo Civico Archeologico. Rientro in hotel, cena e pernottamento. 2 GIORNO: Prima colazione in hotel. Mattina: ore 09.00 circa incontro con la guida, se prenotata e partenza per la
visita della Villa Napoleonica di S.Martino,residenza estiva dell'Imperatore in esilio, situata nell'omonima
verde vallata .Il giro prosegue verso la parte orientale dell'isola,dove si trovano le antiche miniere di ferro.
Breve sosta sul piazzale panoramico 'Le Grotte' per ammirare la splendida veduta di Portoferraio. A Porto
Azzurro visita della collezione di Minerali e pietre dure Giannini con piccolo laboratorio. Pranzo libero.
Nella tarda mattinata trasferimento a Capoliveri per assistere alla manifestazione della FESTA DELL'UVA
A CAPOLIVERI (.... un grande evento, sfilate folkloristiche, una grande festa popolare improntata sui vini
tipici dell'elba, sulla vendemmia e sull'enogastronomia,stand enogastronomici, artigianato,balli e tanto
divertimento .....). Nel tardo pomeriggio rientro in hotel, cena e pernottamento. 3 GIORNO: Mezza pensione in hotel. Visite consigliate: nella mattina partenza per la visita della costa occidentale
con il seguente percorso: Procchio, Marciana Marina piccolo e graziosissimo porto turistico sulla costa
nord, Marciana a 370 metri sul livello del mare, circondata da boschi di castagni e lecci, offre
un'indimenticabile vista sulla sottostante vallata. Si prosegue passando per S.Andrea, Chiessi, Pomonte in
mezzo ai vigneti a terrazza degradanti verso il mare, Fetovaia, Seccheto, Cavoli fino a Marina di Campo.
Questo oggi il centro balneare pi frequentato dell'isola, grazie alla sua lunga e bianchissima spiaggia.
Breve sosta per tempo libero. Si continua il giro passando per il Monumento (panoramica dei 2 golfi) e
Lacona. Durante il percorso sosta in una azienda agricola e degustazione gratuita dei vini locali.
Pomeriggio: trasferimento a Portoferraio, e partenza.
LALTRA ELBA e le antiche miniere
Un viaggio a ritroso nel tempo attraverso le vecchie miniere ed i villaggi dei minatori.
Attraversando il cuore della parte orientale dellisola, la pi antica geologicamente, si
raggiunge la costa est dove vecchi terrazzamenti della miniera,oggi
parco minerario,si stagliano con i loro conturbanti colori di ocra e ossidi di ferro,contro
un cielo che ha vegliato per migliaia di anni sulla fatica della gente di qui.
Spiagge nere, laghetti rossi,vecchie case luccicanti per il pulviscolo di ferro, ghiaie dai
colori pi svariati, paesi dai vicoli angusti dove il tempo sembra essersi fermato;
LALTRA ELBA, quella che seppure inserita negli itinerari turistici con tutte le
proposte che questa nuova industria richiede, non ha cancellato la propria memoria
storica, le proprie tradizioni, la propria identit.
infrasettimanale: marzo, aprile,maggio, ottobre 2012
supplemento week-end: Euro15.00/20,00 a persona (minimo 42 persone) (dal pranzo del primo giorno, al pranzo del terzo giorno)
QUOTA A PERSONA EURO 125,00 HOTEL 3* BUONO
QUOTA A PERSONA EURO 135,00 HOTEL 3* SUPER
LA QUOTACOMPRENDE: - 1 SERATA IN MUSICA IN HOTEL (SOLO PERIODO INFRASETTIMANALE);
- 1 cocktail di benvenuto in hotel; - 2 pensioni complete in hotel allIsola dElba;
- sistemazione in hotel 3 stelle super in camere doppie con bagno e telefono; ---
- 1 pranzo in ristorante con il men del minatore:
due portate di primi tipici del minatore, un secondo del minatore, due contorni,
dolce della casa, caff;
---
- 1 visita ad una cantina con degustazione di tre tipi di vino dellelba, pane,
formaggio, affettati, schiaccia briaca;
---
- traghetto Vostro pullman e persone andata e ritorno; - assistenza del ns. incaricato che ricever il gruppo al porto di Portoferraio all'arrivo; --- - il nostro esclusivo "BENVENUTO" che Vi d diritto a: 1 souvenir in minerale a tutti i partecipanti del gruppo da ritirare presso Giannini M.. --- -assicurazione responsabilit civile ai sensi art. 14 L.R.T. 16/1994-materiale illustrativo dell'Isola d'Elba al capo gruppo; - IVA - 1 gratuit in doppia ogni 25 persone paganti. LA QUOTA NON COMPRENDE: - extra,bevande, pullman, guide, ingressi e quanto non convenuto; - ingresso al Parco minerario: Euro 5,00 a persona;
1 GIORNO: Arrivo della Vostra comitiva nella tarda mattinata al porto di Piombino, ritiro della polizza di carico e dei
biglietti per i passeggeri presso la societ di Navigazione indicata sul voucher, imbarco e partenza.
Dopo un'ora circa di traversata, le imponenti fortezze di Portoferraio che incorniciano la vecchia
Darsena a perfetta forma di ferro di cavallo, Vi accoglieranno. Operazioni di sbarco e incontro con un
nostro incaricato, il quale consegner del materiali informativo. Sistemazione in hotel,pranzo.
Pomeriggio visita consigliata della Villa Napoleonica di S.Martino, residenza estiva dell'Imperatore in
esilio, situata nell'omonima verde vallata. Si prosegue per il centro storico di Portoferraio con le sue
viuzze in salita dove sembra che il tempo si sia fermato. Possibilit di visitare la Palazzina dei Mulini,
residenza invernale e pi importante di Napoleone. Anche le fortezzec ostruite nel 1548 da Cosimo d
Medici valgono una visita , non solo per ammirare limponenza e grandiosit, ma anche la splendida
vista della citt. Proseguimento per la visita della Chiesa della Misericordia, nonch di notevole
interesse il Museo Civico Archeologico. Rientro in hotel, cena e pernottamento.
2 GIORNO: Prima colazione in hotel. Partenza per Rio Marina e visita al Parco Minerario (visita che dura circa due
ore SI CONSIGLIA LUSO DI SCARPE DA TEMPO LIBERO), si prosegue per la visita di una cantina
in Loc. Montefico con degustazione vini e piccolo spuntino. Pranzo in ristorante con men tipico del
minatore. Nel pomeriggio partenza per Rio Elba con i suoi vicoli e la Chiesa parrocchiale, interessante
la visita degli antichi lavatoi. Proseguimento per Porto Azzurro e sosta. Rientro in hotel, cena e
pernottamento.
3 GIORNO: Prima colazione in hotel. Nella mattina partenza per la visita della costa occidentale con il seguente
percorso: Procchio, Marciana Marina piccolo e graziosissimo porto turistico sulla costa nord, Marciana
a 370 metri sul livello del mare,circondata da boschi di castagni e lecci, offre un'indimenticabile vista
sulla sottostante vallata. Si prosegue passando per S.Andrea, Chiessi, Pomonte in mezzo ai vigneti a
terrazza degradanti verso il mare, Fetovaia, Seccheto, Cavoli fino a Marina di Campo. Questo oggi il
centro balneare pi frequentato dell'isola,
grazie alla sua lunga e bianchissima spiaggia. Breve sosta per tempo libero. Rientro in hotel e pranzo.
Pomeriggio: trasferimento a Portoferraio, imbarco e partenza.
affida i tuoi clienti a chi all'isola d'Elba di casa
L'invio della presente potrebbe non essere stato da Voi sollecitato. In tal caso Vi ricordiamo che la comunicazione Vi viene trasmessa ai sensi dell'articolo 9 del Decreto Legislativo 9 Aprile 2003 n. 70, che prevede la possibilit di inviare messaggi promozionali senza l'obbligo di ottenere il previo consenso del destinatario che non sia consumatore. Nell'ipotesi che l'iniziativa o le iniziative citate in questo messaggio non destino il Vostro interesse, Vi porgiamo le nostre pi sincere scuse per il tempo sottratto e Vi preghiamo di darcene comunicazione per essere immediatamente rimossi dalla mailing list specificando il vostro indirizzo da cancellare dal nostro database.
There are three Ashfords, really. The modern newtown, Swindonesque newbuilds stretching into the countryside; the Victorian railway town, all neat rows of brick buit houses and the station, and then there is the old town, timber-framed houses along narrow lanes, with St Mary standing towering above all but the modern office blocks.
The west end church was given over to a Christmas Fayre, but is also used now as a concert venue, while under the tower westwards is still in use as a church, with many of its ancient features left alone by the Victorians.
-------------------------------------------
A stately church in a good position set away from the hustle and bustle of this cosmopolitan town. The very narrow tower of 1475 is not visually satisfactory when viewed from a distance but its odd proportions are hardly noticed when standing at its base. The church is very much the product of the families who have been associated with it over the centuries and who are commemorated by monuments within. They include the Fogges and the Smythes. The former is supposed to have wanted to create a college of priests here, but by the late fifteenth century such foundations were going out of fashion and the remodelling of the church undertaken by Sir John Fogge may have just been a philanthropic cause. Unusually, when the church was restored in 1860 the architect Ewan Christian kept the galleries (he usually swept them away), but Christ Church had yet to be built and the population of this growing town would have needed all the accommodation it could get. Even in 1851 1000 people had attended the church in a single sitting. The pulpit, designed by Pearson, was made in 1897.
www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Ashford+1
------------------------------------------
THE TOWN AND PARISH OF ASHFORD
LIES the next adjoining to Hothfield eastward. It is called in Domesday both Estefort and Essetesford, and in other antient records, Eshetisford, taking its name from the river, which runs close to it, which, Lambarde says, ought not to be called the Stour, till it has passed this town, but Eshe or Eschet, a name which has been for a great length of time wholly forgotten; this river being known, even from its first rise at Lenham hither, by the name of the Stour only.
A small part only of this parish, on the east, south and west sides of it, containing the borough of Henwood, alias Hewit, lying on the eastern or further side of the river from the town, part of which extends into the parish of Wilsborough, and the whole of it within the liberty of the manor of Wye, and the borough of Rudlow, which adjoins to Kingsnoth and Great Chart, are in this hundred of Chart and Longbridge; such part of the borough of Rudlow as lies adjoining to Kingsnoth, is said to lie in in jugo de Beavor, or the yoke of Beavor, and is divided from the town and liberty by the river, near a place called Pollbay; in which yoke there is both a hamlet and a green or common, of the name of Beavor; the remainder of the parish having been long separated from it, and made a distinct liberty, or jurisdiction of itself, having a constable of its own, and distinguished by the name of the liberty of the town of Ashford.
ASHFORD, at the time of taking the general survey of Domesday, was part of the possessions of Hugo de Montfort, who had accompanied the Conqueror hither, and was afterwards rewarded with this estate, among many others in different counties; in which record it is thus entered, under the general title of his lands:
¶Maigno holds of Hugo (de Montfort) Estefort. Turgisus held it of earl Godwin, and it is taxed at one suling. The arable land is half a carucate. There is nevertheless in demesne one carucate, and two villeins having one carucate. There are two servants, and eight acres of meadow. In the time of king Edward the Confessor, it was worth twenty five shillings; when he received it, twenty shillings; now thirty shilling.
