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TOURS IN ITALIA
TOURS IN EUROPA
TOURS NEL MONDO
VIAGGI ORGANIZZATI
TOURS ENOGASTRONOMICI
SAGRE IN PAESE
VIAGGI DI ISTRUZIONE
SOGGIORNI TERZA ETA'
ORGANIZZAZIONE EVENTI
VIAGGI E HOTELS
gruppi@viaggimadeinitaly
Tel. +39 0565 930182
Fax. +39 0565 918581
Perch non organizzi un viaggio di gruppo
richiedeteci il programma e preventivo dettagliato di uno dei seguenti tour
dal 1980 che facciamo viaggiare il mondo
ISOLA DELBA . prezzi sfida
GRATIS TRAGHETTO BUS a+r
INFRASETTIMANALE: DAL LUNEDI AL GIOVEDI (MINIMO 40 PERSONE)
mese: MARZO, APRILE, MAGGIO, OTTOBRE 2013 (3 GIORNI)
QUOTA A PERSONA EURO 68,00 HOTEL 3* BUONO
QUOTA A PERSONA EURO 78,00 HOTEL 3* SUPER
QUOTA A PERSONA EURO 88,00 HOTEL 4* BUONO
LA QUOTA COMPRENDE:
- un cocktail di benvenuto
- due pensioni complete in hotel;
- sistemazione in hotel 3 stelle in camere doppie con servizi;
- traghetto del Vostro pullman andata e ritorno;
- una degustazione vini in fattoria - un regalo a tutti i partecipanti del gruppo;
- materiale illustrativo dellisola + ns. assistenza al porto allarrivo del gruppo;
- i.v.a.
- 1 GRATUITA OGNI 25 PERSONE .
LA QUOTA NON COMPRENDE:
- nave persone a+r Euro 29,00 a pax,bevande,guida,ingressi
ISOLA DELBA . sapori marinari
infrasettimanale: marzo, aprile, maggio, giugno, settembre, ottobre 2013
supplemento week-end: Euro 15.00/20,00 a persona (minimo 42 persone) (dal pranzo del primo giorno, al pranzo del terzo giorno)
QUOTA A PERSONA EURO 130,00 HOTEL 3* SUPER
LA QUOTA COMPRENDE: - 1 cocktail di benvenuto in hotel; - 2 pensioni complete in hotel con i seguenti men tipo:
pranzo primo giorno: bucatini allamatriciana o minestrone del contadino, arista di
vitella al forno, patate al forno e verdura lessa saltata in padella, dolce della casa
---
cena primo giorno: bis di primi: penne in barca e risotto alla marinara, frittura mista
di pesce: calamari e gamberi o carne, insalata mista, macedonia di frutta con gelato
---
cena secondo giorno: fusilli alla puttanesca o passato di verdure, arista di maiale al
forno, contorni, frutta fresca
---
pranzo terzo giorno: bis di primi: penne allo scoglio e farfalle al salmone, pesce al
forno con patate, insalata mista, dolce della casa
---
- sistemazione in hotel 3 stelle super in camere doppie con bagno e telefono; ---
- 1 pranzo il secondo giorno in ristorante (durante il tour) con men tipico:
crostini rustici di mare, lasagnette al profumo di mare, trancia di pesce all'isolana,
patate al forno al rosmarino, dolce della casa e aleatico (vino dolce locale);
---
- traghetto Vostro pullman e persone andata e ritorno; - assistenza di un ns. incaricato che ricever il gruppo al porto di Portoferraio all'arrivo; --- - il nostro esclusivo "BENVENUTO" che Vi d diritto a: * una degustazione gratuita dei vini locali doc e prodotti tipici dell'isola in fattoria; * una confezione omaggio al capo gruppo che comprende: tre bottiglie di vini d.oc.
dell'Elba ed il dolce tipico elbano "schiaccia briaca", da ritirare presso l'Azienda
Sapere - Loc. Mola Porto Azzurro OPPURE al Cantinone di Marciana Marina; * 1 souvenir in minerale a tutti i partecipanti del gruppo da ritirare presso Giannini M. --- - assicurazione responsabilit civile ai sensi art. 14 L.R.T. 16/1994 - materiale illustrativo dell'Isola d'Elba al capo gruppo; - IVA - 1 gratuit in doppia ogni 25 persone paganti. LA QUOTA NON COMPRENDE: - extra, bevande, pullman, guide, ingressi e quanto non convenuto; 1 GIORNO: Arrivo della Vostra comitiva nella mattinata al porto di Piombino, ritiro della polizza di carico e dei biglietti
per i passeggeri presso la societ di Navigazione indicata sul voucher, imbarco e partenza. Dopo un'ora
circa di traversata, le imponenti fortezze di Portoferraio che incorniciano la vecchia Darsena a perfetta
forma di ferro di cavallo, Vi accoglieranno. Operazioni di sbarco e incontro con un nostro incaricato, il
quale consegner del materiali informativo. Sistemazione in hotel, pranzo. Pomeriggio visita consigliata: la
vecchia parte di Portoferraio con le sue viuzze in salita dove sembra che il tempo si sia fermato. Possibilit
di visitare la Palazzina dei Mulini, residenza invernale e pi importante di Napoleone. Anche le Fortezze
costruite nel 1548 da Cosimo de' Medici valgono una visita, non solo per ammirare l'imponenza e grandiosit,
ma anche la splendida vista della citt. Proseguimento per la visita della Chiesa della Misericordia nonch, di
notevole interesse il Museo Civico Archeologico. Rientro in hotel, cena e pernottamento. 2 GIORNO: Prima colazione in hotel. Mattina: ore 09.00 circa incontro con la guida, se prenotata e partenza per la visita
della Villa Napoleonica di S.Martino, residenza estiva dell'Imperatore in esilio, situata nell'omonima verde
vallata. Il giro prosegue verso la parte orientale dell'isola, dove si trovano le antiche miniere di ferro. Breve
sosta sul piazzale panoramico ' Le Grotte' per ammirare la splendida veduta di Portoferraio. A Porto Azzurro
visita della collezione di Minerali e pietre dure Giannini con piccolo laboratorio. Pranzo in ristorante. Nel
pomeriggio partenza per la visita della costa occidentale con il seguente percorso: Procchio, Marciana Marina
piccolo e graziosissimo porto turistico sulla costa nord, Marciana a 370 metri sul livello del mare, circondata
da boschi di castagni e lecci, offre un'indimenticabile vista sulla sottostante vallata. Si prosegue passando per
S.Andrea, Chiessi, Pomonte in mezzo ai vigneti a terrazza degradanti verso il mare, Fetovaia, Seccheto,
Cavoli fino a Marina di Campo. Questo oggi il centro balneare pi frequentato dell'isola, grazie alla sua
lunga e bianchissima spiaggia. Breve sosta per tempo libero. Si continua il giro passando per il Monumento
(panoramica dei 2 golfi) e Lacona. Durante il percorso sosta in una azienda agricola e degustazione gratuita
dei vini locali. Rientro in hotel, cena e pernottamento. 3 GIORNO: Mezza pensione in hotel. Visite consigliate: la vecchia parte di Portoferraio con le sue viuzze in salita dove
sembra che il tempo si sia fermato. Possibilit di visitare la Palazzina dei Mulini, residenza invernale e pi
importante di Napoleone. Anche le Fortezze costruite nel 1548 da Cosimo de' Medici valgono una visita, non
solo per ammirare l'imponenza e grandiosit, ma anche la splendida vista della citt. Proseguimento per la
visita della Chiesa della Misericordia nonch, di notevole interesse il Museo Civico Archeologico. Tempo a
disposizione permettendo potr inoltre essere visitato (facoltativamente) l'Orto Botanico il Giardino dell'Ottone
oppure la Pinacoteca "Foresiana", oppure le Terme di "San Giovanni" e l'erboristeria, importante per la
produzione esclusiva di decotti ed estratti di alghe e piante marine. Ancora in alternativa pu essere visitato
l' Acquario M2 in Marina di Campo: uno dei pi completi d'Europa nel settore degli acquari mediterranei che
ospita oltre 170 specie di pesci ed organismi marini vivi in circa 30 vasche. Oppure visita alla parte orientale
dell'isola Rio Marina e Rio Elba (parco minerario). Pomeriggio: trasferimento a Portoferraio, imbarco.
FESTA DELLUVA allISOLA DELBA
(grande festa popolare) 28.09 30.09 2013
un grande evento, sfilate folkloristiche, una grande festa popolare improntata
sui vini tipici dell'elba, sulla vendemmia e sull'enogastronomia,stand
enogastronomici, artigianato,balli e tanto divertimento .....