The same Hugo holds Essela. Three tenants held it of king Edward, and could go whither they would with their lands. It was taxed at three yokes. The arable land is one carucate and an half. There are now four villeins, with two borderers having one carucate, and six acres of meadow. The whole, in the reign of king Edward the Confessor, was worth twenty shillings, and afterwards fifteen shillings, now twenty shillings.
Maigno held another Essetisford of the same Hugo. Wirelm held it of king Edward. It was taxed at one suling. The arable land is four carucates. In demesne there are two, and two villeins, with fifteen borderers having three carucates. There is a church, and a priest, and three servants, and two mills of ten shillings and two pence. In the time of king Edward the Confessor it was worth seventy shillings, and afterwards sixty shillings, now one hundred shillings.
Robert de Montfort, grandson of Hugh abovementioned, favouring the title of Robert Curthose, in opposition to king Henry I. to avoid being called in question upon that account, obtained leave to go on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, leaving his possessions to the king; by which means this manor came into the hands of the crown. Soon after which it seems to have come into the possession of a family, who took their name from it. William de Asshetesford appears by the register of Horton priory to have been lord of it, and to have been succeeded by another of the same name. After which the family of Criol became owners of it, by whom it was held by knight's service of the king, in capite, by ward to Dover castle, and the repair of a tower in that castle, called the Ashford tower. (fn. 1) Simon de Criol, in the 27th and 28th year of Henry III. obtained a charter of free warren for this manor, whose son William de Criol passed it away to Roger de Leyborne, for Stocton, in Huntingdonshire, and Rumford, in Essex. William de Leyborne his son, in the 7th year of king Edward I. claimed and was allowed the privilege of a market here, before the justices itinerant. He died possessed of this manor in the 3d year of Edward II. leaving his grand-daughter Juliana, daughter of Thomas de Leyborne, who died in his father's life-time, heir both to her grandfather and father's possessions, from the greatness of which she was stiled the Infanta of Kent, (fn. 2) though thrice married, yet she died s. p. by either of her husbands, all of whom she survived, and died in the 41st year of Edward III. Upon which this manor, among the rest of her estates, escheated to the crown, and continued there till king Richard II. vested it, among others, in feoffees, for the performance of certain religious bequests by the will of king Edward III. then lately deceased; and they, in compliance with it, soon afterwards, with the king's licence, purchased this manor, with those of Wall, and Esture, of the crown, towards the endowment of St. Stephen's chapel, in the king's palace of Westminster, all which was confirmed by king Henry IV. and VI. and by king Edward IV. in their first years; the latter of whom, in his 7th year, granted to them a fair in this town yearly, on the feast of St. John Port Latin, together with all liberties, and to have a steward to hold the court of it, &c. In which situation they continued till the 1st year of Edward VI. when this collegiate chapel was, with all its possessions, surrendered into the king's hands, where these manors did not continue long; for that king, in his 3d year, granted the manor of Esshetford, with that of Wall, and the manor of Esture, to Sir Anthony Aucher, of Otterden, to hold in capite; and he, in the 2d and 3d of Philip and Mary, sold them to Sir Andrew Judde, of London, whose daughter and at length heir Alice, afterwards carried them in marriage to Thomas Smith, esq. of Westenhanger, commonly called the Customer, who died possessed of them in 1591, and lies buried in the south cross of this church, having had several sons and daughters, of, whom Sir John Smythe, of Ostenhanger, the eldest, succeeded him here, and was sheriff anno 42 Elizabeth. Sir Thomas Smith, the second son, was of Bidborough and Sutton at Hone, and ambassador to Russia, of whom and his descendants, notice has been taken in the former volumes of this history; (fn. 3) and Henry, the third son, was of Corsham, in Wiltshire, whence this family originally descended, and Sir Richard Smith, the fourth, was of Leeds castle. Sir John Smythe, above-mentioned, died in 1609, and lies buried in the same vault as his father in this church, leaving one son Sir Thomas Smythe, of Westenhanger, K. B. who was in 1628 created Viscount Strangford, of Ireland, whose grandson Philip, viscount Strangford, dying about 1709, Henry Roper, lord Teynham, who had married Catherine his eldest daughter, by his will, became possessed of the manors of Ashford, Wall, and Esture. By her, who died in 1711, he had two sons, Philip and Henry, successively lords Teynham; notwithstanding which, having the uncontrolled power in these manors vested in him, he, on his marriage with Anne, second daughter and coheir of Thomas Lennard, earl of Sussex, and widow of Richard Barrett Lennard, esq. afterwards baroness Dacre, settled them on her and her issue by him in tail male. He died in 1623, and left her surviving, and possessed of these manors for her life. She afterwards married the hon. Robert Moore, and died in 1755. She had by lord Teynham two sons, Charles and Richard-Henry, (fn. 4) Charles Roper, the eldest son, died in 1754 intestate, leaving two sons, Trevor-Charles and Henry, who on their mother's death became entitled to these manors, as coheirs in gavelkind, a recovery having been suffered of them, limiting them after her death to Charles Roper their father, in tail male; but being infants, and there being many incumbrances on these estates, a bill was exhibited in chancery, and an act procured anno 29 George II. for the sale of them; and accordingly these manors were sold, under the direction of that court, in 1765, to the Rev. Francis Hender Foote, of Bishopsborne, who in 1768 parted with the manor of Wall, alias Court at Wall, to John Toke, esq. of Great Chart, whose son Nicholas Roundell Toke, is the present possessor of it; but he died possessed of the manors of Ashford and Esture in 1773, and was succeeded in them by his eldest son John Foote, esq. now of Bishopsborne, the present owner of them. There are several copyhold lands held of the manor of Ashford. A court leet and court baron is regularly held for it.
THE TOWN OF ASHFORD stands most pleasant and healthy, on the knoll of a hill, of a gentle ascent on every side, the high road from Hythe to Maidstone passing through it, from which, in the middle of the town, the high road branches off through a pleasant country towards Canterbury. The houses are mostly modern and well-built, and the high-street, which has been lately new paved, is of considerable width. The markethouse stands in the centre of it, and the church and school on the south side of it, the beautiful tower of the former being a conspicuous object to the adjoining country. It is a small, but neat and chearful town, and many of the inhabitants of a genteel rank in life. Near the market place, is the house of the late Dr. Isaac Rutton, a physician of long and extensive practice in these parts, being the eldest son of Matthias Rutton, gent of this town, by Sarah his wife, daughter of Sir N. Toke, of Godinton. He died in 1792, bearing for his arms, Parted per fess, azure, and or, three unicorns heads, couped at the neck, counterchanged; since which, his eldest son, Isaac Rutton, esq. now of Ospringeplace, has sold this house to Mr. John Basil Duckworth, in whom it is now vested. In the midst of it is a large handsome house, built in 1759, by John Mascall, gent. who resided in it, and died possessed of it in 1769, and was buried in Boughton Aluph church, bearing for his arms, Barry of two, or, and azure, three inescutcheons, ermine; and his only son, Robert Mascall, esq. now of Ashford, who married the daughter of Jeremiah Curteis, esq. is the present owner, and resides in it. At the east end of the town is a seat, called Brooke-place, formerly possessed by the family of Woodward, who were always stiled, in antient deeds, gentlemen, and bore for their arms, Argent, a chevron, sable, between three grasshoppers, or; the last of them, Mr. John Woodward, gent. rebuilt this seat, and died possessed of it in 1757; of whose heirs it was purchased by Martha, widow of Moyle Breton, esq. of Kennington, whose two sons, the Rev. Moyle Breton, and Mr. Whitfield Breton, gent. alienated it to Josias Pattenson, esq. the second son of Mr. Josias Pattenson, of Biddenden, by Elizabeth, daughter and coheir of Felix Kadwell, esq. of Rolvenden; he married Mary, daughter of Mr. Henry Dering, gent. of this parish, and widow of Mr. John Mascall above-mentioned, by whom he has no issue, and he is the present owner of this seat, and resides in it. There have been barracks erected lately here, which at present contain 4000 soldiers. The market is held on a Saturday weekly, for the sale of corn, which is now but little used; and a market for the sale of all sorts of fat and lean stock on the first and third Tuesday in every month, which has been of great use to prevent monopolies. Two fairs are annually held now, by the alteration of the stile, on May 17, and Sept. 9, and another on Oct. 24; besides which, there is an annual fair for wool on August 2, not many years since instituted and encouraged by the principal gentry and landholders, which promises to prove of the greatest utility and benefit to the fair sale of it. That branch of the river Stour which rises at Lenham, runs along the southern part of this parish, and having turned a corn mill belonging to the lord of this manor, continues its course close at the east end of the town, where there is a stone bridge of four arches, repaired at the expence of the county, and so on northwards towards Wye and Canterbury. On the south side of the river in this parish, next to Kingsnoth, within the borough of Rudlow, is the yoke of Beavor, with the hamlet and farm of that name, possessed in very early times, as appears by the register of Horton priory, by a family of that name, one of whom, John Beavor, was possessed of it in the reign of Henry II. and was descended from one of the same furname, who attended the Conqueror in his expedition hither. The parish contains about 2000 acres of land, and three hundred and twenty houses, the whole rental of it being 4000l. per annum; the inhabitants are 2000, of which about one hundred are diffenters. The highways throughout it, which not many years ago were exceeding bad, have been by the unanimity of the inhabitants, which has shewn itself remarkable in all their public improvements, a rare instance in parochial undertakings, and by the great attention to the repairs of them, especially in such parts as were near their own houses, are now excellent. The lands round it are much upon a gravelly soil, though towards the east and south there are some rich fertile pastures, intermixed with arable land, and several plantations of hops; but toward the west, the soil is in general sand, having much quarrystone mixed with it, where there is a great deal of coppice wood, quite to Potter's corner, at the boundary of this parish.