QUOTA A PERSONA EURO 115,00 HOTEL 3* BUONO
QUOTA A PERSONA EURO 120,00 HOTEL 3* SUPER
QUOTA A PERSONA EURO 130,00 HOTEL 4* BUONO
LA QUOTACOMPRENDE: - 1 cocktail di benvenuto in hotel; - 2 pensioni complete in hotel (DAL PRANZO PRIMO GIORNO AL PRANZO
ULTIMO GIORNO - escluso il pranzo 2giorno);
- sistemazione in hotel prescelto in camere doppie con bagno e telefono; - traghetto Vostro pullman e persone andata e ritorno; - assistenza di un nostro incaricato che ricever il gruppo al porto di Portoferraio solo all'arrivo; --- - il nostro esclusivo "BENVENUTO" che Vi d diritto a: * una degustazione gratuita dei vini locali doc e prodotti tipici dell'isola in fattoria; * una confezione omaggio al capo gruppo che comprende: tre bottiglie vini d.oc. dell'Elba ed il
dolce tipico elbano "schiaccia briaca", da ritirare presso l'Azienda Agricola Sapere - Loc. Mola
Porto Azzurro OPPURE al Cantinone di Marciana Marina; * 1 souvenir in minerale a tutti i partecipanti del gruppo da ritirare presso Giannini Minerali. --- - assicurazione responsabilit civile ai sensi art. 14 L.R.T. 16/1994- materiale illustrativo dell'Isola d'Elba al capo gruppo; - IVA - 1 gratuit in doppia ogni 25 persone paganti. LA QUOTA NONCOMPRENDE: - extra,bevande, pullman, guide, ingressi e quanto non convenuto;
- il pranzo del 2 giorno (Euro19,00) in ristorante tipico. 1 GIORNO: Arrivo della Vostra comitiva nella mattinata al porto di Piombino, ritiro della polizza di carico e dei biglietti
per i passeggeri presso la societ di Navigazione indicata sul voucher, imbarco e partenza. Dopo un'ora
circa di traversata, le imponenti fortezze di Portoferraio che incorniciano la vecchia Darsena a perfetta forma
di ferro di cavallo, Vi accoglieranno. Operazioni di sbarco e incontro con un nostro incaricato, il quale
consegner del materiali informativo. Sistemazione in hotel, pranzo. Pomeriggio visita consigliata: la vecchia
parte di Portoferraio con le sue viuzze in salita dove sembra che il tempo si sia fermato. Possibilit di visitare
la Palazzina dei Mulini, residenza invernale e pi importante di Napoleone. Anche le Fortezze costruite nel
1548 da Cosimo de' Medici valgono una visita, non solo per ammirare l'imponenza e grandiosit, ma
anche la splendida vista della citt. Proseguimento per la visita della Chiesa della Misericordia nonch, di
notevole interesse il Museo Civico Archeologico. Rientro in hotel, cena e pernottamento. 2 GIORNO: Prima colazione in hotel. Mattina: ore 09.00 circa incontro con la guida, se prenotata e partenza per la
visita della Villa Napoleonica di S.Martino,residenza estiva dell'Imperatore in esilio, situata nell'omonima
verde vallata .Il giro prosegue verso la parte orientale dell'isola,dove si trovano le antiche miniere di ferro.
Breve sosta sul piazzale panoramico 'Le Grotte' per ammirare la splendida veduta di Portoferraio. A Porto
Azzurro visita della collezione di Minerali e pietre dure Giannini con piccolo laboratorio. Pranzo libero.
Nella tarda mattinata trasferimento a Capoliveri per assistere alla manifestazione della FESTA DELL'UVA
A CAPOLIVERI (.... un grande evento, sfilate folkloristiche, una grande festa popolare improntata sui vini
tipici dell'elba, sulla vendemmia e sull'enogastronomia,stand enogastronomici, artigianato,balli e tanto
divertimento .....). Nel tardo pomeriggio rientro in hotel, cena e pernottamento. 3 GIORNO: Mezza pensione in hotel. Visite consigliate: nella mattina partenza per la visita della costa occidentale
con il seguente percorso: Procchio, Marciana Marina piccolo e graziosissimo porto turistico sulla costa
nord, Marciana a 370 metri sul livello del mare, circondata da boschi di castagni e lecci, offre
un'indimenticabile vista sulla sottostante vallata. Si prosegue passando per S.Andrea, Chiessi, Pomonte in
mezzo ai vigneti a terrazza degradanti verso il mare, Fetovaia, Seccheto, Cavoli fino a Marina di Campo.
Questo oggi il centro balneare pi frequentato dell'isola, grazie alla sua lunga e bianchissima spiaggia.
Breve sosta per tempo libero. Si continua il giro passando per il Monumento (panoramica dei 2 golfi) e
Lacona. Durante il percorso sosta in una azienda agricola e degustazione gratuita dei vini locali.
Pomeriggio: trasferimento a Portoferraio, e partenza.
LALTRA ELBA e le antiche miniere
Un viaggio a ritroso nel tempo attraverso le vecchie miniere ed i villaggi dei minatori.
Attraversando il cuore della parte orientale dellisola, la pi antica geologicamente, si
raggiunge la costa est dove vecchi terrazzamenti della miniera,oggi
parco minerario,si stagliano con i loro conturbanti colori di ocra e ossidi di ferro,contro
un cielo che ha vegliato per migliaia di anni sulla fatica della gente di qui.
Spiagge nere, laghetti rossi,vecchie case luccicanti per il pulviscolo di ferro, ghiaie dai
colori pi svariati, paesi dai vicoli angusti dove il tempo sembra essersi fermato;
LALTRA ELBA, quella che seppure inserita negli itinerari turistici con tutte le
proposte che questa nuova industria richiede, non ha cancellato la propria memoria
storica, le proprie tradizioni, la propria identit.
infrasettimanale: marzo, aprile,maggio, ottobre 2012
supplemento week-end: Euro15.00/20,00 a persona (minimo 42 persone) (dal pranzo del primo giorno, al pranzo del terzo giorno)
QUOTA A PERSONA EURO 125,00 HOTEL 3* BUONO
QUOTA A PERSONA EURO 135,00 HOTEL 3* SUPER
LA QUOTACOMPRENDE: - 1 SERATA IN MUSICA IN HOTEL (SOLO PERIODO INFRASETTIMANALE);
- 1 cocktail di benvenuto in hotel; - 2 pensioni complete in hotel allIsola dElba;
- sistemazione in hotel 3 stelle super in camere doppie con bagno e telefono; ---
- 1 pranzo in ristorante con il men del minatore:
due portate di primi tipici del minatore, un secondo del minatore, due contorni,
dolce della casa, caff;
---
- 1 visita ad una cantina con degustazione di tre tipi di vino dellelba, pane,
formaggio, affettati, schiaccia briaca;
---
- traghetto Vostro pullman e persone andata e ritorno; - assistenza del ns. incaricato che ricever il gruppo al porto di Portoferraio all'arrivo; --- - il nostro esclusivo "BENVENUTO" che Vi d diritto a: 1 souvenir in minerale a tutti i partecipanti del gruppo da ritirare presso Giannini M.. --- -assicurazione responsabilit civile ai sensi art. 14 L.R.T. 16/1994-materiale illustrativo dell'Isola d'Elba al capo gruppo; - IVA - 1 gratuit in doppia ogni 25 persone paganti. LA QUOTA NON COMPRENDE: - extra,bevande, pullman, guide, ingressi e quanto non convenuto; - ingresso al Parco minerario: Euro 5,00 a persona;
1 GIORNO: Arrivo della Vostra comitiva nella tarda mattinata al porto di Piombino, ritiro della polizza di carico e dei
biglietti per i passeggeri presso la societ di Navigazione indicata sul voucher, imbarco e partenza.
Dopo un'ora circa di traversata, le imponenti fortezze di Portoferraio che incorniciano la vecchia
Darsena a perfetta forma di ferro di cavallo, Vi accoglieranno. Operazioni di sbarco e incontro con un
nostro incaricato, il quale consegner del materiali informativo. Sistemazione in hotel,pranzo.
Pomeriggio visita consigliata della Villa Napoleonica di S.Martino, residenza estiva dell'Imperatore in
esilio, situata nell'omonima verde vallata. Si prosegue per il centro storico di Portoferraio con le sue
viuzze in salita dove sembra che il tempo si sia fermato. Possibilit di visitare la Palazzina dei Mulini,
residenza invernale e pi importante di Napoleone. Anche le fortezzec ostruite nel 1548 da Cosimo d
Medici valgono una visita , non solo per ammirare limponenza e grandiosit, ma anche la splendida
vista della citt. Proseguimento per la visita della Chiesa della Misericordia, nonch di notevole
interesse il Museo Civico Archeologico. Rientro in hotel, cena e pernottamento.
2 GIORNO: Prima colazione in hotel. Partenza per Rio Marina e visita al Parco Minerario (visita che dura circa due
ore SI CONSIGLIA LUSO DI SCARPE DA TEMPO LIBERO), si prosegue per la visita di una cantina
in Loc. Montefico con degustazione vini e piccolo spuntino. Pranzo in ristorante con men tipico del
minatore. Nel pomeriggio partenza per Rio Elba con i suoi vicoli e la Chiesa parrocchiale, interessante
la visita degli antichi lavatoi. Proseguimento per Porto Azzurro e sosta. Rientro in hotel, cena e
pernottamento.
3 GIORNO: Prima colazione in hotel. Nella mattina partenza per la visita della costa occidentale con il seguente
percorso: Procchio, Marciana Marina piccolo e graziosissimo porto turistico sulla costa nord, Marciana
a 370 metri sul livello del mare,circondata da boschi di castagni e lecci, offre un'indimenticabile vista
sulla sottostante vallata. Si prosegue passando per S.Andrea, Chiessi, Pomonte in mezzo ai vigneti a
terrazza degradanti verso il mare, Fetovaia, Seccheto, Cavoli fino a Marina di Campo. Questo oggi il
centro balneare pi frequentato dell'isola,
grazie alla sua lunga e bianchissima spiaggia. Breve sosta per tempo libero. Rientro in hotel e pranzo.
Pomeriggio: trasferimento a Portoferraio, imbarco e partenza.
affida i tuoi clienti a chi all'isola d'Elba di casa
L'invio della presente potrebbe non essere stato da Voi sollecitato. In tal caso Vi ricordiamo che la comunicazione Vi viene trasmessa ai sensi dell'articolo 9 del Decreto Legislativo 9 Aprile 2003 n. 70, che prevede la possibilit di inviare messaggi promozionali senza l'obbligo di ottenere il previo consenso del destinatario che non sia consumatore. Nell'ipotesi che l'iniziativa o le iniziative citate in questo messaggio non destino il Vostro interesse, Vi porgiamo le nostre pi sincere scuse per il tempo sottratto e Vi preghiamo di darcene comunicazione per essere immediatamente rimossi dalla mailing list specificando il vostro indirizzo da cancellare dal nostro database.
Highest Explore Position #222 ~ On September 27th 2008.
Amur Leopard - Colchester Zoo, Colchester, Essex, England - September 2008.
Click here to see the Larger image
Click here to see My most interesting images
This is the same Leopard that's on my profile page...and was taken through the glass, after he came up to me and stopped and had a look around..:O))
I had to clone out my reflection on the glass as well...:O)))
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ~ The Amur Leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis) is critically endangered. It is one of the rarest felids in the world with an estimated 27 to 32 individuals remaining in the wild (2007 snow track count).
Its common names are Amur leopard from Amur River or Far Eastern Leopard.
Appearance ~ Of the eight subspecies the Amur, or Far Eastern leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis) shows the strongest divergence in coat pattern. The coat is pale cream (especially in winter) and has widely spaced rosettes with thick, black rings and darkened centres. The length of the coat varies between 2.5cm in summer and 7.5cm in winter.
Status in the wild and in zoos ~ The Amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis) is the northernmost of the eight leopard subspecies. The Amur leopard's range is overlapping with that of the Amur tiger or Siberian Tiger which range extends further to the north. The Amur leopard's historic range extended throughout northeastern ("Manchurian") China, the southern part of Primorsky Krai in Russia and the Korean Peninsula. This range shrank dramatically during the 20th century, due primarily to habitat loss and hunting. Today, it is critically endangered with only 27 to 34 individuals remaining in Southwest Primorye. There are probably up to 10 animals scattered throughout the Chinese Jilin and Heilongjiang Provinces, with the majority of animals concentrated near the Russian border.
The Amur leopard probably went extinct in the wild in South Korea in the late 1960s, although some recent, unconfirmed reports suggest that a few leopards may remain in and around the demilitarized zone between North and South Korea. There are likely still leopards in the rugged northern region of North Korea near the Chinese border, and it is also likely that animals from Southwest Primorye in Russia occasionally cross the border into North Korea, but reliable information is lacking.
The Amur leopard is listed as Endangered by the IUCN and is on CITES Appendix I for protection status.
There are approximately 300 Amur leopards in captivity, mostly in zoos in Europe, North America and countries of the former Soviet Union. Most, but not all, of these leopards are in zoos participating in managed conservation breeding programmes.
Ecology ~ Male Amur leopards weigh 32-48 kg, with exceptionally large males up to 60-75 kg. Females are smaller than the males at 25-43 kg.
The main prey species of the Amur leopard are roe and sika deer, along with hares and badgers.
Whilst it has been found in other regions that leopards do not do well in areas where they share territory with tigers, this has not proved to be the case in Russia. Studies have indicated that an increased tiger population in the Southwest Primorye area has not adversely affected the leopard population.
Amur leopards in zoos show some evidence of breeding seasonalilty with a peak in births in late spring/early summer. After a gestation period of around 12 weeks cubs are born in litters of 1-4 individuals, with an average litter size of just over 2. The cubs will stay with their mother for up to two years before becoming fully independent. Females first breed at an age of 3-4 years.
In the wild, leopards live for 10-15 years and they may reach 20 years in captivity.
Camera info:
ISO 200
f/5.6
1/200
580EX at 1/64 power
Shot on a Canon Rebel T1i using an EF85mm 1.8 lens
Exercise #2....I took a shot of Mickey with the flash 45° to my left, then a shot from the flash's point of view.
Now its done. Thanks to Hans Kerensky, I managed to put this back properly. Left photo is the cocked position and right is the proper open position when the shutter is pressed.
Lighting 102 Unidad 1.2: Posición | Distancia
Nikon D80
Flash Metz 48 AF-1N digital a 1/2
Luz a 45º izquierda a dos metros
This kind of boat is completely round. The shape is based upon old traditions in these parts, traditions maintained by a small number of families for fishing purpose - but just as often to entertain tourists. Whatever; a great voyage!
In Position, an art exhibition by Brendan Fernandes at the Varley Art Gallery
This entire batch is a test to my post editing skills due to poor lighting...
This was the residence of the chief retainer of the house of Doi that ruled the Koga domain. The Takami family held the hereditary position of chief retainer. The house dates back to 1633 and was built with extra wood that wasn’t used for the construction of Koga Castle’s 3rd floor. The most famous chief retainer of the Doi clan was Takami Senseki (1785-1758) who also served as respected advisor to the Tokugawa shogunate as an advisor on all things “western”. A student of Dutch studies, Senseki was instrumental in creating modern maps of Japan and engaging in the diplomatic negotiations with the western powers in the waning days of the Shogunate. Senseki was fond of corresponding in Dutch and even signed his letters under the pen name Jan Hendrik Daper. An extensive collection of his work is on display at the Koga City History Museum.
Koga City, in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan, has a history that dates back to ancient Jomon times and was even mentioned in the Man’yōshu anthology of poems that was compiled in the AD 800s. During the Muromachi period, Koga became the base for the Kantō branch of Ashikaga under the leadership of Shigeuji, who led a rebellion against the Ashikaga shogunate.
During the Edo period (1603-1868), the fief of Koga was ruled by many hereditary daimyo whose families had pledged loyalty to Tokugawa Ieyasu prior to the battle of Sekigahara in 1600. The families that ruled Koga included the Ogasawara, various branches of the Matsudaira, Okudaira, Nagai, Honda and Doi. Perhaps Doi Toshikatsu, who became tairō (chief elder of the council of elders - rōjū) during the reign of Shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu, was the most famous ruler of Koga.
Another famous ruler of Koga was Doi Toshitsura (1789-1848), who is sometimes called the “The Snow Lord”. Apart from being a key advisor to the Tokugawa shogunate, he was the first person in Japan to seriously study the designs of snowflakes. He illustrated his findings in a book Sekka Zusetsu (Pictorial Illustrations of Snowflakes) and some of the patterns became popular for clothing and decorative purposes.
Today, there is nothing left of the Edo period Koga castle, but numerous old temples, shrines, samurai and farmer homes remain. Unfortunately, many of these buildings suffered damage during the magnitude 9.0 earthquake that struck northeastern Japan on March 11, 2011 and repairs were ongoing when I visited.
History in the course of time
More than 800 years of history Bernhardsthal is more than 800 years of history of a local community in a border and bridge position at a central point in Europe.
History of Bernhardsthal
Again and again, it was more than the fate of the locals alone which had been decided here - again and again it was the pan-European movement that captured the place. One by one, they appeared in the Thaya-March area: Illyrians and Celts, Quads and Herulians, Huns and Lombards, Slavs and Avars, Bavarians and Franks, Magyars and Mongols, Hussites and Utraquists, Hajduks and Swedes, Turks and Kurds, Frenchmen, Prussians and Russians. They cleared and missioned, blackmailed and burned, remained, or passed by like a wild hunt. Between confrontation and penetration, construction and destruction, fear and hope, a year is a fixed point: the first documentary mention of the place - 1171.
1171 - what happened in Europe at this time? In the Roman-German empire, Emperor Frederick I Babarossa ruled. It was the time of the castles and knights and monastic culture, of the manorial systems and evolution of the town charter and of new German settlement waves which captured even Bohemia and the distant Transylvania. Just, in 1156, the Emperor of Austria had been loyal to the duchy on the other side, the Bohemian duke Vladislav II, and received the royal crown. Court Days and Princely councils, expeditions to Italy, the defeat of Henry the Lion underlined the power of the central European empire, which in the south even reached Sicily. Bruges and Venice were the highly evolving trade centers in Europe. Political movement had captured the continent: In the Russian area, Kiev's pre-eminence fell, new centers in the north-east announced themselves - Moscow was first mentioned in 1147.
In the southeast, Serbian unity was just founded in 1171, Serbia and Bulgaria began to shake off Byzantine rule. Hungary was about to restore its supremacy in Dalmatia, Croatia and Bosnia. In England, Henry II succeeded in sustaining his claim to power, and Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, was murdered by royal knights in 1170. In 1171 the English conquest of Ireland began. In Egypt, Saladin began to expand, which was to lead to Tripoli, Damascus, and Jerusalem. In China, above all, the South was booming in economic development. Already, paper money and book printing, gunpowder and magnet needle were used.
But back to Bernhardsthal: With the world, the place has been connected since ancient times to the nearby Amber Road, which led from the Adriatic to the Baltic Sea. Events all around the world repeatedly stamped the centuries of its history.
Prehistory and Time of the Teutons: Archaeological finds earmark the Bernhardsthaler area as a significantly older settlement basis, as the year 1171 suggests - stretching back to the Neolithic, Bronze Age and older and younger Iron Age. Hallstatt burial mounds point to Illyrians, followed by the Celts.
9th century: Franconian mission movement and Great Moravian empire. The Slavic tribes lived in the Weinviertel (Wine District) and were interspersed with the Germanic population.
10th century: Magyar collision and German counter-movement. Emergence of Magyar riders also in the March-Thaya area. By the counteroffensive of the German kingship, a new settlement wave follows east. From 976, the Babenbergs in the regained marches area on the Danube came to power.
11th century: Stabilization of borders. Around 1045, the boundary was essentially stabilized. Thus the framework for settlement and integration into the social structure of the empire had also been drawn. The settler wave also captured the Wine District and the Bavarian population came to the fore, marking the time as the peasant clearing.
12th century: the first documentary mention. In the year 1171, the name Bernhardsthal was mentioned for the first time in the Klosterneuburg Tradition Codex, when the monastery Klosterneuburg acquired land here.
13th century: First, the Mongols appeared, hordes of riders who broke in over the Russian steppes, triumphed in 1241 near Liegnitz in Silesia, in the same year at Muhi on the Sjo in Hungary, pervading Moravia, sprawling to the Wine District. Before and after, however, the Thaya-March area was a multiple site of Bohemian and Hungarian incursions, condensed under Premysl Otakar II until the great decision. When the last Babenberger died in 1246, that Premysl Otakar had attacked southwards on Austria and across Styria and Carinthia to the Adriatic, and had penetrated eastward into Upper Hungary. To the south of the Bernhardsthaler area, on the Marchfeld near Dürnkrut, he lost battle and life against Rudolf von Habsburg. The consequences of the event, the retreat of the beaten ones, the advance of the victors, also touched Bernhardsthal.