The church, which is dedicated to St. Mary, is a large handsome building, consisting of three isles, with a transept, and three chancels, with the tower in the middle, which is losty and well proportioned, having four pinnacles at the top of it. There are eight bells in it, a set of chimes, and a clock. In the high chancel, on the north side, is the college John Fogge, the founder of the college here, who died in 1490, and his two wives, the brasses of their figures gone; but part of the inscription remains. And formerly, in Weever's time, there hung up in this chancel six atchievements, of those of this family whose burials had been attended by the heralds at arms, and with other ceremonies suitable to their degrees. Underneath the chancel is a large vault, full of the remains of the family. On the pavement in the middle, is a very antient curious gravestone, having on it the figure in brass of a woman, holding in her left hand a banner, with the arms of Ferrers, Six masctes, three and three, in pale; which, with a small part of the inscription round the edge, is all that is remaining; but there was formerly in brass, in her right hand, another banner, with the arms of Valoyns; over her head those of France and England quarterly; and under her feet a shield, being a cross, impaling three chevronels, the whole within a bordure, guttee de sang, and round the edge this inscription, Ici gift Elizabeth Comite D' athels la file sign de Ferrers . . . dieu asoil, qe morust le 22 jour d'octob. can de grace MCCCLXXV. Weever says, she was wife to David de Strabolgie, the fourth of that name, earl of Athol, in Scotland, and daughter of Henry, lord Ferrers, of Groby; and being secondly married to John Malmayns, of this county, died here in this town. Though by a pedigree of the family of Brograve, she is said to marry T. Fogge, esq. of Ashford; if so, he might perhaps have been her third husband. Near her is a memorial for William Whitfield, gent. obt. 1739. The north chancel belonged to Repton manor. In the vault underneath lay three of the family of Tuston, sometime since removed to Rainham, and it has been granted to the Husseys; Thomas Hussey, esq. of this town, died in 1779, and was buried in it. In the south chancel are memorials for the Pattensons, Whitfields, and Apsleys, of this place; and one for Henry Dering, gent. of Shelve, obt. 1752, and Hester his wife; arms, A saltier, a crescent for difference, impaling, on a chevron, between three persons, three crosses, formee; and another memorial for Thomasine, wife of John Handfield, obt. 1704. In the north cross are several antient stones, their brasses all gone, excepting a shield, with the arms of Fogge on one. At the end is a monument for John Norwood, gent. and Mary his wife, of this town, who lie with their children in the vault underneath. The south cross is parted off lengthways, for the family of Smith, lords of Ashford manor, who lie in a vault underneath. In it are three superb monuments, which, not many years since, were beautified and restored to their original state, by the late chief baron Smythe, a descendant of this family. One is for Thomas Smith, esq. of Westenhanger, in 1591; the second for Sir John Smythe, of Ostenhanger, his son, and Elizabeth his wife; and the third for Sir Richard Smyth, of Leeds castle, in 1628: all which have been already mentioned before. Their figures, at full length and proportion, are lying on, each of them, with their several coats of arms and quarterings blazoned. In the other part of this cross, is a memorial for Baptist Pigott, A. M. son of Baptist Pigott, of Dartford, and schoolmaster here, obt. 1657, and at the end of it, is the archbishop's consistory court. In the south isle is a memorial for Thomas Curteis, gent. obt. 1718, and Elizabeth his wife; arms, Curteis impaling Carter. Under the tower is one for Samuel Warren, vicar here forty-eight years, obt. 1720. The three isles were new pewed and handsomely paved in 1745. There are five galleries, and an handsome branch for candles in the middled isle; the whole kept in an excellent state of repair and neatness. There was formerly much curtious painted glass in the windows, particularly the figures of one of the family of Valoyns, his two wives and children, with their arms. In the south window of the cross isle, and in other windows, the figures, kneeling, of king Edward III. the black prince, Richard, duke of Gloucester, the lord Hastings. Sir William Haute, the lord Scales, Richard, earl Rivers, and the dutchess of Bedford his wife, Sir John Fogge, Sir John Peche, Richard Horne, Roger Manstone, and—Guildford, most of which were in the great west window, each habited in their surcoats of arms, not the least traces of which, or of any other coloured glass, are remaining throughout this church. Sir John Goldstone, parson of Ivechurch, as appears by his will in 1503, was buried in the choir of this church, and gave several costly ornaments and vestments for the use of it.
Built on the crest of a hill in a prominent position overlooking St Kilda and the bay is the grand St Kilda Presbyterian Church. Opened in 1886, the St Kilda Presbyterian church was designed by the architects firm of Wilson and Beswicke, a business founded in 1881 by Ralph Wilson and John Beswicke (1847 - 1925) when they became partners for a short period. The church is constructed of bluestone with freestone dressings and designed in typical Victorian Gothic style. The foundation stone, which may be found on the Alma Road facade, was laid by the Governor of Victoria Sir Henry Barkly on 27 January. When it was built, the St Kilda Presbyterian Church was surrounded by large properties with grand mansions built upon them, so the congregation were largely very affluent and wished for a place of worship that reflected its stature not only in location atop a hill, but in size and grandeur.
The exterior facades of the church on Barkley Street and Alma Road are dominated by a magnificent tower topped by an imposing tower. The location of the church and the height of the tower made the spire a landmark for mariners sailing into Melbourne's port. The tower features corner pinnacles and round spaces for the insertion of a clock, which never took place. Common Victorian Gothic architectural features of the St Kilda Presbyterian Church include complex bar tracery over the windows, wall buttresses which identify structural bays, gabled roof vents, parapeted gables and excellent stone masonry across the entire structure.
The St Kilda Presbyterian Church's interior is cool, spacious and lofty, with high ceilings of tongue and groove boards laid diagonally, and a large apse whose ceiling was once painted with golden star stenciling. The bluestone walls are so thick that the sounds of the busy intersection of Barkley Street and Alma Road barely permeate the church's interior, and it is easy to forget that you are in such a noisy inner Melbourne suburb. The cedar pews of the church are divided by two grand aisles which feature tall cast iron columns with Corinthian capitals. At the rear of the building towards Alma Road there are twin porches and a narthex with a staircase that leads to the rear gallery where the choir sang from. It apparently once housed an organ by William Anderson, but the space today is used as an office and Bible study area. The current impressive Fincham and Hobday organ from 1892 sits in the north-east corner of the church. It cost £1030.00 to acquire and install. The church is flooded with light, even on an overcast day with a powerful thunder storm brewing (as the weather was on my visit). The reason for such light is because of the very large Gothic windows, many of which are filled with quarry glass by Ferguson and Urie featuring geometric tracery with coloured borders. The church also features stained glass windows designed by Ferguson and Urie, British stained glass artist Ernest Richard Suffling, Brooks, Robinson and Company Glass Merchants, Mathieson and Gibson of Melbourne and one by Australian stained glass artist Napier Waller.
I am very grateful to the Reverend Paul Lee for allowing me the opportunity to photograph the interior of the St Kilda Presbyterian Church so extensively.
The architects Wilson and Beswicke were also responsible for the Brighton, Dandenong, Essendon, Hawthorn and Malvern Town Halls and the Brisbane Wesleyan Church on the corner of Albert and Ann Streets. They also designed shops in the inner Melbourne suburbs of Auburn and Fitzroy. They also designed several individual houses, including "Tudor House" in Williamstown, "Tudor Lodge" in Hawthorn and "Rotha" in Hawthorn, the latter of which is where John Beswicke lived.
The stained glass firm of Ferguson and Urie was established by Scots James Ferguson (1818 – 1894), James Urie (1828 – 1890) and John Lamb Lyon (1836 – 1916). They were the first known makers of stained glass in Australia. Until the early 1860s, window glass in Melbourne had been clear or plain coloured, and nearly all was imported, but new churches and elaborate buildings created a demand for pictorial windows. The three Scotsmen set up Ferguson and Urie in 1862 and the business thrived until 1899, when it ceased operation, with only John Lamb Lyon left alive. Ferguson and Urie was the most successful Nineteenth Century Australian stained glass window making company. Among their earliest works were a Shakespeare window for the Haymarket Theatre in Bourke Street, a memorial window to Prince Albert in Holy Trinity, Kew, and a set of Apostles for the West Melbourne Presbyterian Church. Their palatial Gothic Revival office building stood at 283 Collins Street from 1875. Ironically, their last major commission, a window depicting “labour”, was installed in the old Melbourne Stock Exchange in Collins Street in 1893 on the eve of the bank crash. Their windows can be found throughout the older suburbs of Melbourne and across provincial Victoria.
Different Position – Sir you are now a women 39
transgenre.silicone-breast.com/2016/12/29/different-posit...
Notice : Releasing this comic on every Monday to Thursday
There's a certain irony in African missionaries coming to Ireland. Hadn't a note in her head, either!
Class A4 60009 Union of South Africa passing through North Camp on a day excursion to Oxford and Worcester this morning, 28th June 2018. 47580 is in second position.
Camera info:
ISO 200
f/5.6
1/200
580EX at 1/64 power
Shot on a Canon Rebel T1i using an EF85mm 1.8 lens
Exercise #2....I took a shot of Mickey with the flash 45° to my left, then a shot from the flash's point of view.
Now its done. Thanks to Hans Kerensky, I managed to put this back properly. Left photo is the cocked position and right is the proper open position when the shutter is pressed.
This kind of boat is completely round. The shape is based upon old traditions in these parts, traditions maintained by a small number of families for fishing purpose - but just as often to entertain tourists. Whatever; a great voyage!
This vixen was patrolling the yard around her den. I positioned myself to catch her rounding a corner. She locked onto the camera shutter sound, stopping to check me out a few seconds before slipping into cover behind the rhododendron bushes. The scene is all natural, but I couldn't have asked a model to pose any better: stand right here where the light is great, hold your head just so, and give me that sly foxy smile. Pick your arm up, arch your back a bit, hold that long sculpted leg out to the side real fine with your tail just so, .... snap - got it!
Red fox (Vulpes vulpes). Vixen - a female fox.
Explored on Nov 11th 2007,
Highest position: 57 on Monday, November 12, 2007
Highest position: 33 on Sunday, November 18, 2007
Highest position: 28 on Saturday, November 24, 2007
This was image # 20,011 on my D70s, I need to find # 20,000! :)
This week’s guest is Rick Wartzman. Rick is the director of the Drucker Institute at Claremont Graduate University. Before taking this post, he worked for two decades as a newspaper reporter, editor and business columnist. He began his career in 1987 at The Wall Street Journal, where he served in a variety of positions, including White House correspondent, Houston bureau chief, and founding editor of the paper’s weekly California section.
He joined the Los Angeles Times in 2002 as business editor, and in that role helped shape “The Wal-Mart Effect,” a three-part series that won the 2004 Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting. He then became editor of the newspaper’s Sunday magazine, West, which under his leadership was named by the Missouri School of Journalism as the best regularly scheduled feature supplement in America. He is the co-author, with Mark Arax, of the best-seller The King of California: J.G. Boswell and the Making of a Secret American Empire, which was selected as one of the ten best books of 2003 by the San Francisco Chronicle and one of the ten best nonfiction books of the year by the Los Angeles Times. It also won, among other honors, a California Book Award and the William Saroyan International Prize for Writing. His most recent book, Obscene in the Extreme: The Burning and Banning of John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath, was published by PublicAffairs in September 2008.
You can read some of Rick’s recent columns for Business Week here.
For additional reference we’ve included links to some of the people, places and things discussed in this episode:
Jackson, Michigan
Obscene in the Extreme by Rick Wartzman
Dust Bowl
Detroit Unemployment Rate
Detroit Electricians Rewire Flooded Iowa City
Harley Shaiken
Bruce Springsteen - Ghost of Tom Joad
Rage Against the Machine - Ghost of Tom Joad
So What’s a Toxic Asset?
Credit Default Swaps
Mortgage Backed Securities
AIG Bonus Outrage
Peter Drucker
Drucker Institute
Claremont Graduate University
Drucker Archives
Rick Wartzman Named Director of the Drucker Institute
Los Angeles Times To Launch West Magazine
The New America Foundation
AIG and Drucker’s Glimpse At A Very Dark Place
What Would Peter Drucker Say?