14th century: from 1328 to 1336 the incursions of the Bohemian king John of Luxembourg lined up. Among the castles conquered by the Bohemians was also Bernhardsthal, which was then owned by the Haunvelder. The Hungarians under Charles I of Anjou also contributed, and also laid their hands on Bernhardsthal. The Wehinger, who had now been entrusted with Bernhardsthal, temporarily secured the market right for the place. A dangerous approach to the end of the century. First pirates from Moravia.
15th century: robber barons, Hussites and Utraquists. Bands or groups of robbers from Austria, Moravia and Hungary - with centers in Hohenau and Laa - troubled the Thaya-March area. In 1470 Bernhardsthal was sold to the Liechtensteiner.
16th century: Emerging Turkish danger. In 1529 they stood at the gates of Vienna. For the first time, one made acquaintance up the river March with the pillagers. After the retaliation, the Habsburgs - from Ferdinand I now also King of Bohemia and Hungary - ruled the west and north-west of the Hungarian kingdom. The Danubian and Alpine countries, Bohemia and Hungary should face a common development. The Thaya-March region was now the stage of the eastern front of the Turks.
17th century: Hajduks and Swedes. In Hungary, an uprising had broken out. In 1605, pillagers of Hajduks crossed the March and also plundered Bernhardsthal. A little later, the Mercenary regiments of the Thirty Years' War struck the gates. It was not until 1648, when the peace was concluded, that marauding and quartering, extortion, robbery, and murders ended. In 1163 Turks again crossed the March, plundered and forced prisoners into slavery - even Bernhardsthal was in flames.
18th century: Kurutzs and imperial occupation. Around 1704, due to the incursions of Kurutzs the wine-producing region and South Moravia too were again threatened by fear and distress. In 1705 they also attacked Bernhardsthal. In the next few years, imperial units remained present to protect the places at risk. In the following decades but Austria, under Maria Theresia, faced the defense of its superpower status and at the same time its consolidation.
19th century: Frenchmen, Prussia and Cholera: In 1805 Bernhardsthal saw Frenchmen on the advance, before and after their victory in Austerlitz. In 1809 the place saw the French for the second time. The year 1866 brought the Prussians also to Bernhardsthal as the winner of Königsgrätz. They were quartered as well as before the French which brought a lot of stress for the place. The cholera in the years 1831 and 1866 supplemented the picture of the 19th century.
20th century: Two great wars went over Europe in this century. Bernhardsthal also had to pay its duty. Bernhardsthaler found distant graves on theaters of war of both wars. Nevertheless, after 1945, the place steered into an impressive phase of peaceful construction.
Geschichte im Wandel der Zeit
Über 800 Jahre Geschichte Bernhardsthal sind über 800 Jahre Geschichte einer Ortsgemeinschaft in einer Grenz- und Brückenposition an einem zentralen Punkt Europas.
Geschichte Bernhardsthal
Immer wieder war es mehr als das Schicksal der Ortsbewohner allein, das hier entschieden worden ist, - immer wieder war es gesamteuropäische Bewegung, die den Platz erfasste. Nacheinander tauchten sie im Thaya-March- Bereich auf: Illyrer und Kelten, Quaden und Heruler, Hunnen und Langobarden, Slawen und Awaren, Baiern und Franken, Magyaren und Mongolen, Hussiten und Utraquisten, Heiducken und Schweden, Türken und Kurutzen, Franzosen, Preußen und Russen. Sie rodeten und missionierten, erpreßten und brandschatzten, blieben oder zogen vorbei gleich einer wilden Jagd. Zwischen Auseinandersetzung und Durchdringung, Aufbau und Zerstörung, Angst und Hoffnung tritt ein Jahr als fixer Punkt: Die erste urkundliche Nennung des Ortes - 1171.
1171 - was geschah in Europa in dieser Zeit? Im römisch-deutschen Reich herrrschte Kaiser Friedrich I. Babarossa. Es war die Zeit der Burgen und Ritter und klösterlicher Kultur, der Grundherrschaften und Stadtrechtsentwicklung und neuer deutscher Siedlungswellen, die selbst Böhmen erfassten und das ferne Siebenbürgen. Eben, 1156 hatte der Kaiser Österreich zum Herzogtum jenseits der Grenze, der Böhmenherzog Vladislav II., freu treu und Hilfe die Königskrone erhalten. Hof- und Fürstentage, Italienzüge, die Niederwerfung Heinrichs des Löwen unterstrichen die Machtstellung des zentraleuropäischen Kaisertums, das im Süden selbst auf Sizilien griff. Brügge und Venedig waren die sich groß entwickelnden Handeslzentren Europas. Politische Bewegung hatte den Kontinent erfasst: Im russischen Bereich ging die Vormachtsstellung Kievs zurück, neue Zentren im Nordosten kündigten sich an - Moskau war 1147 erstmals erwähnt worden.
Im Südosten wurde eben 1171 die serbische Einheit begründet, Serbien und Bulgarien setzten an, die byzantinische Herrschaft abzuschütteln, Ungarn war kurz davor, seine Oberhoheit in Dalmatien, Kroatien und Bosnien wiederherzustellen. Im Westen setzte in England Heinrich II. seinen Herrschaftsanspruch nachhalktig durch, 1170 wurde Thomas Becket, der Erzbischof von Canterbury von königlichen Rittern ermordet, 1171 begann die englische Eroberung Irlands. In Ägypten setzte Saladin zur Expansion an, die bis Tripolis, Damskus und Jerusalem führen sollte. In China stand vor allem der Süden in blühender wirtschaftlicher Entwicklung. Schon wurden Papiergeld und Buchdruck; Schießpulver und Magnetnadel verwendet.
Aber zurück zu Bernhardsthal: Mit der Welt war der Platz seit altersher über die unweit vorüberführende Bernsteinstraße verbunden, die von der Adria zur Ostsee führte. Die Welt rundum drückte den Jahrhunderten seiner Geschichte immer wieder den Stempel auf.
Urgeschichte und Germanenzeit: Die Bodenfunde weisen den Bernhardsthaler Raum als bedeutend älteren Siedlungsgrund aus, als die Jahreszahl 1171 vermuten lässt - zurückreichend bis in die Jungsteinzeit, Bronzezeit und ältere und jüngere Eisenzeit. Hallstattliche Hügelgräber weisen auf Illyrer hin, auf die die Kelten folgten.
9. Jahrhundert: Fränkische Missionsbewegung und Großmährisches Reich. Im Weinviertel lebten Slawenstämme, von germanischer Restbevölkerung durchsetzt.
10. Jahrhundert: Magyarenanprall und deutsche Gegenbewegung. Auftauchen von Magyarenreitern auch im March-Thaya-Bereich. Durch die Gegenoffensive des deutschen Königtums folge eine neue Siedlungswelle in Richtung Osten. Ab 976 gelangen im rückgewonnenen Markengebiet an der Donau die Babenberger zur Herrschaft.
11. Jahrhundert: Stabilisierung der Grenzen. Um 1045 wurde die Grenzlage im wesentlichen stabilisiert. Dadurch war auch der Rahmen für Besiedelung und Einordnung in die Gesellschaftsstruktur des Reiches gezogen. Die Siedlerwelle erfasste auch das Weinviertel und ließ das bairische Bevölkerungselement in den Vordergrund treten undprägt die Zeit als die bäuerliche Rodung.
12. Jahrhundert: Die erste urkundliche Nennung. Im Jahre 1171 wurde der Name Bernhardsthal zum ersten mal urkundlich - im Klosterneuburger Traditionskodex - erwähnt, als das Stift Klosterneuburg hier Grundbesitz erwarb.
13. Jahrhundert: Zunächst tauchten die Mongolen auf, Reiterscharen, die über die russiche Steppen hereinbrachen, 1241 bei Liegnitz in Schlesien, im selben Jahr bei Muhi am Sjo in Ungarn siegreich, Mährend durchziehend, bis ins Weinviertel ausschwörmend. Vorher und nachher aber war der Thaya-March-Bereich mehrfach Schauplatz böhmischer und ungarischer Einfälle, verdichtet unter Premysl Otakar II. bis zur großen Entscheidung. Als 1246 der letzte Babenberger gestorben war, hatte jener Premysl Otakar südwärts auf Österreich und über Steiermark und Kärnten bis an die Adria gegriffen und war ostwärts in Oberungarn eingedrungen. Südlich des Bernhardsthaler Raumes, auf dem Marchfeld bei Dürnkrut verlor er gegen Rudolf von Habsburg Schlacht und Leben. Die folgen des Geschehens, der Rückzug der Geschlagenen, der Vormarsch der Sieger, berührte auch Bernhardsthal.
14. Jahrhundert: Ab 1328 bis 1336 reihten sich die Einfälle des Böhmenkönig Johann von Luxemburg. Unter den Burgen die die Böhmen eroberten war auch Bernhardsthal das damals im Besitz der Haunvelder war. Auch die Ungarn unter Karl I. von Anjou wirkten ein und legten ebenfalls die Hand auf Bernhardsthal. Die nun mit Bernhardsthal belehnten Wehinger erwirkten 1370 für den Ort vorübergehend das Marktrecht. Ein gefährlicher Anssatz zum Ende des Jahrhunderts. Erste Raubritterzüge aus Mähren.
15. Jahrhundert: Raubritter, Hussiten und Utraquisten. Raubgruppen aus Östereich, Mähren und Ungarn - mit Zentren in Hohenau und Laa - beunruhigten den Thaya-March-Bereich. 1470 wurde Bernhardsthal an die Liechtensteiner verkauft.