Put A Cap on High CEO Pay
Invisible Hand
Free Market
Letting US Automakers Fail
The Dillema For US Car Workers
Employee Free Choice Act
Great Depression
New Deal
The First 100 Days
FDR Court Packing Fiasco
Is Obama Doing Too Much?
Six Rules for Presidents
What Obama Shouldn’t Do
The Effective Executive by Peter F. Drucker
Multitasking Is Counterproductive
Obama on 60 Minutes
London Business School
Above All Do No Harm
Managing Organizations
Organized Abandonment
Los Angeles Times
Spanish Language Newspapers Still Growing in US
Rocky Mountain News To Close
Seattle Post-Intelligencer Prints Final Edition
Out With The Dead Wood For Newspapers
San Diego Paper Lands Fire Sale Buyer
Google Dubbed Internet Parasite
Pasadena Paper May Outsource “Local” Coverage
Steering Clear of A Downward Jobs Spiral
Big Sunday
Randye Hoder
Gordon Gekko
Greed Is Good
Merle Haggard
Johnny Cash
Steve Earle
Elvis Costello
The King of California by Mark Arax and Rick Wartzman
Rick Wartzman on The Patt Morrison Show (requires Real Audio)
Rick Wartzman on Airtalk with Larry Mantle
Riverbig by Aris Janigian
David Levinson - Big Sunday
Drucker Apps
Drucker Institute on Twitter
History in the course of time
More than 800 years of history Bernhardsthal is more than 800 years of history of a local community in a border and bridge position at a central point in Europe.
History of Bernhardsthal
Again and again, it was more than the fate of the locals alone which had been decided here - again and again it was the pan-European movement that captured the place. One by one, they appeared in the Thaya-March area: Illyrians and Celts, Quads and Herulians, Huns and Lombards, Slavs and Avars, Bavarians and Franks, Magyars and Mongols, Hussites and Utraquists, Hajduks and Swedes, Turks and Kurds, Frenchmen, Prussians and Russians. They cleared and missioned, blackmailed and burned, remained, or passed by like a wild hunt. Between confrontation and penetration, construction and destruction, fear and hope, a year is a fixed point: the first documentary mention of the place - 1171.
1171 - what happened in Europe at this time? In the Roman-German empire, Emperor Frederick I Babarossa ruled. It was the time of the castles and knights and monastic culture, of the manorial systems and evolution of the town charter and of new German settlement waves which captured even Bohemia and the distant Transylvania. Just, in 1156, the Emperor of Austria had been loyal to the duchy on the other side, the Bohemian duke Vladislav II, and received the royal crown. Court Days and Princely councils, expeditions to Italy, the defeat of Henry the Lion underlined the power of the central European empire, which in the south even reached Sicily. Bruges and Venice were the highly evolving trade centers in Europe. Political movement had captured the continent: In the Russian area, Kiev's pre-eminence fell, new centers in the north-east announced themselves - Moscow was first mentioned in 1147.
In the southeast, Serbian unity was just founded in 1171, Serbia and Bulgaria began to shake off Byzantine rule. Hungary was about to restore its supremacy in Dalmatia, Croatia and Bosnia. In England, Henry II succeeded in sustaining his claim to power, and Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, was murdered by royal knights in 1170. In 1171 the English conquest of Ireland began. In Egypt, Saladin began to expand, which was to lead to Tripoli, Damascus, and Jerusalem. In China, above all, the South was booming in economic development. Already, paper money and book printing, gunpowder and magnet needle were used.
But back to Bernhardsthal: With the world, the place has been connected since ancient times to the nearby Amber Road, which led from the Adriatic to the Baltic Sea. Events all around the world repeatedly stamped the centuries of its history.
Prehistory and Time of the Teutons: Archaeological finds earmark the Bernhardsthaler area as a significantly older settlement basis, as the year 1171 suggests - stretching back to the Neolithic, Bronze Age and older and younger Iron Age. Hallstatt burial mounds point to Illyrians, followed by the Celts.
9th century: Franconian mission movement and Great Moravian empire. The Slavic tribes lived in the Weinviertel (Wine District) and were interspersed with the Germanic population.
10th century: Magyar collision and German counter-movement. Emergence of Magyar riders also in the March-Thaya area. By the counteroffensive of the German kingship, a new settlement wave follows east. From 976, the Babenbergs in the regained marches area on the Danube came to power.
11th century: Stabilization of borders. Around 1045, the boundary was essentially stabilized. Thus the framework for settlement and integration into the social structure of the empire had also been drawn. The settler wave also captured the Wine District and the Bavarian population came to the fore, marking the time as the peasant clearing.
12th century: the first documentary mention. In the year 1171, the name Bernhardsthal was mentioned for the first time in the Klosterneuburg Tradition Codex, when the monastery Klosterneuburg acquired land here.
13th century: First, the Mongols appeared, hordes of riders who broke in over the Russian steppes, triumphed in 1241 near Liegnitz in Silesia, in the same year at Muhi on the Sjo in Hungary, pervading Moravia, sprawling to the Wine District. Before and after, however, the Thaya-March area was a multiple site of Bohemian and Hungarian incursions, condensed under Premysl Otakar II until the great decision. When the last Babenberger died in 1246, that Premysl Otakar had attacked southwards on Austria and across Styria and Carinthia to the Adriatic, and had penetrated eastward into Upper Hungary. To the south of the Bernhardsthaler area, on the Marchfeld near Dürnkrut, he lost battle and life against Rudolf von Habsburg. The consequences of the event, the retreat of the beaten ones, the advance of the victors, also touched Bernhardsthal.
14th century: from 1328 to 1336 the incursions of the Bohemian king John of Luxembourg lined up. Among the castles conquered by the Bohemians was also Bernhardsthal, which was then owned by the Haunvelder. The Hungarians under Charles I of Anjou also contributed, and also laid their hands on Bernhardsthal. The Wehinger, who had now been entrusted with Bernhardsthal, temporarily secured the market right for the place. A dangerous approach to the end of the century. First pirates from Moravia.
15th century: robber barons, Hussites and Utraquists. Bands or groups of robbers from Austria, Moravia and Hungary - with centers in Hohenau and Laa - troubled the Thaya-March area. In 1470 Bernhardsthal was sold to the Liechtensteiner.
16th century: Emerging Turkish danger. In 1529 they stood at the gates of Vienna. For the first time, one made acquaintance up the river March with the pillagers. After the retaliation, the Habsburgs - from Ferdinand I now also King of Bohemia and Hungary - ruled the west and north-west of the Hungarian kingdom. The Danubian and Alpine countries, Bohemia and Hungary should face a common development. The Thaya-March region was now the stage of the eastern front of the Turks.
17th century: Hajduks and Swedes. In Hungary, an uprising had broken out. In 1605, pillagers of Hajduks crossed the March and also plundered Bernhardsthal. A little later, the Mercenary regiments of the Thirty Years' War struck the gates. It was not until 1648, when the peace was concluded, that marauding and quartering, extortion, robbery, and murders ended. In 1163 Turks again crossed the March, plundered and forced prisoners into slavery - even Bernhardsthal was in flames.
18th century: Kurutzs and imperial occupation. Around 1704, due to the incursions of Kurutzs the wine-producing region and South Moravia too were again threatened by fear and distress. In 1705 they also attacked Bernhardsthal. In the next few years, imperial units remained present to protect the places at risk. In the following decades but Austria, under Maria Theresia, faced the defense of its superpower status and at the same time its consolidation.
19th century: Frenchmen, Prussia and Cholera: In 1805 Bernhardsthal saw Frenchmen on the advance, before and after their victory in Austerlitz. In 1809 the place saw the French for the second time. The year 1866 brought the Prussians also to Bernhardsthal as the winner of Königsgrätz. They were quartered as well as before the French which brought a lot of stress for the place. The cholera in the years 1831 and 1866 supplemented the picture of the 19th century.
20th century: Two great wars went over Europe in this century. Bernhardsthal also had to pay its duty. Bernhardsthaler found distant graves on theaters of war of both wars. Nevertheless, after 1945, the place steered into an impressive phase of peaceful construction.
Geschichte im Wandel der Zeit
Über 800 Jahre Geschichte Bernhardsthal sind über 800 Jahre Geschichte einer Ortsgemeinschaft in einer Grenz- und Brückenposition an einem zentralen Punkt Europas.
Geschichte Bernhardsthal
Immer wieder war es mehr als das Schicksal der Ortsbewohner allein, das hier entschieden worden ist, - immer wieder war es gesamteuropäische Bewegung, die den Platz erfasste. Nacheinander tauchten sie im Thaya-March- Bereich auf: Illyrer und Kelten, Quaden und Heruler, Hunnen und Langobarden, Slawen und Awaren, Baiern und Franken, Magyaren und Mongolen, Hussiten und Utraquisten, Heiducken und Schweden, Türken und Kurutzen, Franzosen, Preußen und Russen. Sie rodeten und missionierten, erpreßten und brandschatzten, blieben oder zogen vorbei gleich einer wilden Jagd. Zwischen Auseinandersetzung und Durchdringung, Aufbau und Zerstörung, Angst und Hoffnung tritt ein Jahr als fixer Punkt: Die erste urkundliche Nennung des Ortes - 1171.
1171 - was geschah in Europa in dieser Zeit? Im römisch-deutschen Reich herrrschte Kaiser Friedrich I. Babarossa. Es war die Zeit der Burgen und Ritter und klösterlicher Kultur, der Grundherrschaften und Stadtrechtsentwicklung und neuer deutscher Siedlungswellen, die selbst Böhmen erfassten und das ferne Siebenbürgen. Eben, 1156 hatte der Kaiser Österreich zum Herzogtum jenseits der Grenze, der Böhmenherzog Vladislav II., freu treu und Hilfe die Königskrone erhalten. Hof- und Fürstentage, Italienzüge, die Niederwerfung Heinrichs des Löwen unterstrichen die Machtstellung des zentraleuropäischen Kaisertums, das im Süden selbst auf Sizilien griff. Brügge und Venedig waren die sich groß entwickelnden Handeslzentren Europas. Politische Bewegung hatte den Kontinent erfasst: Im russischen Bereich ging die Vormachtsstellung Kievs zurück, neue Zentren im Nordosten kündigten sich an - Moskau war 1147 erstmals erwähnt worden.
Im Südosten wurde eben 1171 die serbische Einheit begründet, Serbien und Bulgarien setzten an, die byzantinische Herrschaft abzuschütteln, Ungarn war kurz davor, seine Oberhoheit in Dalmatien, Kroatien und Bosnien wiederherzustellen. Im Westen setzte in England Heinrich II. seinen Herrschaftsanspruch nachhalktig durch, 1170 wurde Thomas Becket, der Erzbischof von Canterbury von königlichen Rittern ermordet, 1171 begann die englische Eroberung Irlands. In Ägypten setzte Saladin zur Expansion an, die bis Tripolis, Damskus und Jerusalem führen sollte. In China stand vor allem der Süden in blühender wirtschaftlicher Entwicklung. Schon wurden Papiergeld und Buchdruck; Schießpulver und Magnetnadel verwendet.