16. Jahrhundert: Aufkommenden Türkengefahr. 1529 standen sie vor den Toren Wiens. Erstmals machte man marchaufwärts mit den Streitscharen Bekanntschaft. Nach dem gegenscglag beherrschten die Habsburger - ab Ferdinand I. nun auch König von Böhmen und Ungarn - den Westen und Nordwesten des ungarischen Königreiches. Die Donau- und Alpenländer, Böhmen und Ungarn sollten einer gemeinsamen Entwicklung entgegengehen. Die Thaya-March-Region war nun Etappe der nach Osten vorgeschobenen Türkenfront.
17. Jahrhundert: Heiducken und Schweden. In Ungarn war ein AUfstand ausgebrochen. 1605 überschritt eine Streitschar der Heiducken die March und plünderten auch Bernhardsthal. Wenig später pochten die Landsknechtsregimenter des Dreißigjährigen Krieges an die Tore. Erst der Friedensschluss 1648 ließ das Marodieren und Einquartiern, Erpresse, Rauben und Morden ausklingen. 1163 überquerten erneut Türken die March, plünderten und trieben Gefangene in die Sklaverei - auch Bernhardsthal stand in Flammen.
18. Jahrhundert: Kurutzen und kaiserliche Besatzung. Kurutzeneinfälle trieben das Land um 1704 auch das Weinviertel und Südmähren erneut in Angst und Not. 1705 überfielen sie auch Bernhardsthal. In den nächsten Jahren blieben kaiserliche Einheiten zum Schutz der gefährdeten Orte präsent. In den folgenden Jahrzehnten aber ging Österreich unter Maria Theresia der Verteidigung seiner Großmachtstellung und gleichzeitig ihrer Festigung entgegen.
19. Jahrhundert: Franzoßen, Preußen und Cholera: 1805 sah Bernhardsthal Franzosen auf dem Vormarsch, vor und nach ihrem Sieg in Austerlitz. 1809 sah der Ort die Franzosen zum zweiten Mal. Das Jahr 1866 brachte die Preußen als Sieger von Königsgrätz auch nach Bernhardsthal. Sie wurden ebenso einquartiert wie vorher die Franzosen was für den Ort starke Belastungen brachte. Die Cholera in den Jahren 1831 und 1866 ergänzte das Bild des 19. Jhd.
20. Jahrhundert: Zwei große Kriege gingen in diesem Jahrhundert über Europa hinweg. Auch Bernhardsthal hatte seinen Zoll zu zahlen. Auf den Kriegsschauplätzen beider Kriege fanden Bernhardsthaler ferne Gräber. Dennoch steuerte der Ort nach 1945 in eine eindrucksvolle Phase des friedlichen Aufbaues.
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The Red Fort was the residence of the Mughal emperor of India for nearly 200 years, until 1857. It is located in the centre of Delhi and houses a number of museums. In addition to accommodating the emperors and their households, it was the ceremonial and political centre of Mughal government and the setting for events critically impacting the region.
The Red Fort was built as the fortified palace of Shahjahanabad, capital of the fifth Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, in 1648. Named for its massive enclosing walls of red sandstone, it is adjacent to the older Salimgarh Fort, built by Islam Shah Suri in 1546. The imperial apartments consist of a row of pavilions, connected by a water channel known as the Stream of Paradise (Nahr-i-Behisht). The Red Fort is considered to represent the zenith of Mughal creativity under Shah Jahan. Although the palace was planned according to Islamic prototypes, each pavilion contains architectural elements typical of Mughal buildings, reflecting a fusion of Timurid, Persian and Hindu traditions. The Red Fort’s innovative architectural style, including its garden design, influenced later buildings and gardens in Delhi, Rajasthan, Punjab, Kashmir, Braj, Rohilkhand and elsewhere. With the Salimgarh Fort, it was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2007 as part of the Red Fort Complex.
The Red Fort is an iconic symbol of India. On Independence Day, the prime minister hoists the national flag at the main gate of the fort and delivers a nationally-broadcast speech from its ramparts.
NAME
Its English name, "Red Fort", is a translation of the Hindustani Lal Quila (لال قلعہ, लाल क़िला) deriving from its red-sandstone walls. As the residence of the imperial family, the fort was originally known as the "Blessed Fort" (Quila-i-Mubarak). Agra Fort is also called Lal Quila.
HISTORY
Emperor Shah Jahan commissioned construction of the Red Fort in 1638, when he decided to shift his capital from Agra to Delhi. Its design is credited to architect Ustad Ahmad Lahauri. The fort lies along the Yamuna River, which fed the moats surrounding most of the walls. Construction began in the sacred month of Muharram, on 13 May 1638. Supervised by Shah Jahan, it was completed in 1648. Unlike other Mughal forts, the Red Fort's boundary walls are asymmetrical to contain the older Salimgarh Fort. The fortress-palace was a focal point of the medieval city of Shahjahanabad, which is present-day Old Delhi. Its planning and aesthetics represent the zenith of Mughal creativity prevailing during Shah Jahan's reign. His successor Aurangzeb added the Pearl Mosque to the emperor's private quarters, constructing barbicans in front of the two main gates to make the entrance to the palace more circuitous.
The administrative and fiscal structure of the Mughals declined after Aurangzeb, and the 18th century saw a degeneration of the palace. When Jahandar Shah took over the Red Fort in 1712, it had been without an emperor for 30 years. Within a year of beginning his rule, Shah was murdered and replaced by Farukhsiyar. To raise money, the silver ceiling of the Rang Mahal was replaced by copper during this period. Muhammad Shah, known as 'Rangila' (the Colourful) for his interest in art, took over the Red Fort in 1719. In 1739, Persian emperor Nadir Shah easily defeated the Mughal army, plundering the Red Fort including the Peacock Throne. Nadir Shah returned to Persia after three months, leaving a destroyed city and a weakened Mughal empire to Muhammad Shah. The internal weakness of the Mughal empire made the Mughals titular heads of Delhi, and a 1752 treaty made the Marathas protectors of the throne at Delhi. The 1758 Maratha conquest of Lahore and Peshawar placed them in conflict with Ahmad Shah Durrani. In 1760, the Marathas removed and melted the silver ceiling of the Diwan-i-Khas to raise funds for the defence of Delhi from the armies of Ahmed Shah Durrani. In 1761, after the Marathas lost the third battle of Panipat, Delhi was raided by Ahmed Shah Durrani. Ten years later, Shah Alam ascended the throne in Delhi with Maratha support. In 1783 the Sikh Misl Karorisinghia, led by Baghel Singh Dhaliwal, conquered Delhi and the Red Fort. The Sikhs agreed to restore Shah Alam as emperor and retreat from the fort if the Mughals would build and protect seven Gurudwaras in Delhi for the Sikh gurus.
During the Second Anglo-Maratha War in 1803, forces of British East India Company defeated Maratha forces in the Battle of Delhi; this ended Maratha rule of the city and their control of the Red Fort. After the battle, the British took over the administration of Mughal territories and installed a Resident at the Red Fort. The last Mughal emperor to occupy the fort, Bahadur Shah II, became a symbol of the 1857 rebellion against the British in which the residents of Shahjahanbad participated.
Despite its position as the seat of Mughal power and its defensive capabilities, the Red Fort was not defended during the 1857 uprising against the British. After the rebellion failed, Bahadur Shah II left the fort on 17 September and was apprehended by British forces. He returned to Red Fort as a prisoner of the British, was tried in 1858 and exiled to Rangoon on 7 October of that year. With the end of Mughal reign, the British sanctioned the systematic plunder of valuables from the fort's palaces. All furniture was removed or destroyed; the harem apartments, servants' quarters and gardens were destroyed, and a line of stone barracks built. Only the marble buildings on the east side at the imperial enclosure escaped complete destruction, but were looted and damaged. While the defensive walls and towers were relatively unharmed, more than two-thirds of the inner structures were destroyed by the British; steps were later taken by Lord Curzon to repair some damage.
1911 saw the visit of the British king and queen for the Delhi Durbar. In preparation of the visit, some buildings were restored. The Red Fort Archaeological Museum was also moved from the drum house to the Mumtaz Mahal.
The INA trials, also known as the Red Fort Trials, refer to the courts-martial of a number of officers of the Indian National Army. The first was held between November and December 1945 at the Red Fort.
On 15 August 1947, the first Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru raised the Indian national flag above the Lahore Gate. On each subsequent Independence Day, the prime minister has raised the flag and given a speech that is broadcast nationally.
After Indian Independence the site experienced few changes, and the Red Fort continued to be used as a military cantonment. A significant part of the fort remained under Indian Army control until 22 December 2003, when it was given to the Archaeological Survey of India for restoration. In 2009 the Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan (CCMP), prepared by the Archaeological Survey of India under Supreme Court directions to revitalise the fort, was announced.
As the largest monument in Delhi, is one of its most popular tourist destinations and attracts thousands of visitors every year.
THE FORT TODAY
Every year on 15 August (the day India achieved independence from the British), the Prime Minister hoists the national flag at the Red Fort and delivers a nationally-broadcast speech from its ramparts. The Red Fort, the largest monument in Delhi, is one of its most popular tourist destinations and attracts thousands of visitors every year.
A sound and light show describing Mughal history is a tourist attraction in the evenings. The major architectural features are in mixed condition; the extensive water features are dry. Some buildings are in fairly-good condition, with their decorative elements undisturbed; in others, the marble inlaid flowers have been removed by looters. The tea house, although not in its historical state, is a working restaurant. The mosque and hamam are closed to the public, although visitors can peer through their glass windows or marble latticework. Walkways are crumbling, and public toilets are available at the entrance and inside the park.
The Lahore Gate entrance leads to a mall with jewellery and craft stores. There are a museum of "blood paintings", depicting young 20th-century Indian martyrs and their stories, an archaeological museum and an Indian war-memorial museum. Although, Red Fort is still one of the most beautiful and well designed forts in the world.