Aber zurück zu Bernhardsthal: Mit der Welt war der Platz seit altersher über die unweit vorüberführende Bernsteinstraße verbunden, die von der Adria zur Ostsee führte. Die Welt rundum drückte den Jahrhunderten seiner Geschichte immer wieder den Stempel auf.
Urgeschichte und Germanenzeit: Die Bodenfunde weisen den Bernhardsthaler Raum als bedeutend älteren Siedlungsgrund aus, als die Jahreszahl 1171 vermuten lässt - zurückreichend bis in die Jungsteinzeit, Bronzezeit und ältere und jüngere Eisenzeit. Hallstattliche Hügelgräber weisen auf Illyrer hin, auf die die Kelten folgten.
9. Jahrhundert: Fränkische Missionsbewegung und Großmährisches Reich. Im Weinviertel lebten Slawenstämme, von germanischer Restbevölkerung durchsetzt.
10. Jahrhundert: Magyarenanprall und deutsche Gegenbewegung. Auftauchen von Magyarenreitern auch im March-Thaya-Bereich. Durch die Gegenoffensive des deutschen Königtums folge eine neue Siedlungswelle in Richtung Osten. Ab 976 gelangen im rückgewonnenen Markengebiet an der Donau die Babenberger zur Herrschaft.
11. Jahrhundert: Stabilisierung der Grenzen. Um 1045 wurde die Grenzlage im wesentlichen stabilisiert. Dadurch war auch der Rahmen für Besiedelung und Einordnung in die Gesellschaftsstruktur des Reiches gezogen. Die Siedlerwelle erfasste auch das Weinviertel und ließ das bairische Bevölkerungselement in den Vordergrund treten undprägt die Zeit als die bäuerliche Rodung.
12. Jahrhundert: Die erste urkundliche Nennung. Im Jahre 1171 wurde der Name Bernhardsthal zum ersten mal urkundlich - im Klosterneuburger Traditionskodex - erwähnt, als das Stift Klosterneuburg hier Grundbesitz erwarb.
13. Jahrhundert: Zunächst tauchten die Mongolen auf, Reiterscharen, die über die russiche Steppen hereinbrachen, 1241 bei Liegnitz in Schlesien, im selben Jahr bei Muhi am Sjo in Ungarn siegreich, Mährend durchziehend, bis ins Weinviertel ausschwörmend. Vorher und nachher aber war der Thaya-March-Bereich mehrfach Schauplatz böhmischer und ungarischer Einfälle, verdichtet unter Premysl Otakar II. bis zur großen Entscheidung. Als 1246 der letzte Babenberger gestorben war, hatte jener Premysl Otakar südwärts auf Österreich und über Steiermark und Kärnten bis an die Adria gegriffen und war ostwärts in Oberungarn eingedrungen. Südlich des Bernhardsthaler Raumes, auf dem Marchfeld bei Dürnkrut verlor er gegen Rudolf von Habsburg Schlacht und Leben. Die folgen des Geschehens, der Rückzug der Geschlagenen, der Vormarsch der Sieger, berührte auch Bernhardsthal.
14. Jahrhundert: Ab 1328 bis 1336 reihten sich die Einfälle des Böhmenkönig Johann von Luxemburg. Unter den Burgen die die Böhmen eroberten war auch Bernhardsthal das damals im Besitz der Haunvelder war. Auch die Ungarn unter Karl I. von Anjou wirkten ein und legten ebenfalls die Hand auf Bernhardsthal. Die nun mit Bernhardsthal belehnten Wehinger erwirkten 1370 für den Ort vorübergehend das Marktrecht. Ein gefährlicher Anssatz zum Ende des Jahrhunderts. Erste Raubritterzüge aus Mähren.
15. Jahrhundert: Raubritter, Hussiten und Utraquisten. Raubgruppen aus Östereich, Mähren und Ungarn - mit Zentren in Hohenau und Laa - beunruhigten den Thaya-March-Bereich. 1470 wurde Bernhardsthal an die Liechtensteiner verkauft.
16. Jahrhundert: Aufkommenden Türkengefahr. 1529 standen sie vor den Toren Wiens. Erstmals machte man marchaufwärts mit den Streitscharen Bekanntschaft. Nach dem gegenscglag beherrschten die Habsburger - ab Ferdinand I. nun auch König von Böhmen und Ungarn - den Westen und Nordwesten des ungarischen Königreiches. Die Donau- und Alpenländer, Böhmen und Ungarn sollten einer gemeinsamen Entwicklung entgegengehen. Die Thaya-March-Region war nun Etappe der nach Osten vorgeschobenen Türkenfront.
17. Jahrhundert: Heiducken und Schweden. In Ungarn war ein AUfstand ausgebrochen. 1605 überschritt eine Streitschar der Heiducken die March und plünderten auch Bernhardsthal. Wenig später pochten die Landsknechtsregimenter des Dreißigjährigen Krieges an die Tore. Erst der Friedensschluss 1648 ließ das Marodieren und Einquartiern, Erpresse, Rauben und Morden ausklingen. 1163 überquerten erneut Türken die March, plünderten und trieben Gefangene in die Sklaverei - auch Bernhardsthal stand in Flammen.
18. Jahrhundert: Kurutzen und kaiserliche Besatzung. Kurutzeneinfälle trieben das Land um 1704 auch das Weinviertel und Südmähren erneut in Angst und Not. 1705 überfielen sie auch Bernhardsthal. In den nächsten Jahren blieben kaiserliche Einheiten zum Schutz der gefährdeten Orte präsent. In den folgenden Jahrzehnten aber ging Österreich unter Maria Theresia der Verteidigung seiner Großmachtstellung und gleichzeitig ihrer Festigung entgegen.
19. Jahrhundert: Franzoßen, Preußen und Cholera: 1805 sah Bernhardsthal Franzosen auf dem Vormarsch, vor und nach ihrem Sieg in Austerlitz. 1809 sah der Ort die Franzosen zum zweiten Mal. Das Jahr 1866 brachte die Preußen als Sieger von Königsgrätz auch nach Bernhardsthal. Sie wurden ebenso einquartiert wie vorher die Franzosen was für den Ort starke Belastungen brachte. Die Cholera in den Jahren 1831 und 1866 ergänzte das Bild des 19. Jhd.
20. Jahrhundert: Zwei große Kriege gingen in diesem Jahrhundert über Europa hinweg. Auch Bernhardsthal hatte seinen Zoll zu zahlen. Auf den Kriegsschauplätzen beider Kriege fanden Bernhardsthaler ferne Gräber. Dennoch steuerte der Ort nach 1945 in eine eindrucksvolle Phase des friedlichen Aufbaues.
www.bernhardsthal.gv.at/system/web/zusatzseite.aspx?detai...
Kom Ombo is home to one of Egypt's most picturesque ruins, the Temple of the crocodile-god Sobek and Haroeris (Horus the Elder). The temple was built during the Ptolemaic dynasty in c180-47 BC in an elevated position overlooking the Nile, giving the site one of the most attractive of locations amongst Egypt's ancient monuments.
The temple is unique in being dedicated as a twin sanctuary to two patron gods, southern half belonged to the crocodile-headed Sobek (or Sobk) and the northern half to the falcon-headed Haroeris. The twin shrine is often referred to simply as the Temple of Sobek owing to the fame of the crocodile cult here, where live crocodiles were once kept as living embodiments of the god and to whom offerings were made. Several of these crocodiles can still be seen in mummified form in the small museum that was recently built adjacent to the site (alas no photography allowed in the museum).
The structure is less complete and more ruinous than many of the best known Egyptian temples, but this does at least make it a more picturesque, photography friendly site than some. The main core of the temple is fairly well preserved with the columns (with richly carved capitals) of the hypostyle hall and successive chambers and sanctuaries still standing at full height. The main courtyard is partially preseved but the original main facade with its pylon towers and gates has long since tumbled into the Nile as a result of erosion caused by the site's proximity to the river.
One of the most rewarding aspects of the temple is its relief decoration, with figures of the exotic, animal-headed deities and kings in unusually high relief (for Egyptian art) on every wall and pillar.
Frustratingly our arrival here had been delayed by the lengthy return from our morning excursion, thus we only managed to catch the temple in rapidly dwindling light. Conditions became quite limiting, though to see the structure illuminated in the darkness was a bonus.
For more on this fascinating temple see below:-
Mixed Media on Margaret Washington's tithing record Acrylic Paint, Oil Pastels, Ink, Found Ephemera from an abandoned church & hospital, Junk Mail, Magazine & Scrap Papers, Masking Tape
Created by Diane Irby
January, 2014
Bottle of Notes by Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen, unveiled in 1993 and situated in Middlesbrough Centre Square.
“In public sites, our sculptures reflect both the surroundings and their context, but through our imagination and selective perception – which is what makes them also personal” Claes Oldenburgh.
Bottle of Notes is a sculpture by internationally renowned artists and creators of public artworks, Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen. Unveiled in 1993, it was commissioned by Middlesbrough Borough Council as the first public artwork to be installed as part of a regeneration initiative for the Tees Valley region.
Situated in Middlesbrough Centre Square, outside Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art (MIMA), the sculpture takes the form of a giant bottle, standing nine metres high – twice the height of a giraffe. The shape of the bottle is made from a continuous, off-white swirl of steel letters. Blue letters spiral upwards from the inside.
The artists took their inspiration from the local area’s industrial heritage, its relationship with the sea and from Captain Cook, one of the area’s most famous sons. The intricate steel lettering reflects the region’s rich heritage in steel production and fabrication. It was constructed in Hebburn, helping to provide employment for steel workers in the shipyards.
For the outside of the bottle, van Bruggen selected a line of text from Captain Cook’s Journals, written during his first voyage of exploration in the Pacific in 1769: We had every advantage we could desire in observing the whole of the passage of the planet Venus over the Sun’s disk. The text on the inside comes from a poem she wrote, ‘Recalling Amsterdam’, which links the English shore to the European continent: “I like to remember seagulls in full flight gliding over the ring of canals.”
The sculpture is positioned on a slant, to appear as if it had been left stuck in the sand by a receding wave – a giant message in a bottle to local people and the wider world.
This commission was a significant move by the Council to use arts and culture to help revitalise the region and its identity. This was a time when Middlesbrough – like many other traditionally industrial towns and cities, was experiencing a period of change and looking to the future. Initially met by local people with a mix of intrigue, genuine bewilderment and, in some cases, outright hostility, Bottle of notes has now become part of the landscape. It remains the only example in the UK to date of a public sculpture by these celebrated artists.
Oldenburgh and van Bruggen are a husband and wife team who have created monumental public art installations around the world. Their works are characterised by giant, colourful replicas of everyday objects, including a lipstick, trowel and an inverted ice-cream cone (which appears to have dropped out of the sky onto the top of a shopping mall, in Cologne).