ARCHITECTURE
The Red Fort has an area of 103.06 ha enclosed by 2.41 kilometres of defensive walls, punctuated by turrets and bastions and varying in height from 18 metres on the river side to 33 metres on the city side. The fort is octagonal, with the north-south axis longer than the east-west axis. The marble, floral decorations and double domes in the fort's buildings exemplify later Mughal architecture.
It showcases a high level of ornamentation, and the Kohinoor diamond was reportedly part of the furnishings. The fort's artwork synthesises Persian, European and Indian art, resulting in a unique Shahjahani style rich in form, expression and colour. Red Fort is one of the building complexes of India encapsulating a long period of history and its arts. Even before its 1913 commemoration as a monument of national importance, efforts were made to preserve it for posterity.
The Lahori and Delhi Gates were used by the public, and the Khizrabad Gate was for the emperor. The Lahore Gate is the main entrance, leading to a domed shopping area known as the Chatta Chowk (covered bazaar).
MAJOR STRUCTURES
The most-important surviving structures are the walls and ramparts, the main gates, the audience halls and the imperial apartments on the eastern riverbank.
LAHORI GATE
The Lahori Gate is the main gate to the Red Fort, named for its orientation towards the city of Lahore. During Aurangzeb's reign, the beauty of the gate was spoiled by the addition of bastions (Like a veil drawn across the face of a beautiful woman). Every Indian Independence Day since 1947, the national flag has flown and the Prime Minister has made a speech from its ramparts.
DELHI GATE
The Delhi Gate is the southern public gate, in layout and appearance similar to the Lahori Gate. Two life-size stone elephants, on either side of the gate, face each other.
WATER GATE
A minor gate, the Water Gate is at the southeastern end of the walls. It was formerly on the riverbank; although the river has changed course since the fort's construction, the name has remained.
CHHATTA CHOWK
Adjacent to the Lahori Gate is the Chhatta Chowk, where silk, jewellery and other items for the imperial household were sold during the Mughal period. The bazaar leads to an open outer court, where it crosses the large north-south street which originally divided the fort's military functions (to the west) from the palaces (to the east). The southern end of the street is the Delhi Gate.
NAUBAT KHANA
The vaulted arcade of the Chhatta Chowk ends in the centre of the outer court, which measured 160 m × 110 m. The side arcades and central tank were destroyed after the 1857 rebellion.
In the east wall of the court stands the now-isolated Naubat Khana (also known as Nakkar Khana), the drum house. Music was played at scheduled times daily next to a large gate, where everyone except royalty was required to dismount.
DIWAN-I-AAM
The inner main court to which the Nakkar Khana led was 160 m wide and 130 m deep, surrounded by guarded galleries. On the far side is the Diwan-i-Aam, the Public Audience Hall.
The hall's columns and engrailed arches exhibit fine craftsmanship, and the hall was originally decorated with white chunam stucco. In the back in the raised recess the emperor gave his audience in the marble balcony (jharokha).
The Diwan-i-Aam was also used for state functions. The courtyard (mardana) behind it leads to the imperial apartments.
NAHR-I-BEHISHT
The imperial apartments consist of a row of pavilions on a raised platform along the eastern edge of the fort, overlooking the Yamuna. The pavilions are connected by a canal, known as the Nahr-i-Behisht ("Stream of Paradise"), running through the centre of each pavilion. Water is drawn from the Yamuna via a tower, the Shahi Burj, at the northeast corner of the fort. The palace is designed to emulate paradise as described in the Quran. In the riverbed below the imperial apartments and connected buildings was a space known as zer-jharokha ("beneath the latticework").
MUMTAZ MAHAL
The two southernmost pavilions of the palace are zenanas (women's quarters), consisting of the Mumtaz Mahal and the larger Rang Mahal. The Mumtaz Mahal houses the Red Fort Archaeological Museum.
RANG MAHAL
The Rang Mahal housed the emperor's wives and mistresses. Its name means "Palace of Colours", since it was brightly painted and decorated with a mosaic of mirrors. The central marble pool is fed by the Nahr-i-Behisht.
KHAS MAHAL
The Khas Mahal was the emperor's apartment. Connected to it is the Muthamman Burj, an octagonal tower where he appeared before the people waiting on the riverbank.
DIWAN-I-KHAS
A gate on the north side of the Diwan-i-Aam leads to the innermost court of the palace (Jalau Khana) and the Diwan-i-Khas (Hall of Private Audience). It is constructed of white marble, inlaid with precious stones. The once-silver ceiling has been restored in wood. François Bernier described seeing the jewelled Peacock Throne here during the 17th century. At either end of the hall, over the two outer arches, is an inscription by Persian poet Amir Khusrow:
If heaven can be on the face of the earth,
It is this, it is this, it is this.
HAMMAM
The hammam were the imperial baths, consisting of three domed rooms floored with white marble.
MOTI MASJID
West of the hammam is the Moti Masjid, the Pearl Mosque. A later addition, it was built in 1659 as a private mosque for Aurangzeb. It is a small, three-domed mosque carved in white marble, with a three-arched screen leading down to the courtyard.
HIRA MAHAL
The Hira Mahal is a pavilion on the southern edge of the fort, built under Bahadur Shah II and at the end of the Hayat Baksh garden. The Moti Mahal on the northern edge, a twin building, was destroyed during (or after) the 1857 rebellion.
SHAHI BURJ
The Shahi Burj was the emperor's main study of the; its name means "Emperor's Tower", and it originally had a chhatri on top. Heavily damaged, the tower is undergoing reconstruction. In front of it is a marble pavilion added by Aurangzeb.
HAYAT BAKHSH BAGH
The Hayat Bakhsh Bagh is the "Life-Bestowing Garden" in the northeast part of the complex. It features a reservoir (now dry) and channels, and at each end is a white marble pavilion (Savon and Bhadon). In the centre of the reservoir is the red-sandstone Zafar Mahal, added about 1842 under Bahadur Shah II.
Smaller gardens (such as the Mehtab Bagh or Moonlight Garden) existed west of it, but were destroyed when the British barracks were built. There are plans to restore the gardens. Beyond these, the road to the north leads to an arched bridge and the Salimgarh Fort.
PRINCES´ QUARTER
North of the Hayat Bakhsh Bagh and the Shahi Burj is the quarter of the imperial princes. This was used by member of the Mughal royal family and was largely destroyed by the British forces after the rebellion. One of the palaces was converted into a tea house for the soldiers.
WIKIPEDIA
A new interpretation of a timeless design
To mark the 50th anniversary of the iconic Berlinette, Design Yann Jarsalle and Concept and Show Car Director Axel Breun reinterpreted the original design cues to include the new Renault design language introduced by Laurens van den Acker with the DEZIR concept car, and which will soon be rolled out in the company’s future models. The new front-end look, with the upright, confident diamond, has been adapted for this very low and wide car. The Renault Alpine A 110-50 is a car of today; a bold embodiment of RENAULT’s passion for motorsport.
“For everybody on the team, it was a dream come true to work on an Alpine concept car. We wanted to put this car firmly in the modern day, while resonating with its heritage” Laurens van den Acker, Senior VP, Corporate Design.
The Renault Alpine A 110-50 concept car translates the most characteristic design features of the original A 110 in a modern and spectacular way with:
- the sculpted forms of its elegant, flowing bodywork, enhanced by lights over which air seems to flow effortlessly.
- the half-domed additional lamps, with a technical but nostalgic interpretation, thanks to full LED yellow lighting – as it should be!
- a characteristic 3D rear window, which reveals the mid-rear engine.
- air intakes on each side echo the ducts on the rear wheel arches of the Berlinette. The right-hand opening is for gearbox cooling, the left is for the engine bay.
Produced by Faster, the carbon-fibre bodywork features a new shade of blue which refreshes and reinterprets the famous original ‘Alpine Blue’. Every opening panel does so with dynamics worthy of the finest GTs, with the bonnet hinged at the front and the engine bay cover opening towards the rear. The doors feature a scissor motion.
“The car is very curvy, like the Berlinette, while expressing the three key words of our new design policy: simple, sensual and friendly” Axel Breun.
// Un dessin intemporel réinterprété
Pour fêter les 50 ans de cette icône qu’est la Berlinette, Yann Jarsalle, Designer et Axel Breun, Directeur Concept et Show Cars chez Renault Design, ont réinterprété les codes stylistiques d’origine tout en intégrant le nouveau langage formel de Renault initié par Laurens van den Acker sur le concept-car DEZIR et bientôt décliné sur les futures modèles de la marque. La nouvelle identité visuelle de face avant, avec le losange droit et fier, est adaptée sur cette voiture très basse et large. Renault Alpine A 110-50 se place dans notre temps et incarne avec force la passion de RENAULT pour le sport automobile.
« Ce fut un rêve pour tous les membres de l’équipe de travailler sur un concept-car Alpine. Nous avons souhaité inscrire la voiture dans la modernité avec des clins d’œil au passé. » Laurens van den Acker, Directeur du Design Industriel
Le concept-car Renault Alpine A 110-50 traduit les éléments stylistiques les plus emblématiques de l’A 110, de façon spectaculaire et actuelle avec :
- le traité sculpté d’une carrosserie élégante et fluide, mise en valeur par des jeux de lumière sur laquelle l’air semble glisser sans contrainte.
- les projecteurs additionnels « bombés » en demi-cercle, avec une interprétation à la fois technique et nostalgique, grâce à un éclairage full-LED de couleur jaune, comme il se doit !
- une lunette tridimensionnelle bien typée, qui laisse apparaître le moteur en position centrale arrière.
- une entrée d’air sur chaque flanc qui rappelle l’écope des ailes arrière de la Berlinette. Celle de droite assure le refroidissement de la boîte de vitesses, celle de gauche, celui du compartiment moteur.