Middlesbrough is a town in the Middlesbrough unitary authority borough of North Yorkshire, England. The town lies near the mouth of the River Tees and north of the North York Moors National Park. The built-up area had a population of 148,215 at the 2021 UK census. It is the largest town of the wider Teesside area, which had a population of 376,633 in 2011.
Until the early 1800s, the area was rural farmland in the historic county of Yorkshire. The town was a planned development which started in 1830, based around a new port with coal and later ironworks added. Steel production and ship building began in the late 1800s, remaining associated with the town until the post-industrial decline of the late twentieth century. Trade (notably through ports) and digital enterprise sectors contemporarily contribute to the local economy, Teesside University and Middlesbrough College to local education.
Middlesbrough was made a municipal borough in 1853. When elected county councils were created in 1889, Middlesbrough was considered large enough to provide its own county-level services and so it became a county borough, independent from North Riding County Council. The borough of Middlesbrough was abolished in 1968 when the area was absorbed into the larger County Borough of Teesside. Six years later in 1974 Middlesbrough was re-established as a borough within the new county of Cleveland. Cleveland was abolished in 1996, since when Middlesbrough has been a unitary authority within the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire.
Middlesbrough started as a Benedictine priory on the south bank of the River Tees, its name possibly derived from it being midway between the holy sites of Durham and Whitby. The earliest recorded form of Middlesbrough's name is "Mydilsburgh", containing the term burgh.
In 686, a monastic cell was consecrated by St. Cuthbert at the request of St. Hilda, Abbess of Whitby. The manor of Middlesburgh belonged to Whitby Abbey and Guisborough Priory.[1] Robert Bruce, Lord of Cleveland and Annandale, granted and confirmed, in 1119, the church of St. Hilda of Middleburg to Whitby. Up until its closure on the Dissolution of the Monasteries by Henry VIII in 1537, the church was maintained by 12 Benedictine monks, many of whom became vicars, or rectors, of various places in Cleveland.
After the Angles, the area became home to Viking settlers. Names of Viking origin (with the suffix by meaning village) are abundant in the area; for example, Ormesby, Stainsby and Tollesby were once separate villages that belonged to Vikings called Orm, Steinn and Toll that are now areas of Middlesbrough were recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086. Other names around Middlesbrough include the village of Maltby (of Malti) along with the towns of Ingleby Barwick (Anglo-place and barley-wick) and Thornaby (of Thormod).
Links persist in the area, often through school or road names, to now-outgrown or abandoned local settlements, such as the medieval settlement of Stainsby, deserted by 1757, which amounts to little more today than a series of grassy mounds near the A19 road.
In 1801, Middlesbrough was a small farm with a population of just 25; however, during the latter half of the 19th century, it experienced rapid growth. In 1828 the influential Quaker banker, coal mine owner and Stockton and Darlington Railway (S&DR) shareholder Joseph Pease sailed up the River Tees to find a suitable new site downriver of Stockton on which to place new coal staithes. As a result, in 1829 he and a group of Quaker businessmen bought the Middlesbrough farmstead and associated estate, some 527 acres (213 ha) of land, and established the Middlesbrough Estate Company.
Through the company, the investors set about a new coal port development (designed by John Harris) on the southern banks of the Tees. The first coal shipping staithes at the port (known as "Port Darlington") were constructed with a settlement to the east established on the site of Middlesbrough farm as labour for the port, taking on the farm's name as it developed into a village. The small farmstead became a village of streets such as North Street, South Street, West Street, East Street, Commercial Street, Stockton Street and Cleveland Street, laid out in a grid-iron pattern around a market square, with the first house being built on West Street in April 1830. New businesses bought premises and plots of land in the new town including: shippers, merchants, butchers, innkeepers, joiners, blacksmiths, tailors, builders and painters.
The first coal shipping staithes at the port (known as "Port Darlington") were constructed just to the west of the site earmarked for the location of Middlesbrough. The port was linked to the S&DR on 27 December 1830 via a branch that extended to an area just north of the current Middlesbrough railway station, helping secure the town's future.
The success of the port meant it soon became overwhelmed by the volume of imports and exports, and in 1839 work started on Middlesbrough Dock. Laid out by Sir William Cubitt, the whole infrastructure was built by resident civil engineer George Turnbull. After three years and an expenditure of £122,000 (equivalent to £9.65 million at 2011 prices), first water was let in on 19 March 1842, and the formal opening took place on 12 May 1842. On completion, the docks were bought by the S&DR.
Iron and steel have dominated the Tees area since 1841 when Henry Bolckow in partnership with John Vaughan, founded the Vulcan iron foundry and rolling mill. Vaughan, who had worked his way up through the Iron industry in South Wales, used his technical expertise to find a more abundant supply of Ironstone in the Eston Hills in 1850, and introduced the new "Bell Hopper" system of closed blast furnaces developed at the Ebbw Vale works. These factors made the works an unprecedented success with Teesside becoming known as the "Iron-smelting centre of the world" and Bolckow, Vaughan & Co., Ltd became the largest company in existence.
By 1851 Middlesbrough's population had grown from 40 people in 1829 to 7,600. Pig iron production rose tenfold between 1851 and 1856 and by the mid-1870s Middlesbrough was producing one third of the entire nations Pig Iron output. It was during this time Middlesbrough earned the nickname "Ironopolis".
On 21 January 1853, Middlesbrough received its Royal Charter of Incorporation, giving the town the right to have a mayor, aldermen and councillors. Henry Bolckow became mayor, in 1853.
A Welsh community was established in Middlesbrough sometime before the 1840s, with mining being the main form of employment. These migrants included figures who would become important leaders in the commercial, political and cultural life of the town:
John Vaughan established Teesside's first ironworks in 1841, The Vulcan Works at Middlesbrough. Vaughan had worked his way up through the industry at the Dowlais Ironworks in south Wales and encouraged hundreds of the skilled Welsh workers to follow him to Teesside.
Edward Williams (iron-master), although he was the grandson of the famous Welsh Bard Iolo Morganwg, Edward had started as a mere clerk at Dowlais. His move to the Tees saw him rise to ironmaster, alderman, magistrate and Mayor of Middlesbrough. Edward was also the father of Aneurin and Penry, who both became Liberal MPs for the area.
E.T. John arrived from Pontypridd as a junior clerk in Williams' office. John became the director of several industrial enterprises and a radical politician.
Windsor Richards, an Engineer and manager, oversaw the town's transition from iron to steel production.
Much like the contemporary Welsh migration to America, the Welsh of Middlesbrough came almost exclusively from the iron-smelting and coal districts of South Wales. By 1861 42% of the town's ironworkers identified as Welsh and one in twenty of the total population. Place names such as "Welch Cottages" and "Welch Place" appeared around the Vulcan works, and Middlesbrough became a centre for the Welsh communities at Witton Park, Spennymoor, Consett and Stockton on Tees (especially Portrack). David Williams also recorded that a number of the Welsh workers at the Hughesovka Ironworks in 1869 had migrated from Middlesbrough.
A Welsh Baptist chapel was active in the town as early as 1858, and St Hilda's Anglican church began providing services in the Welsh language. Churches and chapels were the centres of Welsh culture, supporting choirs, Sunday Schools, social societies, adult education, lectures and literary meetings. By the 1870s, many more Welsh chapels were built (one reputed to seat 500 people), and the first Eisteddfodau were held.
By the 1880s, a "Welsh cultural revival" was underway, with the Eisteddfodau attracting competitors and spectators from outside the Welsh communities. In 1890 the Middlesbrough Town Hall hosted the first Cleveland and Durham Eisteddfod, an event notable for its non-denominational inclusivity, with Irish Catholic choirs and the bishop of the newly created Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough as honoured guests.
In the early twentieth century this Eisteddfod had become the biggest annual event in the town and the largest annual Eisteddfod outside Wales. The Eisteddfod had a clear impact on the culture of the town, especially through its literary and music events, by 1911 the Eisteddfod had twenty-two classes of musical competition only two of which were for Welsh language content. By 1914, thirty choirs from across the area were competing in 284 entries. A choral tradition remained part of the town's culture long after the eisteddfod and chapels had gone. In 2012 an exhibition at the Dorman Museum marked the Apollo Male Voice Choir's 125 years as an active choir in the town.
Industrial Wales was noted for its "radical Liberal-Labour" politics, and the rhetoric of these politicians clearly won favour with the urban population of the North East. Penry Williams and Jonathan Samuel won the seats of Middlesbrough and Stockton-on-Tees for the Liberal Party and Penry's brother, Aneurin would also win the newly created Consett seat in 1918.
Sir Horace Davey stressed his Welsh lineage and stated that "it was scarcely an exaggeration to say that Welshmen had founded Middlesbrough", courting the Welsh vote that saw him elected MP for Stockton. However, others complained that local Conservative candidates were losing to "Fenians and Welshers" (Irish and Welsh people).
These sentiments had grown by 1900 when Samuel lost his seat after a Unionist complained publicly that the town had been "forced to submit to the indignity of being trailed ignominiously through the mire by Welsh constituents". Samuel lost the seat but regained it in 1910 with a campaign that made few, if any, references to his Welsh background.
From 1861 to 1871, the census of England & Wales showed that Middlesbrough consistently had the second highest percentage of Irish born people in England after Liverpool. The Irish population in 1861 accounted for 15.6% of the total population of Middlesbrough. In 1871 the amount had dropped to 9.2% yet this still placed Middlesbrough's Irish population second in England behind Liverpool. Due to the rapid development of the town and its industrialisation there was much need for people to work in the many blast furnaces and steel works along the banks of the Tees. This attracted many people from Ireland, who were in much need of work. As well as people from Ireland, the Scottish, Welsh and overseas inhabitants made up 16% of Middlesbrough's population in 1871. A second influx of Irish migration was observed in the early 1900s as Middlesbrough's steel industry boomed producing 1/3 of Britain's total steel output. This second influx lasted through to the 1950s after which Irish migration to Middlesbrough saw a drastic decline. Middlesbrough no longer has a strong Irish presence, with Irish born residents making up around 2% of the current population, however there is still a strong cultural and historical connection with Ireland mainly through the heritage and ancestry of many families within Middlesbrough.
The town's rapid expansion continued throughout the second half of the 19th century, fuelled by the iron and steel industry. In 1864 the North Riding Infirmary (an ear, nose and mouth hospital) opened in Newport Road; this was demolished in 2006.
On 15 August 1867, a Reform Bill was passed, making Middlesbrough a new parliamentary borough, Bolckow was elected member for Middlesbrough the following year. In 1875, Bolckow, Vaughan & Co opened the Cleveland Steelworks in Middlesbrough beginning the transition from Iron production to Steel and by the turn of the century. Henry Bolckow died in 1878 and left an endowment of £5,000 for the infirmary.
In the latter third of the 19th century, Old Middlesbrough was starting to decline and was overshadowed by developments built around the new town hall, south of the original town hall, the town's population reaching 90,000 by the dawn of the 20th century.[9] In 1900, Bolckow, Vaughan & Co had become the largest producer of steel in Great Britain and possibly came to be one of the major steel centres in the world.