Réalisée chez Faster, la carrosserie en carbone arbore une nouvelle couleur bleue qui réinterprète le « bleu Alpine » pour le réactualiser. Chaque ouvrant dispose d’une cinématique digne des plus belles G.T. Le capot avant s’ouvrant vers l’avant et le capot arrière vers l’arrière. Les portes s’ouvrent en élytre.
« La voiture est très sculptée comme l’était la Berlinette, tout en exprimant les trois mots clés de notre nouveau design : simple, sensuel, chaleureux. » Axel Breun.
On top of Point Danger, just on the NSW side of the border, this place has unobstructed ocean views to the east and south. Maybe when I win lotto...several dozen times.
"SALVINI VUOLE PALAZZO CHIGI! - SCOMPARE IL LOGO DELLA LEGA NORD: D’ORA IN POI SI POTRÀ USARE SOLO IL SIMBOLO CON LA SCRITTA SALVINI PREMIER"
The Cathedral (Duomo) is dedicated to S. Gaetano, it was built in 1300 and restored in 1630. The current appearance is due to the baroque period, with the dome and some internal fittings. It now houses the Sacred Art Museum
Duomo, in via Roma, eretto tra il 1625 e il 1630 dove sorgeva la chiesa di S.Maria Assunta risalente a prima del 1166. Dal 1911 al 1926 fu ampliato con l'aggiunta delle due navate laterali e dal 1927 al 1932 viene eretta la cupola.
Della Chiesa arcipretale di Thiene, sul luogo ove oggi sorge l'attuale Duomo, dedicato a S. Gaetano e S. Maria Assunta, si hanno notizie certe fin dal 1314.
Ricostruito nel 1625, subì vari interventi a partire dalla fine del 1700 per opera dell'architetto Ottone Calderari.
Dal 1911 iniziarono i lavori di ampliamento, che si protrassero fino al 1932 e che comportarono tra l'altro l'aggiunta di due navate laterali e la cupola, su progetto dell'arch. Pasinati.
All'interno si può ammirare il prezioso soffitto alla ducale contenente 15 tele di pittori veneti, tra i quali spiccano Giulio Carpioni (1611-1674) e G. Battista Pittoni (1687-1767).
Thiene is a city and comune in the province of Vicenza, in northern Italy, located approximately 75 km west of Venice and 200 km east of Milan.
The city has an active and lively industrial sector, composed mainly of small-to-medium sized companies. It also has one the top ranked Italian boardwalks (listed as number 3 of the top 10). Thiene also has a tradition every 24 December to unite its community to sing a song indigenous only to this town.
The "Centro Europeo per i Mestieri del Patrimonio" is located at Villa Fabris.
Thiene is a lively busy town of more than 21,000 inhabitants, and dates back to Roman times. It was developed around a "castrum" and in Medieval times was transformed into a castle to defend the village and protect the local church: "Pieve di S. Maria".
In 1281 the “Thiene Irrigation Ditch” was dug, and numerous craft workshops and craftsmen’s homes opened along its banks. A castrum, a castle and its parish church, a road and an irrigation ditch are those vital factors that gave life to Thiene. Its lucky geographic position and important road network for traffic from the Veneto Region, the Tyrol and beyond have all helped its growing prosperity.
Thiene became part of the Veneto Republic in 1404, which gave it the security and peace it needed to develop its economy and spread the arts and cultures. Markets, rural in medieval times and Free in 1492, then weekly every Monday, Festivals (St. John Baptist and the third Monday in October), workshops and stores all became the nerve centre for business for the town and larger territory.
Members of noble Vicenza families, middleclass merchants, artisans and professionals all invested money into buying, reclaiming and irrigating the land, trade, building work which would all change and enrich the appearance of streets, squares and corners of the town.
The old St. Mary’s Parish Church became the town Church, beautiful villas and palazzos were built with their own private chapels (Villa Porto-Colleoni-Thiene and Palazzo Cornaggia) smart noble homes, important factories and farms.
Thiene gradually grew over the years, showing its genuine spirit and cultural, artistic and social soul in the dynamic and busy area that surrounds the town.
Still today Thiene is a valid example of the Veneto model, being a reference centre for the social and economic fabric of the northern part of the province of Vicenza.
Thiene è un comune di 23.171 abitanti della provincia di Vicenza.
La città di Thiene è situata al centro dell'ampia pianura nord vicentina, nella cosiddetta zona della Pedemontana, vicino allo sbocco della Val d'Astico, antica via per la Germania. Dista in linea d'aria 10 km da Schio, 20 da Vicenza e 22 da Bassano del Grappa. Fanno da corona: a est le colline pedemontane di Sarcedo e Fara Vicentino; a sud la pianura che scende con dolce inclinazione verso il capoluogo di Vicenza e i suoi colli Berici; a sud-ovest le prime propaggini dei monti Lessini, la zona collinare di Monte di Malo e Monteviale digradante dolcemente fino a Sovizzo; a nord-ovest il cono del Monte Summano e a nord l'Altopiano dei sette comuni.
*Flashback* Part 3, Image 12
Geological Research vessel, Glomar Challenger, here we were approaching the first drill site after leaving Abidjan, Ivory coast. February 1975.
The image shows the acoustic beacon ready to be released at the drill site.
On top of the beacon assembly is a ring of glass spheres enclosed in protective plastic covers to keep the top of the beacon facing the surface of the ocean, an anchor kept the device in place on the ocean floor.
After dropping the beacon the ship continued on it course for about twenty minutes then a 180 º turn was executed that brought the ship back to the site, by then the beacon settled on the ocean bed and emitted an acoustic signal every 10 seconds. Four Hydrophones below the ship picked up the signal and the positioning computer evaluated that info and send signals to the electric propulsion systems, consisting of the main propulsion bow and stern thrusters to maintain position over the drill site.
Kodachrome Slide # 2372. Scanned on Epson Perfection V 500 Scanner.
Please press L to VieW on BLacK
Various Artists
Wednesday 6 - Friday 8 November, Check listing for times
Various Locations
Various Locations
Street Talks is a series of quickfire public talks, part of the Re@ct: Social Change Art Technology Symposium. Rather than your typical poster session, these talks will take place on the streets of Dundee in various locations. Free speech is essential to political and social change – these artists are quite literally taking it to the streets to share their creative practices.
Luisa Charles & Elke Reinhuber –Wednesday 6th November, 2pm, Slessor Gardens
Luisa Charles – discusses the intersections of disability and design, and how novel bespoke design practices could offer a solution to designing for all needs, where universal design could not. These design ideologies, that include co-design, individual centred design, mass customisation, and mass personalisation, are exemplified by case studies from pop culture design media, such as the Fixperts and BBC’s Big Life Fix. She analyses the social, technological, and economical shifts that are required for these practices to become mainstream, and the capability of bespoke design to cause enough disruption within the design economy to create a shift in capitalism.
Elke Reinhuber – The Urban Beautician moved recently from the speckless city state of Singapore, where she already developed her retirement plans, across the South China Sea, to protest-ridden Hong Kong. There, she observed how much effort the cleaners put up to keep these megapolises scrubbed and tidy. As they are frequently overlooked, the Urban Beautician captured some of them during their relentless daily routine. While they have adapted themselves to their particular duties, their skills are hardly ever honoured or even acknowledged. Paying homage to their Sisyphean challenge, they can be positioned now anywhere through Augmented Reality and venerated as perpetualised sculptures of our everyday heroes.The Urban Beautician tries to improve neglected details in our urban environment with interventions in public space and performances to camera. Since more than a decade she cares for things most people are oblivious to.
Ibarieze Abani and Daisy Abbott & Anders Zanichkowsky – Thursday 7th November, 1:30pm, Albert Square, by McManus Gallery Steps
Ibarieze Abani and Daisy Abbott – Transmedia storytelling uses multiple delivery channels to convey a narrative in order to provide a more immersive entertainment experience (Jenkins, 2009). Transmedia activism can be very broadly defined as using storytelling to “effect social change by engaging multiple stakeholders on multiple platforms to collaborate toward appropriate, community-led social action” (Srivastava, 2009). Activism depends on participation and collaboration within a community to avoid unsustainable or inappropriate top-down interventions. A similar concept, transmedia mobilization, uses transmedia storytelling to engage “the social base of a movement in participatory media making practices across multiple platforms” (Constanza-Chock, 2013) and also requires interaction from diverse voices from within the community.
Anders Zanichkowsky –“I Am in Your Hands: Smartphones and the erotics of the future”Social media artist and queer anarchist Anders Zanichkowsky will present excerpts and reflections from his current Grindr project, “Queen of Hearts,” as well as other recent projects reading Tarot cards on hookup apps and go-go dancing for a remote audience on Instagram. During this talk, Anders will use the same social media platforms that are the subject of his presentation, inviting you into the theory behind the work, and into the work itself. Equal parts cultural criticism, performance art, and experimental public speaking, this street talk will level the hierarchy of physical presence over virtual appearance, and scandalously suggest how thirst traps and sexting with strangers can indeed point us towards a radical future of queer intimacy and counterculture.
Mohammad Namazi & Matteo Preabianca – Friday 8th November, 1:30pm, Wellgate Centre, Victoria Road entrance
Mohammad Namazi – An Archive of Audio Disobedience, intervenes into the public realm, and collaborates with individuals, to construct a live-event. The event manifests through utilising a net-based sound archive, capable of involving participants in a collective form of sound-action, -publication, -demonstration, -performance, and -play.
The archive comprises various audio effects, sound segments, words, and computer-generated speeches – to stage a critical symphony, rooted in and derived from, socio-political concerns.