In 1914, Dorman Long, another major steel producer from Middlesbrough, became the largest company in Britain. It employed a workforce of over 20,000 and by 1929 and gained enough to take over from Bolckow, Vaughan & Co's dominance and to acquire their assets. The steel components of the Sydney Harbour Bridge (1932) were engineered and fabricated by Dorman Long of Middlesbrough. The company was also responsible for the New Tyne Bridge in Newcastle.
Several large shipyards also lined the Tees, including the Sir Raylton Dixon & Company, Smith's Dock Company of South Bank and Furness Shipbuilding Company of Haverton Hill.
Middlesbrough was the first major British town and industrial target to be bombed during the Second World War. The Luftwaffe first attacked the town on 25 May 1940 when a lone bomber dropped 13 bombs between South Bank Road and the South Steel Plant. One of the bombs fell on the South Bank football ground making a large crater in the pitch. The bomber was forced to leave after RAF night fighters were scrambled to intercept. Two months after the first bombing Prime Minister Winston Churchill visited the town to meet the public and inspect coastal defences.
German bombers often flew over the Eston Hills while heading for targets further inland, such as Manchester. On 30 March 1941 a Junkers Ju 88 was shot down by two Spitfires of No. 41 Squadron, piloted by Tony Lovell and Archie Winskill, over Middlesbrough. The aircraft dived into the ground at Barnaby Moor, Eston; the engines and most of the airframe were entirely buried upon impact.
On 5 December 1941 a Spitfire of No. 122 Squadron, piloted by Sgt Hutton, crashed into rising ground near Mill Farm, Upsall, on the lower slopes of Eston Hills. Poor visibility due to bad weather and low cloud is believed to have been the cause of the crash.
On 15 January 1942, minutes after being hit by gunfire from a merchant ship anchored off Hartlepool, a Dornier Do 217 collided with the cable of a barrage balloon over the River Tees. The blazing bomber plummeted onto the railway sidings in South Bank leaving a crater twelve feet deep. In 1997 the remains of the Dornier were unearthed by a group of workers clearing land for redevelopment; the remains were put on display for a short while at Kirkleatham museum.
On 4 August 1942 a lone Dornier Do 217 picked its way through the barrage balloons and dropped a stick of bombs onto the railway station. One bomb caused serious damage to the Victorian glass and steel roof. A train in the station was also badly damaged although there were no passengers aboard. The station was put out action for two weeks.
The Green Howards was a British Army infantry regiment very strongly associated with Middlesbrough and the area south of the River Tees. Originally formed at Dunster Castle, Somerset in 1688 to serve King William of Orange, later King William III, this regiment became affiliated to the North Riding of Yorkshire in 1782. As Middlesbrough grew, its population of men came to be a group most targeted by the recruiters. The Green Howards were part of the King's Division. On 6 June 2006, this famous regiment was merged into the new Yorkshire Regiment and are now known as 2 Yorks, The 2nd Battalion The Yorkshire Regiment (Green Howards). There is also a Territorial Army (TA) company at Stockton Road in Middlesbrough, part of 4 Yorks which is wholly reserve.
Post Second World War to contemporary era
By the end of the war over 200 buildings had been destroyed within the Middlesbrough area. The borough lost 99 civilians as a result of enemy action.
Areas of early and mid-Victorian housing were demolished and much of central Middlesbrough was redeveloped. Heavy industry was relocated to areas of land better suited to the needs of modern technology. Middlesbrough itself began to take on a completely different look.
Middlesbrough's 1903 Gaumont cinema, originally an opera house until the 1930s, was demolished in 1971. The Cleveland Centre opened in the same year. In 1974, Middlesbrough and other areas around the Tees, became part of the county of Cleveland. This was to create a county within a single NUTS region of England, with the UK joining the European Union predecessor (European Communities) a year earlier.
Middlesbrough's Royal Exchange building was demolished, to make way for the road. A multi-storey the Star and Garter Hotel built in the 1890s near to the exchange on the site of a former Welsh Congregational Church, was also demolished. The Victorian era North Riding Infirmary was demolished in 2006 and replaced by a hotel and supermarket.
The Cleveland Centre opened in 1971, Hill Street shopping centre opened in 1981 and Captain Cook Square opened in 1999.
Middlesbrough F.C.'s modern Riverside Stadium opened on 26 August 1995 next to Middlesbrough Dock. The club moved from Ayresome Park their previous home in the town for 92 years.
With the abolition of Cleveland County in 1996, Middlesbrough again became part of North Yorkshire.
The original St.Hilda's area of Middlesbrough, after decades of decline and clearance, was given a new name of Middlehaven in 1986 on investment proposals to build on the land. Middlehaven has since had new buildings built there including Middlesbrough College and Middlesbrough FC's Riverside Stadium amongst others. Also situated at Middlehaven is the "Boho" zone, offering office space to the area's business and to attract new companies, and also "Bohouse", housing. Some of the street names from the original grid-iron street plan of the town still exist in the area today.
The expansion of Middlesbrough southwards, eastwards and westwards continued throughout the 20th century absorbing villages such as Linthorpe, Acklam, Ormesby, Marton and Nunthorpe[9] and continues to the present day.
A howdah, or houdah (Hindi: हौदा haudā), derived from the Arabic هودج (hawdaj), which means "bed carried by a camel", also known as hathi howdah (hāthī haudā, हाथी हौदा), is a carriage which is positioned on the back of an elephant, or occasionally some other animal such as a camel, used most often in the past to carry wealthy people during progresses or processions, hunting or in warfare. It was also a symbol of wealth for the owner and as a result might be elaborately decorated, even with expensive gemstones.
Notable howdahs are the Golden Howdah, on display at the Napier Museum at Thiruvananthapuram, which was used by the Maharaja of Travancore and that used traditionally during the Elephant Procession of the famous Mysore Dasara. The Mehrangarh Fort Museum in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, has a gallery of royal howdahs.
Today, howdahs are used mainly for tourist or commercial purposes in South East Asia and are the subject of controversy as animal rights groups and organizations, such as Millennium Elephant Foundation, openly criticize their use, citing evidence that howdahs can cause permanent damage to an elephant's spine, lungs, and other organs and can significantly shorten the animal's life.
HISTORY
A passage from Roman historian Curtius describes the lifestyles of ancient Indian kings during the "Second urbanisation" (c. 600 – c. 200 BCE) who rode on chariot mounted on elephants or howdahs when going on distant expeditions.
HOWDAH GALLERY IN MEHRANGARH FORT MUSEUM
The Mehrangarh Fort Museum, Jodhpur, has a gallery dedicated to an array of Hathi Howdah, used by the Maharaja of Mewar, mostly for ceremonial occasions.
HOWDAH FOR ARMIES
Howdah were used extensively during the Carnatic Wars.
References in literature
The American author Herman Melville in Chapter 42 ("The Whiteness of the Whale") of Moby Dick (1851), writes "To the native Indian of Peru, the continual site of the snow-howdahed Andes conveys naught of dread, except, perhaps, in the more fancy of the eternal frosted desolateness reigning at such vast altitudes, and the natural conceit of what a fearfulness it would be to lose oneself in such inhuman solitudes." It also appears in Chapter 11 of Jules Vernes' classic adventure novel Around the World in Eighty Days (1873), in which we are told "The Parsee, who was an accomplished elephant driver, covered his back with a sort of saddle-cloth, and attached to each of his flanks some curiously uncomfortable howdahs.” It is mentioned in the first chapter of Ben-Hur: “Exactly at noon the dromedary, of its own will, stopped, and uttered the cry or moan, peculiarly piteous, by which its kind always protest against an overload, and sometimes crave attention and rest. The master thereupon bestirred himself, waking, as it were, from sleep. He threw the curtains of the houdah up, looked at the sun, surveyed the country on every side long and carefully, as if to identify an appointed place.”
Tolkien wrote in The Lord of the Rings of the Mûmakil (Elephants) of Harad with howdahs on their backs.
ELEPHANT AND CASTLE SYMBOL
A derived symbol used in Europe is the "elephant and castle": an elephant carrying a castle on its back, being used especially to symbolize strength. The symbol was used in Europe in classical antiquity and more recently has been used in England since the 13th century, and in Denmark since at least the 17th century.
In antiquity, the Romans made use of war elephants, and turreted elephants feature on the coinage of Juba II of Numidia, in the 1st century BC. Elephants were used in the Roman campaigns against the Celtiberians in Hispania, against the Gauls, and against the Britons, the ancient historian Polyaenus writing, "Caesar had one large elephant, which was equipped with armor and carried archers and slingers in its tower. When this unknown creature entered the river, the Britons and their horses fled and the Roman army crossed over." However, he may have confused this incident with the use of a similar war elephant in Claudius' final conquest of Britain.
Alternatively, modern uses may derive from later contacts with howdahs. Fanciful images of war elephants with elaborate castles on their back date to 12th century Spain, as at right.
Notably, 13th century English use may come from the elephant given by Louis IX of France to Henry III of England, for his menagerie in the Tower of London in 1225, this being the first elephant in England since Claudius.
Today the symbol is most known in the United Kingdom from the Elephant and Castle intersection in south London, which derives its name from a pub, using the old site of a cutler's, who had used the symbol of the Worshipful Company of Cutlers. The Cutlers, in turn, used the symbol due to the use of ivory in sword and cutlery handles.
The elephant and castle symbol has been used since the 13th century in the coat of arms of the city of Coventry, and forms the heraldic crest of the Corbet family, feudal barons of Caus, of Caus Castle in Shropshire, powerful marcher lords. It was used in the 17th century by the Royal African Company, which led to its use on the guinea gold coin.
The symbol of an elephant and castle has also been used in the Order of the Elephant, the highest order in Denmark, since 1693.
CAMEL HOWDAH
In Persia, a camel howdah used to be a common means of transport.
WIKIPEDIA
Cadets aim at simulated targets from a prone supported firing position for the Engagement Skills Trainer at Fort Knox, Ky., on June 10. In order for Cadets to achieve the expert title for EST, they must hit their targets a minimum of 36 out of 40 times. | Photo by Nathan Abbott, CST Public Affairs Office.
"SALVINI VUOLE PALAZZO CHIGI! - SCOMPARE IL LOGO DELLA LEGA NORD: D’ORA IN POI SI POTRÀ USARE SOLO IL SIMBOLO CON LA SCRITTA SALVINI PREMIER"
A few months back, I was told about the ruined church in Sittingbourne, but due to COVID I did nothing about it. But as we would be in the area to revisit Borden, I sought out All Saints and noted its position and even used GSV to scout it out, or the area as it was hidden behind trees.
We arrived in the area, driving through a industrial estate/retail park; a network of wide roads criss-crossing with lorries parked up, litter piled up at the sides of warehouses and so on.
It seemed the most unlikely area to find a Medieval church.
And the area really didn't change that much until we came to a roundabout, and to the right was the part I had seen on GSV.
We parked beside the road, and through the gate which had been demolished by a stolen car, I guess, there was the church, or what was left of it, a single side chapel, all boarded up and looking forlorn.
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Sited on the Murston side near the banks of Milton Creek stands this little historic gem set in a green oasis of calm and serenity.
The Murston Heart project is the working title for the innovative project to preserve, restore and secure the future of the beautiful 14th Century Chancel of Murston Old Church and its grounds.
Murston All Saints Trust (MAST) the holding charity’s vision is to bring back this scheduled monument to the heart of the community by creating a creative community hub on the site. This will include exhibition space in the chancel and a new building in the corner of the churchyard containing studios, a café and wcs.
2020 update: We now have planning permission and scheduled building consent and funding in place to undertake both the building work and a programme of activities with a couple of local schools. Covid-19 permitting we hope to commence work on site in October
historicswale.org.uk/murston-old-church
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MURSTON.
THE next parish westward from Tong is Murston, usually called Muston, which takes its name from its vicinity to the marshes.
The PARISH is almost all of it situated on the north side of the high Dover road, to the left of the hill next beyond Sittingborne, a very small part of it only extending southward of the road, where, near the boundaries of the parish is the parsonage, with the glebe belonging to it, and the only small wood within it. It extends northward across the marshes and salts, as far as the waters of the Swale, which separates the main land from the Isle of Shepey. The village is situated midway between the London road and the marshes, and the church and court-lodge at no great distance from it. The parish contains about one thousand acres of land, of which about thirty are wood. Its situation is most unpleasant as well as unhealthy, even in the highest grounds of it, but the greatest part lying so exceeding low and watry, enveloped by creeks, marshes and salts, the air is very gross, and much subject to fogs, which smell very offensive, and in winter it is scarce ever free from them, and when most so, they yet remain hovering over the lands for three or four feet or more in height, which, with the badness of the water, occasions severe agues, which the inhabitants are very rarely without, whose complexions from those distempers become of a dingy yellow colour, and if they survive, are generally afflicted with them till summer, and often for several years, so that it is not unusual to see a poor man, his wife, and whole family of five or six children, hovering over their fire in their hovel, shaking with an ague all at the same time; and Dr. Plot remarks, that seldom any, though born here, continuing in it, have lived to the age of twenty-one years. This character of unhealthiness extends to the neighbouring parishes on the northern side of the road, which, however, is not peculiar to this county, as all other parts of the kingdom in a like situation, are subject to the same satality. The lands in this parish, like those of Tong and Bapchild before-described, are very rich and fertile for corn, and there is some good hop-ground in it; was it not for this prospect of gain, and high wages given for the hazard of life itself, these situa tions would probably be nearly deserted of inhabitants, but this temptation draws them hither in preference to the healthy country among the poor and barren hills, but a few miles distance from them.
In Frid wood, southward of Murston parsonage, and likewise in the neighbourhood of Faversham, there are several hollow caves dug in the ground, much like those at Crayford, mentioned in the second volume of this history, p. 266, which seem to have been hiding places in the time of the Saxons, where the inhabitants secured their wives, children and effects, from the ravages and cruelty of their enemies.
A small part of this parish, consisting of some acres of arable and wood, lies at some distance from the rest of it, entirely surrounded by the parish of Luddenham, several other parishes intervening; it seems formerly to have been of some account, and in antient records to have been mentioned by the name of the manor of Herst-hall, in Herst; part of it in Bizing wood belongs to the glebe of this rectory.
The MANOR, after William the Conqueror had seized on the bishop of Baieux, his half-brother, for his seditious and turbulent behaviour, in the year 1084, with his other estates became confiscated to the crown, after which the king granted this manor to Hugh de Port, who held it of the king in capite by barony, as of the castle of Dover, by the tenure of castle guard for the defence of it, of him and of his descendants, the St. John's, this manor was again held by a family which took their name from their residence at it.
Bartholomew de Murston is in the list of those Kentish gentlemen, who assisted king Richard I. at the siege of Acon, in Palestine; and his descendant John de Murston held it in the reign of king Edward III. in the 20th year of which he paid aid for it, as one knight's fee.
But before the end of the next reign of Richard II. this family was become extinct here, when Walter, lord Fitzwalter, was become the possessor of it, whose descendant Walter, lord Fitzwalter, likewise possessed it in the reign of king Henry VI. bearing for his arms, Or, a fess between two chevrons, gules.
He seems to have alienated this manor to Sir William Cromer, lord mayor in the years 1413 and 1423, and he died possessed of it anno 1433. After which this manor continued in his descendants in like manner as Tunstall before-described, till it came with that manor, by a female coheir, in marriage to John, eldest son of Sir Edward Hales, of Tenterden, knight and baronet. In whose descendants this manor continued down to Sir Edward Hales, bart. of St. Stephen's, near Canterbury, (fn. 1) who sold it some few years since to Rebecca, the widow of Sir Roger Twisden, bart. of Bardbourn, and she is the present possessor of it. (fn. 2)
East-HALL is an estate in this parish, which was once accounted a manor. It was in early times possessed by a family which assumed its surname from it; one of whom, Joane de Easthall, is recorded in the leiger book of Davington priory, as having been a good benefactor to the nuns there, in the reign of king Henry III. After this name was extinct here, it came into the possession of the De la Pines, who bore for their arms, Sable, three pine apples, or. One of whom, James de la Pine, was sheriff of Kent in the 26th, and part of the 27th years of king Edward III. and died possessed of this manor in the 37th year of that reign, then holding it of the king in capite, by the tenth part of one knight's fee.
His son and heir Thomas de la Pine, about the beginning of king Richard II.'s reign, conveyed this manor to Thomas St. Leger, second son of Sir Ralph St. Leger, of Ulcomb, who resided at Otterden. He left a daughter Joane, who marrying Henry Aucher, esq. of Newenden, entitled her to the possession of it. She survived him, and afterwards married Robert Capys, to whom Henry Aucher, esq. her only son and heir by her first husband, in the 19th year of Henry VI. confirmed a life-estate in East-hall and other places.
From him it passed into the name of Eveas; for Humphry Eveas was found by inquisition to die possessed of the manor of Esthall in the 32d year of king Henry VI. as did his son John Eveas in the 4th year of king Henry VII. and was buried with his wife in the north chancel of this church. His wife Mildred, daughter of Bartholomew Bourne, seems to have survived him, and afterwards to have married Lewis Clifford, esq. of Bobbing. She died in the 20th year of king Henry VII. possessed of this manor with its appurtenances, in the parishes of Murston, Tong, Bapchild, and Elmele, held in capite by knight's service. At length her grandson, Humphry Eveas, dying in the 27th year of Henry VIII. leaving four daughters his coheirs, one of them Alicia, carried it in marriage to Thomas Hales, whose son Christopher Hales, in the 5th year of Edward VI. alienated it to Sir Anthony Aucher, of Otterden, who the next year passed it away by sale to Thomas Gardyner, and he, in the 10th year of queen Elizabeth, transmitted it by sale to Mr. John Norden, who in the 17th year of that reign, levied a fine of it; and afterwards alienated it to William Pordage, esq. of Rodmersham, in whose descendants it continued till it was at length sold to Iles, by a daughter of which name it went in marriage to Hazard, from which name it passed into that of shard, and thence again to Seath, in which it still continues, Rich. Seath, esq. being the present owner, who resides in it.
MERE-COURT is an estate in this parish, once esteemed a capital mansion, and seems to have been so named from its low watery situation, near the marshes; for it does not appear to have had any owners of that surname.
Thomas Abelyn held this manor in the reign of Edward I. in the 4th year of which he died, holding it of the king in capite. His grandson Thomas Abelyn, at length succeeded to it, and left his widow Isolda surviving, who, in the 21st year of that reign, married Henry de Apulderfield, which being without the king's leave, he paid his fine, and had then possession of his wife's land here and elsewhere.
¶This manor afterwards came into the possession of the family of Savage, of Bobbing, one of whom, Sir Arnold Savage, of Bobbing, died possessed of it in the 49th year of king Edward III. anno 1374. His grandson of the same name dying s. p. his sister Eleanor became his heir, she married William Clifford, esq. and entitled him to this estate, among the rest of her inheritance, and in his descendants it probably continued till it was alienated to Crosts, whose descendant Mr. Daniel Crofts died in the 22d year of queen Elizabeth, leaving one son John, and two daughters, Helen and Margaret, and they, upon the death of their brother, who was an ideot, becoming joint heirs to this estate, sold it, in the 42d year of that reign, to Mr. Stephen Hulks, (fn. 3) whose descendant Mr. Nathaniel Hulks dying without issue male, devised it by will to his two daughters and coheirs, Mary and Anne; the former of whom carried her part of this estate in marriage to Mr. John Austen, of St. Martin's hill, near Canterbury, who died possessed of it in 1770. She survived her husband, and again became entitled to this share of Mere-court in her own right, and afterwards, by the death of her sister Anne, who died unmarried, to her share of it likewise, of both which she died possessed in 1781, since which it has been sold by her heirs to Mr. John Lemmey, the present owner, who now resides in it.
Charities.
WILLIAM HOUSSON, gent. gave by will in 1783, for the instruction of poor children of this parish, Tong, and Bapchild, the interest to be equally divided between them in money, 200l. vested in the 4 per cent. consolidated annuities, trustees the incumbents of the three parishes, now of the annual product of 10l. 13s. 6d.
The number of poor constantly relieved are about eighteen; casually about fifteen.
MURSTON is within the ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of Sittingborne.
The church, dedicated to All Saints, is a large building, of three isles and three chancels, having a square tower, with a wooden turret, in which are three bells.
The advowson of Murston was always an appendage to the manor, and as such continued in the same owners, till Sir Edward Hales, bart. sold it to Thomas Leigh, clerk, rector of this parish, whose son the Rev. Egerton Leigh, likewise rector, died possessed of it in 1788, and his heirs are now entitled to it.
It is valued in the king's books at 10l. 14s. 2d. the yearly tenths of which are 1l. 1s. The value of it is now computed to be about two hundred and sixty pounds per annum. In 1578 there were forty-two communicants, and ten houses in this parish.
There are about forty acres of glebe land, the greatest part of which lie in Bizing-wood, near Ospringe, entirely surrounded by Luddenham.
*Flashback* Part 3, Image 12
Geological Research vessel, Glomar Challenger, here we were approaching the first drill site after leaving Abidjan, Ivory coast. February 1975.
The image shows the acoustic beacon ready to be released at the drill site.
On top of the beacon assembly is a ring of glass spheres enclosed in protective plastic covers to keep the top of the beacon facing the surface of the ocean, an anchor kept the device in place on the ocean floor.
After dropping the beacon the ship continued on it course for about twenty minutes then a 180 º turn was executed that brought the ship back to the site, by then the beacon settled on the ocean bed and emitted an acoustic signal every 10 seconds. Four Hydrophones below the ship picked up the signal and the positioning computer evaluated that info and send signals to the electric propulsion systems, consisting of the main propulsion bow and stern thrusters to maintain position over the drill site.
Kodachrome Slide # 2372. Scanned on Epson Perfection V 500 Scanner.
Please press L to VieW on BLacK
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