Matteo Preabianca – Mantra Marx is the eighth album for the NonMiPiaceIlCirco! Project. NonMiPiaceIlCirco! is a musical project that has been on since 2004, the year of the first album. Since then, the line-up has been in a constant change, with Matteo Preabianca the only member from the beginning. So they took The Capital from the shelf to read again. But who remembers it, especially young people? Let’s get rid of guitars and songs to give a didactic approach to the music. 25 tracks, one for each of the First Book’s 25 chapters. They use the lyrics as Hinduist mantras, where repetition is the key for a deep understanding of our life, and Marx as well. Its music, besides being lo-fi and badly made, is just an excuse. The lyrics are a summarized version of the aforementioned book, spoken by 25 different Mandarin native voices, completely unaware of the reason behind the recording. Still time to die as a Marxist(?). Developed and recorded in China.
About the Artists
Daisy Abbott is an interdisciplinary researcher and research developer based in the School of Simulation and Visualisation at The Glasgow School of Art. Daisy’s current research focusses on game-based learning, 3D visualisation, and issues surrounding digital interaction, documentation, preservation, and interpretation in the arts and humanities. She also collaborates with artists on works aiming to explore the nature of digital interactivity and digital art.
Luisa Charles is an interaction designer, multidisciplinary artist, and filmmaker. Having been exhibited in the Science Museum, Science Gallery London, London Design Festival, and various film festivals, amongst others, her work spans many themes across science and technology, social politics, and personal narratives. She specialises in installation design and physical computing, experience design, fabrication, and videography, and her work often comes under the umbrella of speculative and critical design. Her work focuses heavily on research processes, and forms itself organically through investigation and experimentation.
Ibarieze Abani is a recent Masters graduate in Serious Games and Virtual Reality at the Glasgow School of Art, where she has carried out projects about cultural heritage, gender inequality, transmedia storytelling and climate policy. She is an advocate of the capabilities of interactive digital media as a tool for opening up dialogues surrounding large scale themes such as climate justice, social justice and intersectionality. She has a keen interest in working with people using digital media to make meaningful and tangible differences on a societal scale.
Mohammad Namazi (b. 1981. Tehran) is an artist, educator and researcher based in London. Mohammad works through means of de-construction, collaboration, process, unlearning, and telematics systems within social and cultural realms. The studio operates as a research-lab for inter-disciplinary projects that can span video, sound, liveevents, graphics, photography, sculptural structures, and internet-based projects. He received his doctorate from UAL research in 2019, and currently teaches as visiting lecturer at Wimbledon, and Chelsea College of Arts. Mohammad is a member of research cluster Critical Practice.
Matteo Preabianca- Music and Languages…Music and Languages? How come? Matteo starts playing violin when he was a child, but he did not like it, especially when he tried to beat it on the table. It did not make any good sound. So, better drumming, right? Meanwhile playing and spending a lot his mum’s money to buy records he realised even speaking other languages was not so bad. Especially when he invented his own. Step by step, he turned into a music and languages teacher.
Elke Reinhuber is not your average artist, because she became a specialist on choice, decision making and counterfactual thoughts in media arts. Currently, Reinhuber teaches and researches at the School of Creative Media, CityU Hing Kong and is affiliated with the School of Art, Design and Media at NTU in Singapore. In her artistic practice, she investigates on the correlation between decisions and emotions and explores different strategies of visualisation and presentation, working with immersive environments, mixed reality, imaging technologies and performance. In addition, her alter ego, the ‘Urban Beautician’ is pursuing a life which Elke didn’t follow.
Anders Zanickowsky is an American artist and activist who uses platforms like Grindr and Instagram as actual sites for performances about desire, uncertainty, and vulnerability. He is committed to José Esteban Muñoz’s concept of queer futurity in which artists refuse the oppressive confines of the present and reach instead towards what can only be imagined. He has an MFA from the University of Wisconsin-Madison (2019) and was a resident with The Arctic Circle program in Svalbard (2016). Since 2008 he has worked in movements for housing justice, prison abolition, and HIV/AIDS.
Photography Kathryn Rattray
This is a picture of the spitfire that took part in the fly past for the royal wedding 29/04/2011. the picture was shot from the gunners position in the Lancaster bomber.
Small model of the first head design, using wire. The challenge is to create a strong, rigid structure, but also position the wires so that scales can be attached at the correct angles on the surface.
EEAB= Eastern European Alliance Bloc.
Entrenched along the ____ border, this squad is ready for whatever may invade or assault their sector.
1/1 or 1/2 power first shot, 1/8th power second and 1/64 or 1/128th power for the third image. Distance from object was 10-15', 5' and 1.5' away. All bare flash.
Taken with Nikon D7100 and 50mm 1.8 lens, ISO 200 at 1/250 shutter speed.
The kit and its assembly:
Another entry for the “Flying Boat, Seaplane and Amphibian” Group Build at whatifmodelers.com in late 2017, and the result of a spontaneous inspiration from a drawing of a Luft’46/fantasy creation of a Me 262 fuselage with a planning bottom, a parasol(!) wing and a single jet engine exhausting right above the cockpit, and no (visible) stabilizing floats at all. Rather spurious.
Well, nevertheless, the Me 262 jet fighter has a very shark-like profile and shape, and it has already been converted into flying boats or even submarines by modelers, and I decided to create my personal interpretation of the theme. I remembered a lone He 115 float in my stash (maybe 35 years old or even more!), and when I held to a Me 262 fuselage the parts had almost the same length and width. So, creating a flying boat jet fighter seemed like a realistic task.
Things started straightforward with an 1:72 Smer Me 262 fighter, which is actually the vintage Heller two-seater night fighter with a new fuselage and canopy. My kit of choice would have been the Matchbox kit, but the Heller kit is also O.K., due to its simplicity and simple construction.
Creating something amphibian from a Me 262 is not a trivial task, though. With its low wings and underslung engine nacelles there’s a lot to be changed until you get a plausible floatplane. Another challenge is to integrate some form of stabilizer/outrigger floats, what also influences the wings’ position. Placing the engines where they are safe from spray ingestion is also a serious matter – you have to get the high and the intakes as far forward as possible.
Doing some legwork I found some similar builds, and they all did not convince me. And, after all, I wanted to create my own “design”; in order to incorporate some realism I eventually settled on Dornier’s typical WWII designs like the Do 18 and Do 24. These elegant aircraft had a common, elegant trait: low stub wings as stabilizer floats, paired with high wings (in the case of the Do 18 held by a massive central pylon) which carried the engine out of the water’s reach. This appeared like a feasible layout for my conversion, even though it would mean a total re-construction of the kit, or rather assembling it in a way that almost no part was glued into the intended place!
Work started with the cockpit, which had to be moved forward in order to make room for the wings behind the canopy, placed high on a pylon above the fuselage. For this stunt, the cockpit opening and the place in front of it (where the original front fuselage tank would be) were cut out and switched. The cockpit tub was moved forward and trimmed in order to fit into the new place. The nose section was filled with lead, because the stub wings/floats would allow a retractable landing gear to be added, too, making the aircraft a true amphibian!
The He 115 float was cut down in order to fit under the OOB Me 262 fuselage, and a front wheel well was integrated for a tricycle landing gear. Once the fuselage was closed, the planning bottom was added and the flanks sculpted with putty – lots of it.
In the meantime the Me 262 wing received a thorough re-arrangement, too. Not only were the engine nacelles moved to the upper wing surface (cutting the respective wing and intake sections of the nacelles off/out and turning them around 180°), the original connecting ventral wing part with the landing gear wells were turned upside down, too, the landing gear covers closed (with the respective OOB parts) and the inner wing sections modified into a gull wing, raising the engines even further. VERY complex task, and blending/re-shaping everything took a lot of PSR, too.
Under the central wing section I added a pylon left over from a Smer Curtiss SC Seahawk kit, because a massive Do 18-esque construction was out of question for a fast jet aircraft. The gaps were filled with putty, too.
In order to keep the stabilizers free from water spray they were moved upwards on the fin, too. The original attachment points were sanded away and hidden under putty, and the OOB stabilizers placed almost at the top at the fin.
Finding suitable stub wings/floats became a challenge: they have to be relatively thick (yielding buoyancy and also offering room for the retractable landing gear), but also short with not-so-rounded tips. It took a while until I found suitable donor parts in the form of the tips of an 1:32 AH-64 Apache (!) stabilizer! They were simply cut off, and openings for the main landing gear cut into their lower sides.
Once glued to the lower flanks and the stabilizers in place it was time to place the wing. In the meantime the moved cockpit had been blended to the fuselage, and initial tests indicated that the pylon would have to be placed right behind the canopy – actually on top of the end of the clear part. As a consequence the canopy was cut into pieces and its rear section integrated into the fuselage (more PSR).
However, the relatively thin and slender central pylon from the Curtiss SC indicated that some more struts would be necessary in order to ensure stability – very retro, and not really suited for a jet-powered aircraft. And the more I looked at the layout, the more I became convinced that the wings and engines were in a plausible position, but placed too high.
What started next were several sessions in which I shortened the pylon step by step, until I was satisfied with the overall proportions. This went so far that almost everything of the pylon had gone, and the wings almost rested directly on the Me 262’s spine!
However, this new layout offered the benefit of rendering the extra struts obsolete, since I decided to fill the small gap between wing and fuselage into a single, massive fairing. This would also mean more internal space, and consequently the original idea of a jet-powered combat aircraft was modified into a fast multi-purpose amphibian vehicle for special tasks, capable of transporting personnel behind enemy lines with a quick move.
More PSR, though, and after some finishing touches like a scratched landing gear (front leg/wheel from an Italeri Bae Hawk, main struts from a Mistercraft PZL Iskra trainer, wheels from an Academy OV-10 Bronco and with improvised covers), several antennae and mooring lugs made from wire, the aircraft was ready for painting. On the downside, though, almost any surface detail had been lost due to the massive, overall body sculpting – but the application of the light zigzag pattern helped to recreate some “illusionary” details like flaps or panel lines. ;-)